31:
1601:
386:
atmosphere". Journalism thereby exaggerates the importance of the CEO and tends to neglect harder-to-describe broader corporate factors. There is little attention to the intricately organized technical bureaucracy that actually does the work. Hubris sets in when the CEO internalizes the celebrity and becomes excessively self-confident in making complex decisions. There may be an emphasis on the sort of decisions that attract the
1589:
420:. For example, the relative pay was 20-to-1 in 1965 in the US, but had risen to 376-to-1 by 2000. The relative pay differs around the world, and, in some smaller countries, is still around 20-to-1. Observers differ as to whether the rise is due to competition for talent or due to lack of control by compensation committees. In recent years, investors have demanded more say over executive pay.
183:, manager, and executor roles. The communicator role can involve speaking to the press and to the public, as well as to the organization's management and employees; the decision-making role involves high-level decisions about policy and strategy. The CEO is tasked with implementing the goals, targets and strategic objectives as determined by the board of directors.
280:
Depending on the organization, a CEO may have several subordinate executives to help run the day-to-day administration of the company, each of whom has specific functional responsibilities referred to as senior executives, executive officers or corporate officers. Subordinate executives are given
385:
argues that "...these individuals are not self-made, but rather are created by a process of widespread media exposure to the point that their actions, personalities, and even private lives function symbolically to represent significant dynamics and tensions prevalent in the contemporary business
313:
is sometimes included as one such subordinate executive officer, but, as suggested by
Anthony Johndrow, CEO of Reputation Economy Advisors, it can also be seen as "simply another way to add emphasis to the role of a modern-day CEO – where they are both the external face of, and the driving force
491:
tendencies, often characterized by power-seeking behavior and dominance. These individuals can often conceal their ruthlessness and antisocial behavior behind a facade of charm and eloquence. Traits such as courage and risk-taking, generally considered desirable, are often found alongside these
376:
have often adopted this approach, which assumes that the corporate achievements, especially in the arena of manufacturing, are produced by uniquely talented individuals, especially the "heroic CEO". In effect, journalists celebrate a CEO who takes distinctive strategic actions. The model is the
322:
In the US, the term "chief executive officer" is used primarily in business, whereas the term "executive director" is used primarily in the not-for-profit sector. These terms are generally mutually exclusive and refer to distinct legal duties and responsibilities. The CEO is the highest-ranking
190:
of the company, the CEO reports the status of the business to the board of directors, motivates employees, and drives change within the organization. As a manager, the CEO presides over the organization's day-to-day operations. The CEO is the person who is ultimately accountable for a company's
526:, employee dissatisfaction, and turnover intentions. Despite this, Bunea cautions that excessive worry about supposed psychopathic managers could discourage individuals from pursuing careers in corporations and deter employees from addressing issues with difficult bosses.
285:(VP). An organization may have more than one vice president, each tasked with a different area of responsibility (e.g., VP of finance, VP of human resources). Examples of subordinate executive officers who typically report to the CEO include the
499:, has suggested that individuals with psychopathic traits thrive in chaotic environments and are aware that others do not. As a result, they may intentionally create chaos in the workplace. This perspective is explored in the book
1415:
343:
for senior charity staff is deprecated to avoid confusion with the legal duties and responsibilities associated with being a charity director or trustee, which are normally non-executive (unpaid) roles. The term
249:
In the United States, and in business, the executive officers are usually the top officers of a corporation, the chief executive officer (CEO) being the best-known type. The definition varies; for instance, the
202:
The use of the CEO title is not necessarily limited to describing the head of a company. For example, the CEO of a political party is often entrusted with fundraising, particularly for election campaigns.
1112:
323:
executive in a company, making corporate decisions, managing operations, allocating resources, and serving as the main point of communication between the board of directors and the company.
1294:
1407:
171:
or other authority, depending on the organization's structure. They can be far-reaching or quite limited, and are typically enshrined in a formal delegation of authority regarding
231:
by the supervisory board. This allows for clear lines of authority. The aim is to prevent a conflict of interest and too much power being concentrated in the hands of one person.
1461:
516:
has argued that the attention given to psychopathy in the workplace by both the media and scholars has far exceeded the available scientific evidence. Emilia Bunea, writing in
1438:
113:, or another financial metric. In the nonprofit and government sector, CEOs typically aim at achieving outcomes related to the organization's mission, usually provided by
1392:
1479:
736:
1062:
1165:
1090:
397:
and
Geoffrey Tate indicates that "firms with award-winning CEOs subsequently underperform, in terms both of stock and of operating performance".
332:
445:. The reasons for this are explained or justified in various ways, and may include biological sex differences, male and female differences in
1034:
1605:
1302:
1151:
1009:
Mathew L.A. Hayward, Violina P. Rindova, and
Timothy G. Pollock. "Believing one's own press: The causes and consequences of CEO celebrity".
636:
Westphal, James D.; Zajac, Edward J. (March 1995). "Who Shall Govern? CEO/Board Power, Demographic
Similarity, and New Director Selection".
890:
1430:
442:
281:
different titles in different organizations, but one common category of subordinate executive, if the CEO is also the president, is the
2029:
1633:
1191:
254:
defines "executive officers" as the five most highly compensated officers not also sitting on the board of directors. In the case of a
1351:
793:"Menz, M. 2012. Functional Top Management Team Members: A Review, Synthesis, and Research Agenda. Journal of Management, 38(1): 45-80"
1593:
1453:
469:
in that regard. Some countries have passed laws mandating boardroom gender quotas. In 2023 Rockefeller
Foundation awarded a grant to
223:
presides over the supervisory board, and these two roles will always be held by different people. This ensures a distinction between
1268:
792:
673:
117:. CEOs are also frequently assigned the role of the main manager of the organization and the highest-ranking officer in the
219:
for control purposes (selected by the shareholders). In these countries, the CEO presides over the executive board and the
1050:
We find that firms with award-winning CEOs subsequently underperform, in terms both of stock and of operating performance.
251:
1776:
1502:
2070:
775:
591:
581:
576:
20:
1325:
2080:
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1952:
915:
744:
30:
1626:
1384:
496:
1218:
1766:
866:
571:
450:
130:
1243:
1886:
1661:
841:
411:
1408:"1 in 5 business leaders may have psychopathic tendencies—here's why, according to a psychology professor"
262:, an executive officer is a managing partner, senior partner, or administrative partner. In the case of a
1947:
1851:
1816:
1656:
446:
1219:"Women CEOs run 10.4% of Fortune 500 companies. A quarter of the 52 leaders became CEO in the last year"
533:
received praise for educating a CEO on the role of trade unions. This occurred as the restaurant chain
530:
416:
Executive compensation has been a source of criticism following a dramatic rise in pay relative to the
2075:
1836:
1771:
1619:
335:, where their position in law is described as the "head of paid service", and in business and in the
263:
147:
1244:"A new list of the top CEOs 'for women' is mostly men — and it reflects a wider problem in business"
429:
238:) is often equivalent to the supervisory board, while the executive board may often be known as the
1891:
1866:
1821:
1786:
1781:
1746:
1706:
1701:
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417:
310:
90:
1142:
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963:
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1876:
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1806:
1791:
1761:
1751:
1736:
1666:
298:
290:
286:
259:
172:
1480:"Gender and corporate finance: Are male executives overconfident relative to female executives?"
2024:
1942:
1881:
1871:
1846:
1796:
1716:
1686:
434:
Lack of diversity amongst chief executives has also been a source of criticism. In 2018, 5% of
302:
294:
94:
86:
75:
622:
1856:
1841:
1831:
1811:
1731:
1711:
1691:
1671:
551:
1195:
2019:
1927:
1756:
1726:
387:
192:
176:
101:
and is charged with maximizing the value of the business, which may include maximizing the
24:
129:
The term "chief executive officer" is attested as early as 1782, when an ordinance of the
8:
2085:
1681:
1117:
373:
361:
340:
255:
239:
215:
system with two separate boards, one executive board for the day-to-day business and one
159:, with the first attestation being in 1914. The first American usage cited is from 1972.
63:
2014:
1937:
1861:
1721:
1562:
1558:
812:
653:
523:
168:
98:
1542:
2044:
2039:
2034:
1922:
1901:
1533:
1359:
1023:
816:
771:
618:
561:
466:
394:
216:
187:
155:
says that the use of "CEO" as an acronym for a chief executive officer originated in
142:
1566:
1554:
1529:
1494:
804:
645:
537:
faced scrutiny in the UK Parliament over allegations of a toxic workplace culture.
518:
513:
458:
378:
306:
1498:
820:
473:
to research strategies and then action a plan to help more women to become CEO's.
1993:
1983:
1978:
1932:
1801:
1642:
677:
670:
501:
462:
275:
243:
196:
1957:
939:
586:
546:
506:
357:
282:
59:
891:"The Difference Between an Executive Director & a Chief Executive Officer"
711:
2059:
1514:
1363:
1352:"We Interviewed 57 Female CEOs to Find Out How More Women Can Get to the Top"
808:
534:
134:
167:
The responsibilities of an organization's CEO are set by the organization's
556:
482:
336:
106:
67:
1917:
566:
435:
235:
220:
114:
102:
82:
35:
175:. Typically, responsibilities include being an active decision-maker on
1998:
1988:
1973:
690:
657:
488:
470:
365:
228:
224:
212:
180:
81:
CEOs find roles in various organizations, including public and private
487:
There are contentious claims that a significant number of CEO's have
454:
369:
156:
649:
364:(1839–1937) and even more successfully the corporate publicists for
1611:
331:
In the UK, chief executive and chief executive officer are used in
138:
1600:
1269:"These are the reasons why we (still) don't have many women CEOs"
1091:"CEOs in U.S., India Earn the Most Compared With Average Workers"
118:
110:
71:
1454:"McDonald's CEO gets schooled by MP on the role of trade unions"
377:
celebrity in entertainment, sports, and politics – compare the "
258:, an executive officer is the sole proprietor. In the case of a
97:). The CEO of a corporation or company typically reports to the
1588:
1513:
Kaplan, Steven N.; Klebanov, Mark M.; Sorensen, Morten (2012).
1166:"'The government must act on ftse gender stats' says cmi's ceo"
1067:
19:"Chief executive" and "CEO" redirect here. For other uses, see
191:
business decisions, including those in operations, marketing,
234:
In the United States, the board of directors (elected by the
977:"Association of Chief Executives of Voluntary Organisations"
1143:"European investors beef up stance over high executive pay"
976:
266:, an executive officer is any member, manager, or officer.
141:
and other leaders of the executive branches of each of the
1575:
Passing the baton: Managing the process of CEO succession
441:
CEOs were women. In 2023 the number rose to 10.4% of for
1113:"Great Men, great pay? Why CEO compensation is sky high"
613:
Lin, Tom C. W. (April 23, 2014). "CEOs and
Presidents".
916:"What Is A Chief Executive Officer? CEO Role Explained"
1512:
1063:"Executive Compensation Is Out Of Control. What Now?"
770:. Oxford, U.K: Capstone Publishing. pp. 79–80.
765:
1350:Stevenson, Jane Edison; Orr, Evelyn (2017-11-08).
1295:"It's 2017 – So Why Aren't there More Women CEOs?"
1141:
348:is often used in lieu of chief executive officer.
1515:"Which CEO Characteristics and Abilities Matter?"
1405:
729:
2057:
964:Local Government and Housing Act 1989, section 4
522:, has linked psychopathic traits in managers to
697:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), under
1540:
1022:
1627:
635:
529:In a related development, British politician
1541:Shleifer, Andrei; Vishny, Robert W. (1997).
1349:
453:and interests, maternity and career breaks,
1477:
790:
704:
246:officers that report directly to the CEO).
2030:List of business and finance abbreviations
1634:
1620:
1382:
1216:
608:
606:
16:Highest-ranking officer of an organization
1478:Huang, Jiekun; Kisgen, Darren J. (2013).
1451:
867:"Executive Job Titles一What Do They Mean?"
412:Executive compensation § Controversy
405:
1406:Chamorro-Premuzic, Tomas (Apr 8, 2019).
1292:
430:Gender diversity § In the boardroom
179:and other key policy issues, as well as
29:
1431:"The Truth About Corporate Psychopaths"
1326:"Getting Women Into Boardrooms, by Law"
864:
603:
2058:
1577:(Harvard Business School Press, 1987).
1266:
1139:
1040:from the original on 11 September 2015
842:"Rise of the Chief Reputation Officer"
768:The Capstone Encyclopaedia of Business
356:Business publicists since the days of
1615:
1428:
1323:
1140:Mooney, Attracta (11 November 2018).
1641:
1241:
718:. Investopedia US, a Division of IAC
443:Women CEO's of Fortune 500 companies
269:
206:
612:
476:
252:California Corporate Disclosure Act
242:(the division/subsidiary heads and
162:
13:
1559:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1997.tb04820.x
1543:"A Survey of Corporate Governance"
1471:
1418:from the original on Nov 24, 2023.
1395:from the original on Aug 20, 2023.
913:
339:. As of 2013, the use of the term
314:behind, an organization culture".
66:charged with the management of an
14:
2097:
1581:
1464:from the original on Dec 5, 2023.
1441:from the original on 14 Dec 2023.
1324:Clark, Nicola (27 January 2010).
1217:Hinchliffe, Emma (June 5, 2023).
1026:; Tate, Geoffrey (14 June 2020).
592:United States Department of Labor
351:
326:
1599:
1587:
1534:10.1111/j.1540-6261.2012.01739.x
1452:Davenport, Hannah (2023-11-15).
1383:McCullough, Jack (Dec 9, 2019).
1293:Rossheim, John (28 March 2017).
1154:from the original on 2022-12-10.
743:. WebFinance Inc. Archived from
695:Oxford English Dictionary Online
638:Administrative Science Quarterly
582:Occupational Information Network
577:List of chief executive officers
495:Tara Swart, a neuroscientist at
317:
70: – especially a
21:Chief executive (disambiguation)
1445:
1422:
1399:
1376:
1343:
1317:
1286:
1260:
1235:
1210:
1184:
1158:
1133:
1105:
1083:
1055:
1016:
1003:
998:Demystifying Business Celebrity
996:Eric Guthey and Timothy Clark,
990:
969:
956:
932:
907:
883:
858:
737:"Chief Executive Officer (CEO)"
712:"Chief Executive Officer - CEO"
368:, promoted the concept of the "
1487:Journal of Financial Economics
1429:Bunea, Emilia (May 12, 2023).
1267:Holmes, Michael (2019-09-06).
834:
784:
759:
683:
664:
629:
497:MIT Sloan School of Management
393:Research published in 2009 by
211:In some countries, there is a
151:published online in 2011, the
1:
1499:10.1016/j.jfineco.2012.12.005
865:Heaslip, Emily (2021-03-08).
803:(1). Jom.sagepub.com: 45–80.
597:
572:List of books written by CEOs
465:, tradition, and the lack of
451:sex differences in psychology
131:Congress of the Confederation
1011:Strategic Management Journal
766:Capstone Publishing (2003).
701:. Accessed 12 November 2022.
423:
400:
145:. In draft additions to the
7:
1242:Cain, Áine (Jun 19, 2018).
540:
447:Big Five personality traits
360:(1891–1995) and his client
227:by the executive board and
10:
2104:
979:. Acevo.org.uk. 2012-11-16
966:, accessed 9 December 2023
895:Small Business - Chron.com
791:Markus Menz (2011-10-04).
680:Retrieved 30 December 2022
480:
427:
409:
273:
137:used the term to refer to
124:
18:
2007:
1966:
1910:
1649:
492:psychopathic tendencies.
264:limited liability company
148:Oxford English Dictionary
2071:Chief executive officers
1594:Chief executive officers
809:10.1177/0149206311421830
311:chief reputation officer
135:United States of America
91:government organizations
1953:Representative director
1606:Chief executive officer
1356:Harvard Business Review
676:21 October 2015 at the
299:chief marketing officer
291:chief financial officer
287:chief operating officer
173:business administration
95:state-owned enterprises
87:nonprofit organizations
44:chief executive officer
2081:Positions of authority
2066:Management occupations
2025:Executive compensation
1943:Non-executive director
1604:Quotations related to
1547:The Journal of Finance
1522:The Journal of Finance
1385:"The Psychopathic CEO"
741:BusinessDictionary.com
406:Executive compensation
303:chief business officer
295:chief strategy officer
39:
1299:Monster for Employers
1013:25#7 (2004): 637-653.
797:Journal of Management
552:CEO of public schools
418:average worker's wage
388:celebrity journalists
309:-focused position of
76:nonprofit institution
33:
2020:Corporate governance
1967:Mid-level executives
1928:Development director
1777:Information security
1596:at Wikimedia Commons
671:Journals of Congress
374:Business journalists
193:business development
25:CEO (disambiguation)
1573:Vancil, Richard F.
1118:The Washington Post
940:"US CEO Definition"
846:Financier Worldwide
747:on October 16, 2020
615:UC Davis Law Review
461:, the existence of
362:John D. Rockefeller
256:sole proprietorship
240:executive committee
2015:Board of directors
1938:Executive director
1330:The New York Times
1275:. The Conversation
1172:. 14 November 2018
1093:. 28 December 2017
1071:. 14 February 2018
1024:Malmendier, Ulrike
524:workplace bullying
467:female role models
169:board of directors
99:board of directors
40:
2053:
2052:
2045:Talent management
2040:Supervisory board
2035:Senior management
1923:Creative director
1911:Senior executives
1592:Media related to
1458:Left Foot Forward
871:www.uschamber.com
562:Executive officer
505:, co-authored by
449:and temperament,
395:Ulrike Malmendier
346:managing director
337:charitable sector
270:Related positions
217:supervisory board
207:International use
188:executive officer
177:business strategy
143:Thirteen Colonies
62:) is the highest
56:managing director
2093:
2076:Corporate titles
1643:Corporate titles
1636:
1629:
1622:
1613:
1612:
1603:
1591:
1570:
1537:
1519:
1509:
1507:
1501:. Archived from
1484:
1466:
1465:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1435:Psychology Today
1426:
1420:
1419:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1301:. Archived from
1290:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1248:Business Insider
1239:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1194:. Archived from
1188:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1145:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1128:
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1098:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1039:
1032:
1028:"Superstar CEOs"
1020:
1014:
1007:
1001:
994:
988:
987:
985:
984:
973:
967:
962:UK Legislation,
960:
954:
953:
951:
950:
936:
930:
929:
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926:
911:
905:
904:
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881:
880:
878:
877:
862:
856:
855:
853:
852:
838:
832:
831:
829:
828:
819:. Archived from
788:
782:
781:
763:
757:
756:
754:
752:
733:
727:
726:
724:
723:
708:
702:
687:
681:
668:
662:
661:
633:
627:
626:
610:
519:Psychology Today
514:Scott Lilienfeld
477:Toxic executives
463:old boy networks
459:phallogocentrism
379:great man theory
333:local government
307:public relations
163:Responsibilities
89:, and even some
2103:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2003:
1994:Product manager
1984:Account manager
1979:General manager
1962:
1933:General counsel
1906:
1767:Human resources
1645:
1640:
1584:
1528:(3): 973–1007.
1517:
1505:
1482:
1474:
1472:Further reading
1469:
1450:
1446:
1427:
1423:
1404:
1400:
1381:
1377:
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1366:
1348:
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1265:
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1236:
1227:
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1215:
1211:
1201:
1199:
1198:on Jan 22, 2019
1190:
1189:
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1164:
1163:
1159:
1148:Financial Times
1138:
1134:
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922:
914:Dooley, Roger.
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721:
719:
710:
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688:
684:
678:Wayback Machine
669:
665:
650:10.2307/2393700
634:
630:
611:
604:
600:
543:
502:Snakes in Suits
485:
479:
432:
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414:
408:
403:
354:
329:
320:
278:
276:Corporate title
272:
209:
197:human resources
165:
127:
52:chief executive
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2101:
2100:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
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2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2008:Related topics
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1958:Vice president
1955:
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