1701:
1661:
1673:
22:
853:
appalling unsolved crimes currently pending and which have resulted in the downgrading of bilateral relations affecting both the people of Saudi Arabia and
Thailand for more than 20 years", adding "it is my duty to try to negotiate this issue with the Thai Government, in order to avoid any further tension or undesirable complications in bilateral relations".
852:
Mr. Nabil Ashri said that "The
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia's goal on this issue stems directly from its firm and clear foreign policy of non-interference, and seeking closer cooperation and developing friendly international relations, as its relations with the Kingdom of Thailand suffered because of the
802:
Chargé d'Affaires: An officer in charge of an embassy who is not an ambassador, e.g., when the level of relations between two states has been lowered to below the ambassadorial level, and accredited to the
Minister of Foreign Affairs, rather than to the chief of state. In such circumstances, termed
876:
When early last year we decided to resume discussions with the
Chinese Government on this subject we told them that if an agreement on an exchange of ambassadors was reached we would be prepared to withdraw our consulate from Taiwan. This we shall now
451:
may avoid a politically sensitive meeting that would imply approval or recognition of that head of state or government. Similarly, the receiving country may decline to receive an ambassador, but still maintain diplomatic relations by accepting a
769:
are distinct from the 'chargés d'affaires accredited to
Ministers for Foreign Affairs' who are listed under Article 14 of the Convention as forming the third class of heads of mission. The latter are often described as 'chargés d'affairs
368:
may be appointed for long periods, such as when a mission is headed by a non-resident ambassador who is accredited to multiple countries. In addition, a mission may be downgraded from an ambassadorial to a
530:
on 11 June 1884, as they stopped being tributary to the
Chinese Empire, less than a year after the 25 August 1883 French protectorates over Annam and Tonkin (central and northern regions).
261:
on a temporary basis in the absence of the ambassador. In unusual situations, in cases where disputes between the two countries make it impossible or undesirable to send agents of a higher
832:
412:
may be sent to immediately establish diplomatic representation. However, if a timely exchange of ambassadors does not take place, this may result in a prolonged period of
537:
may be used outside diplomacy to designate an individual with some more or less temporary responsibility for a specific area of business, understood broadly.
889:
818:
317:("e.p.") are appointed to be permanent heads of mission, in cases where the two countries lack ambassadorial-level relations. They are appointed by
394:
840:
1015:
286:("a.i.") are those who temporarily head a diplomatic mission in the absence of the accredited head of that mission. It is usual to appoint a
931:
246:
1152:
865:
583:
may or may not be added depending on the context, but is always lower case; it may be italicized or shortened to simply a.i.
487:
represent their nation, but unlike an ambassador, they are not personal representatives of their head of state. Apart from
967:
162:
712:
433:
373:
level to show displeasure, yet avoid taking the extremely serious step of breaking diplomatic relations. For example,
795:
758:
1617:
1048:
1646:
893:
428:. However, China was unwilling to exchange ambassadors until the United Kingdom withdrew its consulate from
417:
257:
by ambassadors and have lower precedence at formal diplomatic events. In most cases, a diplomat serves as a
511:
1205:
507:
925:
627:
1691:
1676:
1634:
737:
There currently is no U.S. Ambassador to
Venezuela; the U.S. Charge d'Affaires en pied is Lee McClenny.
1721:
1624:
1269:
1010:
397:
ceased to recognize the
Republic of China as the sole legitimate representative of China, and thus
65:
1377:
1088:
1072:
1027:
960:
155:
110:
85:
1141:
321:
from the foreign minister of the sending state to the foreign minister of the receiving state.
130:
1472:
654:
480:
297:, and that person is presented to the foreign minister of the receiving state. By definition,
1109:
1558:
1442:
1432:
1327:
1241:
526:, the local ruler's capital, since 1875, one of them (three terms) was appointed the first
224:
for "charged with business", meaning they are responsible for the duties of an ambassador.
90:
1146:
8:
1533:
1493:
1437:
1407:
1382:
1372:
1347:
1317:
1198:
1022:
382:
287:
1163:
1158:
125:
120:
1664:
1591:
1553:
1548:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1503:
1467:
1362:
1337:
1332:
1276:
1193:
1173:
953:
457:
444:
318:
305:
229:
148:
1168:
135:
1596:
1564:
1498:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1402:
1392:
1387:
1352:
1342:
1296:
1281:
1104:
791:
754:
708:
95:
60:
728:
1629:
1513:
1447:
1367:
1357:
1312:
1291:
1264:
1256:
527:
503:
213:
1705:
1612:
1543:
1417:
1221:
1067:
602:
488:
329:
262:
254:
221:
186:
75:
502:
was in fact employed in a more significant colonial role, as commonly held by a
1538:
1508:
1397:
1246:
819:"Saudi Arabia and Thailand restore ambassadors after three decades of tensions"
33:
1715:
1422:
1412:
1121:
1116:
920:
80:
25:
924:
447:
to the foreign minister rather than the head of state, the appointment of a
939:
751:
Diplomatic Law: Commentary on the Vienna
Convention on Diplomatic Relations
374:
100:
945:
498:
However, there have been rare historical circumstances in which the title
1641:
1488:
1322:
408:
Sometimes when diplomatic recognition is extended to a new government, a
37:
1700:
1570:
1043:
935:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 859.
592:
339:, but are outranked by ambassadors. They are sometimes referred to as
217:
55:
1132:
597:
115:
1586:
1251:
976:
495:
enjoy the same privileges and immunities as other diplomatic agents.
1286:
980:
405:
since then (the ambassador did not leave his position until 1979).
386:
378:
209:
416:-level relations. For example, the United Kingdom recognized the
870:
790:. Washington, DC: National Defense University Press. p. 56.
523:
515:
425:
245:
enjoys the same privileges and immunities as an ambassador under
1427:
1053:
429:
402:
390:
381:
did not exchange ambassadors between 1989 and 2022, due to the
344:
70:
733:
Burean of
Western Hemisphere Affairs, U.S. Department of State
560:
is always in the plural form, and should be lowercase even if
21:
774:', and can be traced back to the eighteenth century 'agents'.
249:, and normally these extend to their aides as well. However,
436:
were not upgraded to the ambassadorial level until 1972.
16:
Head of diplomatic mission when no higher official exists
683:
681:
679:
1689:
874:. House of Commons. 13 March 1972. col. 31–35.
676:
355:
649:
647:
564:is capitalized. Following the French declension,
568:(with the feminine ending) may be seen where the
1713:
202:(French) and sometimes in colloquial English to
662:U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual
644:
395:United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758
401:becomes the most top-ranked de facto envoy to
961:
156:
698:
696:
975:
940:eDiplomat.com: Glossary of Diplomatic Terms
721:
269:may be appointed for an indefinite period.
968:
954:
779:
163:
149:
693:
919:
833:"Embassy issues another angry statement"
687:
628:"diplomacy - Modern diplomatic practice"
20:
785:
753:. Oxford University Press. p. 99.
540:
1714:
702:
290:, counsellor, or embassy secretary as
1153:Conseiller chargé des investissements
949:
748:
185:
32:and his wife visiting U.S. President
1672:
890:"Cyprus Diplomatic Missions Abroad"
272:
13:
14:
1733:
866:"China (Exchange of Ambassadors)"
1699:
1671:
1660:
1659:
786:Freeman, Charles W. Jr. (1993).
548:generally follows French usage:
1647:Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy
882:
871:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
858:
729:"U.S. Relations With Venezuela"
707:. Scarecrow Press. p. 48.
705:International Law: A Dictionary
825:
811:
742:
703:Boczek, Boleslaw Adam (2005).
620:
1:
608:
483:in that, like all diplomats,
1642:Twin towns and sister cities
613:
7:
586:
389:recalled the ambassador to
212:who serves as an embassy's
10:
1738:
1635:Plenipotentiary Conference
912:
470:
418:People's Republic of China
1655:
1605:
1579:
1481:
1305:
1234:
1214:
1186:
1130:
1097:
1081:
1036:
1003:
994:
987:
926:"Chargé d'Affaires"
805:Chargé d'Affaires ad hoc.
467:to its embassies abroad.
1625:Parliamentary delegation
1504:Diplomatic accreditation
1270:African Diplomatic Corps
1011:Permanent representative
479:essentially differ from
66:Permanent representative
1073:Deputy chief of mission
1028:Resident representative
932:Encyclopædia Britannica
232:; the feminine form is
86:Deputy chief of mission
1519:Diplomatic credentials
749:Denza, Eileen (2016).
655:"2 FAM 320 Precedence"
434:Sino-British relations
424:in the new capital of
306:diplomatic credentials
216:in the absence of the
41:
1110:Resident commissioner
1082:Bilateral-subnational
788:Diplomat's dictionary
460:appoints a number of
420:in 1950 and posted a
196:, often shortened to
183:French pronunciation:
24:
1242:Apostolic nunciature
1142:Agricultural attaché
837:nationmultimedia.com
541:Spelling and grammar
518:), the first French
456:. For example, the
443:presents his or her
364:In certain cases, a
187:[ʃaʁʒedafɛʁ]
131:Agricultural attaché
1534:Diplomatic immunity
1494:Consular assistance
1023:Ambassador-at-large
765:Chargés d'affaires
489:rank and precedence
383:Blue Diamond Affair
319:letters of credence
288:minister-counsellor
1592:Letter of credence
1554:Diplomatic uniform
1549:Diplomatic service
1529:Diplomatic illness
1524:Diplomatic history
1277:Diplomatic mission
1194:Diplomatic courier
1174:Trade commissioner
1037:Bilateral-national
821:. 26 January 2022.
664:. October 18, 2011
566:chargée d'affaires
554:chargés d'affaires
477:chargés d'affaires
462:chargés d'affaires
458:Republic of Cyprus
341:chargés d'affaires
334:chargés d'affaires
323:Chargés d'affaires
312:Chargés d'affaires
299:chargés d'affaires
281:Chargés d'affaires
251:chargés d'affaires
235:chargée d'affaires
193:chargés d'affaires
42:
1687:
1686:
1597:Letter of protest
1565:Persona non grata
1499:Consular immunity
1297:Exclusive mandate
1230:
1229:
1182:
1181:
1147:Chargé de mission
1098:Bilateral-insular
1062:Chargé d'affaires
1049:High commissioner
735:. July 20, 2015.
550:chargé d'affaires
546:Chargé d'affaires
535:chargé d'affaires
520:chargé d'affaires
514:(most of present
500:chargé d'affaires
441:chargé d'affaires
422:chargé d'affaires
399:chargé d'affaires
371:chargé d'affaires
366:chargé d'affaires
292:chargé d'affaires
267:chargé d'affaires
259:chargé d'affaires
247:international law
178:chargé d'affaires
173:
172:
106:Chargé d'affaires
96:Resident minister
61:High commissioner
30:chargé d'affaires
1729:
1722:Diplomatic ranks
1704:
1703:
1695:
1675:
1674:
1663:
1662:
1514:Diplomatic cable
1292:Protecting power
1265:Diplomatic corps
1206:Foreign minister
1199:King's Messenger
1164:Military attaché
1159:Cultural attaché
1001:
1000:
992:
991:
970:
963:
956:
947:
946:
936:
928:
906:
905:
903:
901:
896:on 25 April 2016
892:. Archived from
886:
880:
879:
862:
856:
855:
849:
848:
839:. Archived from
829:
823:
822:
815:
809:
808:
783:
777:
776:
746:
740:
739:
725:
719:
718:
700:
691:
685:
674:
673:
671:
669:
659:
651:
642:
641:
639:
638:
624:
556:for plural. The
528:resident-general
360:-level relations
228:is masculine in
214:chief of mission
189:
184:
165:
158:
151:
126:Cultural attaché
121:Military attaché
44:
43:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1698:
1690:
1688:
1683:
1651:
1613:Development aid
1601:
1575:
1544:Diplomatic rank
1477:
1301:
1282:High commission
1226:
1222:Diplomatic rank
1210:
1178:
1169:Science attaché
1126:
1093:
1077:
1068:Head of mission
1032:
996:
983:
974:
944:
915:
910:
909:
899:
897:
888:
887:
883:
864:
863:
859:
846:
844:
831:
830:
826:
817:
816:
812:
798:
784:
780:
761:
747:
743:
727:
726:
722:
715:
701:
694:
686:
677:
667:
665:
657:
653:
652:
645:
636:
634:
626:
625:
621:
616:
611:
603:Head of mission
589:
543:
475:In modern use,
473:
362:
304:do not possess
278:
263:diplomatic rank
182:
169:
140:
136:Science attaché
76:Head of mission
17:
12:
11:
5:
1735:
1725:
1724:
1709:
1708:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1669:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1627:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1539:Diplomatic law
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1509:Diplomatic bag
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1262:
1254:
1249:
1247:Consular corps
1244:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1218:
1216:
1215:Classification
1212:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1149:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1131:By portfolio (
1128:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1016:United Nations
1007:
1005:
998:
989:
985:
984:
973:
972:
965:
958:
950:
943:
942:
937:
923:, ed. (1911).
921:Chisholm, Hugh
916:
914:
911:
908:
907:
881:
857:
824:
810:
796:
778:
759:
741:
720:
714:978-0810850781
713:
692:
675:
643:
618:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
606:
605:
600:
595:
588:
585:
575:For temporary
542:
539:
472:
469:
361:
354:
277:
271:
220:. The term is
171:
170:
168:
167:
160:
153:
145:
142:
141:
139:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
52:
49:
48:
34:Woodrow Wilson
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1734:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1680:
1679:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1423:Paradiplomacy
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1378:Full-spectrum
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1129:
1123:
1122:Agent-general
1120:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1002:
999:
997:leader titles
993:
990:
986:
982:
978:
971:
966:
964:
959:
957:
952:
951:
948:
941:
938:
934:
933:
927:
922:
918:
917:
895:
891:
885:
878:
873:
872:
867:
861:
854:
843:on 2010-09-22
842:
838:
834:
828:
820:
814:
807:
806:
799:
797:9780788125669
793:
789:
782:
775:
773:
768:
762:
760:9780198703969
756:
752:
745:
738:
734:
730:
724:
716:
710:
706:
699:
697:
689:
688:Chisholm 1911
684:
682:
680:
663:
656:
650:
648:
633:
629:
623:
619:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
590:
584:
582:
578:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
552:is singular,
551:
547:
538:
536:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
468:
466:
463:
459:
455:
450:
446:
442:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
367:
359:
353:
351:
347:
346:
342:
338:
335:
331:
327:
324:
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1666:Category
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