1175:
759:
66:
540:
resident's real role varied enormously, depending upon the underlying relationship between the two parties and even upon the personalities of the
Resident and the ruler. Some residents were little more than observers and diplomats, others were seen as unwanted interlopers and were treated with hostility, while some won enough trust from the ruler that they were able to exercise great influence. In French protectorates, such as those of Morocco and Tunisia, the resident or resident general was the effective ruler of the territory. In 1887, when both
780:
1093:
788:
528:
3000:
128:
25:
1833:, lying between those larger states, British Residents were appointed 1906–1959 (interrupted by Japanese commander Masao Baba 6 January 1942 – 14 June 1945), afterwards only High Commissioners for the matters not transferred under autonomy (and 1971 self-government) until full independence went in force 1 January 1984. The administrative head of Sarawak's geographical Divisions was, however, titled as Resident.
3012:
1458:) on 27 May 1885. The Reich was represented there by the German Residents: Gustav Denhardt (b. 1856 – d. 1917; in office 8 April 1885 – 1 July 1890) and his deputy Clemens Andreas Denhardt (b. 1852 – d. 1928) until 1 July 1890 imperial Germany renounces its protectorate, ceding the Wituland to Great Britain which had on 18 June 1890 declared it a British protectorate).
1817:(in 1801 Province Wellesley on the mainland was added) and many Governors after 1805 (since 1826 as part of the Strait Settlements), only Resident Councillors were in office 1849–1941 (name Penang assumed in 1867); after four Japanese and since 1945 two British military governors, four Resident Commissioners 1946–1957, since then Malaysian-appointed "heads of state".
1779:, then John Crawfurd), the Governors of the Straits Settlements filled the post 1826 – 15 February 1942; after four Japanese Military Administrators and two Japanese Mayors, a British Military Administrator 12 September 1945 – 1 April 1946, then four British Governors and the second incumbent stayed on as first of two gubernatorial 'Heads of state' styled
635:, which since 1843 was under a British protectorate, after it became the Zulu "Native" Reserve or Zululand Province on 1 September 1879: two British Residents (William Douglas Wheelwright, 8 September 1879 to January 1880, then Sir Melmoth Osborn until 22 December 1882). Thereafter there were Resident Commissioners until Zululand was incorporated into the
1140:(under a single High Commissioner, till its 1976 dissolution, in Suva or Honoria), until the abolition of the post at the 1965 self-government grant as a territory in free association with New Zealand, having its cabinet (still under the British Crown, which after 1976 appoints a special King's/Queen's Representative, as well as a High Commissioner).
1555:), five incumbents from 1885 (18 July 1885 Portuguese Congo district created after 14 February 1885 confirmation by the Berlin Conference of the 1883 Portuguese protectorate over "Portuguese Congo") to 1899 (end of autonomy under the Governors of Congo district which had its seat in Cabinda since 1887)
1408:(present Burkina Faso), which has had its own Lieutenant governor (before) or Governor (after) and intermediately has been part of one or (carved up) more neighbouring French colonies, there has been one Résident-Superieur of "Upper Ivory Coast", 1 January 1938 – 29 July 1940, while it was part of the
1626:
Then there were various
British chief secretaries 1911–1936 and two federal secretaries until 31 January 1942; after three Japanese military governors, the British Governor (1 April 1946 – 1 February 1948) stayed on as first of four High Commissioners as de facto governor-general of the Federation of
907:
made a colony in full
British possession. The last of three British Political Agents since 1939 stayed on as first Resident since 1859, the last again staying on in 1932 as first Chief Commissioner; he was the only diplomatic representative to the various Arabian rulers who over time accepted British
507:
prime minister to a native ruler. In other respects, they acted as an ambassador of the government of the country they were posted to, but at a lower level, since they were protectorates or tributaries of
Western nations. Instead of being a representative to a single ruler, a resident could be posted
932:
s acted on behalf of the
British government: Nawab Foujdar Khan (1856 – April 1859), Ghulam Husain Khan Allizai (April 1859 – 1865), Bukhiar Khan (February 1864 – January 1868, acting), Attah Muhammad Khan Khagwani (January 1868 – 1878); then there were two more British Residents Louis Napoleon
539:
In some cases, the intertwining of the
European power with the traditional native establishment went so far that members of the native princely houses became residents, either in other states or even within their state, provided that they were unlikely ever to succeed as rulers of the state. A
890:
were assigned for the maintenance of the royal family, and were administered by a
British Resident, until in 1832 the whole area was annexed to British Residents were also posted in major states considered to be connected with India, neighbouring or on the sea route to it, notably:
2166:, government residents were appointed by the Government of South Australia from the establishment of the territory in 1864 until its transfer to the Australian Government on 1 January 1911. The last incumbent stayed on as first of six administrators; then again 1 February 1927
2000:
On occasion, residents were maintained, notably by former colonial powers, in territories in a transitional process to a new constitutional status, such as full independence. Such function could also be performed under another title, such as
Commissioner or High Commissioner.
1752:, since the acceptance of British protectorate as an confederated state instead of the Thai sovereignty (since the secession from Kedah) and were appointed again after Japanese and Thai occupation, until 1 April 1946 it joins the Malay Union (from 16 September 1963, Malaysia)
908:
protectorate, but since the 1935 legal separation from
British India was followed in 1937 by a reorganisation into an Eastern and a Western Aden Protectorate (based at Mukallah and Lahej; together covering all Yemen), the British Representatives in each were styled British
1759:, i.e. even before the 9 July 1909 exchange of Thai sovereignty for a British protectorate as unfederated Malay state, then Advisers 1919–1941 (overlap merely both titles for the same incumbent); after Japanese and Thai occupation, British Commissioners were appointed.
2142:. Government residents were appointed (at various times), at Augusta, Busselton, Carnarvon (Gascoyne District), Champion Bay (Geraldton), Derby (Kimberley District, later West Kimberley), Fremantle, Guildford, King George's Sound (Albany), Newcastle (Toodyay), the
1419:, where the local royal government was theoretically maintained, the resident at Phnom-Penh was the Resident-Superior, over the various Residents posted throughout Cambodia. The Resident-Superior of Cambodia answered to the Governor-General of Indochina, however.
2057:(under British mandate); 26 May 1923 Transjordan formally separated from Palestine; 28 Feb 1928 Britain recognizes Transjordan mandate as independent, but maintains military and some financial control; 25 May 1946 proclamation of the Hashemite Kingdom (style
1478:(present Burundi): 15 November 1907 – June 1916, starting with the same as above; formally accredited to the native Mwami (King; on 8 October 1905 the Germans recognized the already ruling Mwezi IV Gisabo as "Sultan" of Burundi and its only supreme authority)
926:, not then among Sovereign monarchs): the first British Residents were Sir Alexander Burnes (1837 – 2 November 1841); William Hay McNaghten (7 August 1839 – 23 December 1841); Eldred Pottinger (December 1841 – 6 January 1842). After that, four native
1366:(7 April 1887 – 26 June 1888, Maurice Antoine Chauvot), there was a long list of Residents from 7 April 1887; since 3 October 1961, when both islands were joined as the Wallis & Futuna overseas territory, their successors were styled
1055:
became a federal republic of seven islands (Corfu, Cephalonia, Zante, Santa Maura, Ithaca, Cerigo, and Paxos), as a protectorate (nominally of the allied Powers; de facto UK protectorate; the highest office was the always-British
1444:(sultan) of Witu (on the Kenyan coast), ceded 25 square miles (65 km) of territory on 8 April 1885 to the brothers Clemens and Gustav Denhardt's "Tana Company", and the remainder of the Wituland became the German
1790:(Melaka), a former Dutch colony, seven consecutive British Residents were in office 1795–1818, followed by three Dutch governors; after the final inclusion in the British Strait Settlements, 1826, most were titled
1988:
the former Prime
Minister of Japan), all Japanese peers (new western-type styles, rendered as: Marquess/Duke or Viscount); the last stayed on as the first Governor-General after full annexation to Japan. See:
2029:
was appointed (although in 1949 Southern Cameroons was divided into two provinces: Bamenda, capital Bamenda, and Southern, capital Buea) until 1 October 1954 when British Cameroons became an autonomous part of
2024:
and the 20 July 1920 British Cameroons, League of Nations mandate; they continued in the 13 December 1946 created British Cameroons United Nations trust territory, until 31 December 1949; next a single
1016:, 1800–1804, 1805–1810, and 1840 (so twice interrupted by vacancy), then located with the African branch of the dynasty on the island of Unguja, since 1862 his role was handed over to a Political Agent
1593:, after the post of High Commissioner had been filled (1 July 1896 – 1 April 1946) by the governors of the Straits Settlements (see Singapore), Britain appointed the following residents-general:
2110:, then still an independent monarchy (afterwards absorbed into India as an additional constitutive state) where Britain had obtained a protectorate over the Maharaja in 1861, see above.
692:(established in 1701), since it became 1896 a British protectorate; on 23 June 1900 the Confederation was dissolved by UK protectorate authority, and on 26 September 1901 turned into
1161:(formally from 5 December 1950; in the meantime, the Indian representative was again styled Political Agent, the first incumbent being the former British Political Agent—India was a
975:
in August 1795 and occupying the island (completed on 16 February 1796), their only Resident there was Robert Andrews, 12 February 1796 – 12 October 1798, who was subordinate to the
1715:, since they exchanged Thai sovereignty for a British protectorate; since 1 July 1896 part of the Federated Malay States; after the Japanese occupation a single British Commissioner
1157:
had been under a British protectorate (1861 – 15 August 1947; the crown representative was styled Political Agent), became immediately afterward a protectorate of newly independent
990:
archipelago since he formally accepted British protection on 16 December 1887 (informally since 1796, after the British took over Ceylon from the Dutch), but this office was filled
628:
until the definite establishment of British rule in Natal and its 1845 organization as an administrative entity, when the incumbent Shepstone was made Agent for the native tribes.
2138:, and the two titles were often used interchangeably. However, they also often directed the day-to-day activities of police, explorers, surveyors, customs officers and other
610:(superior to the new two provinces) for Edward John Gibbons (b. 1906 – d. 1990), who stayed on in October 1954 as the first Commissioner when it became an autonomous part of
483:– to the head of all permanent missions in any country, except as a temporary expression of down-graded relations or where representation was merely an interim arrangement.
508:
to more than one native state, or to a grouping of states which the European power decided for its convenience. This could create an artificial geographical unit, as in
1684:
1570:
until 1975, civil residents served from 1911 (withdrawal of the Portuguese military garrison) until 31 July 1961 (invasion of the fort by the Dahomey military forces)
1060:), until its 1 June 1864 incorporation into independent Greece, there were British residents, each posted with a local Prefect, on seven individual islands, notably:
1726:, a year after accepting British protectorate (never under Thailand), 1 July 1896 part of Federated Malay States; after the Japanese occupation British Commissioners
1697:
968:) in 1945–1948 (each group had been under a Superintendent from 1887/88 till 1922, then both jointly under a Resident Commissioner till the 1942 Japanese occupation)
1032:
Even in overseas territories occupied ('preventively' or conquered) to keep the French out of strategic trade and waters, residencies could be established, e.g. at
937:(1880); next came two Military Commanders (8 October 1879 – 11 August 1880) and until 1919 ten native British Agents, one of whom served two non-consecutive terms.
2034:; next two commissioners were appointed instead, until on 1 October 1961 Southern British Cameroons was incorporated into the Republic of Cameroon (the former
1673:
953:
620:
when the military party sent from Cape Colony to occupy Port Natal on behalf of Great Britain was recalled in 1839, a British Resident was appointed among the
1791:
1869:
948:(October 1796 – July 1797), and there were more discontinuous postings to that court, in the 19th century, never satisfactory to either party; after the
1190:, Dutch residents and lower ranks such as assistant residents were posted alongside a number of the many native princes in present Indonesia, compared
1655:
1501:
2127:, colonial administration and local government were sometimes controlled at the regional level, by government residents, under the direction of the
2091:, a former Italian colony, put under UN administration since 1946 prior to their unification as a Libyan kingdom, Britain maintained a Resident in
693:
1471:: 1906 – 15 November 1907 Werner von Grawert (d. 1918), formerly the last military district commander of Usumbura (the other district being Ujiji)
1669:, which accepted a British protectorate in 1888 and acceded in 1896 to the Federation; again British Commissioners after the Japanese occupation
1174:
1033:
2354:
2106:
In a later phase a former colony could itself appoint such Residents, as India did 5 December 1950 – 16 May 1975 in its Himalayan protectorate
727:
2012:(since 26 September 1914), Britain started appointing a long line of residents (some were district officer or senior district officer, others
787:
2053:), but in August 1920 the British create autonomous local administrations in Ajlun, Salt, and Karak—with limited success; 11 April 1921 the
1990:
1866:
548:
2258:
2219:
1370:'Administrator-superior', but the native dynasties remain; they represented the French government by the protectorate treaties with the
1559:
1236:
However the 'Jacobin' tradition of strict state authority didn't agree well with indirect rule, so often direct rule was preferred.
2491:
444:
Residents could also be posted to nations that had significant foreign influence. For instance, the British sent residents to the
2128:
1275:(posts at Assinié 1843–1870, and Grand Bassam, Fort Dabou 1853–1872, part of the Colony of Gorée and Dependencies in Senegal]):
192:
164:
1619:
2174:, until from 12 June 1931. Administrators were (and still are) appointed, even after 1978 when self-government was granted.
1858:, accredited with the Sultan: Residents-general 28 April 1912 – 2 March 1956 (first incumbent previously military governor)
2306:
1165:, still under the British crown, till 26 January 1950) until 16 May 1975, it was annexed as a constituent state of India.
1137:
1052:
495:. Some such residents were former military officers, rather than career diplomats, who resided in smaller self-governing
362:
171:
491:
Some official representatives of European colonial powers, while in theory diplomats, in practice exercised a degree of
909:
763:
145:
38:
758:
2147:
426:, usually reflecting the relatively low status of the states of origin and/or residency or else difficult relations.
229:
211:
109:
87:
52:
551:
asked for a British resident, seeing this as a desirable and effective form of protection. His request was refused.
80:
2956:
2387:
178:
2065:); the 17 June 1946 formal independence from Britain finally ends the term of the last of four British Residents:
387:
required to take up permanent residence in another country. A representative of his government, he officially has
2985:
773:
580:, the second 'homeland' of the Omani dynasty, since 1913. From 1913 to 1961 the Residents were also the Sultan's
399:
1400:
This French title, meaning "Superior" (i.e. Senior) Resident, indicates that he had junior Residents under him.
1136:; the third and last incumbent stayed on as first Resident Commissioner since 1901, at the incorporation in the
2182:
1 March 1927 – 12 June 1931, while the Northern Territory was split, there were two consecutive incumbents for
867:
149:
722:(first to the British-installed ruling council of chiefs, later to the restored Oba), with the Emir of and in
160:
3048:
3038:
2183:
2072:
711:
707:
429:
On occasion, the resident minister's role could become extremely important, as when in 1806 the Bourbon king
795:
1963:(b. 1909 – d. 1995), staying on after being its Belgian last Governor (and Deputy Governor-General of the
2544:
2171:
1905:
1894:
1313:
1239:
Many were part of a white colonial hierarchy, rather than truly posted with a native ruler or chieftain.
479:
As international relations developed, it became customary to give the highest title of diplomatic rank –
461:
3015:
2973:
3043:
1704:
from the start of the British protectorate; again British Commissioners after the Japanese occupation
1028:(present Jordan) from April 1921 – 17 June 1946 four incumbents accredited to the Hashemite Emir/King
2963:
2608:
2349:
2241:
1521:
855:
651:
265:
74:
1872:
23 June 1885 – 31 August 1955; first incumbent was the last of the two previous Resident ministers
2716:
2427:
2411:
2366:
2299:
1806:
1745:, an confederated state; after Japanese and Thai occupation, British Commissioners were appointed
949:
689:
673:
654:
in 1848. In 1854 the British abandoned the Sovereignty, and the independent Boer republic of the
355:
310:
285:
138:
2480:
2400:
1948:(Belgium mainly used French in the colonies; the word in its other official language, Dutch, is
1738:, an unfederated state; after Japanese and Thai occupation, British Commissioners were appointed
1299:
12 November 1892 – 10 March 1893 Paul Alphonse Frédéric Heckman; thereafter it had its Governors
330:
305:
3053:
2811:
2054:
1915:(at Hanoi; subordinated to Annam until 1888) 1886–1950s (at least 1953)—but none in Cochinchina
1780:
1712:
1309:
1057:
1025:
815:
666:
469:
445:
430:
185:
91:
44:
1798:
took their place until the 1957 independence installed Malaysian Governors and Chief Ministers
1794:, except the period 1910–1920 reverting to the style Resident; after the Japanese occupation,
2448:
2167:
1795:
1662:
1612:
1605:
1109:
521:
438:
1331:
island, divided into eleven sultanates, some of which on occasion had the superior title of
971:
after five military governors since the East India Company started chasing the Dutch out of
2897:
2781:
2771:
2666:
2580:
2143:
1984:
Monarch (rendered as King or Emperor) 21 Dec 1905 – 1 Oct 1910 three incumbents (including
1632:
976:
957:
290:
2485:
1821:
On Northern Borneo, contrary to the Malay peninsula, no such officials were appointed, in
1650:
1885–1911 British Residents were appointed to the Sultans (until 1886 styled Maharaja) of
1263:
and the Gulf of Guinea Settlements; from 1886 subordinated to the Lieutenant Governors of
8:
2872:
2832:
2776:
2746:
2721:
2711:
2686:
2656:
2537:
2361:
2135:
2046:
1814:
1764:
934:
2502:
2497:
2213:
325:
320:
3003:
2930:
2892:
2887:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2842:
2806:
2701:
2676:
2671:
2615:
2532:
2512:
2292:
2163:
1548:
1462:
1405:
980:
879:
697:
517:
503:
and acted as political advisors to the ruler. A trusted resident could even become the
465:
348:
2507:
2087:
Also after World War II, and not only in former mandate territories; e.g. in parts of
2020:) in its zone from 1916, even before the 28 June 1919 formal division into French and
1005:), since 15 March 1816 exercising a de facto protectorate—the last staying on 1920 as
335:
2935:
2903:
2837:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2741:
2731:
2726:
2691:
2681:
2635:
2620:
2245:
2124:
2078:
August 1924 – March 1939 Henry Cox (from 1937, Charles Henry Cox) (b. 1880 – d. 1953)
2050:
2021:
1359:
1187:
1105:
1041:
900:
843:
779:
655:
434:
260:
1654:, an confederated state until 1946; thereafter the British crown was represented by
1627:
Malaya until independence on 31 August 1957 saw the creation of an elective federal
2968:
2852:
2786:
2706:
2696:
2651:
2630:
2603:
2595:
1960:
1776:
1598:
1092:
952:
there were two separate British Residents in a border zone of that country: in the
863:
603:
441:, the British Resident, authored (1812) a new and relatively liberal constitution.
544:
and gold prospectors of all nationalities were overrunning his country, the Swazi
527:
2951:
2882:
2756:
2560:
2406:
2035:
1666:
1628:
1069:
1002:
835:
640:
545:
500:
419:
275:
1934:
later downgraded (under Hué) to Residents-superior 16 May 1889 – 15 October 1945
1278:
1871–1885 Arthur Verdier (to 1878 Warden of the French Flag) (b. 1835 – d. 1898)
1144:
2877:
2847:
2736:
2585:
2233:
2139:
1981:
1829:
as there were white rulers or governors; but to the still sovereign Sultans of
1734:
1909–41 British Advisers replaced the Thai king's Advisers in the sultanate of
1590:
1507:
1495:
1210:
1073:
923:
887:
871:
851:
807:
768:
743:
723:
621:
560:
457:
449:
799:
16:
Government official required to take up permanent residence in another country
3032:
2761:
2751:
2460:
2455:
2208:
1964:
1956:
1810:
1730:
A similar position, under another title, was held in the other Malay states:
1696:
1888–1938 British Residents were appointed to the Sultans (until 1882 styled
1532:
1486:
1379:
1328:
1308:, in the Indian Ocean, several Residents were posted with the various native
1097:
1006:
875:
791:
735:
596:
492:
423:
392:
280:
1378:(Wallis island, 5 April 1887; 27 November 1887 administratively attached to
2264:. Government of South Australia. 12 November 1863. pp. 275 and 278–279
2092:
1985:
1826:
1688:
1643:
1446:
1332:
1268:
1179:
1133:
1101:
919:
827:
747:
647:
636:
496:
403:
300:
2284:
2004:
Thus after World War I, there were residents in some mandate territories:
1783:, his Malay successor also becoming the first President after independence
1353:
island) from 1886; then 1889–1912 filled by the above residents of Anjouan
1087:
994:
by the colonial Governors until 4 February 1948, abolished on 26 July 1965
2980:
2827:
2661:
1428:
In the German colonies, the title was also Resident; the post was called
1409:
1256:
1191:
1122:
1118:
1077:
915:
847:
811:
513:
2223:. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 183.
1775:, after two separate British Residents (7 February 1819 – December 1822
1267:), where in 1842 France had declared protectorates over the Kingdoms of
2909:
2382:
2237:
1959:(cfr. German above; there were Belgian Residents ): 1960 – 1 July 1962
1876:
1756:
1061:
859:
823:
719:
646:
in 1845 the resident 'north of the Orange River chose his residency at
480:
255:
2471:
1574:
944:(died 1799) was the first British Resident to the King of independent
315:
2925:
2590:
2315:
2151:
2096:
1772:
1723:
1658:
until the Japanese occupation, and finally by Commissioners 1945–1948
1513:
1202:
1129:
941:
715:
625:
407:
388:
2038:), the northern part was already united with Nigeria on 1 June 1961.
2008:
after the French and British occupation of the former German colony
1813:
had yet been ceded to the British by the Sultan of Kedah), then two
1350:
1287:
9 March 1890 – 14 June 1890 Jean Joseph Étienne Octave Péan (acting)
127:
2625:
2319:
1928:
1742:
1719:
1528:
1451:
1437:
1416:
1375:
1162:
1154:
987:
839:
677:
592:
577:
564:
473:
384:
2154:), Port Leschenault (Bunbury), Wyndham (East Kimberley) and York.
2081:
March 1939 – 17 June 1946 Alec Seath Kirkbride (b. 1897 – d. 1978)
1683:
1875–1889 additional British Residents were also appointed to the
1132:
since the 1888 establishment of the British protectorate over the
606:(part of the former German Kamerun), since 1916, in 1949 restyled
2134:
The main responsibility of a government resident was the role of
2068:
April 1921 – 21 November 1921 Albert Abramson (b. 1876 – d. 19..)
2031:
2009:
1890:
1862:
1855:
1822:
1787:
1567:
1441:
1371:
1339:
1317:
1312:
on major islands; they were all three subordinated to the French
1305:
1214:
1198:
1037:
831:
819:
739:
632:
611:
532:
1748:
1909–1941 British Advisers replaced Thai ones with the Rajas of
1741:
1903–41 British Advisers replaced Thai ones in the sultanate of
1046:
2766:
2392:
2212:
2107:
2100:
2062:
2042:
1912:
1898:
1830:
1802:
1749:
1701:
1677:
1651:
1601:(b. 1850 – d. 1946; from 1897, Sir Frank Athelstane Swettenham)
1552:
1482:
1475:
1468:
1387:
1264:
1150:
1065:
972:
965:
961:
731:
701:
581:
452:
as an autonomous state (1704–1831) in the north of present-day
270:
2088:
2058:
1977:
1735:
1708:
1672:
1883–1895 additional British Residents were appointed to the
1642:
There were specific residents accredited in most constituent
1563:
1383:
1343:
1321:
1284:
1886 – 9 March 1890 Marcel Treich Leplène (b. 1860 – d. 1890)
1272:
1260:
1206:
1158:
1145:
Residents in protectorates of decolonised Commonwealth states
1081:
998:
945:
928:
904:
883:
685:
588:
850:; to the Maharaja Sena Sahib Subah of the Mahratta state of
516:. Similar positions could carry alternative titles, such as
1919:
1218:
1117:
in the period before British sovereignty was declared over
1013:
896:
814:. Often they were appointed to a single state, as with the
662:
541:
453:
1665:(state's elective ruler) of the nine member-confederation
1382:) and on 16 February 1888 with the two kingdoms on Futuna—
714:
and after their joining Nigeria protectorate, notably in
398:
A resident usually heads an administrative area called a
2099:
17 September 1949 – 24 December 1951, and France one in
1755:
1904–25 British Agents were appointed to the Sultans of
1229:
France also maintained residents, the French word being
595:, after the British took over the protectorate from the
1584:
1088:
Residents on (British and dominion) ocean island states
1259:(from 1881 subordinated to the Superior Commandant of
810:– in major states or groups of states—in the days of
2113:
1809:
for the British East India Company (1786–1799; only
1320:
island protectorate (itself constituting the native
983:
appointed Governors as it was made a separate colony
584:. There were Consuls and Consuls-general until 1963.
1575:
Residents-general (and their subordinate residents)
152:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
460:sultans reasserted control over it (1831) and its
1001:since 1802, accredited to the Hindu Kings (title
554:
3030:
1931:Residents-general 12 August 1885 – 16 May 1889;
1541:
1290:14 June 1890 – 1892 Jean Auguste Henri Desailles
960:(each several tribal states, usually ruled by a
1213:; another was posted with the Sultan of and on
2240:commemorates his name; Cox also figures among
1718:1875–1941 British Residents to the Sultans of
1707:1874–1941 British Residents to the Sultans of
1579:
1362:, after a single French Representative styled
1296:1892 – 12 November 1892 Julien Voisin (acting)
1251:A single post of resident was also created in
2300:
2095:April 1949 – 24 December 1951 and another in
1281:1885–1886 Charles Bour -Commandant-particular
1047:Residents in (British) European protectorates
933:Cavagnari (24 July 1879 – 3 September 1879),
422:for the head of a mission ranking just below
356:
1971:
1423:
1346:(sole Sultan): only two incumbents 188x–189x
1224:
486:
2314:
1991:List of Japanese Residents-General of Korea
1635:(since 16 September 1961 with the addition
1169:
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2307:
2293:
472:in 1815, the British posted a resident to
363:
349:
2280:
1995:
1121:and a lieutenant-governor was appointed,
806:British residents were posted in various
802:as the first European envoys ever in 1868
696:, so since 1902 his place was taken by a
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
212:Learn how and when to remove this message
110:Learn how and when to remove this message
2259:"The Northern Territory Act 1863 No. 23"
2207:
2203:
2201:
2199:
1908:(also at Hué) 1886–1950s (at least 1953)
1173:
1091:
786:
778:
757:
559:The residents of the governments of the
526:
643:as British Zululand on 1 December 1897.
567:to a variety of protectorates include:
418:This full style occurred commonly as a
3031:
1125:from 10 May 1833 till 28 January 1840.
878:was taken under the protection of the
570:
2492:Conseiller chargé des investissements
2288:
2196:
2157:
1489:overseeing an area of 32,200 km;
1393:
599:, which had itself posted a Resident.
413:
3011:
2177:
2118:
1585:British Malay states and possessions
753:
150:adding citations to reliable sources
121:
59:
18:
1901:(at Hué) 11 June 1884 – 9 May 1889
1691:, another major member principality
1440:: Ahmed ibn Fumo Bakari, the first
1138:British Western Pacific Territories
1053:United States of the Ionian Islands
979:(see British India), afterward the
922:of 21 guns (the highest rank among
13:
2131:(i.e. the "Governor in Council").
2045:was part since 12 May 1920 of the
1893:& Laos: Residents-general for
1560:Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá
783:The British Residency at Hyderabad
650:, which became the capital of the
391:which are often seen as a form of
79:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
3065:
2114:Government residents in Australia
1242:
1178:The house of a Dutch resident in
794:receives Dutch Minister-Resident
712:and Southern Nigeria Protectorate
73:This includes a list of general
34:This article has multiple issues.
3010:
2999:
2998:
1201:, there were Dutch residents at
903:), the only part of present-day
126:
64:
23:
2986:Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy
531:The French resident general of
476:to handle their affairs there.
402:. "Resident" may also refer to
137:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
2251:
2227:
2071:21 November 1921 – April 1924
1879:: 28 April 1886 – 31 July 1897
1112:looking on, on 7 October 1900.
1051:Since on 5 November 1815, the
842:; to the restored Maharaja of
555:British and dominion residents
1:
2189:
2073:Harry St. John Bridger Philby
1922:September 1895 – 5 April 1945
1767:, under direct British rule:
1680:, a major member principality
1542:Portuguese colonial residents
830:; to the Maharaja Sindhia of
826:; to the Maharaja Gaekwad of
798:and French Minister-Resident
708:Northern Nigeria Protectorate
2981:Twin towns and sister cities
2170:was Government Resident for
2047:British mandate of Palestine
1883:
1566:), a country that was named
1108:, with the British Resident
1040:, an island returned to the
796:Dirk de Graeff van Polsbroek
766:with his son in the Nawab's
7:
1599:Frank Athelstane Swettenham
1589:At the "national" level of
1580:British resident (-general)
1104:annexation proclamation to
899:(while subordinated to the
772:with British Resident, Sir
10:
3070:
2974:Plenipotentiary Conference
2244:: see the now-discredited
2061:) of Transjordan (present
1943:
1937:several regional RĂ©sidents
1293:1892 Éloi Bricard (acting)
1009:till the 1923 emancipation
834:; to the Nizam al-Mulk of
742:, with the Emir of and in
2994:
2944:
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2573:
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2469:
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2103:1950 – 24 December 1951.
1972:Japanese (original title)
1848:
1836:
1424:German colonial residents
1225:French colonial residents
688:, with the rulers of the
487:Pseudo-colonial residents
2964:Parliamentary delegation
2843:Diplomatic accreditation
2609:African Diplomatic Corps
2350:Permanent representative
1685:Undang Luak Sungai Ujong
1522:German South-West Africa
1368:Administrateur supérieur
1170:Dutch colonial residents
1012:with the Imam/Sultan of
920:entitled to a gun salute
726:, to the jointly ruling
706:in various parts of the
652:Orange River Sovereignty
266:Permanent representative
2412:Deputy chief of mission
2367:Resident representative
2220:Encyclopædia Britannica
1918:Residents-superior for
1911:Residents-Superior for
1904:Residents-Superior for
1698:Bendahara Seri Maharaja
1335:): November 1886 – 1912
950:Third Anglo-Burmese War
874:power in 1803, and the
858:; to the (Maha)Raja of
854:; to the (Maha)Raja of
690:Asanteman Confederation
286:Deputy chief of mission
94:more precise citations.
2858:Diplomatic credentials
2281:Sources and references
2055:Emirate of Transjordan
1996:Postcolonial residents
1865:, accredited with the
1811:Prince of Wales Island
1805:(Pinang), after three
1796:Resident Commissioners
1781:yang di-pertuan negara
1713:Pangkor Treaty of 1874
1620:Arthur Henderson Young
1412:colony: Edmond Louveau
1386:(also called Alo) and
1324:or Mawuti sultanate):
1183:
1113:
1080:(Leucada/Lefkada) and
1058:Lord High Commissioner
866:in Udaipur. Even when
803:
784:
776:
591:, in the Sultanate of
536:
470:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
464:(governor). After the
2449:Resident commissioner
2421:Bilateral-subnational
2168:Robert Hunter Weddell
1663:Yang Di Pertuan Besar
1613:William Thomas Taylor
1606:William Hood Treacher
1177:
1095:
986:to the Sultan of the
862:; to the Maharana of
838:; to the Maharaja of
790:
782:
761:
530:
522:resident commissioner
512:in some parts of the
439:Lord William Bentinck
3049:Gubernatorial titles
3039:Obsolete occupations
2581:Apostolic nunciature
2481:Agricultural attaché
1980:, accredited to the
1976:In the protectorate
1815:Lieutenant-governors
1674:Yang Di-Pertuan Muda
1633:Yang Dipertuan Agong
977:presidency of Madras
958:Southern Shan States
954:Northern Shan States
846:, after the fall of
738:), with the Emir of
624:and other tribes in
617:in Southern Africa:
576:In the Sultanate of
389:diplomatic functions
331:Agricultural attaché
146:improve this article
2873:Diplomatic immunity
2833:Consular assistance
2362:Ambassador-at-large
2242:historians of chess
2136:Resident Magistrate
2075:(b. 1885 – d. 1960)
1841:The French word is
1792:Resident Councillor
1765:Straits Settlements
1622:(b. 1854 – d. 1938)
1615:(b. 1848 – d. 1931)
1608:(b. 1849 – d. 1919)
1597:1 July 1896 – 1901
935:Henry Lepel-Griffin
882:, the districts of
746:, with the Emir of
734:(a vassal state in
571:Residents in Africa
385:government official
161:"Resident minister"
2931:Letter of credence
2893:Diplomatic uniform
2888:Diplomatic service
2868:Diplomatic illness
2863:Diplomatic history
2616:Diplomatic mission
2533:Diplomatic courier
2513:Trade commissioner
2376:Bilateral-national
2164:Northern Territory
2158:Northern Territory
2129:Colonial Secretary
1711:as written in the
1524:(present Namibia)
1463:German East Africa
1450:(Protectorate) of
1395:Résident supérieur
1184:
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910:Political officers
880:East India Company
804:
785:
777:
698:Chief Commissioner
537:
466:Congress of Vienna
414:Resident ministers
406:, the chief of an
3026:
3025:
2936:Letter of protest
2904:Persona non grata
2838:Consular immunity
2636:Exclusive mandate
2569:
2568:
2521:
2520:
2486:Chargé de mission
2437:Bilateral-insular
2401:Chargé d'affaires
2388:High commissioner
2246:Cox-Forbes theory
2184:Central Australia
2178:Central Australia
2125:Western Australia
2123:In the Colony of
2119:Western Australia
2051:high commissioner
2049:(under a British
2022:British Cameroons
1950:Resident-generaal
1870:Residents-general
1661:1888–1941 to the
1364:chargé de mission
1360:Wallis and Futuna
1342:island) with the
1188:Dutch East Indies
1096:Governor-General
1042:Dutch East Indies
901:Bombay Presidency
822:, the capital of
754:Residents in Asia
656:Orange Free State
435:Kingdom of Naples
410:operations base.
377:resident minister
373:
372:
306:Chargé d'affaires
296:Resident minister
261:High commissioner
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120:
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3044:Diplomatic ranks
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3013:
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3001:
2853:Diplomatic cable
2631:Protecting power
2604:Diplomatic corps
2545:Foreign minister
2538:King's Messenger
2503:Military attaché
2498:Cultural attaché
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2214:"Resident"
2205:
2027:special resident
1961:Jean-Paul Harroy
1843:Résident-général
1777:William Farquhar
1656:General Advisers
1197:For example, in
764:Mubarak Ali Khan
608:Special Resident
604:British Cameroon
501:tributary states
493:indirect control
450:Baghdad province
383:for short, is a
365:
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351:
326:Cultural attaché
321:Military attaché
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2561:Diplomatic rank
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2508:Science attaché
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2407:Head of mission
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2036:French Cameroun
2018:senior resident
2014:deputy resident
1998:
1974:
1946:
1886:
1851:
1839:
1807:Superintendents
1667:Negeri Sembilan
1629:paramount ruler
1587:
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1529:Schuckmannsburg
1426:
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1248:
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1049:
1020:And elsewhere:
1003:Maharajadhiraja
924:princely states
870:had broken the
808:princely states
756:
730:and Balogun of
658:was established
587:In present-day
573:
557:
546:paramount chief
518:political agent
489:
448:Beys who ruled
420:diplomatic rank
416:
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336:Science attaché
276:Head of mission
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2554:Classification
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2355:United Nations
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2211:, ed. (1911).
2209:Chisholm, Hugh
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2144:North District
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1527:A resident of
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1512:A resident of
1510:
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1504:
1500:A resident of
1496:German Kamerun
1492:
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1481:A resident of
1479:
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1110:Walter Gudgeon
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744:Muri (Nigeria)
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694:Ashanti Colony
682:
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2762:Paradiplomacy
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2033:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2002:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1966:
1965:Belgian Congo
1962:
1958:
1957:Ruanda-Urundi
1955:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1921:
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1914:
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1896:
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1637:bagi Malaysia
1634:
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1596:
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1533:Caprivi Strip
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1519:
1515:
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1487:Lake Victoria
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1380:New Caledonia
1377:
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1338:On Ndzuwani (
1337:
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1333:Sultani tribe
1330:
1329:Grande Comore
1327:On Ngazidja (
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1253:CĂ´te d'Ivoire
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1234:
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1098:Lord Ranfurly
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812:British India
809:
801:
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792:Emperor Meiji
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781:
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597:German Empire
594:
590:
586:
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579:
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568:
566:
562:
552:
550:
547:
543:
535:in the 1930s.
534:
529:
525:
523:
519:
515:
514:Indian Empire
511:
506:
502:
498:
497:protectorates
494:
484:
482:
477:
475:
471:
468:restored the
467:
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459:
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451:
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396:
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393:indirect rule
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163: –
162:
158:
157:Find sources:
151:
147:
141:
140:
135:This article
133:
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103:
93:
89:
83:
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62:
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56:
54:
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41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
3016:
3004:
2945:Other topics
2902:
2812:Wolf warrior
2596:
2490:
2443:
2399:
2343:Multilateral
2266:. Retrieved
2253:
2229:
2218:
2181:
2161:
2133:
2122:
2105:
2093:Tripolitania
2086:
2026:
2017:
2013:
2003:
1999:
1986:Hirobumi Ito
1975:
1949:
1947:
1842:
1840:
1820:
1762:
1729:
1689:Sungai Ujong
1644:Malay states
1641:
1636:
1625:
1588:
1562:(in present
1551:(in present
1456:Deutsch-Witu
1455:
1447:Schutzgebiet
1445:
1429:
1427:
1399:
1394:
1367:
1363:
1252:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1196:
1185:
1180:Central Java
1153:, where the
1134:Cook Islands
1102:Cook Islands
1084:(Zakynthos)
1050:
1031:
1019:
991:
927:
918:, a kingdom
805:
767:
665:Republic of
648:Bloemfontein
637:crown colony
607:
558:
538:
509:
504:
490:
478:
456:, until the
443:
431:Ferdinand IV
428:
417:
404:resident spy
397:
380:
376:
374:
301:Papal legate
295:
241:
226:
208:
202:October 2014
199:
189:
182:
175:
168:
156:
144:Please help
139:verification
136:
106:
100:October 2014
97:
78:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
2828:Appeasement
2526:Other roles
2234:Cox's Bazar
1889:In present
1722:during the
1687:(ruler) of
1676:(ruler) of
1410:Ivory Coast
1406:Upper Volta
1374:(ruler) of
1318:the Mayotte
1257:Ivory Coast
1123:James Busby
1119:New Zealand
1106:Queen Makea
1078:Santa Maura
1068:(Kythira),
1026:Transjordan
916:Afghanistan
848:Tipu Sultan
800:LĂ©on Roches
774:John Hadley
669:at Pretoria
510:Residency X
92:introducing
3033:Categories
2910:Soft power
2782:Preventive
2772:Pilgrimage
2667:Commercial
2383:Ambassador
2334:Diplomatic
2238:Bangladesh
2190:References
1877:Madagascar
1757:Terengganu
1618:1910–1911
1604:1901–1904
1430:Residentur
1349:On Mwali (
1310:sultanates
1100:reads the
1062:Cephalonia
992:ex officio
860:Travancore
736:Yorubaland
720:Benin City
481:ambassador
256:Ambassador
172:newspapers
75:references
39:improve it
2926:Exequatur
2919:Documents
2777:Ping-pong
2747:Migration
2722:Guerrilla
2712:Freelance
2687:Debt-trap
2657:Checkbook
2591:Consulate
2320:diplomats
2316:Diplomacy
2152:Roebourne
2097:Cyrenaica
1884:Indochina
1867:Basha Bey
1773:Singapore
1724:Klang War
1514:Ngaundere
1203:Palembang
1130:Rarotonga
942:Hiram Cox
868:Lord Lake
836:Hyderabad
716:Edo state
676:chief at
672:with the
667:Transvaal
626:Kaffraria
565:dominions
549:Umbandine
433:fled his
408:espionage
400:residency
247:Diplomats
90:this by
45:talk page
3005:Category
2957:Agencies
2898:Protocol
2807:Track II
2702:Economic
2677:Culinary
2672:Cultural
2662:Coercive
2626:Legation
2597:De facto
2444:Resident
2041:Present
1929:Cambodia
1743:Kelantan
1720:Selangor
1531:for the
1485:west of
1452:Wituland
1438:Wituland
1417:Cambodia
1245:résident
1231:résident
1163:dominion
1155:Maharaja
988:Maldives
956:and the
840:Jhalawar
816:Resident
678:Bulawayo
674:Matabele
578:Zanzibar
563:and the
505:de facto
474:Florence
381:resident
291:Minister
3017:Commons
2802:Stadium
2797:Shuttle
2792:Science
2742:Medical
2732:Hostage
2727:Gunboat
2692:Digital
2682:Defence
2599:embassy
2574:Offices
2472:Attaché
2162:In the
2032:Nigeria
2010:Kamerun
1944:Belgian
1891:Vietnam
1863:Tunisia
1856:Morocco
1823:Sarawak
1788:Malacca
1763:In the
1631:styled
1568:Dahomey
1558:In the
1549:Cabinda
1442:mfalume
1340:Anjouan
1306:Comoros
1304:On the
1255:, i.e.
1215:Ternate
1199:Sumatra
1186:In the
1182:c. 1905
1038:Sumatra
872:Maratha
856:Manipur
832:Gwalior
820:Lucknow
740:Illorin
661:in the
633:KwaZulu
612:Nigeria
533:Morocco
458:Ottoman
446:Mameluk
316:Attaché
186:scholar
88:improve
2969:Summit
2821:Topics
2787:Public
2767:Parley
2707:Energy
2697:Dollar
2652:Caviar
2428:Consul
2393:Nuncio
2268:18 May
2108:Sikkim
2101:Fezzan
2063:Jordan
2043:Jordan
1982:Choson
1913:Tonkin
1899:Tonkin
1849:Africa
1837:French
1831:Brunei
1803:Penang
1750:Perlis
1702:Pahang
1678:Jelebu
1652:Johore
1553:Angola
1483:Bukoba
1476:Urundi
1469:Ruanda
1388:Sigave
1351:Mohéli
1265:Guinea
1243:Style
1151:Sikkim
1070:Ithaca
1066:Cerigo
973:Ceylon
966:Sawbwa
962:Saopha
940:Capt.
852:Nagpur
844:Mysore
828:Baroda
769:Durbar
762:Nawab
732:Ibadan
724:Bauchi
702:Kumasi
582:vizier
437:, and
311:Consul
271:Nuncio
188:
181:
174:
167:
159:
77:, but
2757:Panda
2645:Types
2456:Envoy
2327:Roles
2262:(PDF)
2089:Libya
2059:Malik
1978:Korea
1906:Annam
1895:Annam
1827:Sabah
1736:Kedah
1709:Perak
1700:) of
1564:Benin
1502:Garua
1376:'Uvea
1344:Phany
1322:Maore
1273:Sanwi
1269:Nzima
1261:Gabon
1207:Medan
1205:, at
1159:India
1082:Zante
1074:Paxos
1007:Envoy
999:Nepal
946:Burma
929:Vakil
905:Yemen
888:Hisar
884:Delhi
864:Mewar
686:Ghana
641:Natal
622:Fingo
589:Kenya
542:Boers
424:envoy
379:, or
281:Envoy
193:JSTOR
179:books
2737:Iron
2318:and
2270:2019
1920:Laos
1825:and
1508:Mora
1384:Tu`a
1271:and
1219:Bali
1034:Laye
1014:Oman
981:HEIC
897:Aden
886:and
824:Oudh
748:Nupe
728:bale
663:Boer
593:Witu
520:and
499:and
462:Wali
454:Iraq
165:news
2752:New
2236:in
2016:or
1927:In
1875:On
1861:In
1854:In
1801:In
1786:In
1771:in
1639:).
1547:In
1520:in
1494:in
1461:in
1436:in
1415:In
1404:In
1372:Tui
1358:On
1316:of
1209:in
1128:at
1036:on
1024:in
997:in
914:in
895:in
818:in
718:at
700:at
684:in
639:of
631:In
602:In
148:by
3035::
2217:.
2198:^
2186:.
1952:)
1845:.
1646::
1432:.
1233:.
1221:.
1194:.
1076:,
1072:,
710:,
524:.
395:.
375:A
48:.
2474:)
2308:e
2301:t
2294:v
2272:.
2248:.
2150:/
2146:(
1967:)
1897:-
1535:.
1454:(
964:=
614:.
364:e
357:t
350:v
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227:(
215:)
209:(
204:)
200:(
190:·
183:·
176:·
169:·
142:.
113:)
107:(
102:)
98:(
84:.
55:)
51:(
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