Western Allied invasion of Germany

3507:, Center of Military History, United States Army, Washington D.C., 1993, page 478) holds that "exclusive of prisoners of war, all German casualties in the west from D-day to V–E Day probably equaled or slightly exceeded Allied losses". In the related footnote he writes the following: "The only specific figures available are from OB WEST for the period 2 June 1941–10 April 1945 as follows: Dead, 80,819; wounded, 265,526; missing, 490,624; total, 836,969. (Of the total, 4,548 casualties were incurred prior to D-day.) See Rpts, Der Heeresarzt im Oberkommando des Heeres Gen St d H/Gen Qu, Az.: 1335 c/d (IIb) Nr.: H.A./263/45 g. Kdos. of 14 Apr 45 and 1335 c/d (Ilb) (no date, but before 1945). The former is in OCMH X 313, a photostat of a document contained in German armament folder H 17/207; the latter in folder 0KW/1561 (OKW Wehrmacht Verluste). These figures are for the field army only, and do not include the Luftwaffe and Waffen-SS. Since the Germans seldom remained in control of the battlefield in a position to verify the status of those missing, a considerable percentage of the missing probably were killed. Time lag in reporting probably precludes these figures' reflecting the heavy losses during the Allied drive to the Rhine in March, and the cut-off date precludes inclusion of the losses in the Ruhr Pocket and in other stages of the fight in central Germany." 3523:

at 31,300 in western captivity.(p. 286) Overmans maintains (pp. 275, 279) that all 1,230,045 deaths occurred during the period from January to May 1945. He states that there is not sufficient data to give an exact breakout of the 1.2 million dead in the final battles (p.174). He did however make a rough estimate of the allocation for total war losses of 5.3 million; 4 million (75%) on the Eastern front, 1 million (20%) in the West and 500,000 (10%) in other theaters. Up until Dec. 1944 losses in the West were 340,000, this indicates losses could be 400,000 to 600,000 deaths in the Western theater from January to May 1945 (p.265). Overmans does not consider the high losses in early 1945 surprising in view of the bitter fighting, he notes that there were many deaths in the Ruhr pocket (p.240) According to Overmans the total dead including POW deaths, in all theaters from Jan–May 1945 was 1,407,000 (January-452,000; February-295,000; March-284,000; April-282,000; May-94,000) No breakout by theater for these losses is provided.(p.239)

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the 9th and 1st Armies began preparing converging attacks using the east-west Ruhr River as a boundary line. The 9th Army's XVI Corps, which had taken up position north of the Ruhr area after crossing the Rhine, would be assisted in its southward drive by two divisions of the XIX Corps, the rest of which would continue to press eastward along with the XIII Corps. South of the Ruhr River, the 1st Army's northward attack was to be executed by the XVIII Airborne Corps, which had been transferred to Hodges after Operation Varsity, and the III Corps, with the 1st Army's V and VII Corps continuing the offensive east. The 9th Army's sector of the Ruhr Pocket, although only about 1/3 the size of the 1st Army's sector south of the river, contained the majority of the densely urbanized industrial area within the encirclement. The 1st Army's area, on the other hand, was composed of rough, heavily forested terrain with a poor road network.

604: 193: 2657:, a town about 15 mi (24 km) east of the Rhine, whose road junction promised to expand the XVI Corps' offensive options. On the same day, however, Montgomery announced that the eastbound roads out of Wesel would be turned over to the 9th Army on 30 March with the Rhine bridges leading into that city changing hands a day later. Also on 28 March, elements of the U.S. 17th Airborne Division operating north of the Lippe River in conjunction with British armored forces—dashed to a point some 30 mi (48 km) east of Wesel, opening a corridor for the XIX Corps and handily outflanking Dorsten and the enemy to the south. Simpson now had both the opportunity and the means to unleash the power of the 9th Army and begin in earnest the northern drive to surrounding the Ruhr. 2432:

being caught in the artillery preparation, the paratroopers would jump only after the amphibious troops had reached the Rhine's east bank. The wisdom of putting lightly armed paratroopers so close to the main battlefield was debated, and the plan for amphibious forces to cross the Rhine prior to the parachute drop raised questions as to the utility of making an airborne assault at all. However, Montgomery believed that the paratroopers would quickly link up with the advancing river assault forces, placing the strongest force within the bridgehead as rapidly as possible. Once the bridgehead was secured the British 6th Airborne Division would be transferred to Second Army control, while the U.S. 17th Airborne Division would revert to 9th Army control.

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not proceed so casually. The first wave of boats was halfway across when the Germans began pouring machine-gun fire into their midst. An intense exchange of fire lasted for about thirty minutes as assault boats kept pushing across the river and those men who had already made it across mounted attacks against the scattered defensive strongpoints. Finally, the Germans surrendered, and by midnight units moved out laterally to consolidate the crossing sites and to attack the first villages beyond the river. German resistance everywhere was sporadic, and the hastily mounted counterattacks invariably burned out quickly, causing few casualties. The Germans lacked both the manpower and the heavy equipment to make a more determined defense.

2508: 728: 699: 665: 636: 3187:

assault crossing of the Elbe, supported on the following day by the recently reattached XVIII Airborne Corps. The bridgehead expanded rapidly, and by 2 May Lübeck and Wismar, 40–50 miles (64–80 km) beyond the river, were in Allied hands, sealing off the Germans in the Jutland Peninsula. On the 21st Army Group's left, one corps of the Canadian First Army reached the North Sea near the Dutch-German border on 16 April, while another drove through the central Netherlands, trapping the German forces remaining in that country. However, concerned that the bypassed Germans would flood much of the nation and cause complete

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German positions west of the Rhine. Although Montgomery's drive was still planned as the main effort, Eisenhower believed that the momentum of the American forces to the south should not be squandered by having them merely hold the line at the Rhine or make only limited diversionary attacks beyond it. By the end of March, the Supreme Commander thus leaned toward a decision to place more responsibility on his southern forces. The events of the first few days of the final campaign would be enough to convince him that this was the proper course of action.

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reach the Elbe southeast of Magdeburg, just 50 mi (80 km) short of the German capital. On 12 April, additional 9th Army elements attained the Elbe and by the next day were on the opposite bank hopefully awaiting permission to drive on to Berlin. But two days later, on 15 April, they had to abandon these hopes. Eisenhower sent Bradley his final word on the matter: the 9th Army was to stay put—there would be no effort to take Berlin. Simpson subsequently turned his troops' attention to mopping up pockets of local resistance.

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Unfortunately, because of pressure from the Germans in the northern part of the 2nd Army bridgehead, the British were having trouble completing their bridges at Xanten and were, therefore, bringing most of their traffic across the river at Wesel. With Montgomery allowing use of the Wesel bridges to the 9th Army for only five out of every 24 hours, and with the road network north of the Lippe under 2nd Army control, General Simpson was unable to commit or maneuver sufficient forces to make a rapid flanking drive.

8192: 2938:, the 1st Army ran into one of the few remaining centers of organized resistance. Here the Germans turned a thick defense belt of antiaircraft guns against the American ground troops with devastating effects. Through a combination of flanking movements and night attacks, First Army troops were able to destroy or bypass the guns, moving finally into Leipzig, which formally surrendered on the morning of 20 April. By the end of the day, the units that had taken Leipzig joined the rest of the 1st Army on the 623: 554: 529: 326: 180: 273: 2646: 2441: 3175: 2579:

claimed the east bank against almost no resistance. As subsequent waves of troops crossed, units fanned out to take the first villages beyond the river to only the weakest of opposition. An hour later, at 03:00, the 79th Infantry Division began its crossing upriver, achieving much the same results. As heavier equipment was ferried across the Rhine, both divisions began pushing east, penetrating 3–6 miles (4.8–9.7 km) into the German defensive line that day.

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wounded in the East (62,861 killed, 280,460 wounded) versus 22,598 killed and wounded in the West (5,778 killed, 16,820 wounded), an East vs. West ratio of about 15:1 in killed and wounded. The largest difference was in the period from 1-10.4.1945, for which the Heeresarzt recorded 63,386 killed and wounded in the East (12,510 killed, 50,876 wounded) vs. only 431 in the West (100 killed, 331 wounded), an East vs. West ratio of about 147:1 in killed and wounded.

2234:." According to rumor, Hitler's most fanatically loyal troops were preparing to make a lengthy, last-ditch stand in the natural fortresses formed by the rugged alpine mountains of southern Germany and western Austria. If they held out for a year or more, dissension between the Soviet Union and the Western Allies might have given them political leverage for some kind of favorable peace settlement. In reality, by the time of the Allied Rhine crossings the 3078:, 40 mi (64 km) into the German rear. Despite a wide armored thrust to envelop the enemy defenses, it took nine days of intense fighting to bring Heilbronn fully under American control. Still, by 11 April 7 Army had penetrated the German defenses in-depth, especially in the north, and was ready to begin its wheeling movement southeast and south. Thus, on 15 April when Eisenhower ordered Patton's entire 3rd Army to drive southeast down the 296: 264: 2814:

the swiftest military victory possible. Should the U.S. political leadership direct him to take Berlin, or if a situation arose in which it became militarily advisable to seize the German capital, Eisenhower would do so. Otherwise, he would pursue those objectives that would end the war soonest. In addition, since Berlin and the rest of Germany had already been divided into occupation zones by representatives of the Allied governments at the

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rapid advances through dense forest on rutted dirt roads and muddy trails, which could be strongly defended by a few determined soldiers and well-placed roadblocks, the task forces advanced only about 2 miles (3.2 km) on the 25th. The next day they gained some more ground, and one even seized its objective, having slogged a total of 6 miles (9.7 km), but the limited progress forced Hobbs to abandon the hope for a quick breakout.

234: 2286:(OMGUS) units took over. Soldiers requisitioned housing and office space as needed from residents. At first, this was done informally with occupants evicted immediately and taking with them few personal possessions, but the process became standardized, with three hours' notice and OMGUS personnel providing receipts for buildings' contents. The displaced residents nonetheless had to find housing on their own. 56: 4923: 2889:

quantities of German paper currency, stacks of priceless paintings, piles of looted gold and silver jewelry and household objects, and an estimated $ 250,000,000 worth of gold bars and coins of various nations. But the other discovery made by the 3rd Army on 4 April horrified and angered those who saw it. When the 4th Armored Division and elements of the 89th Infantry Division captured the small town of

2918: 2412:. This force would block any German counterattack from the Ruhr. Because of the poor road network on the east bank of this part of the Rhine, a second 9th Army corps was to cross over the promised Wesel bridges through the British zone north of the Lippe River, which had an abundance of good roads. After driving east nearly 100 miles (160 km), this corps was to meet elements of the 1st Army near 3234:, urged Eisenhower to continue the advance toward Berlin by the 21st Army Group, under the command of Montgomery with the intention of capturing the city. Even Patton agreed with Churchill that he should order the attack on the city since Montgomery's troops could reach Berlin within three days. The British and Americans contemplated an airborne operation before the attack. In Operation Eclipse, the 2219:, 200 miles (320 km) ahead, still to be crossed it seemed clear that the Soviets would capture Berlin long before the Western Allies could reach it. Eisenhower thus turned his attention to other objectives, most notably a rapid meet-up with the Soviets to cut the German Army in two and prevent any possibility of a unified defense. Once this was accomplished the remaining German forces could be 2716:

50 mi (80 km) beyond the original line of departure, capturing thousands of German soldiers in the process. Nowhere, it seemed, were the Germans able to resist in strength. On 29 March, the 1st Army turned toward Paderborn, about 80 mi (130 km) north of Giessen, its right flank covered by the 3rd Army, which had broken out of its own bridgeheads and was headed northeast toward

2320:, flowing northward 30 miles (48 km) east of and parallel to the Rhine, turns west and empties into the Rhine at Mainz and an advance south of the city would involve crossing two rivers rather than one. However, Patton also realized that the Germans were aware of this difficulty and would expect his attack north of Mainz. Thus, he decided to feint at Mainz while making his real effort at 4875: 2278: 2611:. The only potent unit left for commitment against the Allied Rhine crossings in the north, the 116th began moving south from the Dutch-German border on 25 March against what the Germans considered their most dangerous threat, the U.S. 9th Army. The enemy armored unit began making its presence felt almost immediately, and by the end of 26 March, the combination of the 1912:'s ability to reinforce his Rhine defenses. With the Soviets at the door of Berlin, the western Allies decided any attempt on their behalf to push that far east would be too costly, concentrating instead on mopping up resistance in the west German cities. Nazi Germany surrendered unconditionally on 8 May, leaving the western Allies in control of most of Germany. 2786:

Ruhr Pocket, the main thrust east would be made by Bradley's 12th Army Group in the center, rather than by Montgomery's 21st Army Group in the north as originally planned. Montgomery's forces were to secure Bradley's northern flank while Devers' 6th U.S. Army Group covered Bradley's southern shoulder. Furthermore, the main objective was no longer Berlin, but

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Lieutenant General William Hood Simpson and the Second Army's Lieutenant-General Dempsey took exception to this approach. Both believed that the plan squandered the great strength in men and equipment that the 9th Army had assembled and ignored the many logistical problems of placing the 9th Army's crossing sites within the Second Army's zone.

2481:, where the river had carved a deep chasm between two mountain ranges, creating precipitous canyon walls over 300 feet (91 m) high on both sides. In addition, the river flowed quickly and with unpredictable currents along this part of its course. Still, despite the terrain and German machine-gun and 20 millimetres (0.79 in) 3282:. While the U.S. Ninth and First Armies held their ground from Magdeburg through Leipzig to western Czechoslovakia, Eisenhower ordered three Allied field armies (1st French, and the U.S. Seventh and Third Armies) into southeastern Germany and Austria. Advancing from northern Italy, the British Eighth Army pushed to the borders of 2973:. Some areas were stoutly defended while in others the enemy surrendered after little more than token resistance. By sending armored spearheads around hotly contested areas, isolating them for reduction by subsequent waves of infantry, Eisenhower's forces maintained their eastward momentum. A German holdout force of 70,000 in the 2958:

identifiable geographical line to avoid accidental clashes between the converging Allied forces. However, as the 3rd Army began pulling up to the Mulde on 13 April, the XII Corps—Patton's southernmost force—continued moving southeast alongside the 6th U.S. Army Group to clear southern Germany and move into Austria. After taking

1972:. As the invasion of Germany commenced, Eisenhower had a total of 90 full-strength divisions under his command, with the number of armored divisions now reaching 25. The Allied front along the Rhine stretched 450 miles (720 km) from the river's mouth at the North Sea in the Netherlands to the Swiss border in the south. 3518:), that the German armed forces suffered 1,230,045 deaths in the "Final Battles" on the Eastern and Western fronts from January to May 1945. This figure is broken down as follows (p. 272): 401,660 killed, 131,066 dead from other causes, 697,319 missing and presumed dead. According to Overmans the figures are calculated at 2365:, were comparable to the Normandy invasion in terms of numbers of men and extent of equipment, supplies, and ammunition to be used. The 21st Army Group had 30 full-strength divisions, 11 each in the British Second and U.S. 9th Armies and eight in the Canadian First Army, providing Montgomery with more than 1,250,000 men. 3522:

the point of death, which means the losses occurred between January and May 1945. The number of POW deaths in Western captivity calculated by Overmans, based on the actual reported cases is 76,000 (p. 286). Between 1962 and 1974 by a German government commission, the Maschke Commission put the figure

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For their part, captured German soldiers often claimed to be most impressed not by American armor or infantry but by the artillery. They frequently remarked on its accuracy and the swiftness of its target acquisition—and especially the prodigious amount of artillery ammunition expended. On the whole,

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division and the rough terrain had conspired to sharply limit the 30th Division's forward progress. With the 79th Infantry Division meeting fierce resistance to the south, Simpson's only recourse was to commit some of his forces waiting on the west bank of the Rhine. Late on 26 March, the 8th Armored

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Plunder began on the evening of 23 March with the assault elements of the British 2nd Army massed against three main crossing sites: Rees in the north, Xanten in the center, and Wesel in the south. The two 9th Army divisions tasked for the assault concentrated in the Rheinberg area south of Wesel. At

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were to make an airborne assault over the Rhine. In a departure from standard airborne doctrine, which called for a jump deep behind enemy lines several hours prior to an amphibious assault, Varsity's drop zones were close behind the German front, within Allied artillery range. Additionally, to avoid

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When Allied soldiers arrived in a town, its leaders and remaining residents typically used white flags, bedsheets, and tablecloths to signal surrender. The officer in charge of the unit capturing the area, typically a company or battalion, accepted responsibility over the town. Soldiers posted copies

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on 10 March. Although Kesselring brought an outstanding track record as a defensive strategist with him from the Italian campaign, he did not have the resources to make a coherent defense. During the fighting west of the Rhine up to March 1945, the German Army on the Western Front had been reduced to

3548:

Heeresarzt 10-Day Casualty Reports per Theater of War, 1945 . While certainly incomplete (especially for the period 11–20 April 1945), they reflect the ratio between casualties in both theaters in the final months of the war. For the period 1 March 1945-20 April 1945 they recorded 343,321 killed and

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Rüdiger Overmans, Soldaten hinter Stacheldraht. Deutsche Kriegs-gefangene des Zweiten Weltkrieges. Ullstein Taschenbuchvlg., 2002. p.273 During the period January to March 1945 the POW's held Western Allies increased by 200,000; During the period April to June 1945 the number increased to 5,440,000.

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While the Allied armies in the south marched to the Alps, the 21st Army Group drove north and northeast. The right-wing of the British Second Army reached the Elbe southeast of Hamburg on 19 April. Its left fought for a week to capture Bremen, which fell on 26 April. On 29 April, the British made an

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Every unit along the Elbe–Mulde line was anxious to be the first to meet the Red Army. By the last week of April, it was well known that the Soviets were close, and dozens of American patrols were probing beyond the east bank of the Mulde, hoping to meet them. Elements of the 1st Army's V Corps made

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The Elbe River was the official eastward objective, but many American commanders still eyed Berlin. By the evening of 11 April, elements of the 9th Army's 2nd Armored Division—seemingly intent on demonstrating how easily their army could take that coveted prize—had dashed 73 mi (117 km) to

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On 4 April, as it paused to allow the rest of the 12th U.S. Army Group to catch up, the 3rd Army made two notable discoveries. Near the town of Merkers, elements of the 90th Infantry Division found a sealed salt mine containing a large portion of the German national treasure. The hoard included vast

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Montgomery had originally planned to attach one corps of the U.S. 9th Army to the British Second Army, which would use only two of the corps' divisions for the initial assault. The rest of the 9th Army would remain in reserve until the bridgehead was ready for exploitation. The 9th Army's commander,

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The terrain in the vicinity of Nierstein and Oppenheim was conducive to artillery support, with high ground on the west bank overlooking relatively flat land to the east. However, the same flat east bank meant that the bridgehead would have to be rapidly and powerfully reinforced and expanded beyond

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On 19 March, Eisenhower told Bradley to prepare the 1st Army for a breakout from the Remagen bridgehead any time after 22 March. The same day, in response to the 3rd Army's robust showing in the Saar-Palatinate region, and to have another strong force on the Rhine's east bank guarding the 1st Army's

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The crossing of the Rhine, the encirclement and reduction of the Ruhr, and the sweep to the Elbe–Mulde line and the Alps all established the final campaign on the Western Front as a showcase for Western Allied superiority over the Germans in maneuver warfare. Drawing on the experience gained during

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After Bradley warned that capturing a city located in a region that the Soviets had already received at the Yalta Conference might cost 100,000 casualties, by 15 April Eisenhower ordered all armies to halt when they reached the Elbe and Mulde Rivers, thus immobilizing these spearheads while the war

3128:

As the 6th U.S. Army Group and the 3rd Army finished clearing southern Germany and approached Austria, it was clear to most observers, Allied and German alike, that the war was nearly over. Many towns flew white flags of surrender to spare themselves the otherwise inevitable destruction suffered by

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While the 12th U.S. Army Group made its eastward thrust, Devers' 6th U.S. Army Group to the south had the dual mission of protecting the 12th U.S. Army Group's right flank and eliminating any German attempt to make a last stand in the Alps of southern Germany and western Austria. To accomplish both

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Meanwhile, the remaining Allied forces north, south, and east of the Ruhr had been adjusting their lines in preparation for the final advance through Germany. Under the new concept, Bradley's 12th U.S. Army Group would make the main effort, with Hodges' 1st Army in the center heading east for about

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The final tally of prisoners taken in the Ruhr reached 325,000, far beyond anything the Americans had anticipated. Tactical commanders hastily enclosed huge open fields with barbed wire creating makeshift prisoner of war camps, where the inmates awaited the end of the war and their chance to return

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The British Prime Minister and Chiefs of Staff strongly opposed the new plan. Despite the Russian proximity to Berlin, they argued that the city was still a critical political, if not military, objective. Eisenhower, supported by the American Chiefs of Staff, disagreed. His overriding objective was

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to the armored division and following the drive closely with the rest of the 104th Division, the VII Corps was well prepared to hold any territory gained. Rolling northward 45 mi (72 km) without casualties, the mobile force stopped for the night 15 mi (24 km) from its objective.

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into the XVI Corps bridgehead on 28 March with orders to cross the Lippe east of Wesel, thereby avoiding that city's traffic jams. After passing north of the Lippe on 29 March, the 2nd Armored Division broke out late that night from the forward position that the XVIII Airborne Corps had established

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formed two mobile task forces to make deeper thrusts with an eye toward punching through the defense altogether and breaking deep into the German rear. However, Hobbs had not fully taken into account the nearly nonexistent road network in front of the XVI Corps bridgehead. Faced with trying to make

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crossed 8 miles (13 km) south of Boppard at St. Goar. Although the defense of these sites was somewhat more determined than that XII Corps had faced, the difficulties of the Boppard and St. Goar crossings were compounded more by terrain than by German resistance. VIII Corps crossing sites were

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On the night of 23/24 March, after the XII Corps' assault of the Rhine, Bradley had announced his success. The 12th Army Group commander said that American troops could cross the Rhine anywhere, without aerial bombardment or airborne troops, a direct jab at Montgomery whose troops were at that very

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On 3 May the 85th and 88th Divisions sent task forces north over ice and snow 3 feet deep to seal the Austrian frontier and to gain contact with the American Seventh Army, driving southward from Germany. The 339th Infantry reached Austrian soil east of Dobbiaco at 0415, 4 May; the Reconnaissance

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The first step in realizing Eisenhower's plan was the eradication of the Ruhr Pocket. Even before the encirclement had been completed, the Germans in the Ruhr had begun making attempts at a breakout to the east. All had been unceremoniously repulsed by the vastly superior Allied forces. Meanwhile,

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On 28 March, as these developments unfolded, Eisenhower announced his decision to adjust his plans governing the future course of the offensive. Once the Ruhr was surrounded, he wanted the 9th Army transferred from the British 21st Army Group to the U.S. 12th Army Group. After the reduction of the

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As March turned to April the offensive east of the Rhine was progressing in close accordance with Allied plans. All the armies assigned to cross the Rhine had elements east of the river, including the Canadian 1st Army in the north, which sent a division through the British bridgehead at Rees, and

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began the 3rd Army's Rhine crossing. At Nierstein assault troops did not meet any resistance. As the first boats reached the east bank, seven startled Germans surrendered and then paddled themselves unescorted to the west bank to be placed in custody. Upstream at Oppenheim, however, the effort did

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region, Patton's U.S. 3rd Army had dealt a devastating blow to the German 7th Army and, in conjunction with the U.S. 7th Army, had nearly destroyed the German 1st Army. In five days of battle, from 18 to 22 March, Patton's forces captured over 68,000 Germans. These bold actions eliminated the last

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had suffered such severe defeats on both the Eastern and Western Fronts that it could barely manage to mount effective delaying actions, much less muster enough troops to establish a well-organized alpine resistance force. Still, Allied intelligence could not entirely discount the possibility that

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units to armored divisions, they created a hybrid of strength and mobility that served them well in the pursuit of warfare through Germany. Key to the effort was the logistical support that kept these forces fueled, and the determination to maintain the forward momentum at all costs. These mobile

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By 1 April, when the trap closed around the Germans in the Ruhr, their fate was sealed. In a matter of days, they would all be killed or captured. On 4 April, the day it shifted to Bradley's control, the 9th Army began its attack south toward the Ruhr River. In the south, the 1st Army's III Corps

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After an hour of extremely intense artillery preparation, which Eisenhower himself viewed from the front, the 30th Infantry Division began its assault. The artillery fire had been so effective and so perfectly timed that the assault battalions merely motored their storm boats across the river and

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and supply connecting the Ruhr to the rest of Germany had been underway since February. The intention was to create a line from Bremen south to Neuwied. The main targets were rail yards, bridges, and communication centers, with a secondary focus on fuel processing and storage facilities and other

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These were exactly the orders Patton had hoped for; he felt that if a sufficiently strong force could be thrown across the river and significant gains made, then Eisenhower might transfer responsibility for the main drive through Germany from Montgomery's 21st Army Group to Bradley's 12th. Patton

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launched its strike on the 5th and the XVIII Airborne Corps joined in on the 6th, both pushing generally northward. German resistance, initially rather determined, dwindled rapidly. By 13 April, the 9th Army had cleared the northern part of the pocket, while elements of the XVIII Airborne Corps'

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Montgomery responded to these concerns by making a few small adjustments to the plan. Although he declined to increase the size of the American crossing force beyond two divisions, he agreed to keep it under the 9th Army rather than Second Army control. To increase Simpson's ability to bring his

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west of the Rhine, Eisenhower began to rethink his plans for the final drive across the Rhine and into the heart of Germany. Originally, Eisenhower had planned to draw all his forces up to the west bank of the Rhine, using the river as a natural barrier to help cover the inactive sections of his

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important industrial sites. During the three days leading up to Montgomery's attack, targets in front of the 21st Army Group zone and in the Ruhr area to the southeast were pummeled by about 11,000 sorties, effectively sealing off the Ruhr while easing the burden on Montgomery's assault forces.

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to prepare for an assault over the Rhine on the following night, one day before Montgomery's scheduled crossing. While this was short notice, it did not catch the XII Corps completely unaware. As soon as Patton had received the orders on the 19th to make a crossing, he had begun sending assault

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In addition, there was the matter of the Ruhr. Although the Ruhr area still contained a significant number of Axis troops and enough industry to retain its importance as a major objective, Allied intelligence reported that much of the region's armament industry was moving southeast, deeper into

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Meanwhile, on the 7th Army's right, the VI Corps had moved southeast alongside the French 1st Army. In a double envelopment, the French captured Stuttgart on 21 April, and by the next day, both the French and the VI Corps had elements on the Danube. Similarly, the 3rd Army on the 6th U.S. Army

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River, about 50 mi (80 km) east of Paderborn. Thus all three armies of the 12th U.S. Army Group were in a fairly even north–south line, enabling them to advance abreast of each other to the Elbe. By 9 April, both the 9th and 1st Armies had seized bridgeheads over the Leine, prompting

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Beginning the next day, 26 March, the armored divisions of all three corps turned these initial gains into a complete breakout, shattering all opposition and roaming at will throughout the enemy's rear areas. By the end of 28 March, Hodges' 1st Army had crossed the Lahn, having driven at least

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and lost, Hitler had no real strength left to stop the powerful Allied armies. The Western Allies still had to fight, often bitterly, for victory. Even when the hopelessness of the German situation became obvious to his most loyal subordinates, Hitler refused to admit defeat. Only when Soviet

2242:

Perhaps the most compelling reason for increasing the emphasis on this southern drive had more to do with the actions of Americans than those of Germans. While Montgomery was carefully and cautiously planning for the main thrust in the north, complete with massive artillery preparation and an

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area. On that day, Eisenhower instructed Patton to halt the 3rd Army at the Mulde River, about 10 mi (16 km) short of its original objective, Chemnitz. The change resulted from an agreement between the American and Soviet military leadership based on the need to establish a readily

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began the assault (Operation Turnscrew) about 21:00, attempting to distract the Germans from the main crossings at Xanten in the center and Rheinberg to the south. The initial assault waves crossed the river quickly, meeting only light opposition. Meanwhile, Operation Widgeon began 2 miles

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Although the armored division bolstered his offensive capacity within the bridgehead, Simpson was more interested in sending the XIX Corps across the Wesel bridges, as Montgomery had agreed, and using the better roads north of the Lippe to outflank the enemy in front of the 30th Division.

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Includes 25 armored divisions and 5 airborne divisions. Includes 55 American divisions, 18 British divisions, 11 French divisions, 5 Canadian divisions, and 1 Polish division, as well as several independent brigades. One of the British divisions arrived from Italy after the start of the

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to Berlin. The 12th and 6th Army Groups were to mount a subsidiary offensive to keep the Germans off balance and diminish their ability to stop the northern thrust. This secondary drive would also give Eisenhower a degree of flexibility in case the northern attack ran into difficulties.

2282:, which began with "We come as a victorious army, not as oppressors." The proclamation demanded compliance with all orders by the commanding officer, instituted a strict curfew and limited travel and confiscated all communications equipment and weapons. After a day or two, specialized 2776:

along the Rhine while the 9th and 1st Armies squeezed the remaining German defenders there from the north, east, and south. Following the reduction of the Ruhr, the 15th Army was to take over occupation duties in the region as the 9th, 1st and 3rd Armies pushed farther into Germany.

2636:

established a bridgehead, which it consolidated with the southern shoulder of the 3rd Army's bridgehead early the next day. After overcoming stiff initial resistance, XV Corps also advanced beyond the Rhine, opposed primarily by small German strongpoints sited in roadside villages.

2598:

To the south, the discovery of a defensive gap in front of the 30th Infantry Division fostered the hope that a full-scale breakout would be possible on 25 March. When limited objective attacks provoked little response on the morning of the 25th, the division commander Major General

2745:, commander of the VII Corps, asked Simpson if his 9th Army, driving eastward north of the Ruhr, could provide assistance. Simpson, in turn, ordered a combat command of the 2nd Armored Division, which had just reached Beckum, to make a 15 mi (24 km) advance southeast to 3438:

S. L. A. Marshall. . Journal of the US Army War College. Page 10. "The ETO", a term generally only used to refer to American forces in the Western European Theater, fielded 42,000 pieces of artillery; American forces comprised approximately 2/3 of all Allied forces during the

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was in tatters. Of the land still under Nazi control, almost none was actually in Germany. With his escape route to the south severed by the 12th Army Group's eastward drive and Berlin surrounded by the Soviets, Hitler committed suicide on 30 April, leaving to his successor,

3053:

Initially, the opposition in the 6th U.S. Army Group's sector was stiffer than that facing the 12th U.S. Army Group. The German forces there were simply in less disarray than those to the north. Nevertheless, the 7th Army broke out of its Rhine bridgehead, just south of

3499:

West German military historian Burkhart Müller-Hillebrand estimated 265,000 dead from all causes and 1,012,000 missing and prisoners of war on all German battlefronts from 1 Jan 1945 – 30 April 1945. No breakdown of these figures between the various battlefronts was

2769:, about 50 mi (80 km) south of Mainz. With spectacular thrusts being made beyond the Rhine nearly every day and the enemy's capacity to resist fading at an ever-accelerating rate, the campaign to finish Germany was transitioning into a general pursuit. 3137:

On 30 April, elements of 7th Army's XV and XXI Corps captured Munich, 30 miles (48 km) south of the Danube, while the first elements of its VI Corps had already entered Austria two days earlier. On 4 May, the 3rd Army's V Corps and XII Corps advanced into

3113:

on 16 April, the Seventh Army ran into the same type of anti-aircraft gun defense that the 1st Army was facing at Leipzig. Only on 20 April, after breaching the ring of anti-aircraft guns and fighting house-to-house for the city, did its forces take Nuremberg.

2340:

the river since there was no high ground for a bridgehead defense. The importance of quickly obtaining a deep bridgehead was increased by the fact that the first access to a decent road network was over 6 miles (9.7 km) inland at the town of Groß-Gerau.

2933:

In the center of the 12th U.S. Army Group, Hodges' 1st Army faced somewhat stiffer opposition, though it hardly slowed the pace. As its forces approached Leipzig, about 60 mi (97 km) south of Magdeburg and 15 mi (24 km) short of the

2700:, 65 mi (105 km) beyond Remagen, before turning north toward Paderborn and a linkup with the 9th Army. All three corps of the 1st Army participated in the breakout, which on the first day employed five infantry and two armored divisions. The 2818:, Eisenhower saw no political advantage in a race for Berlin. Any ground the Western Allies gained in the future Soviet zone would merely be relinquished to the Soviets after the war. In the end, the campaign proceeded as Eisenhower had planned it. 2299:

also appreciated the opportunity he now had to beat Montgomery across the river and win for the 3rd Army the coveted distinction of making the first assault crossing of the Rhine in modern history. To accomplish this, he had to move quickly.

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in March 1945; these are considered separate from the main invasion operation. The Allied invasion of Germany east of the Rhine started with the Western Allies crossing the river on 22 March 1945 before fanning out and overrunning all of

2084:

line. The main thrust beyond the river was to be made in the north by Montgomery's 21st Army Group, elements of which were to proceed east to a juncture with the U.S. 1st Army as it made a secondary advance northeast from below the

3340:, permission to effect a complete surrender on all fronts. The appropriate documents were signed on the same day and became effective on 8 May. Despite scattered resistance from a few isolated units, the war in Europe was over. 3191:

among a Dutch population already near starvation, Eisenhower approved an agreement with the local German commanders to allow the Allies to air-drop food into the country in return for a local ceasefire on the battlefield. The

2311:

where they had been stockpiled since autumn in the expectation of just such an opportunity. Seeing this equipment moving up, his frontline soldiers did not need any orders from higher headquarters to tell them what it meant.

2749:, midway between Beckum and the stalled 3rd Armored Division spearhead. Early in the afternoon of 1 April elements of the 2nd and 3rd Armored Divisions met at Lippstadt, linking the 9th and 1st Armies and sealing the prized 2740:

replacement training center located near Paderborn. Equipped with about 60 tanks, the students put up a fanatical resistance, stalling the American armor all day. When the task force failed to advance on 31 March, Maj. Gen.

3225:

Eisenhower's armies were facing resistance that varied from almost non-existent to fanatical as they advanced toward Berlin, which was located 200 km (120 mi) from their positions in early April 1945. Britain's

2582:

To the north, the British crossings had also gone well, with the ground and airborne troops linking up by nightfall. By then, the paratroopers had taken all their first day's objectives in addition to 3,500 prisoners.

2843:

reached the southern bank of the Ruhr, splitting the southern section of the pocket in two. Thousands of prisoners were being taken every day; from 16 to 18 April, when all opposition ended and the remnants of German

2488:

fire, VIII Corps troops managed to gain control of the east bank's heights, and by dark on 26 March, with German resistance crumbling all along the Rhine, they were preparing to continue the drive the next morning.

2464:

was open to traffic. By midnight, infantry units had pushed the boundary of the bridgehead more than 5 miles (8.0 km) inland, ensuring the unqualified success of the first modern assault crossing of the Rhine.

3623:, 27 January 2015. Zaloga gives the number of American tanks and tank destroyers as 11,000. The Americans comprised 2/3 of the Allied forces, and other Allied forces were generally equipped to the same standard. 2865:, about 65 mi (105 km) north of Leipzig, although the army commander, General Simpson, hoped he would be allowed to go all the way to Berlin. To the south, Patton's 3rd Army was to drive east to 8293: 8268: 2315:

The location of the river-crossing assault was critical. Patton knew that the most obvious place to jump the river was at Mainz or just downstream, north of the city. The choice was obvious because the

8298: 3336:, the task of capitulation. After attempting to strike a deal whereby he would surrender only to the Western Allies, a proposal that was summarily rejected on 7 May, Dönitz granted his representative, 4533: 3374:

forces made great thrusts to isolate pockets of German troops, which were mopped up by additional infantry following close behind. The Western Allies rapidly eroded any remaining ability to resist.

8318: 2704:, on the left, had the hardest going due to the German concentration north of the bridgehead, yet its armored columns managed to advance 12 mi (19 km) beyond their line of departure. The 2677:

to Berlin. As the rest of the XIX Corps flowed into the wake of this spectacular drive, the 1st Army was completing its equally remarkable thrust around the southern and eastern edges of the Ruhr.

2575:, each with three divisions. Simpson planned to commit the XIX Corps as soon as possible after the bridgehead had been secured, using the XIII Corps to hold the Rhine south of the crossing sites. 4879: 880: 2361:. Thus, as his forces had approached the east bank of the river, Montgomery proceeded with one of the most intensive buildups of material and manpower of the war. His detailed plans, code-named 2408:

In the southernmost sector of the 21st Army Group's attack, the 9th Army's assault divisions were to cross the Rhine along an 11 miles (18 km) section of the front, south of Wesel and the

2239:

remnants of the German forces would attempt a suicidal last stand in the Alps. Denying this opportunity became another argument for rethinking the role of the southern drive through Germany.

2349:

moment preparing to launch their own Rhine assault following an intense and elaborate aerial and artillery preparation and with the assistance of two airborne divisions, the American

1940:, had 73 divisions under his command in North-western Europe of which 49 were infantry divisions, 20 armored divisions and four airborne divisions. Forty-nine of these divisions were 1134: 8323: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8278: 3158:. Also on 4 May, after a shift in inter-army boundaries that placed Salzburg in the 7th Army sector, that city surrendered to elements of the XV Corps. The XV Corps also captured 2211:

For several reasons, Eisenhower began to readjust these plans toward the end of March. First, his headquarters received reports that Soviet forces held a bridgehead over the

4502: 1975:

The Allied forces along this line were organized into three army groups. In the north, from the North Sea to a point about 10 miles (16 km) north of Cologne, was the

1096: 873: 3038:

objectives, Patch's 7th Army on Devers' left was to make a great arc, first driving northeastward alongside Bradley's flank, then turning south with the 3rd Army to take

6763: 1101: 6508: 2536:. Entering in the night, the commandos secured the city late on the morning of 24 March, although scattered resistance continued until dawn on the 25th. The 2nd Army's 1823:. The failure of this offensive exhausted Germany's strategic reserve, leaving it ill-prepared to resist the final Allied campaigns in Europe. Additional losses in the 6116: 4758: 8114: 6132: 1069: 719: 6452: 2852:

home. Also looking forward to going home, tens of thousands of freed forced laborers and Allied prisoners of war further strained the American logistical system.

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airborne assault, American forces in the south were displaying the kind of basic aggressiveness that Eisenhower wanted to see. On 7 March, Hodges's U.S. 1st Army

8283: 6055: 6027: 5171: 866: 8093: 6772: 6459: 5593: 3696: 3496:

US General George Marshall estimated about 263,000 German battle deaths on the Western Front for the period from 6 June 1944 to 8 May 1945, or a longer period.

3166:. With all passes to the Alps now sealed, however, there would be no final redoubt in Austria or anywhere else. In a few days the war in Europe would be over. 2861:

130 mi (210 km) toward the city of Leipzig and the Elbe River. To the north, the 9th Army's XIX and XIII Corps would also drive for the Elbe, toward

1127: 2088:

River. If successful, this pincer movement would envelop the industrial Ruhr area, neutralizing the largest concentration of German industrial capacity left.

7075: 6438: 5747: 5372: 3155: 2970: 1074: 4541: 6088: 6034: 5220: 1049: 6545: 6041: 5657: 4927: 5067: 2848:

formally surrendered, German troops had been surrendering in droves throughout the region. Army Group B commander Model committed suicide on 21 April.

3121:

dashed 50 mi (80 km) to the Danube, crossing it on 22 April, followed several days later by the rest of the corps and the XV Corps as well.

6431: 5878: 5754: 1120: 5731: 5111: 2669:, 12 mi (19 km) northeast of Dorsten. On the 30th and 31st, the 2nd Armored made an uninterrupted 40 mi (64 km) drive east to 6168: 5480: 4788:

Szélinger, Balázs; Tóth, Marcell (2010). "Magyar katonák idegen frontokon" [Hungarian soldiers on foreign fronts]. In Duzs, Mária (ed.).

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Alfred Price. Luftwaffe Data Book. Greenhill Books. 1997. Total given for serviceable Luftwaffe strength by 9 April 1945 is 3,331 aircraft. See:

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of the XVI Corps. The 30th was to cross between Wesel and Rheinberg while the 79th assaulted south of Rheinberg. In reserve were the XVI Corps'

5987: 5289: 2532:

slipped across the river and waited within 1 mile (1.6 km) of the city while it was demolished by one thousand tons of bombs delivered by

7986: 2914:

Bradley to order an unrestricted eastward advance. On the morning of 10 April, the 12th U.S. Army Group's drive to the Elbe began in earnest.

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resistance organization identified possible drop zones for Allied paratroopers and planned to guide them past German defenses into the city.

603: 198: 6494: 2772:

In the center of the Allied line, Eisenhower inserted the new 15th Army, under U.S. 12th Army Group control to hold the western edge of the

6872: 6728: 6712: 6684: 5932: 5139: 2357:.Montgomery was exhibiting his now-legendary meticulous and circumspect approach to such enterprises, a lesson he had learned early in the 2283: 4741: 3514:, Oldenbourg 2000, pp.265–272) maintains, based on extrapolations from a statistical sample of the German military personnel records.(see 2993:

The final operations of the Western Allied armies between 19 April and 7 May 1945 and the change in the Soviet front line over this period

2945:

Meanwhile, on the 12th U.S. Army Group's southern flank, the 3rd Army had advanced apace, moving 30 mi (48 km) eastward to take

2692:, thinking that the Americans would attack directly north from the Remagen bridgehead. Instead, the 1st Army struck eastward, heading for 2380:. The crossings would be preceded by several weeks of aerial bombing and final massive artillery preparation. A heavy bombing campaign by 8233: 7629: 6696: 6608: 6552: 6515: 5797: 4763:. Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War. Vol. III. The Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery Ottawa. 3046:, ultimately continuing into Austria. The French 1st Army, under de Lattre de Tassigny, was to attack to the south and southeast, taking 2790:

where a juncture with the Soviet Army would split the remaining German forces in two. Once this was done, the 21st Army Group would take

2680:

The 1st Army's drive from the Remagen bridgehead began with a breakout before dawn on 25 March. German Field Marshal Walter Model, whose

1702: 1433: 2456:

By midafternoon on 23 March, all three regiments of the 5th Infantry Division were in the bridgehead, and an attached regiment from the

6601: 5333: 4625: 2215:, 30 miles (48 km) from Berlin. Since the Allied armies on the Rhine were more than 300 miles (480 km) from Berlin, with the 3211:, where General Maczek accepted the capitulation of the fortress, naval base, East Frisian Fleet and more than 10 infantry divisions. 3074:, 35 mi (56 km) east of the Rhine, on 3 April. To the south, elements of the VI Corps met unexpectedly fierce resistance at 2011:) to the south. Holding the middle of the Allied line from the 9th Army's right flank to a point about 15 miles (24 km) south of 1847:

and Operation Undertone, German casualties during February–March 1945 are estimated at 400,000 men, including 280,000 men captured as

8107: 6735: 5125: 5083: 3369:, the Western Allies demonstrated in western Germany and Austria their capability of absorbing the lessons of the past. By attaching 1800: 3196:, which began on 29 April, marked the beginning of what was to become a colossal effort to put war-torn Europe back together again. 7956: 5775: 5549: 5312: 5178: 4989: 4415: 3090:

and central Austria, he also instructed the 6th U.S. Army Group to make a similar turn into southern Germany and western Austria.

2708:, in the center, did not commit its armor on the first day of the breakout, but still made a gain of 4 mi (6.4 km). The 2653:

By 28 March, the 8th Armored Division had expanded the bridgehead by only about 3 mi (4.8 km) and still had not reached

6851: 6648: 5685: 5185: 5097: 5033: 2732: 2167:—was to form the right-wing of the German defenses. In the center of the front, defending the Ruhr, Kesselring had Field Marshal 1968:(composed of two divisions, one infantry division and one armoured division), both of which had arrived from the fighting on the 1788:" or escape through the Alps was crushed, shortly followed by unconditional German surrender on 8 May 1945. This is known as the 17: 7054: 6566: 5416: 4954: 3560: 3366: 3067: 3006:. Several other patrols from the 69th had similar encounters later that day, and on 26 April the division commander, Maj. Gen. 2999: 2564: 2560: 2552: 2548: 2473: 2469: 2457: 2354: 2350: 1961: 290: 4564: 3356:

By the beginning of 1945, Allied victory in Europe was inevitable. Having gambled his future ability to defend Germany on the

7650: 7555: 7082: 6828: 6703: 5789: 5763: 5620: 5326: 5243: 4857: 4797: 3118: 3098: 2840: 2449: 1697: 1284: 1173: 4772: 2969:

As was the case throughout the campaign, the German ability to fight was sporadic and unpredictable during the drive to the

8253: 8248: 7883: 7290: 7176: 6341: 5808: 5804: 5782: 5386: 3400:, "over the decades, Germans' attitudes toward the war have evolved from a sense of defeat to something far more complex". 2724: 2661: 2591: 2556: 2140:(OKW) continued to concentrate most forces against the Soviets; it was estimated that the Germans had 214 divisions on the 3125:

Group's left flank had advanced rapidly against very little resistance, its lead elements reaching the river on 24 April.

7798: 7262: 6594: 6580: 5793: 4630:. CMH Online bookshelves: The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II. Washington, D.C.: US Army Center of Military History. 3777:

Biennial reports of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army to the Secretary of War : 1 July 1939-30 June 1945.

3109:, over 100 mi (160 km) east of the Rhine, on its way to Nuremberg, about 30 mi (48 km) to the south. 2468:

Two more 3rd Army crossings—both by VIII Corps—quickly followed. In the early morning hours of 25 March, elements of the

1905:. These rapid advances on the Eastern Front destroyed additional veteran German combat units and severely limited German 1886: 1488: 8258: 7876: 7754: 7332: 7047: 6998: 6756: 6311: 5563: 5402: 5250: 5104: 2020: 1882: 1855: 1201: 8123: 7005: 6977: 6794: 6376: 6095: 6062: 4838: 4721: 4702: 4683: 4635: 4614: 4443: 3515: 2608: 1250: 945: 5278: 8160: 7318: 7255: 6390: 6226: 5349: 3151: 2324:, 9–10 mi (14–16 km) south of the city. Following this primary assault, which XII Corps would undertake, 2016: 1730: 483: 47: 5903: 8328: 8263: 7684: 7525: 7514: 7350: 7109: 7068: 6961: 6899: 6286: 5556: 5425: 5393: 4658: 3834: 1969: 1957: 1866: 6073: 5641: 8070: 8042: 7920: 7713: 6950: 6401: 6327: 6123: 5494: 5213: 5118: 5003: 3200: 3193: 2869:, about 40 mi (64 km) southeast of Leipzig, but well short of the Elbe, and then turn southeast into 2594:(head of the British Army), and Montgomery crossed to the German-held east bank of the Rhine in a landing craft 2164: 2051: 1980: 1000: 714: 583: 1877:

and began their invasion into Eastern Germany in February 1945, and by March were within striking distance of

8273: 8130: 8063: 8014: 7945: 7770: 7276: 7227: 6991: 6984: 6587: 6348: 6139: 5192: 3319: 3267: 2381: 1187: 126: 2977:

Mountains—40 mi (64 km) north of Erfurt—was neutralized in this way, as were the towns of Erfurt,

2203:

After capturing the Ruhr, Eisenhower planned to have the 21st Army Group continue its drive east across the

8288: 8204: 8100: 7475: 7436: 6355: 6190: 6175: 6102: 6081: 5899: 5577: 5363: 5356: 5340: 5051: 5010: 4982: 2761:

the French 1st Army in the south, which on 31 March established its own bridgehead by assault crossings at

2141: 2043: 1996: 1930: 1771: 1144: 558: 520: 130: 43: 3129:

those that resisted, while German troops surrendered by the tens of thousands, sometimes as entire units.

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Taking up the advance again the next day, it immediately ran into stiff opposition from students of an SS

1655: 1027: 8167: 7491: 7443: 7061: 7033: 6886: 6501: 6480: 6001: 5664: 5570: 5060: 3378:

Western Allied plans were considered effective as demonstrated by how rapidly they met their objectives.

3188: 2529: 1243: 460: 3738: 2909:

The 4 April pause in the 3rd Army advance allowed the other armies under Bradley's command to reach the

1816: 1500: 8243: 7965: 7461: 7380: 7325: 7213: 7169: 6819: 6445: 6369: 6271: 6148: 6020: 6013: 5973: 5946: 5678: 5611: 5206: 5017: 4947: 3110: 3075: 3015: 2898: 2731:

heavy tanks, spearheaded the drive for Paderborn on 29 March. By attaching an infantry regiment of the

2568: 2537: 2524: 2507: 2325: 2135: 2071: 2059: 2035: 1670: 1665: 1635: 1527: 1359: 1059: 1037: 1022: 627: 596: 508: 225: 7867: 7784: 7569: 7429: 7401: 7234: 7139: 6929: 6362: 5436: 5090: 3291: 3059: 2705: 2701: 2572: 2541: 2303: 1898: 1534: 1274: 1257: 1238: 1163: 5634: 4565:"From loss to liberation: How Germans view celebrations of Allied victory over their Nazi ancestors" 3387: 2405:, just north of the inter-army boundary, over to the 9th Army once the bridgehead had been secured. 8238: 7606: 7583: 6835: 6636: 6629: 6293: 5953: 5925: 5918: 5305: 3147: 3063: 2954: 2633: 2027: 2004: 1926: 1831:, leaving shattered remnants of units to defend the east bank of the Rhine. On 7 March, the Allies 1775: 1598: 1279: 1233: 979: 852:

Recorded German Army casualties from 1 March to 20 April 1945 were 5,778 killed and 16,820 wounded.

570: 496: 5650: 5627: 3386:

Several German political leaders have described the invasion as "liberation", including President

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artillery was falling around his Berlin headquarters bunker did he begin to perceive the outcome.

3295: 3274:

continued for three more weeks. 21st Army Group was then instead ordered to move northeast toward

2544:

began the main effort about 02:00 on 24 March, following a massive artillery and air bombardment.

2368:

Plunder called for the Second Army to cross at three locations along the 21st Army Group front—at

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flank, Bradley gave Patton the go-ahead for an assault crossing of the Rhine as soon as possible.

1819:

in late 1944 and by January 1945, had pushed the Germans back to their starting points during the

8028: 7972: 7842: 7702: 7387: 7040: 6936: 6842: 6410: 6278: 6248: 6212: 6197: 6069: 5961: 5939: 5885: 5871: 5853: 5517: 5298: 5026: 4975: 4662: 4388: 4036:

Army Air Forces in World War II Volume III: Europe: Argument to V-E Day, January 1944 to May 1945

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21st Army Group gave their strength on 5 May 1945 excluding US forces as 9248 tanks and 6584 guns

3243: 2830:

The reduction of the Ruhr Pocket and advance to Elbe and Mulde rivers between 5 and 18 April 1945

2717: 2709: 2628:

Adding to the Germans' woes, the 6th Army Group made an assault across the Rhine on 26 March. At

1934: 1874: 1828: 1660: 1493: 1483: 1308: 1032: 277: 145: 3163: 3117:

Following the capture of Nuremberg, the 7th Army discovered little resistance as the XXI Corps'

7720: 7613: 7415: 7366: 7269: 7162: 7132: 6915: 6803: 6529: 6320: 5911: 5892: 5862: 5409: 5379: 4606: 4600: 3311: 3235: 3093: 2780: 2607:

In addition to the poor roads, the 30th Division's breakout attempts were also hampered by the

2358: 2152: 1870: 1745:, a series of offensive operations were designed to seize and capture its east and west banks: 1726: 1707: 1323: 1313: 1298: 1084: 113: 3775: 2684:

was charged with the defense of the Ruhr, had deployed his troops heavily along the east–west

2460:

was crossing. Tanks and tank destroyers had been ferried across all morning, and by evening a

8211: 7934: 7777: 7673: 7643: 7599: 7339: 7304: 7297: 7220: 7118: 6559: 6536: 6383: 5994: 5531: 5271: 5257: 4940: 4534:"Angela Merkel: 'For us in Germany, it led ultimately to liberation from National Socialism'" 3536: 3239: 2511: 2482: 2389: 2192: 2172: 2160: 1579: 1517: 1395: 1347: 931: 743: 738: 709: 690: 685: 646: 5829: 4641: 2984: 2826: 2388:

forces, known as the "Interdiction of Northwest Germany", designed primarily to destroy the

8035: 7890: 7541: 7498: 7468: 7394: 7204: 7183: 6109: 5586: 5264: 4885: 3348: 2428: 2231: 2188: 2184: 2103: 2008: 1937: 1902: 1785: 1754: 1692: 1587: 1421: 1303: 1218: 1208: 1054: 968: 680: 675: 4031: 3563:, met troops from VI Corps of Seventh Army at 1051 at Vipiteno, 9 miles south of Brenner. 2586: 8: 8153: 7927: 7805: 7761: 7283: 6417: 6183: 5710: 5540: 5524: 5473: 3683: 3620: 3370: 2989: 2448:

On 22 March, with a bright moon lighting the late-night sky, elements of U.S. XII Corps'

2321: 2156: 2067: 1988: 1820: 1758: 1746: 1650: 1612: 1565: 1558: 1522: 1457: 1342: 1223: 1012: 994: 917: 911: 905: 608: 546: 448: 2962:, about 50 mi (80 km) south of Erfurt, on 11 April, XII Corps troops captured 2472:

crossed the Rhine to the north at Boppard, and then some 24 hours later elements of the

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army's strength to bear for exploitation, Montgomery also agreed to turn the bridges at

65: 8146: 7979: 7904: 7858: 7828: 7736: 7576: 7241: 7125: 7019: 6970: 6908: 6664: 6615: 6424: 6048: 5703: 5501: 4891: 4814: 4673: 4412: 3357: 3306: 3247: 2890: 2533: 2204: 2110: 1984: 1941: 1890: 1675: 1469: 1462: 1400: 1333: 1318: 1179: 1079: 656: 330: 3535:

These figures do not include POWs that died or were released during this period. (see

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Encirclement of the Ruhr and other Allied operations between 29 March and 4 April 1945

8137: 8021: 7911: 7851: 7812: 7745: 7727: 7693: 7636: 7590: 7534: 7359: 7097: 7089: 7026: 6879: 6473: 6005: 5466: 5445: 5155: 4853: 4834: 4808: 4793: 4764: 4717: 4698: 4679: 4631: 4610: 4507: 4439: 4354:

John Russell, Theirs The Strife, 2020,ISBN 978-1-913118-56-3 accessed 28th April 2023

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on the right advanced 5–8 mi (8.0–12.9 km), incurring minimal casualties.

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Germany. This increased the importance of the southern offensives across the Rhine.

8056: 8049: 7993: 7657: 7422: 7408: 7311: 7248: 7199: 7012: 6865: 6812: 6622: 6573: 6487: 5717: 5694: 5227: 4574: 3573: 3011: 2815: 2220: 2047: 2039: 1965: 1808: 1605: 1544: 1505: 1291: 1262: 1064: 1043: 986: 436: 93: 5236: 295: 263: 8079: 7791: 7706: 7664: 7562: 7505: 7373: 7155: 7146: 6675: 6257: 6233: 5487: 4749: 4569: 4419: 3396: 3179: 3143: 2873:. At the same time, General Devers' 6th U.S. Army Group would move south through 2670: 2590:

On 25 March, after meeting Eisenhower, Churchill, General Simpson, Field Marshal

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Also focusing Eisenhower's attention on the southern drive was concern over the "

2176: 2063: 2055: 2031: 1976: 1848: 1763: 1645: 1510: 1438: 1390: 1352: 1267: 1006: 651: 533: 89: 8191: 4912:

Russell, J "Theirs The Strife" Helion & Company 2020. ISBN 978-1-913118-56-3

4503:"Son of former German president stabbed to death while giving lecture in Berlin" 3686:, 27 January 2015. Quoting an estimate given in an interview with Steven Zaloga. 3058:, on 28 March, employing elements of three corps—the XV Corps to the north, the 8086: 7622: 7548: 5600: 5459: 3255: 3227: 3220: 3139: 2629: 1894: 1812: 1804: 1428: 1213: 1168: 1112: 622: 553: 528: 325: 185: 97: 3333: 2953:, and then, by 12 April, another 30 mi (48 km) through the old 1806 2640: 8227: 7897: 5822: 5671: 5510: 4768: 3932: 3391: 3330: 3208: 3159: 3071: 2369: 2168: 2000: 1953: 1793: 1780: 1539: 1364: 1194: 779:

About 90 tanks and 400 "other armored vehicles", assault guns, Stug III, etc.

615: 591: 578: 565: 515: 503: 491: 478: 349: 337: 313: 172: 2781:

Eisenhower switches his main thrust to U.S. 12th Army Group front (28 March)

60:

American infantrymen of the 55th Armored Infantry Battalion supported by an

8196: 8000: 6300: 6205: 5836: 5199: 4963: 3808: 3325: 3204: 2894: 2878: 2810:, while the 6th U.S. Army Group and the 3rd Army drove south into Austria. 2728: 2645: 2600: 2180: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2023: 1992: 1960:. Another seven American divisions arrived during February, along with the 1945: 1909: 1859: 1738: 1734: 1414: 732: 727: 703: 698: 669: 664: 640: 635: 455: 443: 431: 424: 419: 404: 399: 387: 372: 367: 354: 342: 257: 121: 4657:

Statistical and Accounting Branch, Office of the Adjutant General (1946).

3003: 7835: 7821: 7483: 6159: 5980: 5965: 5319: 3337: 3263: 2985:

U.S. First Army makes first contact with the advancing Soviets (25 April)

2935: 2773: 2762: 2478: 2409: 1949: 1742: 1640: 1443: 1017: 3174: 2673:, cutting two of the Ruhr's three remaining rail lines and severing the 2514:

transport aircraft drop hundreds of paratroopers on 24 March as part of

2440: 7190: 6943: 6922: 5815: 5148: 5076: 3283: 2799: 2697: 2685: 2485: 2333: 2317: 2256: 1840: 1784:, any hope of Nazi leadership continuing to wage war from a so-called " 1767: 1380: 1157: 61: 3169: 3132: 3105:

Advancing along this new axis the Seventh Army's left rapidly overran

2904: 7453: 6858: 6655: 6466: 6264: 6219: 4396: 3251: 3055: 3047: 3039: 2922: 2862: 2750: 2746: 2413: 2377: 2079: 1889:

in August succeeded. The Red Army also pushed deep into Hungary (the

1824: 1803:, the Allies had been fighting in Germany with campaigns against the 1687: 5740: 4833:. Campaign No. 175. illustrated by Peter Dennis. Osprey Publishing. 4172: 2791: 2693: 2435: 2307:

boats, bridging equipment and other supplies forward from depots in

1906: 8294:

Battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom

8269:

World War II operations and battles of the Western European Theatre

5724: 5452: 4760:

The Victory Campaign: The Operations in North-West Europe 1944–1945

4512: 3087: 3026: 2963: 2866: 2674: 2623: 2114:

a strength of only 26 divisions, organized into three army groups (

1862: 1385: 8299:

Battles and operations of World War II involving the United States

3809:

Fifth Army History, Race to the Alps, Chapter VI : Conclusion

2343: 1799:

By early 1945, events favored the Allied forces in Europe. On the

4792:(in Hungarian). Kisújszállás: Pannon-Literatúra Kft. p. 94. 4392: 3279: 3259: 3106: 2874: 2870: 2855: 2807: 2803: 2787: 2689: 2666: 2654: 2329: 2252: 2097: 1836: 408: 376: 239: 101: 8319:

Battles and operations of World War II involving the Netherlands

6334: 4932: 4922: 4357: 3275: 3142:, and units of the VI Corps met elements of Lieutenant General 3079: 3043: 3019: 2959: 2950: 2946: 2795: 2766: 2373: 1878: 541: 272: 211: 55: 3702: 6522: 3839:, 1990, U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle, PA 3576:, the supreme commander of the Mediterranean, not Eisenhower. 3162:, the town that would have been Hitler's command post in the 2998:

first contact. At 11:30 on 25 April, a small patrol from the

2939: 2917: 2910: 2632:, about 25 miles (40 km) south of Mainz, the 7th Army's 2402: 2012: 4850:

Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg (Vol. 10 Part 1)

4757:

Stacey, Colonel Charles Perry; Bond, Major C. C. J. (1960).

3743:, HQ British Army of the Rhine, 1 September 1945, p. 55 2163:) cut off in the Netherlands. Busch—whose main unit was the 4664:

Army Battle Casualties and Nonbattle Deaths in World War II

3083: 2978: 2974: 2882: 2641:

German Army Group B surrounded in the Ruhr pocket (1 April)

2216: 2212: 2085: 4223: 3643: 3641: 3590: 2966:, 35 mi (56 km) farther southeast, on 14 April. 2547:

For the American crossing, Simpson had chosen the veteran

2050:). Completing the Allied line to the Swiss border was the 4484: 4482: 4467: 4457: 4455: 4369: 4324: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4293: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4213: 4211: 4196: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4007: 3780:, Washington, DC: Center of Military History, p. 202 3755: 3290:

elements there. This later caused some friction with the

8324:

Battles and operations of World War II involving Hungary

8314:

Battles and operations of World War II involving Belgium

4806: 4602:

American Soldiers Overseas: The Global Military Presence

4178: 4078: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3977: 3975: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3914: 3912: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3665: 3032: 2885:, ending the threat of any Nazi last-ditch stand there. 8309:

Battles and operations of World War II involving Poland

8304:

Battles and operations of World War II involving France

8279:

Battles and operations of World War II involving Canada

3878: 3854: 3638: 3602: 1843:

on the river's east bank. During Operation Lumberjack,

5594:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

4733:

The Last Offensive: The European Theater of Operations

4479: 4452: 4336: 4305: 4281: 4264: 4252: 4235: 4208: 4184: 4155: 4138: 4121: 4102: 4090: 4061: 4042: 4004: 3960: 3751:– via Ike Skelton Combined Arms Research Library 3505:

The European Theater of Operations: The Last Offensive

2444:

The crossing of the Rhine between 22 and 28 March 1945

1774:

in the south, where they linked up with troops of the

888: 27:

1945 offensive in the European theatre of World War II

3987: 3972: 3943: 3909: 3890: 3866: 2132:). Little or no reinforcement was forthcoming as the 4675:

When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army stopped Hitler

4030:

Craven, Wesley Frank; Lea Cate, James, eds. (1951),

3842: 3653: 3214: 3050:

before moving to the Swiss border and into Austria.

3512:

Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg

3170:

British 21st Army Group crosses the Elbe (29 April)

3133:

Link-up of U.S. forces in Germany and Italy (4 May)

2905:

U.S. 12th Army Group advances to the Elbe (9 April)

2660:Simpson began by moving elements of the XIX Corps' 1995:) held the left flank of the Allied line, with the 4563:Grieshaber, Kirsten; Rising, David (6 June 2019). 4433: 3697:Luftwaffe serviceable aircraft strengths (1940–45) 2419:Another important aspect of Montgomery's plan was 2336:, 25–30 miles (40–48 km) northwest of Mainz. 4909:, Volume 2: Defeat of Germany, London: HMSO, 1968 2821: 2436:U.S. 12th Army Group crosses the Rhine (22 March) 1897:and temporarily halted at what is now the modern 8225: 4742:"Bomber Command: Campaign Diary: April–May 1945" 4656: 4562: 3708: 2624:U.S. 6th Army Group crosses the Rhine (26 March) 2074:) on the Allied right, and southernmost, flank. 1142: 4746:Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary 4735:. University Press of the Pacific. p. 322. 3831:Wallace, Linnel, Lt. Col., Commanding Officer, 2528:(3.2 km) north of Wesel as the 2nd Army's 2492: 2344:British 21st Army Group plans Operation Plunder 2109:, who had taken over from Generalfeldmarschall 8284:Military history of Canada during World War II 4883: 4667:. Department of the Army – via Hyperwar. 4029: 3572:Ultimately under the command of Field Marshal 3070:fought for six days before taking the city of 2856:U.S. 12th Army Group prepares its final thrust 2147:On 21 March, Army Group H headquarters became 1729:during the final months of hostilities in the 4948: 4831:Remagen 1945: Endgame Against the Third Reich 4790:Küzdelem Magyarországért: Harcok hazai földön 4787: 4695:Armageddon: The Battle for Germany, 1944–1945 4429: 4427: 4407: 4405: 3790: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3596: 3002:met a lone Soviet horseman in the village of 1128: 874: 3510:German military historian Rüdiger Overmans ( 2284:Office of Military Government, United States 2133: 1737:. In preparation for the Allied invasion of 4605:. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. pp. 3301: 2802:, cutting off the Germans remaining in the 2616:Division began moving into the bridgehead. 2416:, completing the encirclement of the Ruhr. 2077:As these three army groups cleared out the 64:tank move through a smoke filled street in 4955: 4941: 4756: 4424: 4402: 3761: 3740:Notes on the Operations of 21st Army Group 3726: 3633:Notes on the Operations of 21st Army Group 3246:, and a British brigade were to seize the 2423:, in which two divisions of Major General 2155:leaving the former Army Group H commander— 1135: 1121: 881: 867: 4847: 4810:Video: Allies Overrun Germany Etc. (1945) 4739: 4730: 4500: 4363: 3671: 3647: 3608: 3425: 3423: 3352:U.S. Airfields in Europe as of 8 May 1945 2026:. Bradley had three American armies, the 1929:of the Allied Expeditionary Force on the 1885:in April and May 1944 was a failure; the 248: 4692: 4623: 4488: 4473: 4461: 4375: 4342: 4330: 4318: 4299: 4287: 4275: 4258: 4246: 4229: 4217: 4202: 4190: 4166: 4149: 4132: 4115: 4096: 4084: 4072: 4055: 4032:"Chapter 21: From the Rhine to the Elbe" 4017: 3998: 3981: 3954: 3903: 3884: 3872: 3860: 3773: 3503:US Army historian Charles B. MacDonald ( 3347: 3305: 3173: 3092: 3022:in the first official link-up ceremony. 2988: 2916: 2825: 2644: 2585: 2523:the northern crossing site, elements of 2506: 2439: 2151:("Army Command Northwest") commanded by 1881:. The initial advance into Romania, the 216: 4714:The Times Atlas of the Second World War 4501:Grieshabe, Kirsten (20 November 2019). 3825: 3804: 3802: 1875:launched an offensive into East Prussia 1778:in Italy. Combined with the capture of 14: 8226: 6802: 6780:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 4887:Central Europe, 22 March – 11 May 1945 4828: 4711: 4671: 4627:Central Europe, 22 March – 11 May 1945 3918: 3848: 3659: 3420: 3367:Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine 2328:would execute supporting crossings at 7651:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 7083:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 6729:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 6685:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 5790:Rape during the occupation of Germany 4936: 4598: 3966: 3150:on the Italian frontier, linking the 3033:U.S. 6th Army Group heads for Austria 2942:, where it had been ordered to halt. 2270: 2198: 2159:—to lead "Army Command Netherlands" ( 1116: 862: 6773:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 5805:Rape during the liberation of France 3799: 37:Invasion of Germany (Western Allies) 4659:"Campaign and Type of Organization" 3448:including 14,507 killed and missing 2102:("Army Command West") commanded by 1925:At the very beginning of 1945, the 892:Western Allied invasion of Germany 24: 8234:Western Allied invasion of Germany 6999:German invasion of the Netherlands 5279:Weather events during World War II 4928:Western Allied invasion of Germany 4899: 3930: 3475:including 1,747 killed and missing 3466:including 4,878 killed and missing 1915: 1723:Western Allied invasion of Germany 25: 8340: 7630:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 4916: 4807:Universal Newsreel staff (1945). 3516:German casualties in World War II 3365:the campaign in Normandy and the 3215:Final moves by the western Allies 2925:light tanks in Coburg on 25 April 2727:, which included some of the new 781:2,000 operational combat aircraft 8190: 4962: 4921: 4878: This article incorporates 4873: 4436:Top Secret Tales of World War II 3484:including 207 killed and missing 2302:On 21 March, Patton ordered his 2091: 2054:commanded by Lieutenant General 2042:) on the right (south), and the 1920: 726: 697: 663: 634: 621: 614: 602: 590: 577: 564: 552: 540: 527: 514: 502: 490: 477: 454: 442: 430: 418: 398: 386: 366: 348: 336: 324: 312: 294: 284: 271: 262: 250: 232: 218: 204: 191: 178: 165: 54: 48:European theatre of World War II 4640:. CMH Pub 72-36. Archived from 4592: 4556: 4526: 4494: 4381: 4348: 4038:– via Hyperwar Foundation 4023: 3924: 3835:289th Engineer Combat Battalion 3813: 3784: 3767: 3714: 3689: 3677: 3566: 3552: 3542: 3528: 3487: 3478: 3469: 3460: 3451: 3442: 3111:As its forces reached Nuremberg 2723:A task force of the VII Corps' 1887:Second Jassy–Kishinev Offensive 1867:Polish Armed Forces in the East 7877:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 5587:Territorial changes of Germany 5495:Indonesian National Revolution 4678:. University Press of Kansas. 3626: 3614: 3432: 3410: 2822:Ruhr pocket cleared (18 April) 1883:First Jassy–Kishinev Offensive 13: 1: 7277:Japanese invasion of Thailand 7228:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 6992:German invasion of Luxembourg 5373:Mediterranean and Middle East 4540:. 5 June 2019. Archived from 4179:Universal Newsreel staff 1945 3791:Müller-Hillebrand, Burkhart, 3583: 3320:End of World War II in Europe 2901:taken by the Western Allies. 2289: 1987:. Within 21st Army Group the 1962:British 5th Infantry Division 127:End of World War II in Europe 7184:Invasion of the Soviet Union 6873:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 6191:Independent State of Croatia 4852:. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. 4624:Bedessem, Edward M. (1996). 3201:Polish 1st Armoured Division 3066:to the south. The XV Corps' 2609:German 116th Panzer Division 2567:, as well as the 9th Army's 2493:Operation Plunder (23 March) 657:Army Detachment von Lüttwitz 146:Allied occupation of Germany 7: 8254:April 1945 events in Europe 8249:March 1945 events in Europe 8168:End of World War II in Asia 8008:Western invasion of Germany 7515:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 7492:Second Battle of El Alamein 7062:Hundred Regiments Offensive 7034:Battle of the Mediterranean 6887:Italian invasion of Albania 5061:Air warfare of World War II 4438:. Wiley. pp. 218–220. 4434:Breuer, William B. (2000). 3774:Marshall, George C (1996), 3343: 2955:Jena Napoleonic battlefield 2034:) on the left (north), the 1869:under Soviet command), had 10: 8345: 8094:Naval bombardment of Japan 7462:First Battle of El Alamein 7381:Battle of Christmas Island 7326:Japanese invasion of Burma 7090:Italian invasion of Greece 7006:German invasion of Belgium 6978:German invasion of Denmark 6951:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 6820:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 5084:Comparative military ranks 4740:RAF staff (6 April 2005). 4712:Keegan, John, ed. (1989). 3394:in 2019. According to the 3317: 3266:airfields. In Berlin, the 3218: 3016:58th Guards Rifle Division 2496: 2255:and steadily expanded the 2205:plains of northern Germany 2136:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht 2072:Jean de Lattre de Tassigny 1839:, and established a large 1703:Raids on the Atlantic Wall 1698:Strategic Bombing Campaign 628:First Allied Airborne Army 8259:May 1945 events in Europe 8183: 8015:Bratislava–Brno offensive 7955: 7946:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 7683: 7570:Allied invasion of Sicily 7524: 7430:Aleutian Islands campaign 7402:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 7349: 7340:Greek famine of 1941–1944 7235:Second Battle of Changsha 7140:German invasion of Greece 7108: 6985:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 6960: 6898: 6793: 6674: 6400: 6310: 6158: 5861: 5852: 5610: 5435: 5327:North and Central Pacific 5288: 5050: 5043: 4970: 3721:Grandes Unités Françaises 3597:Szélinger & Tóth 2010 3381: 3324:By the end of April, the 2757:, within American lines. 2171:commanding Army Group B ( 2165:German 1st Parachute Army 2149:Oberbefehlshaber Nordwest 1154: 900: 785: 751: 469: 302: 155: 72: 53: 41: 36: 7607:Allied invasion of Italy 7584:Solomon Islands campaign 7333:Third Battle of Changsha 6930:First Battle of Changsha 6836:Second Sino-Japanese War 5776:German military brothels 5642:United States war crimes 4848:Zimmerman, John (2008). 4387:Such as the battles for 3793:Das Heer 1933–1945 Vol 3 3403: 3302:German surrender (8 May) 3286:to defeat the remaining 3182:tank in Hamburg on 4 May 3101:in Nuremberg on 20 April 2899:first concentration camp 2276:of General Eisenhower's 2003:) in the center and the 1833:seized the intact bridge 1817:Battle of Hürtgen Forest 8029:Second Guangxi campaign 7884:Philippines (1944–1945) 7388:Battle of the Coral Sea 7291:Fall of the Philippines 6937:Battle of South Guangxi 6843:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 6249:Italian Social Republic 4716:. London: Times Books. 4599:Baker, Anni P. (2004). 4411:Eisenhower Commission, 3833:Summary History of the 3390:in 1985 and Chancellor 3310:Final positions of the 3244:101st Airborne Division 3062:in the center, and the 2893:, a few miles south of 2751:Ruhr industrial complex 2733:104th Infantry Division 2565:75th Infantry Divisions 2553:79th Infantry Divisions 2322:Nierstein and Oppenheim 2066:) in the north and the 1790:Central Europe Campaign 1725:was coordinated by the 767:63,000 artillery pieces 278:Russian Liberation Army 129:(concurrently with the 18:Central Europe Campaign 8329:Allies of World War II 8264:World War II invasions 7614:Armistice of Cassibile 7416:Battle of Dutch Harbor 7367:Battle of the Java Sea 7270:Attack on Pearl Harbor 7170:Syria–Lebanon campaign 7163:Battle of South Shanxi 7133:Invasion of Yugoslavia 6916:Battle of the Atlantic 6530:Korean Liberation Army 6243:(until September 1943) 6200:(until September 1944) 6178:(until September 1944) 4880:public domain material 4829:Zaloga, Steve (2006). 4693:Hastings, Max (2005). 4672:Glantz, David (1995). 3762:Stacey & Bond 1960 3559:Troop, 349th Infantry 3457:including 4,967 killed 3388:Richard von Weizsäcker 3353: 3315: 3236:17th Airborne Division 3183: 3156:Mediterranean Theaters 3102: 3068:45th Infantry Division 3000:69th Infantry Division 2994: 2926: 2831: 2650: 2595: 2519: 2474:89th Infantry Division 2470:87th Infantry Division 2458:90th Infantry Division 2445: 2390:lines of communication 2359:North African campaign 2134: 2096:Facing the Allies was 1753:in February 1945, and 765:28,000 combat aircraft 720:Army Group Blumentritt 303:Commanders and leaders 7778:Second Battle of Guam 7674:Bengal famine of 1943 7644:Second Battle of Kiev 7600:Battle of the Dnieper 7305:Battle of Wake Island 7177:East African campaign 7119:Battle of South Henan 6764:atrocities by Germans 6537:Korean Volunteer Army 5518:Occupation of Germany 5272:Music in World War II 4930:at Wikimedia Commons 4731:MacDonald, C (2005). 3937:Axis History Factbook 3709:Dept of the Army 1946 3537:Disarmed Enemy Forces 3351: 3309: 3240:82d Airborne Division 3177: 3119:12th Armored Division 3099:3rd Infantry Division 3096: 3025:25 April is known as 2992: 2920: 2841:8th Infantry Division 2829: 2753:, along with Model's 2648: 2589: 2510: 2450:5th Infantry Division 2443: 2249:bridge over the Rhine 2099:Oberbefehlshaber West 2019:under the command of 1899:Germany–Poland border 1827:further weakened the 1396:Battle of Britain Day 845:4,400,000 surrendered 786:Casualties and losses 80:22 March – 8 May 1945 8274:Invasions of Germany 8064:Surrender of Germany 7542:Battle of West Hubei 7499:Guadalcanal campaign 7469:Battle of Stalingrad 7395:Battle of Madagascar 6169:Albania protectorate 5956:(formerly Swaziland) 5665:Wehrmacht war crimes 5481:Expulsion of Germans 5265:Art and World War II 5163:British contribution 5112:Governments in exile 4884:Edward M. Bedessem. 3819:Fifth Army History, 3723:, Vol. V-III, p. 801 3684:"Tanks and AFV News" 3621:"Tanks and AFV News" 2725:3rd Armored Division 2662:2nd Armored Division 2557:8th Armored Division 2530:1st Commando Brigade 2429:XVIII Airborne Corps 2262:To the south in the 2104:Generalfeldmarschall 2009:William Hood Simpson 1938:Dwight D. Eisenhower 1871:taken most of Poland 1835:across the Rhine at 1796:military histories. 1770:in the north to the 1755:Operation Lumberjack 1693:Defence of the Reich 1174:The Heligoland Bight 8289:Invasions by Canada 8154:Potsdam Declaration 8043:Italy (Spring 1945) 7806:Liberation of Paris 7263:Siege of Sevastopol 6281:(until August 1944) 6184:Wang Jingwei regime 6006:from September 1943 5966:from September 1944 5904:from September 1944 5764:Romanian war crimes 5755:Persecution of Jews 5741:Croatian war crimes 5711:Japanese war crimes 5525:Occupation of Japan 5474:First Indochina War 5186:Military production 5098:Declarations of war 4907:Victory in the West 4905:Ellis, L.F. et al. 4413:Eisenhower Memorial 3371:mechanized infantry 3097:Soldiers of the US 2881:to Austria and the 2540:and the 9th Army's 2179:) and in the south 2157:Johannes Blaskowitz 1997:British Second Army 1989:Canadian First Army 1821:Battle of the Bulge 1759:Operation Undertone 1747:Operation Veritable 1682:Strategic campaigns 1285:Ypres–Comines Canal 449:Johannes Blaskowitz 8147:Surrender of Japan 7980:Battle of Iwo Jima 7829:Belgrade offensive 7242:Siege of Leningrad 7126:Battle of Shanggao 7055:British Somaliland 7020:Dunkirk evacuation 6971:Norwegian campaign 6909:Invasion of Poland 6736:Japanese prisoners 5704:Italian war crimes 5635:British war crimes 5550:Soviet occupations 5334:South-West Pacific 5221:Allied cooperation 5179:Military equipment 4892:United States Army 4815:Universal Newsreel 4418:2008-07-25 at the 4232:, pp. 23, 26. 3358:Ardennes offensive 3354: 3316: 3184: 3103: 2995: 2927: 2832: 2651: 2596: 2534:RAF Bomber Command 2520: 2477:located along the 2446: 2279:Proclamation No. 1 2271:Occupation process 2221:defeated in detail 2199:Eisenhower's plans 2111:Gerd von Rundstedt 2021:Lieutenant General 1985:Bernard Montgomery 1891:Budapest Offensive 1708:Battle of Atlantic 833:265,000 to 400,000 715:1st Parachute Army 331:Bernard Montgomery 8244:Conflicts in 1945 8221: 8220: 8179: 8178: 8022:Battle of Okinawa 7921:Burma (1944–1945) 7755:Mariana and Palau 7535:Tunisian campaign 7360:Fall of Singapore 7284:Fall of Hong Kong 7027:Battle of Britain 6880:Operation Himmler 6789: 6788: 6453:Dutch East Indies 6096:Southern Rhodesia 5848: 5847: 5748:Genocide of Serbs 5651:German war crimes 5628:Soviet war crimes 5621:Allied war crimes 5467:Division of Korea 5446:Chinese Civil War 5244:Strategic bombing 5156:Manhattan Project 4926:Media related to 4859:978-3-421-06237-6 4799:978-963-251-185-6 4508:Irish Independent 4476:, pp. 34–35. 4378:, pp. 33–34. 4333:, pp. 32–33. 4302:, pp. 31–32. 4205:, pp. 22–23. 3969:, pp. 38–39. 3493:Sources include: 3294:, notably around 3232:Winston Churchill 3008:Emil F. Reinhardt 2897:, they found the 2743:J. Lawton Collins 2525:British XXX Corps 2516:Operation Varsity 2503:Operation Varsity 2499:Operation Plunder 2421:Operation Varsity 2363:Operation Plunder 2183:'s Army Group G ( 2107:Albert Kesselring 1927:Supreme Commander 1845:Operation Plunder 1751:Operation Grenade 1716: 1715: 1110: 1109: 857: 856: 853: 849: 843: 837: 810:17,930 casualties 803:18,306 casualties 796:62,704 casualties 761: 393:Albert Kesselring 319:Dwight Eisenhower 151: 150: 16:(Redirected from 8336: 8214: 8207: 8200: 8197:World portal 8195: 8194: 8170: 8163: 8156: 8149: 8140: 8133: 8126: 8117: 8110: 8103: 8096: 8089: 8082: 8073: 8066: 8059: 8057:Prague offensive 8052: 8050:Battle of Berlin 8045: 8038: 8031: 8024: 8017: 8010: 8003: 7996: 7994:Vienna offensive 7989: 7982: 7975: 7973:Battle of Manila 7968: 7948: 7939: 7930: 7923: 7914: 7907: 7900: 7893: 7886: 7879: 7872: 7863: 7854: 7847: 7838: 7831: 7824: 7817: 7808: 7801: 7794: 7787: 7780: 7773: 7766: 7757: 7750: 7741: 7732: 7723: 7716: 7714:Korsun–Cherkassy 7709: 7698: 7676: 7667: 7660: 7653: 7646: 7639: 7632: 7625: 7616: 7609: 7602: 7595: 7586: 7579: 7572: 7565: 7558: 7556:Bombing of Gorky 7551: 7544: 7537: 7517: 7510: 7501: 7494: 7487: 7478: 7471: 7464: 7457: 7446: 7439: 7432: 7425: 7423:Battle of Midway 7418: 7411: 7409:Battle of Gazala 7404: 7397: 7390: 7383: 7376: 7369: 7362: 7342: 7335: 7328: 7321: 7319:Battle of Borneo 7314: 7312:Malayan campaign 7307: 7300: 7293: 7286: 7279: 7272: 7265: 7258: 7256:Bombing of Gorky 7251: 7249:Battle of Moscow 7244: 7237: 7230: 7223: 7216: 7209: 7193: 7186: 7179: 7172: 7165: 7158: 7149: 7142: 7135: 7128: 7121: 7101: 7092: 7085: 7078: 7071: 7064: 7057: 7050: 7043: 7036: 7029: 7022: 7015: 7013:Battle of France 7008: 7001: 6994: 6987: 6980: 6973: 6953: 6946: 6939: 6932: 6925: 6918: 6911: 6889: 6882: 6875: 6868: 6866:Munich Agreement 6861: 6854: 6845: 6838: 6831: 6822: 6815: 6800: 6799: 6782: 6775: 6766: 6759: 6752: 6751:Soviet prisoners 6745: 6738: 6731: 6722: 6715: 6706: 6699: 6692: 6691:German prisoners 6687: 6667: 6658: 6651: 6644: 6639: 6632: 6625: 6618: 6611: 6604: 6597: 6590: 6583: 6576: 6569: 6562: 6555: 6548: 6539: 6532: 6525: 6518: 6511: 6504: 6497: 6490: 6483: 6476: 6469: 6462: 6455: 6448: 6441: 6434: 6427: 6420: 6413: 6393: 6386: 6379: 6372: 6365: 6358: 6351: 6344: 6337: 6330: 6323: 6303: 6296: 6289: 6282: 6274: 6267: 6260: 6251: 6244: 6236: 6229: 6227:French Indochina 6222: 6215: 6208: 6201: 6193: 6186: 6179: 6171: 6151: 6142: 6135: 6126: 6119: 6112: 6105: 6098: 6091: 6084: 6077: 6074:from August 1944 6065: 6058: 6051: 6044: 6037: 6030: 6023: 6016: 6009: 5997: 5990: 5983: 5976: 5969: 5957: 5949: 5942: 5935: 5928: 5921: 5914: 5907: 5895: 5888: 5881: 5874: 5859: 5858: 5839: 5832: 5825: 5818: 5811: 5800: 5785: 5778: 5771: 5766: 5757: 5750: 5743: 5734: 5727: 5720: 5718:Nanjing Massacre 5713: 5706: 5697: 5695:Nuremberg trials 5688: 5681: 5674: 5667: 5660: 5653: 5644: 5637: 5630: 5623: 5603: 5596: 5589: 5580: 5573: 5566: 5559: 5552: 5545: 5536: 5527: 5520: 5513: 5506: 5497: 5490: 5483: 5476: 5469: 5462: 5455: 5448: 5428: 5419: 5412: 5405: 5396: 5389: 5382: 5375: 5366: 5359: 5352: 5343: 5336: 5329: 5322: 5315: 5308: 5301: 5299:Asia and Pacific 5281: 5274: 5267: 5260: 5253: 5246: 5239: 5230: 5228:Mulberry harbour 5223: 5216: 5209: 5202: 5195: 5188: 5181: 5174: 5165: 5158: 5151: 5142: 5135: 5128: 5121: 5114: 5107: 5100: 5093: 5086: 5079: 5070: 5063: 5048: 5047: 5036: 5029: 5020: 5013: 5006: 4999: 4992: 4985: 4978: 4957: 4950: 4943: 4934: 4933: 4925: 4895: 4877: 4876: 4863: 4844: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4803: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4771:. Archived from 4753: 4748:. Archived from 4736: 4727: 4708: 4689: 4668: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4620: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4575:Associated Press 4560: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4498: 4492: 4486: 4477: 4471: 4465: 4459: 4450: 4449: 4431: 4422: 4409: 4400: 4385: 4379: 4373: 4367: 4361: 4355: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4328: 4322: 4316: 4303: 4297: 4291: 4285: 4279: 4273: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4233: 4227: 4221: 4215: 4206: 4200: 4194: 4188: 4182: 4176: 4170: 4164: 4153: 4147: 4136: 4130: 4119: 4113: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4087:, pp. 9–10. 4082: 4076: 4070: 4059: 4053: 4040: 4039: 4027: 4021: 4015: 4002: 3996: 3985: 3979: 3970: 3964: 3958: 3952: 3941: 3940: 3931:Wendel, Marcus. 3928: 3922: 3916: 3907: 3901: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3829: 3823: 3821:Race to the Alps 3817: 3811: 3806: 3797: 3796: 3788: 3782: 3781: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3735: 3724: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3577: 3574:Harold Alexander 3570: 3564: 3556: 3550: 3546: 3540: 3532: 3526: 3491: 3485: 3482: 3476: 3473: 3467: 3464: 3458: 3455: 3449: 3446: 3440: 3436: 3430: 3427: 3418: 3414: 3314:armies, May 1945 3194:ensuing airdrops 3164:National Redoubt 3082:River valley to 3012:Vladimir Rusakov 3010:, met Maj. Gen. 2816:Yalta Conference 2353:and the British 2247:the last intact 2232:National redoubt 2139: 2048:Leonard T. Gerow 2040:George S. Patton 2001:Miles C. Dempsey 1966:I Canadian Corps 1903:Oder–Neisse line 1849:prisoners of war 1809:Battle of Aachen 1786:national redoubt 1731:European theatre 1545:Atlantic Pockets 1149: 1145:Western Front of 1137: 1130: 1123: 1114: 1113: 895: 893: 883: 876: 869: 860: 859: 851: 847: 841: 839:200,000 captured 836:(for all fronts) 835: 829:January–May 1945 817:6,490 casualties 769:970,000 vehicles 759: 731: 730: 702: 701: 668: 667: 639: 638: 626: 625: 619: 618: 607: 606: 595: 594: 582: 581: 569: 568: 557: 556: 545: 544: 532: 531: 519: 518: 507: 506: 495: 494: 482: 481: 459: 458: 447: 446: 437:Friedrich Schulz 435: 434: 423: 422: 413: 403: 402: 391: 390: 381: 371: 370: 353: 352: 341: 340: 329: 328: 317: 316: 298: 289: 288: 287: 276: 275: 266: 260: 256: 254: 253: 238: 236: 235: 228: 224: 222: 221: 210: 208: 207: 197: 195: 194: 184: 182: 181: 171: 169: 168: 94:Southern Germany 74: 73: 66:Wernberg-Köblitz 58: 34: 33: 21: 8344: 8343: 8339: 8338: 8337: 8335: 8334: 8333: 8239:1945 in Germany 8224: 8223: 8222: 8217: 8210: 8203: 8189: 8187: 8175: 8166: 8159: 8152: 8145: 8136: 8129: 8122: 8113: 8108:Atomic bombings 8106: 8099: 8092: 8085: 8078: 8069: 8062: 8055: 8048: 8041: 8034: 8027: 8020: 8013: 8006: 7999: 7992: 7985: 7978: 7971: 7964: 7951: 7944: 7933: 7926: 7919: 7910: 7903: 7896: 7889: 7882: 7875: 7866: 7857: 7850: 7841: 7834: 7827: 7820: 7811: 7804: 7799:Eastern Romania 7797: 7792:Warsaw Uprising 7790: 7785:Tannenberg Line 7783: 7776: 7771:Western Ukraine 7769: 7760: 7753: 7744: 7735: 7726: 7719: 7712: 7701: 7692: 7679: 7672: 7663: 7656: 7649: 7642: 7635: 7628: 7621: 7612: 7605: 7598: 7589: 7582: 7575: 7568: 7563:Battle of Kursk 7561: 7554: 7547: 7540: 7533: 7520: 7513: 7504: 7497: 7490: 7481: 7474: 7467: 7460: 7451: 7442: 7435: 7428: 7421: 7414: 7407: 7400: 7393: 7386: 7379: 7374:St Nazaire Raid 7372: 7365: 7358: 7345: 7338: 7331: 7324: 7317: 7310: 7303: 7296: 7289: 7282: 7275: 7268: 7261: 7254: 7247: 7240: 7233: 7226: 7219: 7212: 7198: 7189: 7182: 7175: 7168: 7161: 7156:Anglo-Iraqi War 7154: 7147:Battle of Crete 7145: 7138: 7131: 7124: 7117: 7104: 7095: 7088: 7081: 7076:Eastern Romania 7074: 7067: 7060: 7053: 7046: 7039: 7032: 7025: 7018: 7011: 7004: 6997: 6990: 6983: 6976: 6969: 6956: 6949: 6942: 6935: 6928: 6921: 6914: 6907: 6894: 6885: 6878: 6871: 6864: 6857: 6850: 6841: 6834: 6827: 6818: 6811: 6785: 6778: 6771: 6762: 6755: 6750: 6741: 6734: 6727: 6718: 6711: 6702: 6695: 6690: 6683: 6670: 6663: 6654: 6647: 6642: 6637:Western Ukraine 6635: 6628: 6621: 6614: 6607: 6600: 6593: 6586: 6581:Northeast China 6579: 6572: 6565: 6558: 6551: 6544: 6535: 6528: 6521: 6514: 6507: 6500: 6493: 6486: 6479: 6472: 6465: 6458: 6451: 6444: 6437: 6430: 6423: 6416: 6409: 6396: 6389: 6382: 6375: 6368: 6361: 6354: 6347: 6340: 6333: 6326: 6319: 6306: 6299: 6292: 6287:Slovak Republic 6285: 6277: 6270: 6263: 6258:Empire of Japan 6256: 6247: 6239: 6232: 6225: 6218: 6211: 6204: 6196: 6189: 6182: 6174: 6167: 6154: 6147: 6138: 6131: 6122: 6115: 6108: 6101: 6094: 6087: 6080: 6068: 6061: 6054: 6047: 6040: 6033: 6026: 6019: 6012: 6000: 5993: 5986: 5979: 5972: 5960: 5952: 5945: 5938: 5931: 5924: 5917: 5910: 5898: 5891: 5884: 5877: 5870: 5844: 5835: 5828: 5821: 5814: 5803: 5788: 5781: 5774: 5770:Sexual violence 5769: 5762: 5753: 5746: 5739: 5730: 5723: 5716: 5709: 5702: 5693: 5684: 5677: 5670: 5663: 5656: 5649: 5640: 5633: 5626: 5619: 5606: 5599: 5592: 5585: 5576: 5569: 5562: 5555: 5548: 5539: 5530: 5523: 5516: 5509: 5500: 5493: 5488:Greek Civil War 5486: 5479: 5472: 5465: 5458: 5451: 5444: 5431: 5424: 5415: 5408: 5401: 5392: 5385: 5378: 5371: 5362: 5355: 5348: 5339: 5332: 5325: 5318: 5313:South-East Asia 5311: 5304: 5297: 5284: 5277: 5270: 5263: 5256: 5249: 5242: 5235: 5226: 5219: 5212: 5205: 5198: 5191: 5184: 5177: 5172:Military awards 5170: 5161: 5154: 5147: 5138: 5131: 5124: 5117: 5110: 5103: 5096: 5089: 5082: 5075: 5066: 5059: 5039: 5032: 5025: 5016: 5009: 5002: 4997: 4988: 4981: 4974: 4966: 4961: 4919: 4902: 4900:Further reading 4874: 4860: 4841: 4819: 4817: 4800: 4778: 4776: 4775:on 14 July 2009 4752:on 6 July 2007. 4724: 4705: 4686: 4647: 4645: 4638: 4617: 4595: 4590: 4589: 4579: 4577: 4570:Chicago Tribune 4561: 4557: 4547: 4545: 4544:on 5 March 2020 4532: 4531: 4527: 4517: 4515: 4499: 4495: 4487: 4480: 4472: 4468: 4460: 4453: 4446: 4432: 4425: 4420:Wayback Machine 4410: 4403: 4386: 4382: 4374: 4370: 4362: 4358: 4353: 4349: 4341: 4337: 4329: 4325: 4317: 4306: 4298: 4294: 4286: 4282: 4274: 4265: 4257: 4253: 4245: 4236: 4228: 4224: 4216: 4209: 4201: 4197: 4189: 4185: 4177: 4173: 4165: 4156: 4148: 4139: 4131: 4122: 4114: 4103: 4095: 4091: 4083: 4079: 4071: 4062: 4054: 4043: 4028: 4024: 4016: 4005: 3997: 3988: 3980: 3973: 3965: 3961: 3953: 3944: 3929: 3925: 3917: 3910: 3902: 3891: 3887:, pp. 3–6. 3883: 3879: 3871: 3867: 3859: 3855: 3847: 3843: 3830: 3826: 3818: 3814: 3807: 3800: 3789: 3785: 3772: 3768: 3760: 3756: 3746: 3744: 3737: 3736: 3727: 3719: 3715: 3707: 3703: 3694: 3690: 3682: 3678: 3670: 3666: 3658: 3654: 3646: 3639: 3631: 3627: 3619: 3615: 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Devers 2032:Courtney Hodges 2017:12th Army Group 1977:21st Army Group 1923: 1918: 1916:Order of battle 1865:(including the 1776:U.S. Fifth Army 1764:western Germany 1719: 1718: 1717: 1712: 1439:St Nazaire Raid 1391:The Hardest Day 1258:Fort Eben-Emael 1244:Rotterdam Blitz 1202:The Netherlands 1150: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1111: 1106: 896: 891: 889: 887: 846: 844: 842:(January–March) 840: 838: 834: 832: 823: 818: 816: 811: 809: 804: 802: 797: 795: 780: 778: 776: 768: 766: 764: 762: 758: 725: 696: 662: 652:5th Panzer Army 633: 620: 613: 601: 589: 576: 563: 551: 539: 534:21st Army Group 526: 513: 501: 489: 484:12th Army Group 476: 465: 453: 441: 429: 417: 409: 397: 385: 377: 365: 359: 347: 335: 323: 311: 285: 283: 282: 270: 251: 249: 244: 233: 231: 219: 217: 205: 203: 192: 190: 179: 177: 166: 164: 141: 104: 90:Western Germany 59: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8342: 8332: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8219: 8218: 8216: 8215: 8208: 8201: 8184: 8181: 8180: 8177: 8176: 8174: 8173: 8172: 8171: 8164: 8157: 8143: 8142: 8141: 8127: 8124:South Sakhalin 8120: 8119: 8118: 8104: 8097: 8090: 8083: 8076: 8075: 8074: 8060: 8053: 8046: 8039: 8032: 8025: 8018: 8011: 8004: 7997: 7990: 7983: 7976: 7969: 7961: 7959: 7953: 7952: 7950: 7949: 7942: 7941: 7940: 7924: 7917: 7916: 7915: 7901: 7894: 7887: 7880: 7873: 7864: 7855: 7848: 7839: 7832: 7825: 7818: 7809: 7802: 7795: 7788: 7781: 7774: 7767: 7758: 7751: 7742: 7733: 7724: 7717: 7710: 7699: 7689: 7687: 7681: 7680: 7678: 7677: 7670: 7669: 7668: 7661: 7647: 7640: 7633: 7626: 7619: 7618: 7617: 7603: 7596: 7587: 7580: 7573: 7566: 7559: 7552: 7549:Battle of Attu 7545: 7538: 7530: 7528: 7522: 7521: 7519: 7518: 7511: 7502: 7495: 7488: 7479: 7472: 7465: 7458: 7449: 7448: 7447: 7440: 7426: 7419: 7412: 7405: 7398: 7391: 7384: 7377: 7370: 7363: 7355: 7353: 7347: 7346: 7344: 7343: 7336: 7329: 7322: 7315: 7308: 7301: 7298:Battle of Guam 7294: 7287: 7280: 7273: 7266: 7259: 7252: 7245: 7238: 7231: 7224: 7221:Battle of Kiev 7217: 7210: 7196: 7195: 7194: 7180: 7173: 7166: 7159: 7152: 7151: 7150: 7136: 7129: 7122: 7114: 7112: 7106: 7105: 7103: 7102: 7093: 7086: 7079: 7072: 7065: 7058: 7051: 7044: 7037: 7030: 7023: 7016: 7009: 7002: 6995: 6988: 6981: 6974: 6966: 6964: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6954: 6947: 6940: 6933: 6926: 6919: 6912: 6904: 6902: 6896: 6895: 6893: 6892: 6891: 6890: 6883: 6876: 6869: 6862: 6848: 6847: 6846: 6839: 6825: 6824: 6823: 6808: 6806: 6797: 6791: 6790: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6783: 6776: 6769: 6768: 6767: 6760: 6748: 6747: 6746: 6732: 6725: 6724: 6723: 6720:United Kingdom 6716: 6709: 6708: 6707: 6688: 6680: 6678: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6668: 6661: 6660: 6659: 6652: 6640: 6633: 6626: 6619: 6612: 6605: 6598: 6591: 6584: 6577: 6570: 6563: 6556: 6549: 6542: 6541: 6540: 6533: 6519: 6512: 6505: 6498: 6491: 6484: 6477: 6470: 6463: 6456: 6449: 6442: 6435: 6428: 6421: 6414: 6406: 6404: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6394: 6387: 6380: 6373: 6366: 6359: 6352: 6345: 6338: 6331: 6324: 6316: 6314: 6308: 6307: 6305: 6304: 6297: 6290: 6283: 6275: 6268: 6261: 6254: 6253: 6252: 6237: 6230: 6223: 6216: 6209: 6202: 6194: 6187: 6180: 6172: 6164: 6162: 6156: 6155: 6153: 6152: 6145: 6144: 6143: 6129: 6128: 6127: 6124:British Empire 6117:United Kingdom 6113: 6106: 6099: 6092: 6085: 6078: 6066: 6059: 6052: 6045: 6038: 6031: 6024: 6017: 6010: 5998: 5991: 5984: 5977: 5970: 5958: 5950: 5943: 5936: 5933:Czechoslovakia 5929: 5922: 5915: 5908: 5896: 5889: 5882: 5875: 5867: 5865: 5856: 5850: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5841: 5840: 5833: 5830:Rape of Manila 5826: 5819: 5812: 5801: 5786: 5779: 5767: 5760: 5759: 5758: 5751: 5737: 5736: 5735: 5728: 5721: 5707: 5700: 5699: 5698: 5691: 5690: 5689: 5682: 5668: 5661: 5647: 5646: 5645: 5638: 5631: 5616: 5614: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5604: 5601:United Nations 5597: 5590: 5583: 5582: 5581: 5574: 5567: 5560: 5546: 5537: 5528: 5521: 5514: 5507: 5498: 5491: 5484: 5477: 5470: 5463: 5460:Decolonization 5456: 5449: 5441: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5429: 5422: 5421: 5420: 5406: 5399: 5398: 5397: 5390: 5383: 5369: 5368: 5367: 5360: 5346: 5345: 5344: 5337: 5330: 5323: 5316: 5309: 5294: 5292: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5282: 5275: 5268: 5261: 5254: 5247: 5240: 5233: 5232: 5231: 5224: 5210: 5203: 5196: 5189: 5182: 5175: 5168: 5167: 5166: 5152: 5145: 5144: 5143: 5136: 5133:United Kingdom 5129: 5115: 5108: 5101: 5094: 5087: 5080: 5073: 5072: 5071: 5056: 5054: 5045: 5041: 5040: 5038: 5037: 5030: 5023: 5022: 5021: 5014: 5007: 4995: 4994: 4993: 4979: 4971: 4968: 4967: 4960: 4959: 4952: 4945: 4937: 4918: 4917:External links 4915: 4914: 4913: 4910: 4901: 4898: 4897: 4896: 4865: 4864: 4858: 4845: 4839: 4826: 4804: 4798: 4785: 4754: 4737: 4728: 4722: 4709: 4703: 4690: 4684: 4669: 4654: 4644:on 22 May 2015 4636: 4621: 4615: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4587: 4555: 4538:Deutsche Welle 4525: 4493: 4478: 4466: 4451: 4444: 4423: 4401: 4380: 4368: 4364:RAF staff 2005 4356: 4347: 4335: 4323: 4304: 4292: 4280: 4263: 4251: 4234: 4222: 4207: 4195: 4183: 4171: 4154: 4137: 4120: 4101: 4089: 4077: 4060: 4041: 4022: 4003: 3986: 3971: 3959: 3942: 3923: 3921:, p. 182. 3908: 3889: 3877: 3865: 3863:, p. 465. 3853: 3841: 3824: 3812: 3798: 3783: 3766: 3764:, p. 611. 3754: 3725: 3713: 3701: 3688: 3676: 3674:, p. 277. 3672:Zimmerman 2008 3664: 3662:, p. 304. 3652: 3650:, p. 478. 3648:MacDonald 2005 3637: 3625: 3613: 3611:, p. 322. 3609:MacDonald 2005 3601: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3578: 3565: 3551: 3541: 3527: 3525: 3524: 3520:todeszeitpunkt 3508: 3501: 3497: 3486: 3477: 3468: 3459: 3450: 3441: 3431: 3419: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3383: 3380: 3345: 3342: 3318:Main article: 3303: 3300: 3228:Prime Minister 3221:Race to Berlin 3219:Main article: 3216: 3213: 3207:naval base in 3199:On 6 May, the 3171: 3168: 3140:Czechoslovakia 3134: 3131: 3034: 3031: 3014:of the Soviet 2986: 2983: 2906: 2903: 2857: 2854: 2823: 2820: 2782: 2779: 2706:U.S. III Corps 2702:U.S. VII Corps 2642: 2639: 2625: 2622: 2494: 2491: 2437: 2434: 2345: 2342: 2291: 2288: 2272: 2269: 2200: 2197: 2093: 2090: 2052:6th Army Group 2044:U.S. 15th Army 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1895:Czechoslovakia 1893:) and eastern 1813:Battle of Metz 1805:Siegfried Line 1727:Western Allies 1714: 1713: 1711: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1679: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1632: 1631: 1617: 1610: 1603: 1602: 1601: 1596: 1584: 1577: 1570: 1563: 1548: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1508: 1503: 1501:Hürtgen Forest 1498: 1491: 1486: 1484:Siegfried Line 1481: 1474: 1467: 1460: 1449: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1441: 1434:Commando Raids 1431: 1429:Baedeker Blitz 1426: 1419: 1406: 1405: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1367: 1357: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1288: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1265: 1260: 1247: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1234:The Grebbeberg 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1198: 1197: 1184: 1183: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1140: 1139: 1132: 1125: 1117: 1108: 1107: 1105: 1104: 1099: 1088: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1003: 998: 991: 984: 983: 982: 977: 965: 964: 963: 956: 949: 942: 935: 928: 921: 909: 901: 898: 897: 886: 885: 878: 871: 863: 855: 854: 825: 824:715 casualties 788: 787: 783: 782: 770: 760:(91 divisions) 754: 753: 749: 748: 747: 746: 741: 723: 722: 717: 712: 694: 693: 688: 683: 678: 660: 659: 654: 649: 630: 612: 611: 599: 584:6th Army Group 574: 573: 561: 549: 524: 523: 521:Fifteenth Army 511: 499: 472: 471: 470:Units involved 467: 466: 464: 463: 451: 439: 427: 415: 395: 383: 362: 360: 358: 357: 345: 333: 321: 308: 305: 304: 300: 299: 281: 280: 245: 243: 242: 229: 214: 201: 188: 186:United Kingdom 175: 161: 158: 157: 153: 152: 149: 148: 143: 137: 136: 135: 134: 124: 110: 106: 105: 98:Czechoslovakia 88: 86: 82: 81: 78: 70: 69: 51: 50: 39: 38: 32: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8341: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8231: 8229: 8213: 8209: 8206: 8202: 8199: 8198: 8193: 8186: 8185: 8182: 8169: 8165: 8162: 8158: 8155: 8151: 8150: 8148: 8144: 8139: 8135: 8134: 8132: 8131:Kuril Islands 8128: 8125: 8121: 8116: 8112: 8111: 8109: 8105: 8102: 8098: 8095: 8091: 8088: 8084: 8081: 8077: 8072: 8068: 8067: 8065: 8061: 8058: 8054: 8051: 8047: 8044: 8040: 8037: 8033: 8030: 8026: 8023: 8019: 8016: 8012: 8009: 8005: 8002: 7998: 7995: 7991: 7988: 7984: 7981: 7977: 7974: 7970: 7967: 7963: 7962: 7960: 7958: 7954: 7947: 7943: 7938: 7937: 7932: 7931: 7929: 7925: 7922: 7918: 7913: 7909: 7908: 7906: 7902: 7899: 7898:Syrmian Front 7895: 7892: 7888: 7885: 7881: 7878: 7874: 7871: 7870: 7865: 7862: 7861: 7856: 7853: 7849: 7846: 7845: 7844:Market Garden 7840: 7837: 7833: 7830: 7826: 7823: 7819: 7816: 7815: 7810: 7807: 7803: 7800: 7796: 7793: 7789: 7786: 7782: 7779: 7775: 7772: 7768: 7765: 7764: 7759: 7756: 7752: 7749: 7748: 7743: 7740: 7739: 7734: 7731: 7730: 7725: 7722: 7718: 7715: 7711: 7708: 7704: 7703:Monte Cassino 7700: 7697: 7696: 7691: 7690: 7688: 7686: 7682: 7675: 7671: 7666: 7662: 7659: 7655: 7654: 7652: 7648: 7645: 7641: 7638: 7634: 7631: 7627: 7624: 7620: 7615: 7611: 7610: 7608: 7604: 7601: 7597: 7594: 7593: 7588: 7585: 7581: 7578: 7574: 7571: 7567: 7564: 7560: 7557: 7553: 7550: 7546: 7543: 7539: 7536: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7527: 7523: 7516: 7512: 7509: 7508: 7503: 7500: 7496: 7493: 7489: 7486: 7485: 7480: 7477: 7473: 7470: 7466: 7463: 7459: 7456: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7441: 7438: 7434: 7433: 7431: 7427: 7424: 7420: 7417: 7413: 7410: 7406: 7403: 7399: 7396: 7392: 7389: 7385: 7382: 7378: 7375: 7371: 7368: 7364: 7361: 7357: 7356: 7354: 7352: 7348: 7341: 7337: 7334: 7330: 7327: 7323: 7320: 7316: 7313: 7309: 7306: 7302: 7299: 7295: 7292: 7288: 7285: 7281: 7278: 7274: 7271: 7267: 7264: 7260: 7257: 7253: 7250: 7246: 7243: 7239: 7236: 7232: 7229: 7225: 7222: 7218: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7206: 7201: 7197: 7192: 7188: 7187: 7185: 7181: 7178: 7174: 7171: 7167: 7164: 7160: 7157: 7153: 7148: 7144: 7143: 7141: 7137: 7134: 7130: 7127: 7123: 7120: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7111: 7107: 7100: 7099: 7094: 7091: 7087: 7084: 7080: 7077: 7073: 7070: 7069:Baltic states 7066: 7063: 7059: 7056: 7052: 7049: 7045: 7042: 7038: 7035: 7031: 7028: 7024: 7021: 7017: 7014: 7010: 7007: 7003: 7000: 6996: 6993: 6989: 6986: 6982: 6979: 6975: 6972: 6968: 6967: 6965: 6963: 6959: 6952: 6948: 6945: 6941: 6938: 6934: 6931: 6927: 6924: 6920: 6917: 6913: 6910: 6906: 6905: 6903: 6901: 6897: 6888: 6884: 6881: 6877: 6874: 6870: 6867: 6863: 6860: 6856: 6855: 6853: 6849: 6844: 6840: 6837: 6833: 6832: 6830: 6826: 6821: 6817: 6816: 6814: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6805: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6792: 6781: 6777: 6774: 6770: 6765: 6761: 6758: 6754: 6753: 6749: 6744: 6740: 6739: 6737: 6733: 6730: 6726: 6721: 6717: 6714: 6713:United States 6710: 6705: 6701: 6700: 6698: 6694: 6693: 6689: 6686: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6673: 6666: 6662: 6657: 6653: 6650: 6649:Quốc dân Đảng 6646: 6645: 6641: 6638: 6634: 6631: 6627: 6624: 6620: 6617: 6613: 6610: 6606: 6603: 6599: 6596: 6592: 6589: 6585: 6582: 6578: 6575: 6571: 6568: 6564: 6561: 6557: 6554: 6550: 6547: 6543: 6538: 6534: 6531: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6520: 6517: 6513: 6510: 6506: 6503: 6499: 6496: 6492: 6489: 6485: 6482: 6478: 6475: 6471: 6468: 6464: 6461: 6457: 6454: 6450: 6447: 6443: 6440: 6436: 6433: 6429: 6426: 6422: 6419: 6415: 6412: 6408: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6399: 6392: 6388: 6385: 6381: 6378: 6374: 6371: 6367: 6364: 6360: 6357: 6353: 6350: 6349:Liechtenstein 6346: 6343: 6339: 6336: 6332: 6329: 6325: 6322: 6318: 6317: 6315: 6313: 6309: 6302: 6298: 6295: 6291: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6273: 6269: 6266: 6262: 6259: 6255: 6250: 6246: 6245: 6242: 6238: 6235: 6231: 6228: 6224: 6221: 6217: 6214: 6210: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6192: 6188: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6170: 6166: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6157: 6150: 6146: 6141: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6133:United States 6130: 6125: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6114: 6111: 6107: 6104: 6100: 6097: 6093: 6090: 6086: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6064: 6060: 6057: 6053: 6050: 6046: 6043: 6039: 6036: 6032: 6029: 6025: 6022: 6018: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5996: 5992: 5989: 5985: 5982: 5978: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5948: 5944: 5941: 5937: 5934: 5930: 5927: 5923: 5920: 5916: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5894: 5890: 5887: 5883: 5880: 5876: 5873: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5851: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5827: 5824: 5823:Comfort women 5820: 5817: 5813: 5810: 5807: / 5806: 5802: 5799: 5796: / 5795: 5792: / 5791: 5787: 5784: 5783:Camp brothels 5780: 5777: 5773: 5772: 5768: 5765: 5761: 5756: 5752: 5749: 5745: 5744: 5742: 5738: 5733: 5729: 5726: 5722: 5719: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5708: 5705: 5701: 5696: 5692: 5687: 5683: 5680: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5672:The Holocaust 5669: 5666: 5662: 5659: 5658:forced labour 5655: 5654: 5652: 5648: 5643: 5639: 5636: 5632: 5629: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5609: 5602: 5598: 5595: 5591: 5588: 5584: 5579: 5575: 5572: 5568: 5565: 5561: 5558: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5547: 5544: 5543: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5529: 5526: 5522: 5519: 5515: 5512: 5511:Marshall Plan 5508: 5505: 5504: 5499: 5496: 5492: 5489: 5485: 5482: 5478: 5475: 5471: 5468: 5464: 5461: 5457: 5454: 5450: 5447: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5434: 5427: 5423: 5418: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5407: 5404: 5400: 5395: 5391: 5388: 5384: 5381: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5370: 5365: 5364:Eastern Front 5361: 5358: 5357:Western Front 5354: 5353: 5351: 5347: 5342: 5338: 5335: 5331: 5328: 5324: 5321: 5317: 5314: 5310: 5307: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5287: 5280: 5276: 5273: 5269: 5266: 5262: 5259: 5255: 5252: 5251:Puppet states 5248: 5245: 5241: 5238: 5234: 5229: 5225: 5222: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5211: 5208: 5204: 5201: 5197: 5194: 5193:Naval history 5190: 5187: 5183: 5180: 5176: 5173: 5169: 5164: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5153: 5150: 5146: 5141: 5140:United States 5137: 5134: 5130: 5127: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5116: 5113: 5109: 5106: 5102: 5099: 5095: 5092: 5088: 5085: 5081: 5078: 5074: 5069: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5049: 5046: 5042: 5035: 5031: 5028: 5024: 5019: 5015: 5012: 5008: 5005: 5001: 5000: 4996: 4991: 4987: 4986: 4984: 4980: 4977: 4973: 4972: 4969: 4965: 4958: 4953: 4951: 4946: 4944: 4939: 4938: 4935: 4931: 4929: 4924: 4911: 4908: 4904: 4903: 4893: 4889: 4888: 4881: 4872: 4871: 4870: 4869: 4861: 4855: 4851: 4846: 4842: 4840:1-84603-249-0 4836: 4832: 4827: 4816: 4812: 4811: 4805: 4801: 4795: 4791: 4786: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4761: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4738: 4734: 4729: 4725: 4723:0-7230-0317-3 4719: 4715: 4710: 4706: 4704:0-375-71422-7 4700: 4696: 4691: 4687: 4685:0-7006-0899-0 4681: 4677: 4676: 4670: 4666: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4643: 4639: 4637:0-16-048136-8 4633: 4629: 4628: 4622: 4618: 4616:0-275-97354-9 4612: 4608: 4604: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4576: 4572: 4571: 4566: 4559: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4529: 4514: 4510: 4509: 4504: 4497: 4491:, p. 35. 4490: 4489:Bedessem 1996 4485: 4483: 4475: 4474:Bedessem 1996 4470: 4464:, p. 34. 4463: 4462:Bedessem 1996 4458: 4456: 4447: 4445:0-471-35382-5 4441: 4437: 4430: 4428: 4421: 4417: 4414: 4408: 4406: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4384: 4377: 4376:Bedessem 1996 4372: 4366:, April 1945. 4365: 4360: 4351: 4345:, p. 33. 4344: 4343:Bedessem 1996 4339: 4332: 4331:Bedessem 1996 4327: 4321:, p. 32. 4320: 4319:Bedessem 1996 4315: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4301: 4300:Bedessem 1996 4296: 4290:, p. 31. 4289: 4288:Bedessem 1996 4284: 4278:, p. 30. 4277: 4276:Bedessem 1996 4272: 4270: 4268: 4261:, p. 27. 4260: 4259:Bedessem 1996 4255: 4249:, p. 26. 4248: 4247:Bedessem 1996 4243: 4241: 4239: 4231: 4230:Bedessem 1996 4226: 4220:, p. 23. 4219: 4218:Bedessem 1996 4214: 4212: 4204: 4203:Bedessem 1996 4199: 4193:, p. 22. 4192: 4191:Bedessem 1996 4187: 4180: 4175: 4169:, p. 21. 4168: 4167:Bedessem 1996 4163: 4161: 4159: 4152:, p. 20. 4151: 4150:Bedessem 1996 4146: 4144: 4142: 4135:, p. 17. 4134: 4133:Bedessem 1996 4129: 4127: 4125: 4118:, p. 16. 4117: 4116:Bedessem 1996 4112: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4099:, p. 10. 4098: 4097:Bedessem 1996 4093: 4086: 4085:Bedessem 1996 4081: 4075:, p. 13. 4074: 4073:Bedessem 1996 4069: 4067: 4065: 4058:, p. 12. 4057: 4056:Bedessem 1996 4052: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4037: 4033: 4026: 4020:, p. 11. 4019: 4018:Bedessem 1996 4014: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4000: 3999:Bedessem 1996 3995: 3993: 3991: 3983: 3982:Bedessem 1996 3978: 3976: 3968: 3963: 3956: 3955:Bedessem 1996 3951: 3949: 3947: 3938: 3934: 3927: 3920: 3915: 3913: 3905: 3904:Bedessem 1996 3900: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3886: 3885:Bedessem 1996 3881: 3874: 3873:Bedessem 1996 3869: 3862: 3861:Hastings 2005 3857: 3851:, p. 88. 3850: 3845: 3838: 3836: 3828: 3822: 3816: 3810: 3805: 3803: 3795:, p. 262 3794: 3787: 3779: 3778: 3770: 3763: 3758: 3742: 3741: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3722: 3717: 3711:, p. 92. 3710: 3705: 3698: 3692: 3685: 3680: 3673: 3668: 3661: 3656: 3649: 3644: 3642: 3634: 3629: 3622: 3617: 3610: 3605: 3599:, p. 94. 3598: 3593: 3589: 3575: 3569: 3562: 3561:88th Division 3555: 3545: 3538: 3531: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3481: 3472: 3463: 3454: 3445: 3435: 3426: 3424: 3413: 3409: 3401: 3399: 3398: 3393: 3392:Angela Merkel 3389: 3379: 3375: 3372: 3368: 3362: 3359: 3350: 3341: 3339: 3335: 3332: 3331:Grand Admiral 3327: 3321: 3313: 3308: 3299: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3271: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3222: 3212: 3210: 3209:Wilhelmshaven 3206: 3202: 3197: 3195: 3190: 3181: 3176: 3167: 3165: 3161: 3160:Berchtesgaden 3157: 3153: 3149: 3148:U.S. 5th Army 3145: 3141: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3120: 3115: 3112: 3108: 3100: 3095: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3072:Aschaffenburg 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3051: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3030: 3028: 3023: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2991: 2982: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2941: 2937: 2931: 2924: 2919: 2915: 2912: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2886: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2853: 2849: 2847: 2842: 2836: 2828: 2819: 2817: 2811: 2809: 2806:peninsula of 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2778: 2775: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2719: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2656: 2647: 2638: 2635: 2631: 2621: 2617: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2602: 2593: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2483:anti-aircraft 2480: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2451: 2442: 2433: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2404: 2398: 2394: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2341: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2313: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2296: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2280: 2268: 2265: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2240: 2237: 2233: 2228: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2206: 2196: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2169:Walther Model 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2143: 2142:Eastern Front 2138: 2137: 2131: 2130: 2125: 2124: 2119: 2118: 2112: 2108: 2105: 2101: 2100: 2092:German forces 2089: 2087: 2082: 2081: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2060:U.S. 7th Army 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2036:U.S. 3rd Army 2033: 2029: 2028:U.S. 1st Army 2025: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2005:U.S. 9th Army 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1981:Field Marshal 1979:commanded by 1978: 1973: 1971: 1970:Italian front 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1936: 1932: 1931:Western Front 1928: 1921:Allied forces 1913: 1911: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1861: 1857: 1856:Eastern Front 1852: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1801:Western Front 1797: 1795: 1794:United States 1791: 1787: 1783: 1782: 1781:Berchtesgaden 1777: 1773: 1772:Alpine passes 1769: 1765: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1684: 1683: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 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19: 8205:Bibliography 8188: 8007: 8001:Project Hula 7966:Vistula–Oder 7935: 7868: 7859: 7843: 7813: 7762: 7746: 7737: 7728: 7694: 7591: 7506: 7482: 7452: 7203: 7096: 7041:North Africa 6743:Soviet Union 6697:Soviet Union 6623:Soviet Union 6391:Vatican City 6301:Vichy France 6206:German Reich 6103:Soviet Union 6089:South Africa 6082:Sierra Leone 6035:Newfoundland 5854:Participants 5837:Marocchinate 5541: 5532: 5502: 5380:North Africa 5341:Indian Ocean 5200:Nazi plunder 5091:Cryptography 4964:World War II 4920: 4906: 4886: 4868:Attribution: 4867: 4866: 4849: 4830: 4818:. Retrieved 4809: 4789: 4777:. Retrieved 4773:the original 4759: 4750:the original 4745: 4732: 4713: 4694: 4674: 4663: 4646:. Retrieved 4642:the original 4626: 4601: 4593:Bibliography 4578:. Retrieved 4568: 4558: 4546:. Retrieved 4542:the original 4537: 4528: 4516:. Retrieved 4506: 4496: 4469: 4435: 4383: 4371: 4359: 4350: 4338: 4326: 4295: 4283: 4254: 4225: 4198: 4186: 4174: 4092: 4080: 4035: 4025: 4001:, p. 9. 3984:, p. 8. 3962: 3957:, p. 7. 3936: 3926: 3906:, p. 6. 3880: 3875:, p. 3. 3868: 3856: 3844: 3832: 3827: 3820: 3815: 3792: 3786: 3776: 3769: 3757: 3745:, retrieved 3739: 3720: 3716: 3704: 3691: 3679: 3667: 3655: 3632: 3628: 3616: 3604: 3592: 3568: 3554: 3544: 3530: 3519: 3511: 3504: 3489: 3480: 3471: 3462: 3453: 3444: 3434: 3412: 3395: 3385: 3376: 3363: 3355: 3323: 3287: 3272: 3268:Reichsbanner 3224: 3205:Kriegsmarine 3198: 3185: 3136: 3127: 3123: 3116: 3104: 3052: 3036: 3024: 2996: 2968: 2944: 2932: 2928: 2908: 2887: 2879:Black Forest 2859: 2850: 2846:Army Group B 2845: 2837: 2833: 2812: 2784: 2771: 2759: 2755:Army Group B 2754: 2737: 2729:M26 Pershing 2722: 2714: 2710:U.S. V Corps 2682:Army Group B 2681: 2679: 2659: 2652: 2627: 2618: 2612: 2606: 2601:Leland Hobbs 2597: 2581: 2577: 2546: 2521: 2512:Douglas C-47 2467: 2455: 2447: 2418: 2407: 2399: 2395: 2367: 2347: 2338: 2314: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2277: 2274: 2261: 2241: 2235: 2229: 2225: 2210: 2202: 2181:Paul Hausser 2148: 2146: 2127: 2121: 2115: 2098: 2095: 2078: 2076: 2024:Omar Bradley 1993:Harry Crerar 1974: 1924: 1910:Adolf Hitler 1853: 1798: 1789: 1779: 1741:east of the 1735:World War II 1722: 1720: 1681: 1680: 1627: 1620: 1613: 1606: 1586: 1580: 1573: 1566: 1559: 1551: 1550: 1549: 1528: 1511: 1494: 1477: 1470: 1463: 1451: 1450: 1422: 1415: 1408: 1407: 1401: 1372: 1371: 1353: 1334: 1290: 1289: 1268: 1249: 1248: 1200: 1199: 1186: 1185: 1178: 1156: 1147:World War II 1090: 1089: 1085:Itter Castle 1042: 1005: 993: 987: 967: 958: 951: 944: 937: 930: 923: 916: 904: 890: 848:(April–June) 828: 827: 820:Other Allies 819: 812: 805: 798: 791: 772: 763:17,000 tanks 733:Army Group D 724: 704:Army Group H 695: 670:Army Group G 661: 641:Army Group B 632: 597:Seventh Army 575: 525: 475: 425:Paul Hausser 410: 405:Walter Model 378: 373:Adolf Hitler 355:Jacob Devers 343:Omar Bradley 247: 156:Belligerents 122:Nazi Germany 112: 42:Part of the 29: 7936:Bodenplatte 7822:Gothic Line 7048:West Africa 6595:Philippines 6574:Netherlands 6439:Czech lands 6377:Switzerland 6321:Afghanistan 6272:Philippines 6140:Puerto Rico 6056:Philippines 6042:New Zealand 6028:Netherlands 5981:Free France 5732:Prosecution 5533:Osoaviakhim 5403:West Africa 5387:East Africa 5034:Conferences 4820:21 February 4697:. Vintage. 4580:21 November 4548:21 November 4518:21 November 3919:Keegan 1989 3849:Zaloga 2006 3660:Glantz 1995 3635:. 1946 p.57 3338:Alfred Jodl 3334:Karl Dönitz 3326:Third Reich 3264:Oranienburg 3203:seized the 2936:Mulde River 2923:M5A1 Stuart 2774:Ruhr Pocket 2763:Germersheim 2592:Alan Brooke 2479:Rhine Gorge 2410:Lippe River 2153:Ernst Busch 2058:, with the 1829:German Army 1581:Blockbuster 1489:Netherlands 1444:Dieppe Raid 1239:Afsluitdijk 1164:River Forth 932:Blockbuster 559:Second Army 461:Ernst Busch 140:Territorial 8228:Categories 8036:West Hunan 7869:Pointblank 7205:Silver Fox 7191:Summer War 6944:Winter War 6923:Phoney War 6704:Azerbaijan 6665:Yugoslavia 6560:Luxembourg 6402:Resistance 6149:Yugoslavia 6014:Luxembourg 5816:Sook Ching 5612:War crimes 5214:Technology 5207:Opposition 5149:Lend-Lease 5126:Australian 5119:Home front 5077:Blitzkrieg 5027:Casualties 5018:Commanders 4990:Operations 3967:Baker 2004 3584:References 3284:Yugoslavia 3178:A British 2800:Baltic Sea 2698:Lahn River 2326:VIII Corps 2318:Main River 2290:Operations 2257:bridgehead 2217:Elbe River 2213:Oder River 2144:in April. 1841:bridgehead 1807:since the 1588:Lumberjack 1458:Baby Blitz 1423:Donnerkeil 1381:Kanalkampf 1304:Montcornet 1209:Maastricht 1188:Luxembourg 1158:Phoney War 1070:Düsseldorf 1055:Friesoythe 969:Lumberjack 946:Flashpoint 777:1,600,000 609:First Army 571:Ninth Army 547:First Army 509:Third Army 497:First Army 62:M4 Sherman 8101:Manchuria 7987:Indochina 7763:Bagration 7214:Lithuania 6859:Anschluss 6656:Viet Minh 6553:Lithuania 6495:Hong Kong 6265:Manchukuo 6220:Azad Hind 5879:Australia 5679:Aftermath 5542:Paperclip 5437:Aftermath 5237:Total war 5105:Diplomacy 5068:In Europe 4769:256471407 4648:8 January 4397:Magdeburg 3500:provided. 3439:campaign. 3417:campaign. 3288:Wehrmacht 3252:Rangsdorf 3248:Tempelhof 3076:Heilbronn 3060:XXI Corps 3056:Frankfurt 3048:Stuttgart 3040:Nuremberg 2921:American 2863:Magdeburg 2747:Lippstadt 2573:XIX Corps 2542:XVI Corps 2538:XII Corps 2414:Paderborn 2378:Rheinberg 2304:XII Corps 2236:Wehrmacht 2193:19th Army 2173:15th Army 2161:25th Army 2080:Wehrmacht 1825:Rhineland 1766:from the 1688:The Blitz 1671:Nuremberg 1666:Heilbronn 1651:Frankfurt 1636:Paderborn 1614:Undertone 1567:Veritable 1560:Blackcock 1452:1944–1945 1409:1941–1943 1343:Abbeville 1224:Rotterdam 1219:The Hague 1091:Logistics 1075:Stuttgart 1060:Nuremberg 1038:Heilbronn 1023:Paderborn 1013:Frankfurt 995:Undertone 918:Veritable 912:Rhineland 906:Blackcock 757:4,500,000 744:12th Army 739:11th Army 710:25th Army 691:24th Army 686:19th Army 647:15th Army 8212:Category 8161:document 8071:document 7928:Ardennes 7912:Budapest 7860:Crossbow 7738:Overlord 7577:Smolensk 6795:Timeline 6630:Slovakia 6616:Thailand 6467:Ethiopia 6432:Bulgaria 6356:Portugal 6294:Thailand 6176:Bulgaria 5954:Eswatini 5947:Ethiopia 5900:Bulgaria 5725:Unit 731 5686:Response 5503:Keelhaul 5453:Cold War 5426:Americas 5417:timeline 5410:Atlantic 5290:Theaters 4513:PA Media 4416:Archived 3344:Analysis 3152:European 3088:Salzburg 3064:VI Corps 3027:Elbe Day 3004:Leckwitz 2964:Bayreuth 2877:and the 2867:Chemnitz 2696:and the 2675:autobahn 2634:XV Corps 2334:St. Goar 2309:Lorraine 2245:captured 2189:1st Army 2185:7th Army 2015:was the 1956:and one 1954:Canadian 1952:, three 1948:, eight 1942:American 1863:Red Army 1815:and the 1656:Würzburg 1535:2nd Alps 1529:Nordwind 1471:Chastity 1464:Overlord 1416:Cerberus 1402:Sea Lion 1386:Adlertag 1360:1st Alps 1319:Boulogne 1275:Gembloux 1180:Wikinger 1097:American 1050:Dortmund 1028:Würzburg 813:Canadian 792:American 752:Strength 681:1st Army 676:7th Army 120:Fall of 116:victory 85:Location 8138:Shumshu 7905:Hungary 7852:Estonia 7836:Lapland 7814:Dragoon 7747:Neptune 7729:Ichi-Go 7695:Tempest 7637:Changde 7592:Cottage 7484:Jubilee 7200:Finland 7098:Compass 6804:Prelude 6757:Finland 6643:Vietnam 6609:Romania 6481:Germany 6460:Estonia 6446:Denmark 6425:Belgium 6418:Austria 6411:Albania 6342:Ireland 6328:Andorra 6312:Neutral 6279:Romania 6213:Hungary 6198:Finland 6070:Romania 5962:Finland 5940:Denmark 5886:Belgium 5872:Algeria 5578:Romania 5564:Hungary 5320:Pacific 5044:General 4998:Leaders 4983:Battles 4976:Outline 4779:3 March 4393:Leipzig 3837:– WW II 3296:Trieste 3280:Hamburg 3260:Staaken 3107:Bamberg 2891:Ohrdruf 2875:Bavaria 2871:Austria 2808:Denmark 2804:Jutland 2798:on the 2788:Leipzig 2694:Giessen 2690:Cologne 2667:Haltern 2665:around 2655:Dorsten 2330:Boppard 2253:Remagen 1991:(under 1946:British 1935:General 1901:on the 1854:On the 1837:Remagen 1739:Germany 1676:Hamburg 1646:TF Baum 1628:Varsity 1621:Plunder 1599:Cologne 1594:Remagen 1574:Grenade 1552:Germany 1518:Scheldt 1478:Dragoon 1374:Britain 1329:Dunkirk 1251:Belgium 1229:Zeeland 1102:British 1080:Hamburg 1065:Lippach 1007:TF Baum 980:Cologne 975:Remagen 960:Archway 953:Varsity 939:Plunder 925:Grenade 806:British 773:Initial 411:† 379:† 291:Hungary 258:Germany 240:Belgium 142:changes 102:Austria 46:of the 8115:Debate 8087:Taipei 8080:Borneo 7658:Tarawa 6852:Europe 6813:Africa 6602:Poland 6588:Norway 6567:Malaya 6546:Latvia 6488:Greece 6474:France 6370:Sweden 6335:Bhutan 6063:Poland 6049:Norway 6021:Mexico 5988:Greece 5974:France 5912:Canada 5893:Brazil 5863:Allies 5809:Serbia 5798:Poland 5571:Poland 5557:Baltic 5350:Europe 5052:Topics 5004:Allied 4856: 4837: 4796: 4767: 4720: 4701: 4682: 4634: 4613: 4442: 4395:, and 4389:Kassel 3933:"Heer" 3747:14 May 3382:Legacy 3312:Allied 3276:Bremen 3262:, and 3189:famine 3080:Danube 3044:Munich 3020:Torgau 2960:Coburg 2951:Weimar 2947:Erfurt 2796:Wismar 2792:Lübeck 2767:Speyer 2738:panzer 2718:Kassel 2671:Beckum 2613:panzer 2559:, and 2486:cannon 2374:Xanten 1958:Polish 1950:French 1907:Führer 1879:Berlin 1860:Soviet 1858:, the 1811:, the 1768:Baltic 1661:Kassel 1607:Gisela 1506:Aachen 1335:Dynamo 1324:Calais 1309:Saumur 1292:France 1280:La Lys 1263:Hannut 1044:Howard 1033:Kassel 988:Gisela 799:French 407: 375: 293: 261: 255: 237: 226:Poland 223: 212:Canada 209: 199:France 196: 183: 170: 114:Allied 109:Result 7891:Leyte 7721:Narva 7707:Anzio 7665:Makin 7623:Burma 7507:Torch 7476:Rzhev 7437:Kiska 6523:Korea 6509:Japan 6502:Italy 6384:Tibet 6363:Spain 6241:Italy 6002:Italy 5995:India 5919:China 5794:Japan 5394:Italy 5306:China 5258:Women 4882:from 4607:38–39 3404:Notes 3256:Gatow 2940:Mulde 2911:Leine 2895:Gotha 2630:Worms 2403:Wesel 2382:USAAF 2013:Mainz 1944:, 12 1743:Rhine 1523:Bulge 1512:Queen 1354:Paula 1348:Lille 1314:Arras 1299:Sedan 1269:David 7957:1945 7685:1944 7526:1943 7454:Blue 7444:Attu 7351:1942 7110:1941 6962:1940 6900:1939 6829:Asia 6676:POWs 6516:Jews 6234:Iraq 6160:Axis 6110:Tuva 5926:Cuba 5011:Axis 4854:ISBN 4835:ISBN 4822:2012 4794:ISBN 4781:2015 4765:OCLC 4718:ISBN 4699:ISBN 4680:ISBN 4650:2008 4632:ISBN 4611:ISBN 4582:2019 4550:2019 4520:2019 4440:ISBN 3749:2021 3278:and 3154:and 3084:Linz 3042:and 2979:Jena 2975:Harz 2949:and 2883:Alps 2794:and 2765:and 2686:Sieg 2571:and 2569:XIII 2563:and 2561:35th 2551:and 2549:30th 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Western Allied invasion of Germany

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