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for the cedar has fallen, Because the glorious trees have been destroyed; Wail, O oaks of Bashan, For the impenetrable Open your doors, Lebanon, so that fire may devour your cedar forests. Weep, you cypress trees, for all the ruined cedars; the most majestic ones have fallen. Weep, you oaks of Bashan, for the thick fo Open thy doors, O Lebanon, that the fire may devour thy cedars. Howl, fir tree; for the cedar is fallen; because the mighty are spoiled: howl, O ye oaks of Bashan; for the forest of the vintage is com
Lebanon, open your gates so fire may burn your cedar trees. Cry, pine trees, because the cedar has fallen, because the tall trees are ruined. Cry, oaks in Bashan, because the mighty forest has been cu Open thy doors, O Lebanon, that the fire may devour thy cedars. Wail, O fir-tree, for the cedar is fallen, because the goodly ones are destroyed: wail, O ye oaks of Bashan, for the strong forest is co Open your doors, Lebanon, so that fire may devour your cedars! Wail, you juniper, for the cedar has fallen; the stately trees are ruined! Wail, oaks of Bashan; the dense forest has been cut down! List Open your doors, O Lebanon, That fire may devour your cedars. Wail, O cypress, for the cedar has fallen, Because the mighty trees are ruined. Wail, O oaks of Bashan, For the thick forest has come down Open your doors, O Lebanon, That fire may devour your cedars. Wail, O cypress, for the cedar has fallen, Because the magnificent trees have been destroyed; Wail, O oaks of Bashan, For the inaccessible Open your doors, O Lebanon, that the fire may devour your cedars! Wail, O cypress, for the cedar has fallen, for the glorious trees are ruined! Wail, oaks of Bashan, for the thick forest has been fell
475:"They form a grove about a mile in circumference, which consists of some large cedars that are near to one another, a great number of young cedars and some pines. The great cedars, at some distance, look very like large spreading oaks; the bodies of the trees are short, dividing at the bottom into three or four limbs, some of which growing up together for about ten feet, appear something like thick Gothic columns, which seem to be composed of seven pillars, higher up they begin to spread horizontally: one that had the rounded body, tho' not the largest, measured twenty four feet in circumference, and another with a sort of triple body, as described above, and of a triangular figure, measured twelve feet on each side. The young cedars are not easily know they bear a greater quantity of fruit than the larger ones. The wood does not differ from white deal in appearance, nor does it seem to be harder; it has a fine smell, but not so fragrant as the juniper of America which is commonly called cedar; and it also falls short of it in beauty; I took a piece of the wood from a great tree that was blown down by the wind, and left there to rot; there are fifteen large ones standing. The Christians of several denominations near this place come here to celebrate the festival of the transfiguration, and have built altars against several of the large trees, on which they administer the sacrament. These trees are about half a mile to the north of the road to which we returned...”
460:“Sunday, May 9 The noble (cedar] trees grow amongst the snow near the highest part of Lebanon; and are remarkable as well as for their own age and largeness, as for those frequent allusions made to them in the word of God. Here are some of them very old, and of prodigious bulk; and others younger of a smaller size. Of the former I could reckon up only sixteen, and the latter are very numerous. I measured one of the largest, and found it twelve yards six inches in girt, and yet sound; and thirty seven yards in the spread of its boughs. At about five or six yards from the ground, it was divided into five limbs, each of which was equal to a great tree. After about half an hour spent surveying this place, the clouds began to thicken, and to fly along upon the ground; which so obscured the road, that my guide was very much at a loss to find our way back again. We rambled about for seven hours thus bewildered, which gave me no small fear of being forc'd to spend one night more on Libanus".
508:
modern growth, not more than nine of them showing any indications of a respectable antiquity, and covering only about three acres of ground. They stand on a ridge consisting of five mounds and two spurs running nearly east and west, as in the accompanying plan. The whole number of trees we estimated at about 355; their size has also been grossly exaggerated, none of them being over 80ft. high. The ground is covered with débris of cedar and white limestone, and in the centre of the clump is a hideous little building, a
Maronite chapel, the appointments of which are painfully poverty-stricken and inadequate. The trees have been lopped and otherwise maltreated, especially by the irrepressible tourist, who has been at infinite pains to cut his name on every available trunk. One tree, rather a large one, has a hole in it where a branch had broken away, and this has been enlarged into a chamber. They are scrubby scanty specimens, and not half so fine as may be seen in many an English park.
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434:“saw nothing higher, but only a small hill before us, all covered with snow, at the bottom whereof the high cedar trees were standing… And, although this hill hath, in former ages, been quite covered with cedars, yet they are since so decreased, that I could tell no more but twenty-four that stood round about in a circle and two others, the branches whereof are quite decayed for age. I also went about this place to look for young ones, but could find none at all".
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571:, the sick plants treated, and the ground fertilized, the "Committee of the Friends of the Cedar Forest" initiated a reforestation program in 1985. The Committee planted 200,000 cedars, with 180,000 surviving. These efforts will only be appreciable in a few decades due to the slow growth of cedars. In these areas the winter offers incredible scenery, and the trees are covered with a blanket of snow.
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difficult to count them, they being distant from each other a few paces. These the
Archbishop of Damascus has endeavored to prove to be the same that Solomon planted with his own hands in the quincunx manner as they now stand. No other tree grows in the valley in which they are situated and it is generally so covered with snow as to be only accessible in summer".
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Zechariah 11:1-3 Open your borders to the immigrants, proud
Lebanon! Your sentinel trees will burn. Weep, great pine trees! Mourn, you sister cedars! Your towering trees are cordwood. Weep Bashan oak trees! Your thick Open your doors, O Lebanon, That a fire may feed on your cedars. Wail, O cypress,
538:
Time, along with the exploitation of the wood and the effects of climate change, has led to a decrease in the number of cedar trees in
Lebanon. However, Lebanon is still widely known for its cedar tree history, as they are the emblem of the country and the symbol of the Lebanese flag. The remaining
507:
Descending by a steep zigzag path to the cedars, we pitched our camp and proceeded to examine the sacred and renowned grove, and could not repress a feeling of disappointment at its small extent, and the insignificant appearance of the trees. They consist of a little clump of trees of comparatively
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of the Virgin Mary, which is situated in the valley. Thence proceeding four miles up the mountain, he will arrive at the cedars, the
Maronites or the monks acting as guides. The cedars stand in a valley, and not on top of the mountain, and they are supposed to amount to 28 in number, though it is
379:
Over the centuries, cedar wood was exploited by the
Phoenicians, Egyptians, Israelites, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Romans, Arabs, and Turks. The Phoenicians used the Cedars for their merchant fleets. They needed timbers for their ships and the Cedar woods made them the “first sea trading
1141:"the Forest of the Cedars of God is the last vestige of antique forests and one of the rare sites where the Cedrus lebani still grows, one of the most valued construction materials in the antique world and cited 103 times in the Bible."
618:"Open thy doors, O Lebanon, that the fire may devour thy cedars. Howl, fir tree; for the cedar is fallen; because the mighty are spoiled: howl, O ye oaks of Bashan; for the forest of the vintage is come down." (Zechariah 11:1, 2)
543:, where the Cedars of God are found at an altitude of more than 2,000 metres (6,600 ft). Four trees have reached a height of 35 metres (115 ft), with their trunks reaching 12–14 metres (39–46 ft).
516:(often erroneously attributed to Queen Victoria of Great Britain, as Augusta Victoria was Queen of Prussia and hence ‘Queen Victoria’) to protect saplings from browsing by goats. Nevertheless, during
445:"It is a Fobbery to say, that if one reckon the Cedars of Mount Lebanon twice, he shall have a different number, for in all, great and small, there is neither more or less than twenty three of them".
1243:
364:
It was once said that a battle occurred between the demigods and the humans over the beautiful and divine forest of Cedar trees near southern
Mesopotamia. This forest, once protected by the
372:, was completely bared of its trees when humans entered its grounds 4700 years ago, after winning the battle against the guardians of the forest, the demigods. The story also tells that
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nation in the world”. The
Egyptians used cedar resin for the mummification process and the cedar wood for some of “their first hieroglyph bearing rolls of papyrus”. In the
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From the 19th century onwards, the number of writers recording their visits increased substantially, and the number of cedars counted by the writers was in hundreds.
512:
Concern for the protection of the biblical "cedars of God" goes back to 1876, when the 102-hectare (250-acre) grove was surrounded by a high stone wall, paid for by
275:
the trees for centuries. The earliest documented references of the Cedars of God are found in
Tablets 4-6 of the great Epic of Gilgamesh, six days walk from Uruk.
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The forest is rigorously protected. It is possible to tour if escorted by an authorized guide. After a preliminary phase in which the land was cleared of
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trees survive in mountainous areas, where they are the dominant tree species. This is the case on the slopes of Mount Makmel that tower over the
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956:
H. Maundrell, A journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem at Easter A.D. 1697, reprinted Beirut: Khayats 1963, p.191; also 6th ed. Oxford, 1740, p.142
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Richard Pococke, Observations on Palestine or the Holy Land, Syria, Mesopotamia, Cyprus and Candia, Vol.2 p.104-105, 1745, London: W. Bowyer
624:"The priest shall take cedarwood and hyssop and scarlet stuff, and cast them into the midst of the burning of the heifer" (Numbers 19:6)
1271:
Anderson, Mary Perle. “The Cedar of Lebanon.” Torreya, vol. 8, no. 12, 1908, pp. 287–292. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40594656.
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K.H. Dannenfeldt, Leonard Rauwolff, sixteenth century physician, botanist and traveler, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1970
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P. Belon, De Arboribus Coniferis. 1553, p.4, quoted by J. C. Loudon, Arboretum and Fruticetum. London, 1844, vol.4, p.2409
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in antiquity. All early modern travelers' accounts of the wild cedars appear to refer to the ones in Bsharri; the
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were once shaded by thick cedar forests and the tree is the symbol of the country. After centuries of persistent
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646:"The trees of the Lord are watered abundantly, the cedars of Lebanon that he planted." (Psalm 104:16 NRSV)
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All early modern travelers' accounts of the wild cedars of Lebanon appear to refer to the Bsharri cedars.
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claimed these forests as an imperial domain, and destruction of the cedar forests was temporarily halted.
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965:
De La Roque, J., Voyage de Syrie et du Mont Liban, quoted in Gentleman's Magazine 2nd series vol.4 p. 578
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visited the place during his travel in Lebanon (1832–33), mentioning the cedars in some texts. In 1871,
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627:"The voice of the Lord breaks the cedars; the Lord breaks in pieces the cedars of Lebanon" (Psalm 29:5)
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visited the area in 1550, making him the first modern traveler to identify the Cedars of God in his ‘’
636:"Behold, I will liken you to a cedar in Lebanon, with fair branches and forest shade" (Ezekiel 31:3)
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633:"I will put in the wilderness the cedar, the acacia, the myrtle, and the olive" (Isaiah 41: 19)
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cedar as plentiful as the sycamore-fig trees in the foothills. (1 Kings 10:27, NIV, excerpt)
630:"The righteous flourish like the palm tree and grow like the cedar in Lebanon" (Psalm 92:12)
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621:"He moves his tail like a cedar; The sinews of his thighs are tightly knit." (Job 40:17)
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1094:"Lebanon's Christians feel the heat of climate change in its sacred forest and valley"
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The Lebanon Cedar is mentioned 103 times in the Bible. In the Hebrew text it is named
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Levantine Adventurer: The Travels and Missions of the Chevalier d'Arvieux 1653-1697.
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before them, whose height was like the height of the cedars" (Amos 2:9)
418:“At a considerable height up the mountains the traveler arrives at the
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1045:"UNESCO World Heritage Committee Adds 30 Sites to World Heritage List"
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1268:." Arnoldia: The magazine of the Arnold Arboretum 65.1 (2007): 26–35.
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1069:"Committee of Friends of Arz (Cedar) Forest | Lebanon Biodiversity"
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Jean de Thévenot, Voyage du Levant, part 1, p.221, 443 (1664)
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884:"Welcome to Our Lady Of Lebanon Maronite Church's Homepage"
1026:"Climate Change Closes in on Lebanon's Iconic Cedar Trees"
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361:, the extent of these forests has been markedly reduced.
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Christian monks of the monasteries in the Kadisha Valley
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and the Forest of the Cedars of God (Horsh Arz el-Rab)
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Thomas Hutton Balfour (1885). "Cedar-tree of Lebanon (
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1244:"The Bsharré Cedars of Lebanon as seen by Travellers"
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456:in 1697 counted 16 trees of the “very old” type:
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520:, British troops used cedar to build railroads.
256:, is one of the last vestiges of the extensive
1005:Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement
318:timber. The Egyptians valued their timber for
1257:Aiello, Anthony S., and Michael S. Dosmann. "
854:
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551:In 1998, the Cedars of God were added to the
326:their timber was used to construct railways.
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1198:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 227.
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1259:The quest for the Hardy Cedar-of-lebanon
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608:and in the Greek text (LXX) it is named
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430:followed in 1573-75, counting 24 trees:
333:
1096:. Earthbeat, National Catholic Reporter
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514:Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein
244:"Cedars of the Lord"), located in the
583:Biblical and other ancient references
338:1553 sketch of the Cedars of God, in
215:Cedars of God (West and Central Asia)
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16:UNESCO World Heritage Site in Lebanon
1251:Archaeology & History in Lebanon
1092:Chehayeb, Kareem (8 December 2023).
186:Location of Cedars of God in Lebanon
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595:appears in several sections of the
388:procured cedar timber to build the
376:used cedar wood to build his city.
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13:
1282:Lebanon eco-tourism: Cedars of God
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471:provided a detailed description.
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14:
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1007:. Palestine exploration fund: 106
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503:described the cedars as follows:
218:Show map of West and Central Asia
1196:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
1194:. In David Noel Freedman (ed.).
1001:"Notes of a Tour in the Lebanon"
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467:in 1722 found 20 trees. In 1738
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1116:"The Epic of Gilgamesh: Themes"
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1043:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
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834:"Lebanon Cedar - Cedrus libani"
1332:Tourist attractions in Lebanon
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452:in 1660 counted 20 trees; and
67:Wadi Qadisha (the Holy Valley)
1:
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735:Al Shouf Cedar Nature Reserve
593:ancient Mesopotamian religion
1049:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
414:’’. Belon counted 28 trees:
7:
1190:Megan Bishop Moore (2000).
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530:, a story about the place.
441:counted 23 trees in 1655:
20:Forest of the Cedars of God
10:
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614:. Example verses include:
501:Palestine Exploration Fund
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27:UNESCO World Heritage Site
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120:646 ha (1,600 acres)
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740:List of individual trees
526:came in 1922 and wrote,
82:Cultural: (iii)(iv)
1158:The Plants of the Bible
860:"Tourism @ Lebanon.com"
112:10.2 ha (25 acres)
1317:Environment of Lebanon
1163:Thomas Nelson and Sons
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148:34.24500°N 36.04806°E
997:Palmer, Edward Henry
557:World Heritage Sites
483:Diagram as drawn in
400:Early modern history
264:that thrived across
1073:lb.test.chm-cbd.net
547:World Heritage Site
497:Edward Henry Palmer
487:'s 1871 description
485:Edward Henry Palmer
390:Temple in Jerusalem
190:Show map of Lebanon
144: /
21:
1337:Tourism in Lebanon
1307:Forests of Lebanon
1302:Old-growth forests
1264:2023-03-29 at the
986:, p. 100-105.
730:Garden of the Gods
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153:34.24500; 36.04806
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1327:Epic of Gilgamesh
1205:978-90-5356-503-2
1176:978-1-4400-8073-9
809:on 12 August 2015
803:"Cedars for Ever"
639:"I destroyed the
597:Epic of Gilgamesh
450:Laurent d'Arvieux
353:The mountains of
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1153:Cedrus libani
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890:on 2009-06-02
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1342:Oldest trees
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1233:Bibliography
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1134:
1123:. Retrieved
1119:
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1098:. Retrieved
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1052:. Retrieved
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1009:. Retrieved
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916:
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892:. Retrieved
888:the original
863:. Retrieved
837:. Retrieved
811:. Retrieved
807:the original
782:. Retrieved
779:"The Cedars"
601:
589:Cedar Forest
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412:Observations
408:Pierre Belon
406:
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363:
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342:Observations
341:
320:shipbuilding
277:
241:
230:
228:
1165:. pp.
1100:24 December
984:Hepper 2001
909:Hepper 2001
761:Hepper 2001
518:World War I
296:Babylonians
280:Phoenicians
242:Arz ar-Rabb
151: /
126:Coordinates
100:1998 (22nd
97:Inscription
1291:Categories
1161:. London:
1125:2023-08-01
1120:SparkNotes
1078:2023-08-01
1054:2023-08-01
1011:2022-12-18
746:References
284:Israelites
139:36°02′53″E
136:34°14′42″N
420:Monastery
374:Gilgamesh
292:Assyrians
288:Egyptians
273:venerated
239:أرز الربّ
87:Reference
1262:Archived
1242:(2001).
999:(1871).
724:See also
569:detritus
555:list of
366:Sumerian
316:Lebanese
300:Persians
78:Criteria
44:Location
1192:"Cedar"
1030:NPR.org
894:19 July
865:19 July
839:19 July
813:19 July
784:19 July
654:Gallery
641:Amorite
499:of the
394:Hadrian
386:Solomon
355:Lebanon
330:History
260:of the
258:forests
254:Lebanon
250:Bsharre
102:Session
91:850-002
71:Bsharri
63:Part of
57:Lebanon
49:Bsharri
1297:Cedrus
1202:
1173:
1139:UNESCO
611:κέδρου
553:UNESCO
528:Yamilé
310:, and
304:Romans
235:Arabic
1247:(PDF)
1169:–27.
382:Bible
370:Enlil
314:used
312:Turks
308:Arabs
1200:ISBN
1171:ISBN
1155:)".
1102:2023
896:2016
867:2016
841:2016
815:2016
786:2016
587:The
368:god
278:The
229:The
109:Area
605:ארז
599:.
591:of
248:of
1293::
1249:.
1167:21
1118:.
1071:.
1047:.
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875:^
849:^
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384:,
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233:(
104:)
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