122:
150:
262:
217:
1282:(GM 23), and took the hill on 1 April. A 105 mm howitzer and a 4.2-inch mortar were emplaced on the hilltop as an improvised fire base. With Hill 1663 as a refuge for the besieged forces on Ban Na, BC 606 was ordered to direct a rescue march toward Ban Na on 3 April. As they lined up for the attack, a Phantom II dropped a 2,000-pound bomb on them. The friendly fire incident killed 16 Thais, including BC 605's commanding officer, and a company commander from BC 606. As a result of this accident, which aborted the relief expedition, it was decided to attach a
163:
138:
195:
1329:. Yet the North Vietnamese were poised on the brink of victory; they had at least two more months dry weather for staging their attacks on Long Tieng, and they held the entire Plain of Jars for a staging area. To survive, the Hmong guerrillas had to at least wage limited spoiling offensives. Not only that, the Hmong Council of Elders had to be reassured that he was still fighting, lest the Elders provoke a migration of the community away from the war.
251:
179:
1274:
bomb North
Vietnam. Instead, BC 605 and BC 606 were tasked with seizing Hill 1663, four kilometers southwest of Ban Na. On 29 March, they lined up on the landing zone for insertion into a landing zone at the foot of Hill 1663. Forty troopers from BC 605 deserted rather than load up; they walked back to Long Tieng. The dutiful Thai troops were stalled at the base of the hill after they landed, fended off by a lightly manned PAVN defense.
1001:
40:
1240:(BC 606), landed at Long Tieng. Fending off Vang Pao's notion that the Thai units should be reduced to platoon-size reinforcements for Hmong guerrillas units, the CIA advisers lumped the newly arrived battalions together with the two battalions on Skyline Ridge as Task Force Singha. BCs 605 and 606 swept north to Sam Thong with little opposition.
1430:(BG 224) was lifted in to occupy Lat Sen. GM 22 continued through Lat Sen to Phou Theung, which was vacant of Communist troops. Two 105 mm howitzers were airlifted into the base of Phou Theung to support an assault. However, on 18 June, a PAVN infantry counterattack destroyed the guns. The PAVN then lapsed into inactivity.
1229:(BG 308) on 6 March. BG 318 refused its duties for two days until they were paid their overdue salaries. BG 308 retreated to Long Tieng with a bill of complaints. They were appeased by relief of their commanding officer and the elevation of his deputy. Only after those matters were settled did the guerrillas resume operations.
889:. Using aerial mobility to outmaneuver the Communists, the Royalists managed to stave off defeat until the Vietnamese had to withdraw due to lack of supplies. As the Communist offensive wilted, Vang Pao was pressured by his backers in Washington, D.C. to ramp down operations to encourage peace talks to settle the war.
1425:
By 12 June, the hilltop position at Phou Louang had been captured by GM 22, and a fire support base set up on its summit. BC 604 and two 105 mm howitzers were airlifted in to extend the artillery's range onto the Plain to the northwest. GM 22 joined GM 21 to overrun the village and airstrip at
1416:
Vang Pao rendered lip service to
Washington's desires. However, the U.S. Embassy, which actually controlled the Laotian Civil War and were closer to its realities, sympathized with Vang Pao. He sold them on the necessity for a limited counter-offensive to establish a viable defensive line. In turn,
1361:
On 1 May 1971, GM 21 was helilifted out of Ban Pa Dong ten kilometers north to Khang Kho. On 3 May, GM 22 was lifted into Ban Pa Dong as replacements. The two guerrilla regiments were now poised to move on the Lat Sen airstrip and to link up with GM 23 to take the mountaintop positions at Phou Seu,
1344:(BC 609), relieved the troops at Hill 1663. At Phou Long Mat, two fresh battalions, BC 603 and BC 607, extended their position two kilometers further northwards by capturing Hill 1900 from the PAVN. On 23 April, Hmong guerrillas were landed northwest of Phou Phasai to besiege the PAVN on the hill.
1273:
However, the Thai artillery strongpoint at Ban Na had come under siege during the opening of
Campaign 74B. Now the 165th Regiment from the 312th Division joined the attack. However, weather was not the only hindrance to close air support for the Thais; U.S. tactical air was also being diverted to
1258:
On 19 March, BC 605 and BC 606 were helilifted into the Tha Tham Bleung Valley; their objective was nearby Ban
Hintang. The next day, GM 31 reached the bank of the Nam Ngum. BC 605 and BC 606 would have no such luck in achieving their objective. They clashed twice with the PAVN before withdrawing
1138:
for the Thais, the North
Vietnamese moved in heavy machine guns ringing the site for antiaircraft defense. They then shelled the encircled Thais with 85 mm and 122 mm artillery rounds. They also shelled a second Thai artillery position on Zebra Ridge, as well as a Thai infantry position
1459:; he was informed that Vang Pao had only given notice of that offensive move after it was in progress. Nevertheless, both the State Department and CIA Headquarters were uneasy about King Sisavang Vatthana and Prime Minister Souvanna Phouma pushing Vang Pao into an unacceptably risky offensive.
1073:
base at Ban Padong to recuperate from service in
Operation Counterpunch. A third partisan regiment, GM 22, was stationed near Tha Tham Bleung. The Thai mercenaries were nearing the end of their year's assignment in Laos—this fact would have its effect on the unfolding tactical situation.
1374:
into North
Vietnam. The 148th PAVN Regiment hung on and formed a pocket of resistance near Phousai, one of several. Some of the retreating PAVN troops subjected nearby Bouamlong to an intense but unsuccessful assault. Three Pathet Lao battalions were left to maintain a Communist presence near
1421:
to interdict the
Communist supply line, Route 7. On 3 June, a battalion from GM 21 was helicoptered from Khang Kho to the base of Phou Seu to attack that Communist strongpoint. Eight other Hmong guerrilla battalions swept north and east onto the Plain, capturing Communist supply caches.
1433:
On 24 June, BC 609 was transferred via air from Hill 1663 to Phou Theung, freeing GM 22 to move eastward to interdict Route 4. GM 21 and BG 224 were directed eight kilometers northeastward to occupy Lat Houang and the adjacent intersection of Routes 4 and 5. The newly formed
1369:
In mid-May 1971, GM 31 finally cleared the last platoon of PAVN troops from Zebra Ridge, near Long Tieng. On 21 May, it marched to Long Tieng, to be flown back to MR 3 two days later. By the end of May, the PAVN units of the 316th began to slowly recede back upon their
1161:
While the
Communist battalion tied up the guerrilla regiment, 1st Company of the 27th Dac Cong Battalion infiltrated past those Royalists. Beginning at midnight 13 February, Dac Cong commandos took the major guerrilla base at Long Tieng under fire with a DK-82
1025:
battalions, backed by artillery and tanks. The major difference was that all, not part, of the 312th
Division had participated in Campaign 139. Another difference was the shortage of ammunition for the PAVN caused by air interdiction of Communist supply lines.
1255:(BC 602). The newly arrived battalions were directed against Phou Tham Seh, a high point three kilometers north of Skyline Ridge. Despite being overburdened with weighty weaponry, drenched by rain, and chilled by freezing nights, they took the ridge.
1277:
On 1 April, GM 31 was withdrawn from its quiet sector on the bank of the Nam Ngum; its new position was eight kilometers east of Sam Thong, protecting its flank. That same day, the Royalists assaulting Hill 1663 were reinforced by troops from
1197:
women and children were killed; 170 wounded. A munitions dump, a mess hall, the CIA dormitory, all were struck. Vang Pao landed back at Long Tieng in the wake of this dispiriting disaster. Also arriving were two Thai mercenary battalions,
1454:
At this point, Vang Pao's limited offensive had extended his defensive positions to the edge of the Plain, with artillery fire reaching out onto the Plain. Phou Theung had been captured without seeking agreed upon advance approval from
1012:
in the Laotian Civil War. Campaign 74B was the second combined arms assault, though somewhat fewer troops were allotted for 74B. The PAVN units for 74B had previously fought in Campaign 139 over the same ground. They consisted of the
1089:(7th AF) committed 48 daily sorties, with 12 more held ready as a quick reaction force. This was a sharp contrast to the 200 sorties per day of U.S. tactical air that had been available just a few months prior during
1097:
promulgated a designated battle area (DBA) containing the Communist units threatening Long Tieng. The main Communist gun parks and troop staging areas could be bombed by jets using all-weather methods under
1102:(IFR) in certain areas. Communist bases on the Plain of Jars, down to Ban Ban, and east along Route 7 to the North Vietnamese border were free fire zones. All other air strikes would be under the existing
1174:
and began shelling Long Tieng. For the first time ever, the PAVN fired 122 mm and 140 mm rockets at the base. The chaotic situation was not helped by Vang Pao's overnight absence in
1336:(GMs) pushed 15 kilometers southeast from Ban Pa Dong to settle upon Pha Phai. In the midst of all this, Thai mercenary units still had to be rotated. On 20 April, two fresh Thai battalions,
1386:
Hugh Tovar submitted a proposal on this to Headquarters. He was advised to be circumspect, as the U.S. Senate was about to be briefed in closed session about military activities in Laos.
1217:(GM 31) was tasked with sweeping north from Skyline Ridge overlooking Long Tieng. They swept north toward the refugee center at Sam Thong. However, the operation's start was delayed by
1389:
Vang Pao now had the month of June before the U.S. tactical air power available to him would drastically diminish. He also had problematic military politics to consider. General
1297:(BI 14) atop Phou Long Mat, suffering middling casualties in the process. The loss of Ban Na relieved the last impediment to Communist control southeast of the Plain of Jars.
1166:. This threat to the vital Royalist stronghold was diversion for another element of Dac Cong. This latter element had circled to move in from the south, headed toward the
1860:
307:
961:
directed a series of offensives dependent on air superiority blasting a way for his guerrillas. The Communists staged their own counteroffensives. Vang Pao's
1142:
Foul weather, unusual for February, hindered flight operations. Taking advantage of the cloud cover, a battalion from the 866th Independent Regiment and a
1293:
At 2100 hours on 6 April, with Vang Pao's consent, the besieged Thais abandoned Ban Na. However, instead of fleeing to Hill 1663, they moved south toward
1209:
With the PAVN onslaught moving southwestwards of the PDJ towards the Hmong heartland, Vang Pao thought of a diversionary effort east of the PDJ a la
1347:
By the end of April, the hilltop stronghold of Phou Phasai had fallen to the Royalist guerrillas. That same day, the PAVN ended Operation 74B.
1213:. Instead, his CIA backers supplied him with a guerrilla regiment imported from Military Region 3 to the south. Landed on 28 February 1971,
1247:
at Sam Thong to resume moving towards its objective, the Nam Ngum (Ngum River). On 15 March, Task Force Singha gained two more Thai units,
901:
general compromised by staging an "active defense" of limited spoiling counterattacks to regain ground in the aftermath of Campaign 74B.
300:
1123:
On 2 February 1971, the PAVN rained down a barrage of artillery fire on the Neutralists at the Moung Soui air base. Five of the PAVN
1045:; they also manned four separate artillery positions for fire support. One of these artillery units, at Ban Na, was also occupied by
293:
741:
1833:
1093:. There was a concerted effort to more efficiently use such U.S. air power as was received. For air strike control, the U.S.
1397:(RLA). Abrams favored Vang Pao's fighting a holding action while awaiting a ceasefire. Vang Pao knew that his hodge podge
874:
during Operation 74B, the Communists attackers managed to penetrate deeply enough to fire upon the main guerrilla base at
1266:(BA 635) arrived to relieve the artillery positions on Zebra Ridge and the western end of Skyline Ridge. Brown smog from
1442:, was committed and ended its sweep by occupying Phou Seu on 29 June 1971. Three days later another newly trained unit,
1825:
1810:
1795:
1780:
1155:
330:
957:(PAVN) regulars. During 1969 and 1970, a series of seesaw battles were fought on and around the PDJ. Hmong General
1401:
army of tribal guerrillas and Thai mercenaries were the last Royalist fighting forces in the Kingdom. And with a
1325:. His American backers were urging him to go on the defensive as a means of aiding peace negotiations to end the
1127:
tanks closed for an assault. By 0600 hours 3 February, BI 17 was fleeing their stronghold, abandoning four 75mm
637:
921:. Laotian neutrality called for a ban on foreign military forces save for a French advisory mission. However,
436:
1146:
of 41st Dac Cong Battalion moved down the Nam Bleung Valley. On 7 February, they struck GM 22. With the huge
1107:
1309:
tactical air allotment had been temporarily increased to 60 daily sorties to support his operation, he knew
1061:. Then there were three guerrilla regiments available for mobile operations. A Royalist guerrilla regiment,
172:
1375:
Bouamlong by the end of May, and the PAVN retained launching points near Long Tieng for future offensives.
1417:
they told Washington that Vang Pao planned an "active defense". With embassy backing, he parachuted in 45
1409:
could stand off a combined arms assault by PAVN regulars. Yet with the RLA regulars no longer waging war,
992:, fought from 26 September 1969 through 7 January 1971, barely kept the Royal Lao Government in the war.
954:
950:
843:
476:
89:
1855:
1439:
1382:
John Irwin visited Long Tieng. While he was there, Vang Pao briefed him on an offensive being planned.
1210:
539:
408:
893:
would soon cut his tactical air support still further. Yet the Communists were still poised to finish
1379:
1054:
735:
1042:
1018:
1014:
855:
714:
707:
644:
458:
233:
985:, running from 13 September 1969 to 25 April 1970, which nearly won them the war. The aptly named
1371:
1099:
810:
574:
518:
850:. The Communist offensive, if successful, would knock the last remaining fighting troops of the
285:
1283:
989:
789:
761:
553:
463:
357:
336:
1402:
1314:
1306:
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796:
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775:
686:
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497:
420:
352:
1356:
753:
728:
700:
679:
616:
602:
595:
525:
370:
1270:
clogged the atmosphere, inhibiting the use of such little air support that was available.
8:
1103:
1078:
970:
966:
910:
886:
817:
483:
346:
274:
1773:
At War in the Shadow of Vietnam: U.S. Military Aid to the Royal Lao Government 1955–1975
1081:(RLAF), backed by an all out effort by their Air Commando advisers, doubled their daily
1398:
1143:
768:
623:
560:
546:
532:
490:
431:
414:
401:
395:
382:
363:
342:
1829:
1821:
1806:
1791:
1776:
1761:
1326:
1322:
1244:
1167:
1151:
1135:
938:
918:
847:
746:
693:
665:
651:
609:
426:
376:
318:
27:
1801:
Dommen, Arthur J. (1995). Chapter 1. Historical Setting. Savada, Andrea Matles, ed.
1418:
1405:
in trying to hold fixed positions with guerrillas, he knew there was little chance
1390:
1383:
1190:
1163:
1070:
962:
922:
672:
469:
1022:
242:
1456:
1267:
1218:
1206:(BC 604) which were stationed on Skyline Ridge to ward off the Dac Cong sappers.
1171:
1037:. They occupied three static positions in and around the vital guerrilla base of
914:
851:
1134:
The Communists next attacked a Thai artillery position at Ban Na. To discourage
1394:
1310:
1194:
1186:
1170:'s villa; they destroyed a 105 mm howitzer near it. The Dac Cong set up a
1004:
The Plain of Jars, the location of Campaign 74B, is marked by the blue shading.
946:
898:
890:
824:
630:
567:
446:
441:
1185:
If the paucity of air support were not problematic enough, on 14 February, an
1094:
1077:
An important constituent of the Royalist strength was tactical air power. The
862:—attacked during a period of slackened tactical air support for General
1849:
1393:, U.S. Army (USA), had more clout in Washington, D.C. than General Vang Pao,
1086:
1009:
942:
871:
452:
200:
127:
103:
69:
45:
842:(2 February–30 April 1971) was a major combined arms offensive by the
1318:
982:
721:
511:
389:
143:
1840:
Back Fire: The CIA's Secret War in Laos and Its Link to the War in Vietnam
1765:
1753:. Center for the Study of Intelligence. Classified control no. C05303949.
803:
31:
1305:
General Vang Pao now found himself in a strategic dilemma. Although his
1058:
1038:
986:
926:
875:
870:
was being waged at the same time. Having captured the highly strategic
658:
73:
1034:
882:
1029:
Poised to fend off any attack was Task Force Vang Pao, a reinforced
1363:
1128:
1090:
1030:
978:
958:
863:
854:
out of the war, ensuring the Vietnamese conquest of Laos. The PAVN
504:
250:
221:
184:
1000:
315:
39:
1158:
suddenly rated only 24 sorties of tactical air support per day.
1106:, which included targets being acquired, marked and directed by
1082:
859:
1842:. Simon & Schuster, 1995. ISBNs 0684802929, 9780684802923.
1017:, the 866th Independent Regiment, the 165th Regiment from the
1175:
1124:
155:
1818:
The Ravens: The Men Who Flew in America's Secret War in Laos
1259:
southward on 27 March to friendly positions on Zebra Ridge.
981:. The Communists retaliated with the massive combined arms
261:
216:
168:
77:
1232:
On 3 March, two more offensive Thai mercenary battalions,
1313:
would slash that quota on 1 July. The U.S. belief that
1243:
On 9 and 10 March, BG 308 was helicoptered back to its
925:
troops had settled in northeastern Laos to support a
1751:
Undercover Armies: CIA and Surrogate Warfare in Laos
1110:operating from Long Tieng's 20 Alternate airfield.
48:, the location of Campaign 74B, highlighted in blue
1805:. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress.
1756:Anthony, Victor B. and Richard R. Sexton (1993).
953:(CIA) and backed by air power fought it out with
1847:
1332:On 18 April 1971, two battalions from two Hmong
1154:on 8 February in southern Laos, the fighting in
1861:Battles and operations of the Laotian Civil War
937:A major theater of battle during the resulting
1290:(BC 604) reinforced the Hill 1663 stronghold.
102:People's Army of Vietnam temporarily captures
1674:
1672:
1057:(FAN) garrisoned the forward fighter base at
301:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
913:led to the establishment of the independent
1786:Conboy, Kenneth and James Morrison (1995).
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
858:—reinforced by artillery, tanks, and
1690:
1669:
1118:
308:
294:
38:
1717:
1655:
1632:
1587:
1008:Campaign 139 had marked the first use of
1788:Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos
1540:
1221:among the troops. Desertions began from
999:
1262:Meanwhile, during the furor of battle,
1848:
1069:(GM 21) had been stationed at the old
1446:(BC 610), garrisoned the twin peaks.
1300:
881:Disaster was staved off by importing
289:
1696:Conboy, Morrison, pp. 298–299.
1678:Conboy, Morrison, pp. 299–300.
1652:Conboy, Morrison, pp. 297–299.
1629:Conboy, Morrison, pp. 295–296.
1584:Conboy, Morrison, pp. 294–295.
1566:Conboy, Morrison, pp. 248–249.
1537:Conboy, Morrison, pp. 265–277.
1528:Conboy, Morrison, pp. 247–260.
1519:Conboy, Morrison, pp. 210–217.
1438:(GM 24), accompanied by CIA adviser
1510:Conboy, Morrison, pp. 201–208
1286:to each Thai battalion. Meanwhile,
1178:, Thailand; the Hmong partisans of
13:
995:
14:
1872:
1760:. Command for Air Force History.
1413:was the Kingdom's last defense.
1150:offensive beginning against the
897:, and could not be ignored. The
742:1973 Laotian coup d'Ă©tat attempt
260:
249:
215:
193:
177:
161:
148:
136:
120:
1731:
1708:
1699:
1681:
1646:
1623:
1614:
1605:
1578:
1569:
1560:
1193:on civilian dependents. Thirty
1113:
1065:(GM 23), was stationed nearby.
1611:Anthony, Sexton, pp. 310, 341.
1531:
1522:
1513:
1504:
1495:
1486:
1477:
1468:
88:After a successful offensive,
60:2 February–30 April 1971
1:
1749:Ahern, Thomas L. Jr. (2006),
1743:
1317:was best followed by ongoing
1108:Raven Forward Air Controllers
969:were countered by the PAVN's
932:
1816:Robbins, Christopher (1987)
1350:
973:. Vang Pao struck back with
885:troops from the neighboring
317:Military engagements of the
7:
1771:Castle, Timothy N. (1993).
1620:Robbins, pp. 323–332.
951:Central Intelligence Agency
904:
10:
1877:
1449:
1354:
1211:Operation Counterpunch III
1182:depended upon his orders.
949:guerrillas trained by the
237:866th Independent Regiment
173:Forces Armées Neutralistes
156:People's Republic of China
1737:Ahern, pp. 427–428.
1728:Conboy, Morrison, p. 300.
1666:Conboy, Morrison, p. 298.
1602:Conboy, Morrison, p. 297.
1557:Conboy, Morrison, p. 295.
1380:Undersecretary of Defense
1055:Forces Armee Neutralistes
331:North Vietnamese invasion
328:
227:
206:
113:
52:
37:
25:
20:
1758:The War in Northern Laos
1714:Anthony, Sexton, p. 343.
1643:Conboy, Morrison, p. 296
1575:Anthony, Sexton, p. 341.
1474:Castle, pp. 7–12, 15–18.
1462:
1321:strikes further cut his
1264:Bataillon Artillerie 635
1053:(BI 17) from the allied
955:People's Army of Vietnam
844:People's Army of Vietnam
459:Battle of Ban Houei Sane
437:1966 Laotian coup d'Ă©tat
278:Bataillon Artillerie 635
90:People's Army of Vietnam
1428:Bataillon Guerrilla 224
1372:lines of communications
1295:Bataillon Infanterie 14
1119:The Communist offensive
1100:Instrument Flight Rules
1051:Bataillon Infanterie 17
1047:Bataillon Infanterie 15
909:The French loss of the
280:Bataillon Infanterie 17
266:Bataillon Infanterie 15
1444:Bataillon Commando 610
1342:Bataillon Commando 609
1338:Bataillon Commando 608
1288:Bataillon Commando 604
1253:Bataillon Commando 602
1249:Bataillon Commando 601
1238:Bataillon Commando 606
1234:Bataillon Commando 605
1227:Bataillon Guerrier 308
1223:Bataillon Guerrier 318
1204:Bataillon Commando 604
1200:Bataillon Commando 603
1189:inadvertently dropped
1005:
990:Operation Counterpunch
945:(PDJ). There Royalist
919:1954 Geneva Agreements
464:Battle of Lima Site 85
358:Battle of Luang Namtha
207:Commanders and leaders
1803:Laos: A Country Study
1315:Operation Lam Son 719
1307:Operation Barrel Roll
1148:Operation Lam Son 719
1003:
975:Operation Off Balance
868:Operation Lam Son 719
353:Battle of Ban Pa Dong
1436:Groupement Mobile 24
1403:decade of experience
1357:Battles of Bouamlong
1280:Groupement Mobile 23
1215:Groupement Mobile 31
1139:atop Phou Long Mat.
1067:Groupement Mobile 21
1063:Groupement Mobile 23
638:Sourisak Montry VIII
272:Groupement Mobile 22
270:Groupement Mobile 21
268:Groupement Mobile 23
1411:L'Armee Clandestine
1407:L'Armee Clandestine
1180:L'Armee Clandestine
1104:rules of engagement
1079:Royal Lao Air Force
1019:312th PAVN Division
1015:316th PAVN Division
971:Campaign Toan Thang
967:Operation Raindance
911:First Indochina War
895:L'Armee Clandestine
887:Kingdom of Thailand
866:'s guerrilla army;
347:Battle of Vientiane
275:Royal Lao Air Force
255:Task Force Vang Pao
1483:Dommen, pp. 30–34.
1334:Groupement Mobiles
1301:Vang Pao's dilemma
1006:
846:(PAVN) during the
432:Battles of Nakhang
415:1965 Laotian coups
396:1964 Laotian coups
343:1960 Laotian coups
1856:Laotian Civil War
1834:978-0-517-56612-1
1790:. Paladin Press.
1501:Warner, pp. 44–47
1327:Laotian Civil War
1323:close air support
1284:forward air guide
1245:line of departure
1191:cluster munitions
1152:Ho Chi Minh Trail
1136:close air support
1043:Military Region 2
939:Laotian Civil War
848:Laotian Civil War
834:
833:
477:Junction City Jr.
427:Battle of Nam Bac
377:Battle of Lak Sao
320:Laotian Civil War
284:
283:
257:Task Force Singha
109:
108:
28:Laotian Civil War
1868:
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1493:
1490:
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1481:
1475:
1472:
1419:Commando Raiders
1391:Creighton Abrams
1384:Chief of Station
1164:recoilless rifle
1071:Project Momentum
963:Operation Pigfat
923:North Vietnamese
540:Honorable Dragon
323:
321:
310:
303:
296:
287:
286:
265:
264:
254:
253:
220:
219:
199:
197:
196:
183:
181:
180:
167:
165:
164:
154:
152:
151:
142:
140:
139:
126:
124:
123:
54:
53:
42:
18:
17:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1846:
1845:
1838:Warner, Roger.
1746:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1705:Castle, p. 111.
1704:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1670:
1665:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1457:Henry Kissinger
1452:
1362:in a repeat of
1359:
1353:
1303:
1268:swidden farming
1219:insubordination
1121:
1116:
1023:Dac Cong sapper
998:
996:Order of battle
935:
915:Kingdom of Laos
907:
852:Kingdom of Laos
837:
836:
835:
830:
736:Phou Phiang III
324:
319:
316:
314:
279:
277:
273:
271:
269:
267:
259:
258:
256:
248:
243:Dac Cong sapper
240:
238:
236:
214:
194:
192:
191:
187:
178:
176:
175:
171:
162:
160:
149:
147:
146:
137:
135:
134:
130:
121:
119:
98:
80:
43:
12:
11:
5:
1874:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1844:
1843:
1836:
1814:
1799:
1784:
1769:
1754:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1730:
1716:
1707:
1698:
1689:
1687:Ahern, p. 425.
1680:
1668:
1654:
1645:
1631:
1622:
1613:
1604:
1586:
1577:
1568:
1559:
1539:
1530:
1521:
1512:
1503:
1494:
1492:Ahern, p. xiv.
1485:
1476:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1451:
1448:
1395:Royal Lao Army
1352:
1349:
1311:Vietnamization
1302:
1299:
1187:F-4 Phantom II
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
997:
994:
934:
931:
929:insurrection.
906:
903:
891:Vietnamization
856:316th Division
832:
831:
829:
828:
821:
814:
807:
800:
793:
786:
779:
772:
765:
754:Air operations
750:
749:
744:
739:
732:
725:
718:
715:Black Lion III
711:
708:Phou Phiang II
704:
697:
690:
683:
676:
669:
662:
655:
648:
641:
634:
631:Phou Khao Kham
627:
620:
613:
606:
599:
592:
585:
578:
571:
564:
557:
550:
543:
536:
529:
522:
515:
508:
501:
494:
487:
480:
473:
466:
461:
456:
449:
447:1967 Opium War
444:
442:Ban Naden raid
439:
434:
429:
424:
417:
412:
405:
398:
393:
386:
379:
374:
367:
360:
355:
350:
340:
329:
326:
325:
313:
312:
305:
298:
290:
282:
281:
246:
239:165th Regiment
234:316th Division
230:
229:
228:Units involved
225:
224:
212:
209:
208:
204:
203:
158:
116:
115:
111:
110:
107:
106:
100:
94:
93:
86:
82:
81:
68:
66:
62:
61:
58:
50:
49:
35:
34:
23:
22:
16:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1873:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1841:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1826:0-517-56612-5
1823:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1811:0-8444-0832-8
1808:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1796:0-87364-825-0
1793:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1781:0-231-07977-X
1778:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1734:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1711:
1702:
1693:
1684:
1675:
1673:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1649:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1626:
1617:
1608:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1581:
1572:
1563:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1534:
1525:
1516:
1507:
1498:
1489:
1480:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1458:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1378:In late May,
1376:
1373:
1367:
1365:
1358:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:(BC 608) and
1339:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1254:
1251:(BC 601) and
1250:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1236:(BC 605) and
1235:
1230:
1228:
1225:(BG 318) and
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1202:(BC 603) and
1201:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1157:
1156:northern Laos
1153:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1087:7th Air Force
1084:
1080:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1010:combined arms
1002:
993:
991:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
943:Plain of Jars
940:
930:
928:
927:Lao communist
924:
920:
916:
912:
902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
879:
877:
873:
872:Plain of Jars
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
827:
826:
822:
820:
819:
815:
813:
812:
811:Commando Hunt
808:
806:
805:
801:
799:
798:
794:
792:
791:
787:
785:
784:
780:
778:
777:
773:
771:
770:
766:
764:
763:
759:
758:
757:
756:
755:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
737:
733:
731:
730:
726:
724:
723:
719:
717:
716:
712:
710:
709:
705:
703:
702:
698:
696:
695:
691:
689:
688:
684:
682:
681:
677:
675:
674:
670:
668:
667:
663:
661:
660:
656:
654:
653:
649:
647:
646:
642:
640:
639:
635:
633:
632:
628:
626:
625:
621:
619:
618:
614:
612:
611:
607:
605:
604:
600:
598:
597:
593:
591:
590:
586:
584:
583:
579:
577:
576:
575:Silver Buckle
572:
570:
569:
565:
563:
562:
558:
556:
555:
551:
549:
548:
544:
542:
541:
537:
535:
534:
530:
528:
527:
523:
521:
520:
519:Diamond Arrow
516:
514:
513:
509:
507:
506:
502:
500:
499:
495:
493:
492:
488:
486:
485:
481:
479:
478:
474:
472:
471:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
454:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
422:
418:
416:
413:
411:
410:
406:
404:
403:
399:
397:
394:
392:
391:
387:
385:
384:
380:
378:
375:
373:
372:
368:
366:
365:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
348:
344:
341:
339:
338:
334:
333:
332:
327:
322:
311:
306:
304:
299:
297:
292:
291:
288:
276:
263:
252:
247:
244:
235:
232:
231:
226:
223:
218:
213:
211:
210:
205:
202:
201:United States
190:
186:
174:
170:
159:
157:
145:
133:
132:Supported by:
129:
128:North Vietnam
118:
117:
112:
105:
104:Plain of Jars
101:
96:
95:
91:
87:
84:
83:
79:
75:
71:
70:Plain of Jars
67:
64:
63:
59:
56:
55:
51:
47:
46:Plain of Jars
41:
36:
33:
29:
24:
19:
1839:
1817:
1802:
1787:
1772:
1757:
1750:
1733:
1710:
1701:
1692:
1683:
1648:
1625:
1616:
1607:
1580:
1571:
1562:
1533:
1524:
1515:
1506:
1497:
1488:
1479:
1470:
1453:
1443:
1440:George Bacon
1435:
1432:
1427:
1424:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1388:
1377:
1368:
1360:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1331:
1319:interdiction
1304:
1294:
1292:
1287:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1184:
1179:
1160:
1141:
1133:
1122:
1114:Campaign 74B
1085:rate to 44.
1076:
1066:
1062:
1050:
1046:
1028:
1021:, and three
1007:
983:Campaign 139
936:
908:
894:
880:
840:Campaign 74B
839:
838:
823:
816:
809:
802:
795:
790:Pony Express
788:
781:
774:
767:
762:Booster Shot
760:
752:
751:
734:
727:
720:
713:
706:
699:
692:
685:
678:
671:
664:
657:
650:
643:
636:
629:
622:
615:
608:
601:
594:
587:
581:
580:
573:
566:
559:
554:Counterpunch
552:
545:
538:
531:
524:
517:
510:
503:
496:
489:
482:
475:
468:
451:
419:
407:
400:
388:
381:
369:
362:
335:
189:Supported by
188:
144:Soviet Union
131:
114:Belligerents
21:Campaign 74B
1095:Air Attaché
1035:mercenaries
804:Project 404
797:Tiger Hound
783:Steel Tiger
776:Barrel Roll
687:Strength II
589:Lam Son 719
498:Off Balance
97:Territorial
32:Vietnam War
1850:Categories
1744:References
1355:See also:
1059:Muang Soui
1039:Long Tieng
987:monarchist
933:Background
876:Long Tieng
729:Maharat II
701:Black Lion
680:Strength I
617:Phiboonpol
596:Desert Rat
526:Snake Eyes
505:About Face
484:Toan Thang
371:Pincushion
245:battalions
74:Long Tieng
1820:. Crown,
1766:232549943
1426:Lat Sen.
1399:irregular
1351:Aftermath
1129:howitzers
1049:(BI 15).
883:mercenary
818:Raindance
603:Xien Dong
92:withdraws
1364:Kou Kiet
1091:Kou Kiet
1033:of Thai
1031:regiment
979:Kou Kiet
959:Vang Pao
941:was the
905:Overview
864:Vang Pao
769:Millpond
747:Hin Heup
624:Sayasila
561:Tchepone
547:Tailwind
533:Maeng Da
491:Left Jab
453:Sone Pet
402:Triangle
383:Hardnose
364:Momentum
222:Vang Pao
185:Thailand
65:Location
26:Part of
1450:Results
1144:company
917:by the
860:sappers
694:Fa Ngum
666:Maharat
652:Thao La
645:Bedrock
610:Phoutah
337:Hotfoot
99:changes
1832:
1824:
1809:
1794:
1779:
1764:
1172:mortar
1083:sortie
673:Sinsay
568:Copper
470:Pigfat
241:Three
198:
182:
166:
153:
141:
125:
85:Result
1463:Notes
1195:Hmong
1176:Udorn
1125:PT-76
947:Hmong
899:Hmong
409:Unity
1830:ISBN
1822:ISBN
1807:ISBN
1792:ISBN
1777:ISBN
1762:OCLC
1168:King
977:and
965:and
825:Menu
421:Star
390:Wapi
169:Laos
78:Laos
72:and
57:Date
44:The
1041:in
722:972
582:74B
512:139
1852::
1828:,
1775:.
1719:^
1671:^
1657:^
1634:^
1589:^
1542:^
1366:.
1131:.
878:.
76:,
30:;
1813:.
1798:.
1783:.
1768:.
659:Z
349:)
345:(
309:e
302:t
295:v
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