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controversial sons, Cha Vang, reversed his long-standing position and began to publicly advocate normalization of U.S.-Laotian trade relations with Laos in a highly controversial move that involved secret meetings with communist
Vietnamese military and political officials and complex and questionable financial dealings involving Cha Vang and others. This created suspicion and distrust among many of Pao's supporters and advisers who quickly began to abandon Vang Pao and his new direction in support of the Lao government's foreign policy, economic and military agenda. The Lao Marxist government, and hardline Pathet Lao elements in the Lao military and government, backed by the military in
757:
federal government's decision to drop the charges against Vang and the other accused Hmong-American defendants. Following Vang's arrest, Smith advocated in
Washington, D.C. for the case to be dropped against Vang and other Hmong leaders. Smith raised repeated public concerns that the U.S. Justice Department and U.S. Department of States, would be putting themselves and the U.S. government on trial, for its betrayal and abandonment of the Hmong people during the conclusion of the Vietnam War and its aftermath when many Hmong were killed or imprisoned by the Lao communist government that prevailed in the conflict.
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California federal court, which cited each of them as a flight risk. Since the 4 June 2007 federal raid, the arrests became the subject of mounting criticism. His fellow friends, including Hmong, Mienh, Lao, Vietnamese, and
Americans individuals who knew Vang protested the arrests, rallying in California, Minnesota, Michigan, North Carolina and Wisconsin. Several of Vang's high-level U.S. supporters criticized the California court that issued the arrest warrants. In 2009 all of the federal charges against Vang Pao were dropped.
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764:, and others, called on the U.S. Department of Justice to immediately drop the case, and the charges, against General Vang and the other Hmong defendants, especially in light of the Lao government's and Lao Peoples Army's (LPA) ongoing military attacks and egregious human rights violations directed against many of the Laotian and Hmong people, which included attacks on unarmed civilians and political and religious dissidents, atrocities, rape, torture and the use of mass starvation.
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Center for Public Policy
Analysis and others. Following Pao's meeting with communist generals and officials from Vietnam, Vang's so-called "New Doctrine" was widely opposed by many of his closest advisers, family, supporters, and former veterans, and many in the Lao and Hmong-American community. By 2004–05, independent journalists investigating complex financial relations, ethics probes, and scandals surrounding
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867:, Inc. (LVA), and others helped to organize national veterans ceremonies at Arlington National Cemetery in May 2011 to honor Vang's contribution to U.S. national security efforts during the Vietnam War. The Lao Veterans of America, Philip Smith, the CPPA and other prominent figures also highlighted and lauded Vang Pao's contribution to U.S. national security interests during the Vietnam War.
913:
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Members of
Congress and senior Administration officials as well as helping to organize Congressional hearings, briefings and research missions to South East Asia. (Smith, a foreign policy, human rights and legislative affairs specialist, serves as the Executive Director of the Center for Public Policy Analysis.)
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Thousands of Vang's former ethnic
Laotian and Hmong veterans, and their refugee families, in the United States also formed the non-profit veterans and advocacy organizations the Lao Veterans of America and the Lao Veterans of America Institute. In the late 1980s and 1990s, Vang, aided by his adviser,
875:
within
Arlington National Cemetery included the CPPA, LVA, U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. Department of the Army, Members of the Congress, U.S. Special Forces Association, Counterparts Veterans Association and others. General Vang's son, Chong Vang, spoke at the ceremony along with Colonel Wangyee
734:
On 12 July 2007, the
California federal court ordered the release of the Hmong leader on a US$ 1.5 million bond secured by property owned by members of his family. Many Hmong had participated in numerous protests over several weeks in California and elsewhere, calling for Pao's release from the date
615:
In late
November 2003 and early 2004, Vang shocked many of his closest advisers and supporters, and began to mysteriously, and abruptly, reverse his previous position in opposition to U.S. economic sanctions against the communist government of Laos. Vang, in close cooperation with one of his highly
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On 18 September 2009, the federal government dropped all charges against Vang Pao, announcing in a release that the federal government was permitted to consider "the probable sentence or other consequences if the person is convicted." Vang Pao's long-time adviser and friend Philip Smith hailed the
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Throughout Vang's residence in the U.S., the Hmong leader diplomatically opposed human rights violations by the communist government of Laos against the Hmong and
Laotian people. He was invited to speak at the U.S. Congressional Forum on Laos, with Members of Congress, about the persecution of the
870:
In May 2011, Vang's efforts during the Vietnam War were officially commemorated at memorial ceremonies in Arlington National Cemetery organized by the Lao Veterans of America Institute, LVA, the CPPA, the U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. Special Forces Association, and others. Participants at the
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president Jack Knott, strongly disputing his claims. Pao's June 2007 arrest later led the Madison School to reopen discussion on the school's naming. On 18 June 2007, the Madison Metropolitan School District Board of Education voted to drop Vang's name from the new school, in light of the federal
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Many of Vang's former veterans and their families, whose relatives were still being persecuted and killed in Laos, opposed Vang's change of stance on the issue of Normalized Trade Relations (NTR), or Most Favored Nation Trade Status (MFN), with Laos. This included the Lao Veterans of America, the
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On 9 March 2009, Vang's lawyers filed a motion seeking to dismiss the charges against him. His lawyers claimed that the charges were fabricated and had no bearing in court. Following this appearance, on 6 April 2009, federal prosecutors denied all allegations of fabrications in the motion. That
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On 4 June 2007, following a lengthy federal investigation labeled "Operation Tarnished Eagle", warrants were issued by U.S. federal courts ordering the arrest of Vang Pao and nine others for allegedly plotting to overthrow the Pathet Lao communist government of Laos, in violation of the federal
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From 1993 to 2003, Vang relied on Philip Smith for much of his efforts with policymakers in Washington, D.C. and the U.S. Congress. Smith was a long-time friend of Vang Pao and many Laotian and Hmong American community leaders. Over time, Smith was instrumental in helping Vang to meet with key
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On 15 June 2007, defendants were indicted by a grand jury and an 11th man was arrested in connection with the alleged plot. The defendants faced possible life terms for violation of the U.S. Neutrality Act and various weapons charges. Vang and the other Hmong were initially denied bail by the
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followed. Though he was less influential among younger Hmong-Americans who had primarily grown up in the United States, he was considered an influential leader of U.S. Hmong community, enjoying great loyalty for his position of leadership and respect for his military accomplishments.
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and various lawsuits. Central in the controversy, scandals, and lawsuits, including one by the Minnesota Attorney General, was Cha Vang's role with the Vang Pao Foundation, a funeral home, a chamber of commerce in St. Paul, and other financial and political dealings. The
863:, critical of the decision by the U.S. Secretary of the Army not permitting Vang's burial in Arlington National Cemetery. Despite the U.S. Secretary of the Army's unpopular and widely criticized decision, the CPPA, along with the Lao Veterans of America Institute,
674:. Following the issuance of the warrants, an estimated 250 federal agents representing numerous U.S. federal law enforcement and other agencies conducted simultaneous raids on homes, offices and other locations throughout central and southern
839:. More than 10,000 Hmong mourned on the first day of the funeral. After several funeral days, it was estimated that over 40,000 attended during the service of his funeral A committee unanimously voted against a request to bury Vang Pao at
2272:
Baird, Ian G. (2012). "The monks and the Hmong: The special relationship between the Chao Fa and the Tham Krabok Buddhist Temple in Saraburi Province, Thailand". In Vladimir Tikhonov; Torkel Brekke (eds.).
612:. Smith persisted in his efforts and the CPPA, along with the Lao Veterans of America, helped organize national veterans ceremonies in May 2011 to officially honor Vang Pao at Arlington National Cemetery.
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with his lawyers to argue the motion. Judge Frank Damrell stated, after hearing the arguments for the motion, that there was insufficient evidence from the defense to justify a dismissal.
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While taking an entrance examination, the captain who was the proctor realized that Vang knew almost no written French. The captain dictated the answers to Vang so he could join the army.
2222:"Hmong project worried some from start; Mayor Randy Kelly's advisers fretted about the Vang Pao Foundation's ability to raise funds to build a funeral home, and about political fallout."
3121:"Welcome to the Jungle: Recruited by the CIA to be a Secret Army During the Vietnam War, the Hmong Rebels of Laos Fought Communism. Now they Desperately Battle for their Own Survival"
372:, said Vang did not express any embarrassment over this cheating. Fadiman added "it is worth noting that in this incident, far from tarnishing Vang Pao's reputation — as, for example
655:
temple in Thailand, were afforded the right to avoid the forced return to Laos and instead over 15,000 were offered relocation rights and assistance to the U.S. in 2004 and 2005.
682:, smoke grenades, and Stinger missiles, with the intent of purchasing them and smuggling them into Thailand, where they allegedly would be shipped to anti-Laotian governmental
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before settling in California. He remained widely respected by his fellow Hmong and was an esteemed elder of the American Hmong people, many of whom experienced the war or
497:. Vang's ethnic Hmong and Laotian veterans and their refugee families who served in the U.S. "Secret Army" were eventually granted the status of political refugees by the
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Amnesty International and other human rights organizations and experts testified about their research efforts, along with Members of Congress, including U.S. Congressman
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At special sessions of the U.S. Congressional Forum on Laos, Smith and the Center for Public Policy Analysis joined by Members of Congress, including U.S. Representative
52:
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2207:(October 2005) "Hmong nonprofit must close; A settlement with Attorney General Mike Hatch shuts the door on the Vang Pao Foundation, which violated nonprofit laws"
589:. It was a major human rights victory for the Hmong and Lao community and non-profit advocacy organizations who urged an end to forced repatriation, including the
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Vang, Nengher N. (15 March 2019). "Beyond the Peace Accords: Legacies of America's Secret War in Laos". In Geoffrey W. Jensen; Matthew M. Stith (eds.).
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2199:"Hatch is suing Hmong foundation; Attorney general wants to close the Vang Pao Foundation, which he says has ignored Minnesota charities laws."
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2572:"Federal charges dropped against Hmong leader Vang Pao: The exiled general was accused of plotting to overthrow the communist regime in Laos"
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Philip Smith, and influential American diplomatic allies, Members of Congress, and vast numbers of Hmong-Americans, helped halt the forced
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Vang's likeness is memorialized by numerous monuments across the United States, including statues at the San Joaquin County Fairground in
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wrote that May Song Vang, who was Vang Pao's wife at the time of his death, "became the face of the Hmong community" after Vang Pao died.
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tarnished his — merely added to his mythology: this was the sort of man who could never be held back by such petty impediments as rules."
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The Vang Pao Foundation was forced to close following investigation by authorities and a lawsuit by the attorney general of Minnesota.
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2216:"State questions foundation checks; The St. Paul Area Chamber of Commerce paid more than $ 63,000 to the Vang Pao Foundation in 2001."
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561:, to bring attention to atrocities happening in Laos and to support the political and military resistance to the government of the
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678:, arresting Vang and nine other individuals. The federal charges alleged that members of the group inspected weapons, including
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In March 2011, following Vang Pao's death, Smith wrote an editorial critical of the decision to not allow him to be interred in
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1902:. The Covert War of Vang Pao. Contribution by Curt Brown. Republished version of full text – via Newsgroup Archive.
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Thailand-based Laotian and Hmong refugees, many of whom had been living at formal and informal refugee camps including
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Vietnam who took control in 1975. The Lao and Hmong refugees were allowed to resettle in the United States, France,
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355:. His father sent him away to school from the age of 10 to 15 before he launched his military career, joining the
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The spirit catches you and you fall down: A Hmong child, her American doctors, and the collision of two cultures
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1508:
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2615:
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2018:"Attacks on Hmong a puzzle; the roots of recent violence aimed at a general's affiliates are being probed"
1940:. The Covert War of Vang Pao: Part 3 of 3. Republished version of full text – via Newsgroup Archive.
3111:
1318:
840:
609:
494:
486:
1933:
537:
Vang emigrated to the United States after the communists seized power in Laos in 1975. He and his wife,
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975:
396:
292:
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At War in the Shadow of Vietnam: United States Military Aid to the Royal Lao Government, 1955–75
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charges against him and the previous allegations. Nonetheless, in 2012 another school district, the
945:
836:
709:'s allegations that Vang had been involved in war crimes and drug trafficking, with Hmong scholars
240:
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Dictionary of the modern politics of South-East Asia, Michael Leifer (2001) Taylor & Francis,
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1800:
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775:, at the special Congressional Forums on Laos held in the U.S. Congress and Library of Congress.
620:, continued to engage in military attacks and human rights violations against the Hmong in Laos.
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While in exile, Vang assembled other Lao and Hmong leaders from around the world to create the
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Vang, Philip Smith, Captain D.L. "Pappy Hicks", U.S. Special Forces Association, and others.
791:, although in later years in interviews he did not seem to use the language as much anymore.
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78:
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forces inside Laos. The one non-Hmong person among the nine arrested, Harrison Jack, a 1968
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2235:. The Covert War of Vang Pao: Part 2 of 3. Republished version of full text. Archived from
1915:. The Covert War of Vang Pao: Part 2 of 3. Republished version of full text. Archived from
1837:
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services for Vang were scheduled to be held for six days, starting 4 February 2011, at the
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officers to describe the Hmong resistance forces working against Japanese forces occupying
333:
255:
726:, voted unanimously to name a new elementary school after him the year after his passing.
8:
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2697:
2685:"Fearing a Forced Return: The Situation of the Lao Hmong Refugees in Petchabun, Thailand"
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828:. A hospital spokesman said his family was at the hospital at the time of Vang's death.
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In March 2011, following Vang's death, the CPPA issued an editorial, published in the
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Laotian and Hmong people on several occasions in the U.S. Congress from 1999 to 2003.
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with cardiac complications on 6 January 2011, at Clovis Community Medical Center, in
482:
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250:
224:
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U.S. Congressional Forum on Laos, U.S. Congress, Center For Public Policy Analysis,
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Tragic mountains: The Hmong, the Americans, and the secret wars for Laos, 1942–1992
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585:-sponsored repatriation back to Laos of thousands of Laotian and Hmong refugees in
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121:
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565:. He was one of the eight founders of the organization in 1981, along with Prince
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2634:
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1864:
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Stephen Magagnini. "Legendary Hmong Gen. Vang Pao led his people in war, peace".
706:
648:
356:
344:
276:
134:
3104:"Laos Hmong Refugee Crisis", Center for Public Policy Analysis, Washington, D.C.
3066:, "Tuag Nco Ntsoov": ... Our Journey with the Hmong in the Secret War for Laos;
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1994:
1963:
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1713:
821:
582:
570:
498:
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317:
313:
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185:
2329:
1428:
1137:
The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History
3187:
2698:"Lao People's Democratic Republic: Hiding in the jungle - Hmong under threat"
2653:"Laos Regime Urged to Release Hakit Yang, Hmong Tortured in Vientiane Prison"
2620:
U.S. Congressional Record, U.S. Government Printing Office (24 October 2002)
2108:"U.S. Secretary of State says he will talk to U.N. chief about Hmong in Laos"
1674:"New wave of Laotian refugees on the way, hundreds expected to come to state"
1460:
1396:
985:
872:
832:
538:
328:
Vang, an ethnic Hmong, was born on 8 December 1929, in a Hmong village named
309:
206:
147:
2622:"Statement of the Honorable Patrick Kennedy: US Congressional Forum on Laos"
1699:
33:. In accordance with Hmong custom, this person should be referred to by the
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772:
710:
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graduate and retired Army infantry officer, allegedly attempted to recruit
478:
474:
429:
363:
352:
272:
22:
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He was the only ethnic Hmong to attain the rank of General officer in the
3180:, by Nengher Vang and Jeremy Hein, Hmong Studies Journal, 16(2015): 1-18.
3136:
2652:
904:
783:
Vang Pao reportedly had at least 25 children by several wives, and spoke
557:(ULNF), also known as the Lao National Liberation Movement or simply the
514:
422:
399:(PEO) adviser Jack F. Mathews with then Major Vang Pao, commander of the
373:
173:
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of his incarceration until his release under bail nearly a month later.
701:
Prior to his arrest, Vang was scheduled to have an elementary school in
2762:
1503:
1442:
1000:
820:. He was admitted to the hospital on 26 December 2010, after attending
796:
744:
following month, on 11 May 2009, Vang Pao returned to federal court in
675:
490:
34:
1478:
2942:
2683:
Doctors Without Borders, Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) (1 May 2008)
1771:"Suspect in alleged Laos plot had friends, influence on Capitol Hill"
1307:
1116:
Hanoi's War: An International History of the War for Peace in Vietnam
813:
510:
506:
463:
433:
3012:. Agence France-Press (AFP). 9 January 2011. Via — The Free Library.
1896:"The FBI and authorities put Pao's son Cha Vang under investigation"
1362:(First ed.). New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 129.
705:
named after him, a proposal that met with opposition over historian
809:
652:
586:
329:
521:, Inc. and the Lao Veterans of America Institute, with offices in
2979:
2947:
2446:"Board To Revisit New School's Name After Hmong General's Arrest"
1747:
1698:
Barber, Ben, Washington Times (Washington, D.C.) (22 April 1996)
1410:
990:
617:
542:
502:
26:
2170:"VANG PAO FOUNDATION: Chamber says money was for trade missions"
3274:
Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government
3133:, by Sing Bourommavong, Voice of America news, 28 January 2004.
2610:"IMPORTANCE OF THE ONGOING U.S. CONGRESSIONAL FORUM ON LAOS..."
2229:"Reality gets in the way of loyalty to former general Vang Pao"
2015:
1909:"Reality gets in the way of loyalty to former general Vang Pao"
1577:
1558:"Hmong community reacts with alarm to charges against Vang Pao"
451:
392:
3178:"Hmong American Leadership and Unity in the Post-Vang Pao Era"
2651:
PRESSZOOM (2 January 2009), U.S. Congressional Forum on Laos,
3108:
2275:
Buddhism and Violence: Militarism and Buddhism in Modern Asia
679:
458:(GCMA) authorities recruited Vang as a lieutenant during the
437:
2476:"School Board Drops New School's Name, OKs Teacher Contract"
1631:. (Originated from Knight-Ridder Newspapers). Archived from
1295:"Revered Hmong leader Vang Pao stands tall in two worlds..."
1598:
Beyond the Quagmire: New Interpretations of the Vietnam War
337:
51:
2806:"AFP: Vietnam War 'secret army' chief dies in US hospital"
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
2827:"Vang Pao, Guerilla Fighter and Hmong Leader, Dead at 81"
2554:
2139:"McCollum praises policy shift by Hmong general Vang Pao"
1700:"3,500 Laotians Head for U.S. after 20 Years in Thailand"
517:
and elsewhere. Many of Vang's former veterans formed the
2506:"General Vang Pao Elementary School: A First for Fresno"
1750:"Vietnam, Laos Nationalist Fighter Honored By Lao Hmong"
1207:
340:, where his father, Neng Chu Vang, was a county leader.
308:: ວັງປາວ; 8 December 1929 – 6 January 2011) was a
1872:
1275:
694:
veterans to act as mercenaries in an invasion of Laos.
2851:"Laos general and Hmong leader Vang Pao dies in exile"
2320:"Ten accused of conspiring to oust government of Laos"
1956:"Former enemies wage battle over U.S. Trade with Laos"
1748:
Center for Public Policy Analysis (17 February 2011).
1730:
http://www.nysun.com/editorials/vang-pao-escapes/86878
1626:"Hmong refugees will now be allowed to enter the U.S."
1532:"Hmong community, military leader Vang Pao dies at 81"
1385:"The life of General Vang Pao, Hmong guerrilla leader"
1265:"Vang Pao, Laotian General Who Aided U.S., Dies at 81"
440:
during World War II. The name was in reference to the
359:
to protect fellow Hmong during the Japanese invasion.
2362:"Parents Pack Meeting To Object To New School's Name"
1195:
489:-trained and supported force that fought against the
3131:"Vang Pao Met with Senior State Department Official"
2672:"Laos: Massacre of unarmed Hmong women and children"
2628:"Laos: Massacre of unarmed Hmong women and children"
2608:
U.S. Congressional Record, US GPO (27 October 2000)
1830:"Vang Pao Gets Arlington Ceremony After Burial Snub"
1241:
1183:
1095:
Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife
894:
2766:. December 26, 2013. Retrieved on February 8, 2014.
2341:
2339:
2220:McEnroe, Paul & Brown, Curt (27 February 2005)
1600:. University of North Texas Press. pp. 47–82.
1499:"May Song Vang, widow of Gen. Vang Pao, dies at 62"
1155:Yia Lee, Gary; Tapp, Nicholas (16 September 2010).
532:
485:, also known as the Hmong Army, a highly-effective
2399:. Madison, Wisconsin: Isthmus Community Media, Inc
1796:
1794:
1555:
1062:
2114:. Associated Press. 26 March 2004. Archived from
1556:Randolph, Toni; Cunningham, Greta (5 June 2007).
1092:Lee, Jonathan H. X.; Nadeau, Kathleen M. (2011).
843:; he was subsequently buried near Los Angeles at
3185:
3170: (archived July 5, 2007), by Michael Johns,
3147:"Against All Odds: The Laotian Freedom Fighters"
2751:Fresno New Year festivities honor Hmong 'mother'
2336:
2084:. Associated Press. 5 April 2004. Archived from
2054:. Associated Press. 3 April 2004. Archived from
2016:Heron Marquez Estrada; Chao Xiong (2 May 2004).
1853:"Vietnam vet to get US honors after burial snub"
1583:
1416:
1060:
3214:Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
3109:Lao Veterans of America, Inc., Washington, D.C.
3028:
2277:(first ed.). Routledge. pp. 120–151.
1791:
1650:"Agencies say influx of Hmong will go smoothly"
411:Further information on covert war in Laos:
3006:"California funeral planned for Hmong general"
2940:
2346:U.S. Drops Case Against Exiled Hmong Leader",
2226:
1931:
1906:
1893:
665:2007 Laotian coup d'état conspiracy allegation
541:, whom he married in 1973, initially moved to
3137:"Hmong Hero Faces Trial in California (audio)
2909:
2878:
2778:
2743:
2718:
2393:"McCoy challenged on Vang Pao; he fires back"
1885:"The Covert War of Vang Pao" series from the
1464:. 13 January 2011. p. 46. Archived from
1329:
1327:
1232:
16:Laotian-American soldier and community leader
2781:"Hmong leader remains in critical condition"
2666:http://www.centerforpublicpolicyanalysis.org
2227:Kennedy, Tony; McEnroe, Paul (4 July 2005).
2078:"Amnesty Urges Laos to Treat Hmong Humanely"
1932:Kennedy, Tony; McEnroe, Paul (5 July 2005).
1907:Kennedy, Tony; McEnroe, Paul (4 July 2005).
343:Vang began his early life as a farmer until
2420:"Sen. George Asks UW For Probe On Vang Pao"
2048:"Hmong Tribesmen Seek Resettlement in Laos"
1934:"Ex-guerrilla's gamble for peace backfires"
1213:
1154:
2547:"CIA's Lao ally faces 'outrageous' charge"
1987:"Hmong Military Leader's Influence Waning"
1894:Kennedy, Tony; McEnroe, Paul (July 2005).
1859:. Agence France-Press (AFP). 13 May 2011.
1647:
1430:Le colonel Sassi (1954) Guerre d'Indochine
1324:
1258:
1256:
966:History of the Hmong in Fresno, California
501:because of alleged persecution by the Lao
454:for the Hmong. After World War II, French
50:
3031:"Arlington ceremony honors Gen. Vang Pao"
2881:"Thousands mourn Gen. Vang Pao in Fresno"
2614:Encyclopædia Britannica (1 January 2001)
2417:
1281:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1091:
1069:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
961:Groupement de Commandos Mixtes Aéroportés
658:
481:. During the 1960s/70s, he commanded the
456:Groupement de Commandos Mixtes Aéroportés
3164:"Acts of Betrayal: Persecution of Hmong"
2943:"General Vang Pao buried at Forest Lawn"
2595:"Hmong supporters criticize indictments"
2261:Center for Public Policy Analysis (CPPA)
1953:
1801:"Vang Pao burial decision is a disgrace"
1787:"Hmong supporters criticize indictments"
1333:
883:and outside the City Council Chamber in
391:
369:The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down
2824:
2696:Amnesty International, (23 March 2007)
2167:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1623:
1352:
1346:
1253:
812:and heart disease, died at age 81 from
641:reported extensively on these matters.
3234:Laotian emigrants to the United States
3186:
2721:"Hmong worldwide revere 'the General'"
1984:
1728:(21 September 2009)"Vang Pao Escapes"
1262:
1247:
1219:
1201:
1189:
1133:
1112:
1039:
751:
299:
3254:Military personnel of the Vietnam War
2975:"General Vang Pao Buried in Glendale"
2912:"Vang Pao denied burial at Arlington"
2390:
2317:
2271:
1529:
1382:
1113:Nguyen, Lien-Hang T. (15 July 2012).
1040:Castle, Timothy Neil (1 March 1995).
1018:
951:The Center for Public Policy Analysis
401:10éme Bataillon de Infanterie (10 BI)
2803:
2626:Amnesty International, (6 May 2006)
2544:
2306:"Ten Charged with Alleged Laos Plot"
1954:Lovering, Daniel (13 January 2014).
1810:
1595:
1589:
1491:
729:
555:United Lao National Liberation Front
3219:Deaths from pneumonia in California
3093:, p. 287 (profile of Vang Pao)
2670:Amnesty International (6 May 2006)
2136:
1769:, McClatchy News (11 January 2011)
1648:Washington, Wayne (17 April 1996).
13:
3056:
2941:Gene Haagenson (9 February 2011).
1993:. Associated Press. Archived from
1962:. Associated Press. Archived from
1334:Fawthrop, Tom (22 February 2011).
1263:Martin, Douglas (8 January 2011).
1134:Tucker, Spencer C. (20 May 2011).
738:
477:while remaining a champion of the
387:
14:
3290:
3264:People from Xiangkhouang province
3259:People of the First Indochina War
3097:
2825:Rauhala, Emily (7 January 2011).
1714:Center for Public Policy Analysis
1383:Burke, Garance (7 January 2011).
996:North Vietnamese invasion of Laos
591:Center for Public Policy Analysis
3204:American people of Hmong descent
2955:from the original on 7 July 2012
2418:Schneider, Pat (27 April 2002).
1158:Culture and Customs of the Hmong
1119:. Univ of North Carolina Press.
925:
911:
897:
778:
563:Lao People's Democratic Republic
533:Immigration to the United States
336:, in the northeastern region of
320:community in the United States.
179:
166:
140:
127:
114:
3269:People of the Laotian Civil War
3249:Laotian prisoners and detainees
3209:American civil rights activists
3029:Steve Magagnini (13 May 2011).
3022:
2999:
2967:
2934:
2903:
2872:
2769:
2712:
2642:
2599:
2583:
2561:
2538:
2512:
2498:
2468:
2438:
2411:
2384:
2354:
2311:
2299:
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2184:
2161:
2130:
2100:
2070:
2040:
2009:
1978:
1947:
1775:
1760:
1741:
1719:
1707:
1682:. 18 April 1996. Archived from
1614:
1549:
1523:
1507:. 6 August 2013. Archived from
1472:
1448:
1422:
1376:
1061:Hamilton-Merritt, Jane (1993).
2247:– via Newsgroup Archive.
2203:McEnroe, Paul; Kennedy, Tony,
2193:McEnroe, Paul; Kennedy, Tony,
2168:McEnroe, Paul (11 June 2005).
2157:– via HighBeam Research.
2137:Her, Lucy (28 November 2003).
2126:– via HighBeam Research.
2096:– via HighBeam Research.
2036:– via HighBeam Research.
2005:– via HighBeam Research.
1974:– via HighBeam Research.
1927:– via Newsgroup Archive.
1694:– via HighBeam Research.
1668:– via HighBeam Research.
1643:– via HighBeam Research.
1624:Kaufman, Marc (8 April 1996).
1321:. Retrieved 19 September 2010.
1301:
1287:
724:Fresno Unified School District
1:
2391:Eisen, Marc (19 April 2007).
2318:Walsh, Denny (June 5, 2007).
1530:Olson, Dan (6 January 2011).
1479:Lao Veterans of America, Inc.
1046:. Columbia University Press.
1006:
871:special ceremony held at the
323:
1985:Baenen, Jeff (28 May 2004).
1177:
347:forces invaded and occupied
7:
3160:Lecture #96, 19 March 1987.
3077:General Vang Pao's Last War
2616:"Laos: Year in Review-2000"
2545:Rand, Nelson (8 May 2009).
2524:Minnesota Public Radio News
1488:, retrieved 3 January 2009.
1319:Wisconsin Public Television
890:
841:Arlington National Cemetery
610:Arlington National Cemetery
487:Central Intelligence Agency
444:resistance in France, with
10:
3295:
1011:
976:History of Laos since 1945
662:
473:, and he was loyal to the
410:
397:Programs Evaluation Office
316:and later a leader of the
20:
2176:. Extract. Archived from
1389:Christian Science Monitor
1214:Yia Lee & Tapp (2010)
1019:Boyne, Walter J. (2002).
854:
421:" was originally used by
282:
268:
264:
233:
212:
202:
194:
156:
106:
89:
71:
61:
49:
42:
3244:Laotian military leaders
3016:29 November 2014 at the
2233:Minneapolis Star Tribune
2212:Minneapolis Star Tribune
2205:Minneapolis Star Tribune
2195:Minneapolis Star Tribune
2174:Minneapolis Star Tribune
2143:Minneapolis Star Tribune
2022:Minneapolis Star Tribune
1938:Minneapolis Star Tribune
1913:Minneapolis Star Tribune
1900:Minneapolis Star Tribune
1887:Minneapolis Star Tribune
1805:Minneapolis Star Tribune
1654:Minneapolis Star Tribune
946:Lao Human Rights Council
861:Minneapolis Star Tribune
837:Fresno Convention Center
803:
495:People's Army of Vietnam
241:Second Sino-Japanese War
148:United States of America
3224:Laotian anti-communists
3158:The Heritage Foundation
3156:, by General Vang Pao,
3080:New York Times Magazine
2434:– via Mapinc.org.
1863:6 December 2014 at the
1735:5 November 2013 at the
1584:Hamilton-Merritt (1993)
1417:Hamilton-Merritt (1993)
1282:Lee & Nadeau (2011)
941:Lao Veterans of America
865:Lao Veterans of America
719:Air America Association
595:Lao Veterans of America
519:Lao Veterans of America
450:being the then-current
2690:1 October 2012 at the
2520:"Pao released on bail"
1716:; accessed 6 May 1999.
1563:Minnesota Public Radio
1456:"The Montagnard Moses"
956:Battle of Lima Site 85
794:Diana Aguilera of the
746:Sacramento, California
659:Coup d'état conspiracy
638:St. Paul Pioneer Press
632:Minnesota Star Tribune
408:
3062:Robert Curry (2004).
2283:10.4324/9780203111024
715:Jane Hamilton-Merritt
395:
332:, located in Central
195:Years of service
3152:15 July 2007 at the
3010:AFP American Edition
2570:(19 September 2009)
2426:. Madison, Wisconsin
2350:, 18 September 2009.
2180:on 11 November 2013.
1838:Agence France-Presse
1629:Tribune News Service
1391:. Associated Press.
933:United States portal
881:Stockton, California
849:Glendale, California
845:Forest Lawn Cemetery
717:, as well as former
567:Sisouk na Champassak
334:Xiangkhuang Province
256:Second Indochina War
2910:Stephen Magagnini.
2879:Stephen Magagnini.
2804:Thurston, Michael.
2779:Stephen Magagnini.
2731:on 26 February 2010
2719:Stephen Magagnini.
2658:27 May 2014 at the
2332:on 13 October 2007.
2308:, CNN, 4 June 2007.
2239:on 11 November 2013
2118:on 11 November 2013
2088:on 11 November 2013
2058:on 11 November 2013
1919:on 11 November 2013
1834:Military Daily News
1511:on 1 September 2013
1336:"Vang Pao obituary"
971:Ban Phou Pheung Noi
787:besides his native
752:Dropping of charges
684:resistance movement
529:and other locales.
460:First Indochina War
246:First Indochina War
3174:, 23 October 1995.
3114:2013-10-20 at the
2922:on 7 February 2011
2916:The Sacramento Bee
2891:on 9 February 2011
2885:The Sacramento Bee
2837:on 10 January 2011
2812:on 10 January 2011
2785:The Sacramento Bee
2756:2014-02-04 at the
2749:Aguilera, Diana. "
2725:The Sacramento Bee
2703:2014-12-08 at the
2677:2016-04-07 at the
2633:2016-04-07 at the
2577:2018-09-14 at the
2508:. 9 February 2012.
2456:on 13 January 2011
2372:on 13 January 2011
2348:The New York Times
1484:2016-12-27 at the
1313:2011-02-18 at the
1269:The New York Times
818:Clovis, California
808:Vang, who battled
769:Patrick J. Kennedy
703:Madison, Wisconsin
692:Special Operations
547:the reprisals that
523:Fresno, California
409:
382:Harvard University
100:Clovis, California
2589:Associated Press/
2568:Los Angeles Times
2424:The Capital Times
1781:Associated Press
1679:The Capital Times
1607:978-1-57441-758-6
1419:, pp. 54–59.
1369:978-0-374-26781-0
1168:978-0-313-34527-2
1147:978-1-85109-961-0
1126:978-0-8078-8269-6
1105:978-0-313-35066-5
1053:978-0-231-07977-8
1032:978-1-57607-345-2
981:Ho Chi Minh trail
885:Chico, California
730:Release from jail
413:Laotian Civil War
286:
285:
251:Laotian Civil War
3286:
3239:Laotian generals
3064:Whispering Death
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3041:on 12 March 2012
3037:. Archived from
3026:
3020:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2987:on 31 March 2012
2983:. Archived from
2971:
2965:
2964:
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2938:
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2929:
2927:
2918:. Archived from
2907:
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2896:
2887:. Archived from
2876:
2870:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2857:. 7 January 2011
2846:
2844:
2842:
2833:. Archived from
2821:
2819:
2817:
2808:. Archived from
2800:
2798:
2796:
2791:on 14 April 2011
2787:. Archived from
2773:
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2747:
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2738:
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2727:. Archived from
2716:
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2553:. Archived from
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2531:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2482:. Archived from
2480:Channel3000 News
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2452:. Archived from
2450:Channel3000 News
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2409:
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2368:. Archived from
2366:Channel3000 News
2358:
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2328:. Archived from
2315:
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2197:(20 April 2005)
2188:
2182:
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2165:
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2154:
2149:on 29 March 2015
2145:. Archived from
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2098:
2097:
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2074:
2068:
2067:
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2028:on 29 March 2015
2024:. Archived from
2013:
2007:
2006:
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2002:
1997:on 29 March 2015
1982:
1976:
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1966:on 29 March 2015
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1686:on 29 March 2015
1669:
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1660:on 29 March 2015
1656:. Archived from
1644:
1642:
1640:
1635:on 29 March 2015
1618:
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1468:on 27 July 2023.
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1022:Air Warfare: A-L
935:
930:
929:
928:
921:
919:Biography portal
916:
915:
914:
907:
902:
901:
900:
824:celebrations in
762:Dana Rohrabacher
575:Kouprasith Abhay
527:Washington, D.C.
349:French Indochina
303:
184:
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83:French Indochina
54:
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3183:
3172:National Review
3168:Wayback Machine
3154:Wayback Machine
3143:, 14 June 2007.
3116:Wayback Machine
3100:
3059:
3057:Further reading
3054:
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3035:Merced Sun-Star
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1865:Wayback Machine
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1807:. 7 March 2011.
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754:
741:
739:Return to court
732:
707:Alfred W. McCoy
672:Neutrality Acts
667:
661:
649:Wat Tham Krabok
593:(CPPA) and the
535:
505:government and
415:
390:
388:Military career
357:French military
326:
301:[vâpɔ̌]
260:
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198:1940–1975
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135:Kingdom of Laos
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2325:Sacramento Bee
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471:Royal Lao Army
462:to combat the
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1857:Asia One News
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1840:. 13 May 2011
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869:
860:
858:
831:Traditional
830:
807:
795:
793:
782:
773:Norm Coleman
766:
759:
755:
742:
733:
711:Gary Yia Lee
700:
696:
668:
646:
643:
636:
630:
625:
622:
614:
607:
603:
599:
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573:and General
552:
536:
479:Hmong people
475:King of Laos
468:
446:
430:intelligence
416:
407:, July 1960.
400:
367:
366:, author of
364:Anne Fadiman
361:
353:World War II
342:
327:
296:
288:
287:
234:Battles/wars
95:(2011-01-06)
79:Xiangkhouang
56:Vang in 2004
30:
18:
3199:2011 deaths
3194:1929 births
3045:29 February
2991:29 February
2959:29 February
2153:21 November
2032:21 November
2001:21 November
1970:21 November
1844:29 February
1690:21 November
1664:21 November
1639:21 November
1541:9 September
1515:3 September
1439:(in French)
1402:9 September
905:Laos portal
515:New Zealand
483:Secret Army
423:Free French
374:Ted Kennedy
269:Nationality
174:French Army
62:Native name
3188:Categories
2926:4 February
2895:5 February
2763:Fresno Bee
2551:Asia Times
2243:29 October
1923:29 October
1504:Fresno Bee
1443:Jean Sassi
1308:Profile on
1007:References
1001:Raven FACs
797:Fresno Bee
688:West Point
676:California
569:, General
491:Pathet Lao
419:Mèo Maquis
417:The term "
376:'s fudged
324:Early life
107:Allegiance
35:given name
25:name, the
3141:The World
2861:7 January
2841:7 January
2816:7 January
2795:6 January
2591:USA TODAY
2530:7 January
2490:7 January
2460:7 January
2430:7 January
2403:9 January
2376:7 January
2112:AP Online
2082:AP Online
2052:AP Online
1991:AP Online
1783:USA Today
1397:0882-7729
1178:Citations
814:pneumonia
511:Australia
507:communist
464:Viet Minh
434:Indochina
220:GCMA Laos
3150:Archived
3112:Archived
3014:Archived
2953:Archived
2855:BBC News
2754:Archived
2701:Archived
2688:Archived
2675:Archived
2656:Archived
2631:Archived
2575:Archived
2122:9 August
2092:9 August
2062:9 August
1861:Archived
1733:Archived
1536:MPR News
1482:Archived
1356:(1997).
1311:Archived
891:See also
810:diabetes
653:Buddhist
626:Cha Vang
587:Thailand
405:Nong Net
380:exam at
345:Japanese
289:Vang Pao
213:Commands
157:Service/
44:Vang Pao
21:In this
3166:at the
2948:KFSN-TV
2735:19 July
2397:Isthmus
1569:10 June
1441:. Col.
1435:YouTube
1012:Sources
991:Lee Lue
785:English
618:Vietnam
559:Neo Hom
543:Montana
503:Marxist
378:Spanish
330:Nonghet
312:in the
297:Vaj Pov
277:Laotian
66:Vaj Pov
27:surname
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680:AK-47s
452:exonym
442:Maquis
427:Allied
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159:branch
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102:, U.S.
804:Death
438:China
403:, at
273:Hmong
23:Hmong
3087:ISBN
3068:ISBN
3047:2012
2993:2012
2980:KQED
2961:2012
2928:2011
2897:2011
2863:2011
2843:2011
2818:2011
2797:2011
2737:2009
2532:2011
2492:2011
2462:2011
2432:2011
2405:2023
2378:2011
2287:ISBN
2245:2023
2155:2014
2124:2013
2094:2013
2064:2013
2034:2014
2003:2014
1972:2014
1925:2023
1846:2012
1692:2014
1666:2014
1641:2014
1602:ISBN
1571:2007
1543:2021
1517:2013
1404:2021
1393:ISSN
1364:ISBN
1163:ISBN
1142:ISBN
1121:ISBN
1100:ISBN
1082:ISBN
1071:ISBN
1048:ISBN
1027:ISBN
713:and
651:, a
635:and
493:and
436:and
425:and
338:Laos
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90:Died
72:Born
31:Vang
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