3152:
3379:
2232:
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3501:
festivity. Around late May 1975, after South
Vietnamese government collapsed to VC, Savannakhet residents, as well as college students, joined the political rally to praise the support of new political shift toward Pathet Laos. Most of Royal Laotian troops couldn't quelled the main demonstrations. On May 31, 1975, the largely Pathet Laos troops arrived at Savannakhet without bloodshed of battle at the provincial capital. Presumably, some handful of Laotian residents from Savannakhet, as well as right wing political members, fled to Thailand by boat either before or during a swift Pathet Lao takeover. The Pathet Lao soldiers and high-ranking officials marched north to target Vientiane as anti-monarchy protests raged in Vientiane.
3513:
aid. (Other western countries continued to offer aid, and Soviet and eastern
European technicians began to arrive to replace the departed Americans.) But in December there was a sharp change in policy. A joint meeting of the government and the Consultative Council was held, at which Souphanouvong demanded immediate change. There was no resistance. Most Western countries, including prominent long-time ally United States, closed their embassies either shortly before or after the rise of the establishment of Laos PDR claimed the new communist authoritarian government hasn't implement a new Constitution and the affliction of ideological deterioration.
377:
344:
166:
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3679:
are estimated at 20,000. They estimate 50,000 casualties from explosive ordnance in total, including 29,522 killed and 21,048 injured. Explosive remnants of war (ERW) caused most of the casualties, followed by landmines, and then cluster munitions which caused 15% of casualties. 59 people were known to have been killed or injured by UXO in 2006. So abundant are the remnants of bombs on the Plain of Jars that the collection and sale of scrap metal from bombs has been a major industry since the Civil War. Currently 50 people are killed or maimed every year from UXO.
662:
622:
604:
468:
457:
446:
435:
424:
413:
190:
3541:
re-emergence of
Laotian Neutralist Party (LNP) and other right-wing political parties and organisations across Laos, blaming them for instigating the chaotic upheaval on behalf of "foreign imperialists" without direct evidence. Thousands were dispatched for "re-education" in remote parts of the country, where many died and many more were kept for up to ten years. The vast majority of the royal family of Laos, including the deposed king, were also sent to the "re-education camps", where most eventually died from starvation and hard labor during the
1580:
3454:
2684:, government officials, and military leaders met in Luang Prabang. His stated aim for the coup was an end to fighting in Laos, the end of foreign interference in his country, an end to the consequent corruption caused by foreign aid, and better treatment for his soldiers. However, Kong Le's coup did not end opposition to him, and there was a scramble among unit commanders to choose sides. If one was not pro-coup, then he had the further decision to make as to whom he would back to counter the coup. The front runner was General
3617:
49:
534:
523:
512:
501:
490:
479:
208:
2148:. Prince Souphanouvong took command of a band of partisans armed with weapons looted from the local militia. The band moved northward to the administrative capitol of Vientiane with its provisional revolutionary government. Souphanouvong then urged the signing of a military cooperation treaty with the newly established North Vietnamese communist government, which was done. The French military mission was escorted out of Laos into Thailand by a contingent of Chinese troops.
220:
3592:. How many died or were killed in their attempt to escape Laos is not known, but the flight of Hmong and other Laotian highland peoples into Thailand would continue for many more years. They faced repression at home from the communist government for their collaboration with the Americans. Most of the Hmong in Thailand would eventually be resettled in the United States and other countries. Between 1975 and 1982, 53,700 Hmong and other highland Laotian refugees were
7497:
3473:
constructive economic policies. But press censorship was introduced in the name of "national unity", making it more difficult for non-communist forces to organise politically in response to the creeping Pathēt Lao takeover. In
January 1975 all public meetings and demonstrations were banned. Recognising the trend of events, influential business and political figures began to move their assets, and in some cases themselves, to Thailand, France or the U.S.
613:
557:
545:
234:
2456:
was still ongoing. The northern half of
Vietnam became independent of the French imperialist enterprise and was ruled by an independent Vietnamese Communist government. Lao French Union troops joined the military of independent Laos, however France kept two military bases in Laos and maintained its "military advisors" in the new Lao military. The Royal Lao government military also received its first aircraft from the French in 1954; nine
2590:
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399:
388:
366:
355:
333:
322:
311:
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3222:
Despite the poor training of the Lao soldiers, some of whom had never fired a weapon, these raw new units were moved northward out of Luang
Prabang over a several month period to garrison Nam Bac. By mid-October, some 4,500 government troops held the valley to secure the air strip for their resupply. The American intent was the establishment of Nam Bac as the keystone of an "iron arc" of defensive positions across northern Laos.
3584:
conditions at mountain-ringed Long Tieng. Thousands of Hmong clustered around the airstrip at Long Tieng awaiting evacuation. On 14 May, Vang Pao and Jerry
Daniels were evacuated secretly by helicopter to Thailand and the air evacuation came to an end. The next day the Pathet Lao marched into Long Tieng unopposed. Daniels accompanied Vang Pao to exile in Montana and then returned to Thailand to help the Hmong refugees there.
3605:
2810:(RTAF). These four reconfigured trainers were armed with two .30 caliber machine guns and five-inch rockets, and could carry 100-pound bombs. Four previously trained Lao pilots undertook transition training in Thailand; on 9 January, the pilots flew the new RLAF fighter-bombers to Vientiane. Two days later, they flew their first combat sorties, against PAVN and Pathet Lao covering Kong Le's retreat into the Plain of Jars.
3429:
2309:
643:
585:
576:
300:
289:
278:
267:
256:
155:
2280:(Lao Patriotic Front). This was an attempt to give a false front of authority to the Lao communist movement by claiming to represent a united non-partisan effort. Two of its most important founders were members of the Indochinese Communist Party, which advocated overthrow of the monarchy as well as expulsion of the French. This got Laos involved in the First Indochina War, but it started off mainly against the French.
2653:
2361:
2601:; this unit was charged with the logistics of moving the necessities of war from North Vietnam to the South. Its foremost feat was building and maintaining the Ho Chi Minh trail down the eastern spine of Laos. Eventually, this transportation network would power the Vietnamese communists to victory. It would have to survive a relentless air campaign comparable to any interdiction bombing in World War II.
3230:
Communist gunfire closed the Nam Bac airstrip to fixed wing resupply. Air
America copters flew in supplies and evacuated the wounded; American C-123s parachuted supplies ferried from Udorn RTAFB to the beleaguered government troops. The Royalist troops would not launch a clearing attack to regain use of the runway for resupply. On 25 December, a Vietnamese artillery barrage kicked off their offensive.
3189:
2445:
2550:. Combined with independents, this was enough to deny Souvanna's center right, neutralist coalition the two-thirds majority it needed to form a government. With parliament deadlocked, the U.S. suspended aid in June to force a devaluation of the overpriced currency, which was leading to the abuse of U.S. aid. The National Assembly responded by confirming a right-wing government led by
3160:
2771:
2332:; including 2,000 Pathet Lao soldiers led by Souphanouvong. The objective of the two-pronged invasion was the capture of the royal capital of Luang Prabang and of the Plain of Jars. On 9 November the Pathet Lao began its conflict with the Kingdom of Laos, thus beginning the civil war and technically the Second Indochina War while the First Indochina War was still ongoing.
3239:
3001:
3671:(UXO) by the end of the war. Casualties continue to mount from UXO dropped by the U.S. and Laotian Air Forces from 1964 to 1973. It has been reported that, between 1964 and 1973, areas controlled by the invading North Vietnamese and Pathet Lao were hit by an average of one B‑52 bomb-load every eight minutes, 24 hours a day.
2719:, stated that the United States supported the "legitimate government under the King's direction." The United States supported the pro-Western government of Prime Minister Tiao Samsanith while at the same time the CIA supported the covert counter-coup effort organized by Sarit against the Neutralist government in Vientiane.
3572:, Vang Pao's CIA case officer, was the only American remaining in Long Tieng and he began to plan an evacuation of the Hmong. However, he had only one airplane to evacuate the 3,500 Hmong leaders and families he judged to be at risk of execution by the Pathet Lao then advancing on Long Tieng. Brigadier General
3024:, this facility was an end run around the treaty obligation that forbade training in Laos. Besides training pilots, Waterpump encouraged cooperation between the RLAF and the Royal Thai Air Force. It was also tasked, as a last resort, to augment the RLAF to counter a renewed Communist offensive in Laos.
3508:
The Pathēt Lao army entered the major towns of southern Laos during May, and in early June occupied Luang Phrabāng. Panic broke out in
Vientiane as most of the business class and many officials, officers and others who had collaborated with the U.S. scrambled to get their families and property across
3449:
The national government was forced to accept the Pathet Lao into the government. During 1974 and 1975 the balance of power in Laos shifted steadily in favour of the Pathēt Lao as the U.S. disengaged itself from
Indochina. Prime Minister Souvanna Phouma was tired and demoralised, and following a heart
3398:
During the dry season 1971–72, PL/PAVN forces dug into defensive positions and fought for permanent control of the Plain of Jars. Units participating included the 316th Infantry Division, the 866th, 335th, and 88th Regiments, and nine specialty branch battalions under the command of Senior Colonel Le
2911:
By autumn, the future course of American involvement was set. Paramilitary trainers would train guerrilla units, with resupply coming via airdrops, and specialized short takeoff and landing aircraft using makeshift dirt airstrips. Other trainers would try to mold the Royalist regulars into a fighting
2849:
On 9 March, the communists captured the only road junction between Luang Prabang and Vientiane. When RLA troops were ordered to counterattack and retake the junction, they dropped their weapons and ran. Special Forces Team Moon was assigned as advisers to the RLA unit. On 22 April 1961, Team Moon was
2836:
in early February undertook a two-month study of possible American responses to the Laotian civil war. Even as the French ended their training mission, American training efforts were ramped up: Sixteen H-34 helicopters were transferred from the U.S. Marine Corps to Air America; maintenance facilities
2545:
In November, 1957, a coalition government incorporating the Pathet Lao was finally established. Using the slogan, "one vote to the right, one vote to the left to prevent civil war", pro-communist parties received one-third of the popular vote and won 13 of 21 contested seats in the elections of 4 May
2538:
In February, 1957, the PEO personnel began supplying training materials to the French Military Mission that was charged with training the Royal Lao Army. The rationale was that improved training would better fit the army with defending its country. As part of this process, the United States even took
3583:
With the three American planes, the evacuation began in earnest on 13 May with each transport aircraft making four flights each that day from Long Tieng to Udorn, Thailand and transporting more than 65 people per airplane on each trip – far more than the 35 maximum passengers dictated by safety
3540:
By this point, the Pathēt Lao dropped all pretense of moderation, and no more was heard of elections or political freedoms. Non-communist newspapers were closed, and a large-scale purge of the civil service, army and police was launched. Furthermore, the communist Vietnamese government prevented the
3512:
For a few months the Pathēt Lao appeared to honour their promises of moderation. The shell of the coalition government was preserved, there were no arrests or show-trials, and private property was respected. Diplomatic relations with the U.S. were maintained, despite an immediate cut-off of all U.S.
3340:
Although communist movements down the Ho Chi Minh Trail grew during the year, the U.S. war effort was reduced because authorities in Washington, believing the U.S. objectives in Southeast Asia were being achieved, imposed budget limits, which reduced the number of combat missions the USAF could fly.
3322:
fell on 18 March and Long Tieng was threatened. On 25 April, the campaign ended, with PAVN forces mostly withdrawing from the Plain of Jars; according to Vietnamese sources, after the end of the campaign, the "316th Division, the 866th Regiment, and a number of specialty branch units were ordered to
3250:
On 13 January the North Vietnamese launched a multi-division attack on the Royal Lao Army at Nam Bac, Laos. Some of the government troops began withdrawing from the valley. After about a third of the defenders had retreated, the final assault on the Royalist garrison came out of a heavy mist and hit
3209:
In eastern Laos, U.S., Royal Laotian, and VNAF aircraft continued their attacks on traffic along the Ho Chi Minh Trail. During 1967, B-52s flew 1,718 sorties in this area, almost triple their 1966 record. The major targets were trucks which had to be hunted down and destroyed one-by-one. This seemed
2964:
By the middle of the year, the Pathet Lao and Neutralists had begun to squabble with one another. The neutralist group was soon divided between right-leaning neutralists (headed by Kong Le) and left-leaning neutralists (headed by Quinim Polsena and Colonel Deuane Sunnalath). On 12 February 1963 Kong
2757:
Kong Le and his Neutralists finally withdrew northward to the Plain of Jars. Their withdrawal was covered by artillery fire from the PAVN 105 mm howitzers rushed in from Hanoi, and supported by Soviet airdrops of crucial supplies of rations, munitions, and radios. In the retreat, Kong Le picked
2618:
Under orders from Souphanouvong, the Pathet Lao battalions refused to be integrated into the Royal Lao Army. Souphanouvong was then arrested and imprisoned, along with his aides. The two Pathet Lao battalions, one after the other, escaped during the night with no shots fired, taking their equipment,
2530:
On 21 March 1956, Souvanna Phouma began his second term as prime minister. He opened a dialogue with his brother, Souphanouvong. In August, they announced the intention of declaring a ceasefire and reintegrating the Pathet Lao and their occupied territory into the government. However, the Pathet Lao
2182:
On 21 March 1946, Souphanouvong and his largely Vietnamese force fought the French Union troops at Savannakhet, to no avail; the attackers mustered paratroopers, artillery, armored cars, and Spitfire fighter-bombers. The Lao Issara troops suffered 700 killed. They fled, leaving behind 250 bodies and
3713:
Many of the Hmong people came down from the mountains and surrendered to the Lao government, while others found their way to refugee camps in Thailand. In 2008, however, a repatriation agreement between the Thai and Lao governments resulted in a mass forced deportation of the people in these camps,
3552:
Once in power, the Pathet Lao economically cut its ties to all its neighbors (including China) with the exception of reunified Vietnam, and signed a treaty of friendship with Hanoi. The treaty allowed the Vietnamese to station soldiers within Laos and to place advisers throughout the government and
3030:
Even as the air commandos established themselves in Udorn and Laos, several Lao generals attempted a coup in Vientiane. With the capital in turmoil, the Communists on the Plain of Jars attacked and overran the Royalist and Neutralist positions. The United States then released the necessary ordnance
2813:
Russian Soviet air supply continued, bringing in heavy weapons to supplement the light arms previously delivered. On 7 January, the North Vietnamese presence was escalated by an additional four battalions; two of the battalions immediately moved to the point of conflict, on Route 7, which connected
2632:
On 28 July, PAVN units attacked all along the North Vietnamese-Lao border. As they took ground from the Royal Lao Army, they moved in Pathet Lao as occupation troops. Poor battle performance by the RLA seemed to verify the need for further training; the RLA outnumbered the attackers, but still gave
2455:
The Agreement radically changed the geography of Indochina, resulting in independence for Laos. On 1 August 1954 the French army withdrew from Laos declaring independence for the nation alongside North Vietnam, South Vietnam and Cambodia which ended the First Indochina War but the Laotian Civil War
3678:
UXO remains dangerous to persons coming in contact, purposefully or accidentally, with bombs. According to a Laotian government survey, casualties from explosive ordnance during the civil war period, between 1964 and 1975, are estimated at 30,000, while casualties since the end of the war from UXO
3516:
In September 1975, during an interview, Prime Minister Phouma stated his wish to stay in office until 1976 so he could plan the major steps needed for the long-term reunification process, and to ensure the Pathet Lao did not take away some of the political powers of the monarchy. Phouma hoped that
3504:
Demonstrations broke out in Vientiane, denouncing the rightists and demanding political change. Rightist ministers resigned from the government and fled the country, followed by senior Royal Lao Army commanders. A Pathēt Lao minister took over the defence portfolio, removing any chance of the Army
3468:
The anti-communist forces were thus leaderless, and also divided and deeply mired in corruption. Souphanouvong, by contrast, was confident and a master political tactician, and had behind him the disciplined cadres of the communist party and the Pathēt Lao forces and the North Vietnamese army. The
3298:
Pathet Lao forces were supported by PAVN's 174th Vietnamese Volunteer Regiment. By September 1969, the 174th had to fall back to regroup. North Vietnamese forces participating in the campaign included the 316th and 312th Infantry Divisions, the 866th Infantry Regiment, the 16th Artillery Regiment,
3117:
to locate and destroy enemy forces and materiel being moved southward at night on the Ho Chi Minh Trail into South Vietnam. However, since circumstances made it a highly complex matter in regard to the apparent neutrality of Laos, target approval had to come from the U.S. government in Washington,
2946:
signed on July 23, 1962, in Geneva, Switzerland as intention for the respect Laos neutrality to attempt the cessation of civil war. This technically fulfilled the Geneva Agreements on Laos and triggered the treaty requirement that foreign military technicians be withdrawn from Laos by October. The
2828:
By the beginning of February 1961, the first four Thai pilots arrived to fly four more T-6s supplied to the Royal Laotian Air Force (RLAF). The Thai pilots had been officially discharged from the Royal Thai Air Force (RTAF) and held no official position in the RLAF. The growth of the RLAF would be
2753:
On 13 December, Phoumi's army began a three-day bombardment of Vientiane. Five hundred civilians and seventeen of Kong Le's paratroopers were killed by the shellfire. On the 14th, a U.S. carrier task force went on alert, and the Second Airborne Brigade stood by to seize selected Laotian airfields.
2049:
The existence of the conflict in Laos was sometimes reported in the U.S., and described in press reports as the CIA's "Secret War in Laos" because details were largely unavailable due to official government denials that the war existed. The denials were seen as necessary considering that the North
3587:
What nobody had anticipated was how tens of thousands of Hmong, left behind in Long Tieng and Laos, would follow Vang Pao and other Hmong leaders to Thailand. By the end of 1975, about 40,000 Hmong had succeeded to reaching Thailand, traveling on foot through the mountains and floating across the
3548:
This prompted a renewed flight from the country. "About 90 percent" of Laos's "intellectuals, technicians, and officials" left Laos following the communist takeover. Many of the professional and intellectual class, who had initially been willing to work for the new regime, changed their minds and
3496:
In late April, the Pathēt Lao took the government outpost at Sala Phou Khoum crossroads which opened up Route 13 to a Pathēt Lao advance toward Muang Kassy. For the non-Pathēt Lao elements in the government, compromise seemed better than allowing what had happened in Cambodia and South Vietnam to
3174:
On the Plain of Jars, the Pathet Lao advance gradually slowed due to the destruction of its supplies by airpower, and Laotian troops then counter-attacked. By August 1966, they had advanced to within 45 miles of the DRV border. North Vietnam then sent thousands of its regular troops into the
2283:
On 23 December 1950, the Pentalateral Mutual Defense Assistance Pact was signed by the United States, France, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos; it was a tool to transfer American military aid to the French war effort in Indochina. This year also marked the infiltration of at least 5,000 more Viet Minh
2246:
The nascent army was plagued by lack of Lao leadership, and its weaponry was a hodgepodge. Thus the new Armée Nationale Laotienne consisted of light infantry battalions officered by the French. There was one paratroop battalion included. The French began training Lao officers and non-commissioned
2097:
The end of World War II left Laos in political chaos. The French, who had been displaced from their protectorate by the Japanese, wanted to resume control of Laos, and sponsored guerrilla forces to regain control. The Japanese had proclaimed Laos independent even as they lost the war. Though King
3565:
A dramatic event during the takeover of Laos by the communists was the evacuation of Vang Pao and other Hmong leaders by air from Long Tieng. The end came for Vang Pao on 5 May 1975 when he was called before Souvanna Phouma, the Prime Minister of Laos, and ordered to cooperate with the communist
3229:
was dispatched to Laos to assault Nam Bac. The Royalist garrison was soon surrounded. They had American-supplied 105 mm howitzers for artillery support. They could also call on Royal Lao Air Force T-28s for close air support. U.S. Air Force fighter-bombers struck the Communist supply lines.
3262:
on 10 March 1968. This success was achieved despite U.S. military advice and assistance. In November, the U.S. launched an air campaign against the Ho Chi Minh Trail because North Vietnam was sending more troops and supplies than ever along this route to South Vietnam. This new operation, named
3221:
Laotian tribal irregulars were operating out of Nam Bac, under CIA direction from Luang Prabang, some 60 miles south of the guerrilla base. In midyear, over the objections of Lao colonels, American advisors pressured Royal Lao troops into forming their smaller units into combat battalions.
3121:
Late in 1965, the communists greatly increased their infiltration along the Ho Chi Minh Trail. The United States decided to concentrate airpower upon a small segment of the Trail closest to South Vietnam and used most extensively by the enemy. As a result, Operation Tiger Hound was initiated in
2554:
in August. This government included four members of the U.S.-backed Committee for the Defence of the National Interest (none of them National Assembly members). Three more unelected CDNI members were added in December, when Phuy received emergency powers to govern without the National Assembly.
2346:, which were adjacent to northern Vietnam and on the northeastern verge of the Plain of Jars. They then moved aside to allow the Pathet Lao force with its mismatched scrounged equipment to occupy the captured ground, and Souphanouvong moved the Pathet Lao headquarters into Xam Neua on 19 April.
3500:
In the city of Savannakhet, border at Mekong River on opposite side Thailand, several Pathet Laos underground organization members launched smaller uprising revolution against current Laotian right-wing leaders. The small uprising revolution started shortly after the enjoyable Laotian New Year
2186:
On 24 April, the French dropped a paratroop battalion on the outskirts of Vientiane, and took the city without resistance. On 9 May, they repeated their airborne tactics with a drop outside Luang Prabang. This was coupled with a thrust to the north by the French forces, from Vientiane to Luang
3721:, the U.S. government reversed its policy of denying immigration to Hmong who had fled Laos in the 1990s for refugee camps in Thailand. In a major victory for the Hmong, the U.S. government recognized some 15,000 Hmong as political refugees and afforded them expedited U.S. immigration rights.
3352:
and cut the Ho Chi Minh Trail, hopefully thwarting a planned North Vietnamese offensive. Aerial support by the U.S. was massive since no American ground units could participate in the operation. On 25 February, PAVN launched a counterattack, and in the face of heavy opposition, the South
2534:
At the same time, they and their North Vietnamese backers ran a massive recruitment campaign, with the aim of forming nine battalions of troops. Many of the new recruits were sent into North Vietnam for schooling and training. This led to United States concern that the Royal Lao Army would be
2406:, which took place from March through May 1954 within ten kilometers of the Lao border, on the lines of communication into the Plain of Jars. The ruggedness of the karst mountains of northern Laos channels movement into a few canyons; small watercraft could move from Điện Biên Phủ down to the
3038:
began flying mid and low-level missions over the renewed fighting, under the code name Yankee Team. They also began reconnaissance missions over the Laotian panhandle to obtain target information on men and material being moved into South Vietnam over the Ho Chi Minh Trail. By this time, the
2699:
With CIA support, Field Marshal Sarit set up a covert Thai military advisory group, called Kaw Taw. Kaw Taw supported a counter-coup against the new Neutralist Lao government in Vientiane, supplying artillery, artillerymen, and advisers to Phoumi's forces. It also committed the CIA-sponsored
3472:
In May 1974 Souphanouvong put forward an 18-point plan for "National Reconstruction", which was unanimously adopted – a sign of his increasing dominance. The plan was mostly uncontroversial, with renewed promises of free elections, democratic rights and respect for religion, as well as
3254:
Most of the government soldiers scattered into the surrounding hills; about 200 of the defenders were killed in action. Of the 3,278 Royalist soldiers, only about a third returned to government service. The Royalists had suffered such a staggering defeat that their army never recovered; the
3549:
left; a much easier thing to do from Laos than from either Vietnam or Cambodia. In proportional terms, Laos experienced the largest refugee flight of the Indochinese nations, with a full 10% of the population – 300,000 people out of a total of 3 million – crossing the border into Thailand.
2608:, if the communists Pathet Laos regular forces assisted by medium sized NVA forces successfully overthrew the Kingdom of Laos government before the mid-1960s, then other SE Asian nations feared the massive revolutionary communists expansions from town to town illusioning the domino effect.
2102:
thought Laos was too small for independence, he had proclaimed the end of the French protectorate status while simultaneously favoring the French return. He let it be known he would accept independence if it should occur. Thus there was a nascent movement for independence amid the turmoil.
2868:
The truce supposedly went into effect the first week of May, but was repeatedly breached by the communists. With the Royal Lao Army ineffective, the Hmong guerrillas were left as the only opposition to the communists. In early June, they were forced from their beleaguered position at the
2722:
The Neutralist forces in Vientiane organized the executive committee of the High Command of the Revolution as the interim government in Laos the following day. General Phoumi Nosavan, stated on 10 August that he planned to retake Vientiane by force. The United States Ambassador to Laos,
3517:
the 1976 election will select a new head of state from the majority faction, assumed to be the Pathet Lao, who will create the new nonprovisional Vientiane government, with the promise of retaining some liberties and potentially be more open diplomatically with non-communist Thailand.
3981:
The Vietnamese government officially lists 1.15 million confirmed soldier deaths in the Indochina Wars. Of these, 909,000 have had their bodies recovered. Of those with bodies recovered, 33,393 (17,404 in one search, 15,989 in a second), or 3.67%, were recovered within the borders of
3505:
resisting the Pathēt Lao takeover. Prime Minister Souvanna Phouma, dreading further conflict and apparently trusting Souphanouvong's promises of a moderate policy, gave instructions that the Pathēt Lao were not to be resisted, and the U.S. began to withdraw its diplomatic personnel.
2562:
reviewed the PEO. He promptly replaced General Brown and forged a new agreement with the Lao and the French. Integral to the new agreement was the displacement of the French military trainers by Americans. As a result, PEO expanded over twentyfold. Included in the expansion were 149
2611:
Also in May, the long-awaited integration of 1,500 Pathet Lao troops into the national army was scheduled. The U.S. embassy told the Lao government that it would be difficult to gain congressional approval of aid to Laos with communists serving in the army. The Pathet Lao stalled.
3217:
In northern Laos, the Communists continued their slow advance across the Plain of Jars in 1967. Laotian victories were few and far between, and by the end of the year, the situation had become critical even with the air support which had been provided by the Royal Lao Air Force.
2436:
marked the end of the First Indochina War; the French were driven to negotiate for peace. On 20 July, the Agreement on the Cessation of Hostilities in Laos was signed, ending French rule. Two months later, the North Vietnamese established a support group for Pathet Lao forces at
3493:. The Pathēt Lao now knew that victory was within reach, and with the Vietnam War over the North Vietnamese authorised the seizure of power in Laos. Pathēt Lao forces on the Plain of Jars supported by North Vietnamese heavy artillery and other units began advancing westward.
2121:
French commandos parachuted into Laos beginning in 1945 to organize guerrilla forces. By November, they had formed the guerrillas into four light infantry battalions of the newly founded French Union Army. The officers and sergeants of the new Lao battalions were French.
2982:
The irregular companies trained the previous year in Thailand were now formed into a battalion called SGU 1. Irregular forces proliferated throughout the country. In Military Regions 3 and 4, action, intelligence, and road watch teams infiltrated the Ho Chi Minh Trail.
2965:
Le's second in command, Colonel Ketsana, was assassinated. Shortly afterwards Quinim Polsena and his deputy were also assassinated. The neutralist camp was split with some going over to the Pathēt Lao. Fighting between the Pathet Lao and government troops soon resumed.
2884:. Riflemen trained for these militias would receive eight weeks basic training, then serve several months in their militia. Once they had that experience, which often included their first combat, they were further recruited into battalions of irregular troops called
3729:
Twenty-two years following the end of the Laotian War, on 15 May 1997, the U.S. officially acknowledged its role in the Secret War. A memorial to American and Hmong contributions to U.S. air and ground combat efforts during the conflict was established by the
1507:
rebels began an insurgency against the new government. The Hmong were persecuted as traitors and "lackeys" of the Americans, with the government and its Vietnamese allies carrying out human rights abuses against Hmong civilians. The incipient conflict between
5455:"NAKQUDA.com – Anthropology, Architecture, Art, Computer Science, Foreign Language, History, Humanities, Literature, Music, Philosophy, Politics, Psychology, Religion, Science, Sociology, Miscellaneous, Mathematics, Rocktry, & Theoretical Physics Essays"
1965:, and a covert air operation directed by the United States ambassador to Laos, fought the People's Army of Vietnam, the National Liberation Front (NLF), and their Pathet Lao allies to a seesaw stalemate, greatly aiding U.S. interests in the war in Vietnam.
3566:
Pathet Lao. Vang Pao took the general's stars off his collar, threw them on the desk of Souvanna Phouma, and stalked out of the room. Four days later the official Pathet Lao newspaper warned that the Hmong people would be exterminated "to the last root."
3509:
the Mekong to Thailand. Recognising that the cause was lost, Vang Pao led thousands of his Hmong fighters and their families into exile – eventually about a third of all the Lao Hmong left the country. Pathēt Lao forces captured Vientiane in August.
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Underlying all this was a strong undercurrent of Vietnamese involvement. Sixty percent of the population of Laos' six urban areas were Vietnamese, with the Vietnamese holding key positions in the civil bureaucracies and the police. Since the 1930s the
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The Soviet Union began a military air bridge into Vientiane in early December; it was characterized as the largest Soviet airlift since World War II. This air bridge flew in PAVN artillery and gunners to reinforce the Neutralist/Pathet Lao coalition.
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advisors should have stiffened them with military expertise. In May, a PAVN assault broke the RLG forces and routed them. The Royalist soldiers fled southward across the entirety of northwestern Laos into Thailand, a retreat of over a hundred miles.
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In September, Group 100 was succeeded by Group 959; the North Vietnamese were upgrading their military mission to the Pathet Lao, just as the Americans had expanded PEO. Both sides were raising larger client armies, in hopes the Lao would fight.
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By February, the Royal Lao Government's hold on Nam Tha seemed tenuous enough that it was reinforced by the paratroopers of GM 15. That gave a numerical edge to the defenders and should have guaranteed Nam Tha's retention. The presence of armed
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For these, and other reasons, Lao Issara could not hold the country against the returning French colonial government and its troops. The French negotiated a Chinese withdrawal from Laos prior to their own return, removing them from the field.
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economy. This is considered by most historians and journalists to be the end of the Second Indochina War. Consequently, neighboring Thailand banned any export and transit goods to Mekong River at Laos until 1989, when Thai Prime Minister
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to be irrational thinking to many Americans flying these combat missions for these trucks could have been destroyed en masse before, during, or after their unloading from the freighters that had hauled them to North Vietnam if bombing of
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Vang Pao gathered three SGU battalions into Groupement Mobile 21 and spearheaded a drive into Sam Neua against the Pathet Lao. His offensive was resupplied by supplies airdropped by the civilian aircraft of Air America and Bird and Sons.
3330:. The Air Force called in B-52s and, on 17 February, they were used to bomb targets in northern Laos. The enemy advance was halted by Laotian reinforcements, and for the remainder of the year it was a "seesaw" military campaign.
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By summer, the CIA had mustered 9,000 hill tribesmen into the ranks of the Armée Clandestine. It was aided by nine CIA agents, nine Special Forces augmenters, and 99 Thai Special Forces troopers from the Police Aerial Resupply Unit.
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the Royalist command post. Its communications with the defenders was cut; the rout was on. The heavy weapons and scale of the PAVN attack could not be matched by the national army and it was effectively sidelined for several years.
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and the real ruler of the country. A few royal family members, including a Prince, crossed the Mekong River and evacuated to Thailand a few days before the establishment of the Laos PDR, fearing societal upheaval and persecution.
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In July, Royal Lao Government (RLG) forces seized the Nam Bac Valley. Three Infantry Regiments, one independent infantry battalion, and one artillery battalion took Nam Bac and established a defensive line north of Luang Prabang.
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When the relief troops failed to lift the siege in time, the French and their local allies lost the bastion of Điện Biên Phủ. One of the troopers in the relief column marching from Luang Prabang was a young Hmong named Vang Pao.
3360:) to recover the Plain of Jars. Volunteer forces included the 312th and 316th Divisions, the 335th and 866th Infantry Regiments, and six artillery and tank battalions. Xam Thong fell and the push continued toward Long Tieng.
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Prabang, that chased Phetsarath Ratanavongsa and the Lao Issara ministers out of Laos. The king reinstated the French rule by repudiating his actions that had been pressured from him by the Japanese, Chinese, and Lao Issara.
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The Franco–Lao Treaty of Amity and Association (signed 22 October 1953) transferred remaining French powers to the Royal Lao Government (except control of military affairs), establishing Laos as an independent member of the
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In northern Laos, the communists made additional gains during the year but failed to overwhelm government forces. In November, the Pathet Lao agreed to meet with Laotian government representatives to discuss a cease-fire.
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Phoumi's coup was thus successful, but the result was the alliance of the Neutralists with the Pathet Lao on 23 December. As 1960 ended, the nation of Laos had become an arena of confrontation for the world's superpowers.
3287:). In June, Pathet Lao and PAVN launched an attack of its own and gained ground; but by August, Royal Laotian forces attacked again and regained what had been lost, recovering the Plain of Jars in September 1969 in the
2626:, working under the code name Hotfoot, began training the Royal Laotian army. The Green Berets were attached to the Programs Evaluation Office, and like other PEO employees, were nominal civilians and dressed as such.
1908:(PAVN), however, continued to operate in both northern and southeastern Laos. There were repeated attempts from 1954 onward to force the North Vietnamese out of Laos, but regardless of any agreements or concessions,
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in northern Thailand, about 85 kilometres south of Vientiane. The most drastic alternative the task force envisioned was a 60,000-man commitment of American ground troops in southern Laos, with a possible use of
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end of American aid also meant the mass demobilization of most of the non-Pathēt Lao military forces in the country. The Pathēt Lao on the other hand continued to be both funded and equipped by North Vietnam.
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PEO had turned its support to General Phoumi. With the help of Air America and covert aid from Thailand, the general and his troops moved north toward Vientiane from Savannakhet in southern Laos, in November.
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United States disbanded its Military Assistance Advisory Group and withdrew its military mission. The Vietnamese communists did not; they repatriated only a token 40 technicians out of an estimated 2,000.
2489:; 80% of its budget was dedicated to this purpose. The United States paid 100% of the Lao military budget. However, the embassy staff was not up to monitoring this program. There was an obvious need for a
1937:(CIA), in an attempt to disrupt these operations in northern Laos without direct military involvement, responded by training a guerrilla force of about thirty thousand Laotian hill tribesmen, mostly local
2062:, with areas of Laos controlled by North Vietnam subjected to years of intense U.S. aerial bombardment, representing the heaviest bombing campaign in history. Overshadowing it all was the struggle of the
3017:, which was a pilot training program at Udorn Royal Thai Air Force Base to supply Lao pilots for the Royal Laotian Air Force. The RLAF also began augmenting its ranks with Thai volunteer pilots in 1964.
2243:. This began the building of a new government over the next few years, including the establishment of a national army, the Armée Nationale Laotienne, which was the first iteration of the Royal Lao Army.
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supply corridor and as a staging area for offensives into South Vietnam. There were two major theatres of the war, one for control over the Laotian Panhandle and the other was fought around the northern
2750:, poised to strike into Laos. They were later joined by an additional eight B26s. With a dozen guns, half a dozen rockets, and a napalm canister apiece, they were a potent threat, but were never used.
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The RLA was being formed into Groupement Mobiles – regimental-sized units of three battalions. The training teams were assigned one per GM, with some battalions also meriting a team.
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overrun. Two sergeants were killed, and team leader Captain Walter H. Moon was captured; he was later executed while trying to escape captivity. Another sergeant was released sixteen months later.
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In January 1946, the French began the reconquest of Laos by sweeping the Bolovens Plateau. They had organized six battalions of light infantry, to which they added a minor force of French troops.
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North Vietnam also had a sizable military effort in northern Laos, while sponsoring and maintaining an indigenous communist rebellion, the Pathet Lao, to put pressure on the Royal Lao Government.
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footpaths on the trail had been enlarged to truck roads, with smaller paths for bicycles and walking. The Trail had become the major artery for use by North Vietnam to infiltrate South Vietnam.
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Souvanna Phouma chose to return to Laos via an amnesty, believing that the Lao would soon free themselves. In 1951 he became Prime Minister for the first time and held that office until 1954.
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and reports of atrocities committed against them by the Lao military spurred activist groups to try to persuade the Thai government to keep granting asylum to the refugees, but to no avail.
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The North Vietnamese government (Hanoi) deployed about 30,000-40,000 NVA soldiers to penetrate northern Laos to assist the battalions of Pathet Laos forces beyond major military campaigns.
3446:. Thailand likewise began to withdraw its troops from Laos following the signing of the Paris Accords. North Vietnam was not required to remove its forces under the terms of the treaty.
2919:, which was on the northwestern border, almost in southern China. Laotian Army Groupement Mobiles (GMs) 11 and 18 were stationed there, and soon came under pressure from the communists.
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By October 1951, the Armée Nationale Laotienne had raised two more battalions of infantry and began training a battalion of paratroops. The ANL ended the year with a strength of 5,091.
2141:. The former became the titular founder of Lao Issara. Souphanouvong became commander in chief, as well as minister of foreign affairs. Souvanna Phouma became minister of public works.
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started, in November or December, so did North Vietnamese military operations, as fresh troops and supplies flowed down out of North Vietnam on newly passable routes, either down from
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2527:, which was much resented by the Pathet Lao. As a result of this resentment, and disputes about electoral procedures, the Laotian communists boycotted that year's national elections.
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On 23 March 1969, the Royal Lao Army launched a large attack against the communists in the Plain of Jars/Xieng Khoang areas, supported by its own air units and the U.S. Air Force (
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Throughout 1968, the communists slowly advanced across the northern part of Laos, defeating Laotian forces time and time again. An important U.S. navigation aids site fell in the
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In August 1950, Souphanouvong had joined the Viet Minh in their headquarters north of Hanoi, Vietnam, and become the head of the Pathet Lao, along with its political arm dubbed
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attack in mid-1974 he spent some months recuperating in France, after which he announced that he would retire from politics following the elections scheduled for early 1976.
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On 21 May, RLG forces attempted to seize the Plain. The battle lasted 170 days (until 15 November 1972). The communists claimed to have killed 1,200 troops and captured 80.
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on 113,716 Laotian sites in 230,516 sorties between 1965 and 1973 alone, making Laos the most heavily bombed country in history relative to the size of its population;
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failed, and that failure gave pause to U.S. actions in Laos. A ceasefire was sought. Simultaneously, the PEO shed its civilian guise and went above ground to become a
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had been permitted. The presence of Soviet, British, Greek and Panamanian neutral ships in Haiphong prevented any United States bombing for the duration of the war.
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2118:, as Viceroy and Prime Minister, established the Lao royal treasury account with the Indochinese treasury in Hanoi in an attempt to establish a functional economy.
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3413:) into South Vietnam on 30 March, massive U.S. air support was required inside South Vietnam and its air strikes in Laos dropped to their lowest point since 1965.
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According to the Vietnamese government, from 1994 to 2012, the remains of 14,549 North Vietnamese soldiers, who were killed during the war, were found in Laos.
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aimed at cutting away the panhandle from the main body of Laos. This thrust was foiled by paratroopers from the French Union's Army of the Republic of Vietnam.
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mounted a coup against the group of generals who had attempted a coup the previous year. Among the losers fleeing into exile were General Phoumi Nosavan.
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Faced with this fiasco, the U.S. and other foreign powers pressured the RLG into a coalition with the Pathet Lao and Kong Le's Forces Armee Neutrale. The
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area. Since most of the communist truck traffic was at night, the Air Force developed and began using special equipment to detect the nighttime traffic.
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The war had resulted in a large number of refugees with a peak number of 378,800 internally displaced persons under government control in October 1973.
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In opposition, the Viet Minh raised a subsidiary revolutionary movement, the Pathet Lao, starting with an initial guerrilla band of 25 in January 1949.
2213:, Vietnam. Kaysone Phomvihane organized the first detachment of the new force. By the end of 1946, at least 500 Viet Minh agents had crossed into Laos.
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because political constraints kept the trail safe from ground assault from South Vietnam. Raven FACs also directed air strikes in the southeast. Other
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The North Vietnamese and Pathet Lao eventually emerged victorious in December 1975, following from North Vietnam's final victory over South Vietnam in
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1965 began with an event that showed how the commanding generals of the five military regions of Laos were essentially warlords of their own domains.
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Due to the Vietnam War, the Laotian War has been almost forgotten by the majority of people around the world, even in the United States and Vietnam.
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In March 1975 the North Vietnamese began their final military offensive in South Vietnam, which by the end of April carried them to victory with the
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Stone, Oliver and Kuznick, Peter, "The Untold History of the United States" (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012), p. 389 citing Marilyn B. Young,
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as a paved highway in southeast Laos paralleling the Vietnamese border. The trail was designed to transport North Vietnamese troops and supplies to
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3580:" to remove any U.S. markings as the operation was carried out in secret. The pilots were American civilians: Les Strouse, Matt Hoff, and Al Rich.
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in Bangkok helped to find additional planes and sent three pilots flying two C-46 and one C-130 transport aircraft to Long Tieng. The planes were "
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93rd Division, occupied cities as far south as Luang Prabang. The French-sponsored guerrillas controlled the southern provinces of Savannakhet and
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Vietnamese government and the U.S. had both signed agreements specifying the neutrality of Laos. U.S. involvement was considered necessary because
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The U.S. decided to counter-escalate by airdropping arms to a force of 7,000 Hmong guerrillas later in the month. The U.S. Navy transferred four
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Beginning on 1 January, a new coalition of Kong Le's Neutralists, Pathet Lao, and PAVN drove 9,000 Royal Lao Army troops from the Plain of Jars.
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By the end of 1952, the Royal Lao Army had grown to include a battalion of troops commanded by Laotian officers, as well as 17 other companies.
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on temporary duty, and 103 Filipino military veterans working for a newly formed front company named Eastern Construction Company in Laos.
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cleared one of the few roads in Laos; Route 13 connected the administrative capitol of Vientiane with the royal capitol of Luang Prabang.
2129:(Free Laos) was founded as a new government for Laos. Among Lao Issara's prominent members were three European-educated princes; brothers
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2976:. The Requirements Office of the U.S. Embassy in Vientiane was manned by civilians and monitored the need for U.S. military aid to Laos.
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In early 1955, a United States Operation Mission was set up in Laos. Its primary purpose was supply of military defense materials to the
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In Laos itself, there was an effort to train Laotians as forward air guides. Meantime, the Butterfly forward air control program began.
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Laotians hired to assist U.S. troops assigned with the Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command sift then move tons of dirt on a mountain near
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Beginning in March, 1957, the Royal Lao Army began shuttling arms to Hmong guerrillas, to enable them to fight on the side of the RLA.
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D.C.. Additionally, the U.S. ambassadors in South Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand were involved in controlling these U.S. air operations.
2727:, responded to General Phoumi by stating that the United States supported a restoration of peace "through quick and decisive action."
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In the meantime, the United States re-established a Military Assistance Advisory Group to support its efforts in Laos, basing it in
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battalion were able to seize control of the administrative capital of Vientiane in a virtually bloodless coup, while Prime Minister
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had effectively gained control over a large part of the country. Despite these denials, however, the civil war was the largest U.S.
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From 1965 to 1973, the civil war moved back and forth in northern Laos, characterized by short but often very intense engagements.
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In August, the Royal Laotian Air Force received its first four T-28 Trojans that had been adapted for counter-insurgency warfare.
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In January 1954, the PAVN launched two assaults on Laos. One thrust crossed the top of the panhandle to the Mekong River town of
2273:, met Ho Chi Minh and acquired a Vietnamese wife while in Vietnam, and he solicited Viet Minh aid in founding a guerrilla force.
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6457:"Making More Enemies than We Kill? Calculating U.S. Bomb Tonnages Dropped on Laos and Cambodia, and Weighing Their Implications"
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On 2 December, when Vientiane fell to the Pathet Lao, King Savang Vatthana agreed to abdicate and Souvanna Phouma resigned. The
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In the far northwest, Team Fox, an intelligence team of Mien hill tribesmen began long range reconnaissance of southern China.
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In December, the French Union Army, as part of its attempt to protect Laos from the PAVN, recaptured the Dien Bien Phu valley.
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On 1 May, elements of SVN PAVN units (28th and 24A regiments) joined with North Vietnamese Army and Pathet Lao to seize
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were arrested by the Pathet Lao and sent to labor camps, where most of them died in the late 1970s and 1980s, including King
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anti-colonial armed nationalist movement. The following years were marked by a rivalry between the neutralists under Prince
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2038:, also directed strikes. Other air strikes were planned ahead. Overall coordination of the air campaign was directed by an
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six months later rendered North Vietnamese supply lines impassable, the Vietnamese communists would recede toward Vietnam.
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to Vientiane. A third PAVN battalion moved into action at Tha Thom, south of the Plain of Jars. On 15 January, the entire
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Also in July, the American embassy began to contract for aerial resupply for RLA troops, hiring Robert Brongersma and his
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By September 1946, the Lao Issara had been defeated and had fled to exile in Bangkok. One of its splinter groups, led by
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1464:. Several attempts were made to establish coalition governments, and a "tri-coalition" government was finally seated in
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3975:[Topic 4 WORKS FOR SEARCH AND COLLECTION OF SHOCKS WILL BE FROM NOW TO 2020 AND THE NEXT YEARS]. Archived from
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B-26s had been scheduled to strike at Kong Le, but the strike was stayed by an event on the far side of the world. The
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The Ho Chi Minh trail was used by Vietnamese and Laotian people from the very beginning. Captured Viet Cong, circa 1959
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2865:. Emblematic of the change, the Hotfoot teams donned their U.S. uniforms and became White Star Mobile Training Teams.
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In January, 1955, French advisors began training the first Lao aviation force. Later that year, Thailand would supply
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and Laos, along with the war in Vietnam. The new Laotian branch consisted of 2,091 members, but included only 31 Lao.
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Kriege-Archiv der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Kriegsursachenforschung, Institut für Politikwissenschaft, Universität Hamburg.
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Rothwell Brown. These civilians were given U.S. State Department status. However, they did not work strictly for the
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detachments ruled the northeast, but the Viet Minh declined to aid the new government. Chinese troops, including the
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1984:. The CIA's covert operation's clandestine army would give way, harrying the PAVN and Pathet Lao as they retreated;
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4009:"Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme"
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notes this was "nearly a ton for every person in Laos". By September 1969, the Plain of Jars was largely deserted.
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helicopters and volunteer pilots to the Lao military. The Thais also trained thirty Lao officers in weapons use at
2324:
In April 1953, the Viet Minh's People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) invaded the northeastern part of what was still the
2294:
Also, by 1951, the Pathet Lao had mustered sufficient trained troops to join the Viet Minh in military operations.
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was Vietnamese-Lao. These three men founded the military movement that would become the Pathet Lao (Land of Laos).
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also played a role with Hmong rebels being accused of receiving support from China. Over 40,000 people died in the
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force. Fighter-bombers would serve as flying artillery to blast the communist forces into retreat or submission.
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inadequately equipped and trained because there was only one small French military mission working with the RLA.
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In February 1951, the Indochinese Communist Party decided to split in three to sponsor war against the French in
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The Laotian Civil War: The Intransigence of General Phoumi Nosavan and American Intervention in the Fall of 1960
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2504:(PEO) in December, 1955, staffed by American civilians with prior military experience and headed up by retired
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families, and domestic animals with them. On 23 May, Souphanouvong and his companions also escaped unscathed.
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A U.S. Air Force Bell UH-1P from the 20th Special Operations Squadron "Green Hornets" at a base in Laos, 1970
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Alongside its covert Kaw Taw operation, immediately after Kong Le's coup the government of Thailand began an
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In October 1949, the exiled Lao Issara dissolved and the three royal brothers each chose a separate destiny.
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4139:. Foreign Office Files: United States of America, Series Two: Vietnam, 1959–1975; Part 2: Laos, 1959–1963.
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to ban the weapons and was host to the First Meeting of States Parties to the convention in November 2010.
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by an artillery barrage followed by a ground assault. Under command of General Vang Pao, they fell back to
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On 11 May 1947, King Sisavang Vong granted a constitution declaring Laos an independent nation within the
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Due to the particularly heavy impact of cluster bombs during this war, Laos was a strong advocate of the
2417:, which later morphed into Air America, in a covert operation to fly supplies to the embattled French in
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Because of significant logistical stockpiling by PAVN in the Laotian Panhandle, South Vietnam launched
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1715:
1068:
937:
359:
326:
6117:"Amidst the Heat of the Cold War in Asia: Thailand and the American Secret War in Indochina (1960–74)"
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Osornprasop, Sutayut (2012), "Thailand and the secret War in Laos, 1960–1974", in Lau, Albert (ed.),
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and Lao Veterans of America, worked to establish a non-profit organization and advocate for honorary
3694:
Many former ethnic Hmong and Laotian veterans and their families, led by Colonel Wangyee Vang of the
3557:
eased the trade restrictions, citing the gradual diplomatic normalization between Thailand and Laos.
2715:, cutting off the main source of imported goods for Vientiane. The United States Secretary of State,
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1421:
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chose to remain in Bangkok. His stay was temporary. He would once again become the viceroy of Laos.
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3973:"Chuyên đề 4 CÔNG TÁC TÌM KIẾM, QUY TẬP HÀI CỐT LIỆT SĨ TỪ NAY ĐẾN NĂM 2020 VÀ NHỮNG NĂM TIẾP THEO"
3799:
2900:). SGUs, once formed up, underwent three further months training by Thai officers and sergeants in
2803:
2449:
2256:
1901:
1873:
1559:
1243:
1236:
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987:
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At War in the Shadow of Vietnam: United States Military Aid to the Royal Lao Government, 1955–1975
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3348:, a military thrust on 8 February 1971. Its goals were to cross into Laos toward the city of
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1968:
The status of the war in the north throughout the year generally depended on the weather. As the
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1103:
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62:
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The Vietnamese invasion was stalled, but only because the French had airlifted in battalions of
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392:
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7698:
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7307:(bibliography mainly devoted to the portions of the Second Indochina War that occurred in Laos)
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was the most heavily bombed province. Thirty per cent of bombs failed to explode immediately.
3255:
government was left with only tribal irregulars using guerrilla tactics fighting on its side.
3181:
operations continued down the length of the panhandle in 1966, with special emphasis upon the
2329:
2151:
However, the Lao Issara never gained more than a tenuous hold on the entirety of Laos. Roving
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had no intention of withdrawing from the country or abandoning its Laotian communist allies.
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1958. With these additional seats, the left controlled a total of 16 seats in the 59 member
1980:
on all-weather highways, or on Route 7 through Ban Ban, Laos on the northeast corner of the
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2888:. The battalions were filled out along ethnic lines, most being Hmong, but some being Yao (
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The Keng Khanh Concentration Camp of 1975 in Laos: A Story of Hatred, Hope, and Redemption
6190:
The Keng Khanh Concentration Camp of 1975 in Laos: A Story of Hatred, Hope, and Redemption
6165:
The Keng Khanh Concentration Camp of 1975 in Laos: A Story of Hatred, Hope, and Redemption
3706:
was passed by the Republican-controlled U.S. Congress and signed into law by US President
2829:
nullified by its casualties, as five of the T-6s were lost in action by the end of March.
2410:, and thence directly downriver to Luang Prabang, or they cross into the PDJ via Ban Ban.
8:
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8809:
8779:
8757:
8543:
8533:
8260:
8183:
8153:
8137:
7693:
7618:
4915:
At War in the Shadow of Vietnam: U.S. Military Aid to the Royal Lao Government, 1955–1975
4857:
At War in the Shadow of Vietnam: U.S. Military Aid to the Royal Lao Government, 1955–1975
4824:
At War in the Shadow of Vietnam: U.S. Military Aid to the Royal Lao Government, 1955–1975
4761:
At War in the Shadow of Vietnam: U.S. Military Aid to the Royal Lao Government, 1955–1975
4427:
At War in the Shadow of Vietnam: U.S. Military Aid to the Royal Lao Government, 1955–1975
3784:
3668:
3443:
3437:
3383:
3284:
3131:
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Several companies of hill tribes irregulars were sent to Hua Hin, Thailand for training.
2414:
2027:
2015:
1977:
1962:
1346:
1012:
875:
783:
761:
752:
729:
561:
9440:
9353:
5591:
At War in the Shadow of Vietnam: U.S. Military Aid to the Royal Lao Government 1955–1975
5481:
At War in the Shadow of Vietnam: U.S. Military Aid to the Royal Lao Government 1955–1975
5346:
At War in the Shadow of Vietnam: U.S. Military Aid to the Royal Lao Government 1955–1975
5066:
At War in the Shadow of Vietnam: U.S. Military Aid to the Royal Lao Government 1955–1975
5030:
2880:
The U.S. Central Intelligence Agency had begun secretly recruiting Lao montagnards into
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10000:
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3310:) opened. By the 20th, control of the Plain of Jars was secure. RLG forces withdrew to
3134:
heavy bombers were called in to this tactical operation, in their first use over Laos.
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happen in Laos. A surrender was thought to be better than a change of power by force.
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In October 1953, the Franco-Lao Treaty of Amity and Association transferred power....
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strike against the enemy in retaliation for the shoot down of another U.S. aircraft.
3047:
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2019:
1916:
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905:
483:
417:
282:
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6767:
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3113:
On 3 April, the U.S. began Operation Steel Tiger over the Laotian panhandle and the
2915:
In December, the Royalists decided to assert control over the provincial capital of
2818:
of the PAVN had crossed into Laos to reinforce the Pathet Lao/Neutralist coalition.
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12516:
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7366:
7249:"'Secret War' Still Killing Thousands", Andre Vltchek, Worldpress.org correspondent
7025:
6760:
Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954–1975
6493:
6322:
6285:
Tragic Mountains: The Hmong, the Americans, and the Secret Wars for Laos, 1942–1992
6130:
4240:
4030:
4022:
3851:
3410:
3353:
Vietnamese force withdrew from Laos after losing approximately a third of its men.
3107:
2716:
2559:
2055:
1521:
1201:
998:
293:
6327:
6310:
3363:
Lower Laos – the 968th Infantry Regiment and Pathet Lao forces reclaimed the
1579:
1499:. After the communist takeover in Laos, up to 300,000 people fled to neighbouring
12711:
12671:
12345:
12239:
12092:
12062:
12047:
11910:
11784:
11559:
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10893:
10821:
10734:
10590:
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10505:
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10215:
10183:
10075:
10035:
9797:
9792:
9732:
9673:
9405:
9283:
9110:
9075:
8983:
8978:
8702:
8596:
8270:
8203:
8193:
8158:
8114:
8101:
8053:
7914:
7842:
7731:
7716:
7681:
7436:
7358:
7269:
7198:
7149:
6877:
6792:
6774:
6628:"'My friends were afraid of me': What 80 million unexploded US bombs did to Laos"
6501:
5229:
5222:
4227:
4208:
4081:
3372:
3349:
3122:
December 1965, utilizing aircraft from the Air Force, the United States Navy and
3053:
The summer of 1964 was marked by a successful attack by the Forces Armee Royale.
2843:
2134:
1861:
1856:
1778:
1735:
1568:
1525:
1445:
1381:
516:
505:
428:
195:
123:
92:
66:
8697:
6727:
2754:
The U.S. was poised to rescue its paramilitary and diplomatic advisers in Laos.
2167:, who sympathized with the French, occupied the rest of the southern panhandle.
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11283:
11063:
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10908:
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8655:
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8343:
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7441:
7282:
Online Archive Materials about Air America in the Vietnam Archive at Texas Tech
6895:
3839:
3593:
3482:
2693:
2685:
2564:
2303:
2222:
1957:, a Hmong military leader. This army, supported by the CIA proprietary airline
1950:
1429:
1353:
1159:
1096:
975:
970:
708:
549:
527:
439:
36:
7029:
6404:
Sky is Falling: an Oral History of the CIA's evacuation of the Hmong from Laos
6134:
4110:. Uppsala University Department of Peace and Conflict Research. Archived from
3616:
3577:
2493:; however, the United States had signed a treaty that expressly forbade such.
2338:
The North Vietnamese invaders succeeded in conquering the border provinces of
348:
12769:
12577:
12476:
11509:
11484:
10868:
10724:
10570:
10465:
10430:
10415:
10375:
9917:
9747:
9485:
9395:
9258:
9238:
9125:
8886:
8864:
8829:
8408:
8403:
8358:
8280:
8240:
7989:
7930:
7895:
7885:
7850:
7832:
7767:
7264:
6886:
3809:
3743:
3569:
2822:
2605:
2475:
2399:. The other was again aimed at Luang Prabang. Both were thwarted in a month.
2354:
2138:
2099:
2051:
2004:
1981:
1973:
1920:
1481:
1416:
armies, both directly and through irregular proxies. The war is known as the
981:
494:
260:
225:
213:
171:
108:
7085:
Sky is Falling: an Oral History of the CIA evacuation of the Hmong from Laos
12471:
12319:
12209:
12148:
12117:
12011:
11920:
11168:
10773:
10510:
10460:
10390:
10380:
10234:
10222:
10209:
10015:
9842:
9343:
8591:
8441:
8300:
8295:
8290:
7996:
7875:
7812:
7200:
War and Responsibility: Constitutional Lessons of Vietnam and Its Aftermath
6868:
6532:
4060:"Stephen M Bland | Journalist and Author | Central Asia Caucasus"
4044:
3856:
3768:
3707:
3699:
3664:
3589:
3542:
3457:
3327:
3307:
3123:
2901:
2778:
2739:
2240:
2074:
and the Soviet Union of spreading communism via subversion and insurgency.
2008:
1938:
1504:
1485:
1437:
1425:
1250:
1110:
1040:
918:
627:
538:
3155:
Damage caused by a communist ground attack on Luang Prabang airfield, 1967
2986:
In December, Vang Pao was promoted to Brigadier General by King Sisavong.
12592:
12582:
12299:
12183:
12163:
12067:
11519:
11387:
10963:
10555:
10160:
10130:
9985:
9975:
9874:
9737:
9530:
9019:
8849:
8834:
8645:
8493:
8461:
8348:
8163:
8068:
8007:
7935:
7855:
7625:
7411:
7381:
7174:
Shooting at the moon : the story of America' clandestine war in Laos
7141:
6452:
3663:
U.S. aircraft dropped more ordnance on Laos than on all countries during
3486:
2519:
1955 was also notable for the despatch of Royal Lao Government troops to
2313:
2195:
2145:
2067:
1996:
1946:
1662:
1533:
1389:
1332:
738:
32:
7191:
Diplomacy at the Brink: Eisenhower, Churchill, and Eden in the Cold War.
12716:
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12666:
12415:
12329:
12143:
12021:
11499:
11203:
10314:
10025:
9995:
9949:
9864:
9832:
9824:
9767:
9455:
9170:
8859:
8747:
8353:
7451:
7431:
7376:
7371:
6967:
6762:. Trans. by Merle Pribbenow. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2002
4007:
Obermeyer, Ziad; Murray, Christopher J. L.; Gakidou, Emmanuela (2008).
3609:
3461:
3391:
3357:
2989:
2893:
2874:
2524:
2422:
2380:
2226:
2126:
1969:
1942:
1755:
1441:
1373:
1187:
159:
132:
104:
58:
8968:
6960:
4221:
http://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Laos/sub5_3a/entry-2943.html
3717:
In 2004, following several years of pressure from a coalition of U.S.
3356:
On 18 December, PAVN and Pathet Lao forces launched counteroffensive (
2802:(RLAF) received its first counter-insurgency aircraft, American-built
11951:
11604:
11534:
11397:
11382:
11367:
11140:
10610:
10455:
10304:
10277:
10090:
10045:
9954:
9922:
9902:
9894:
9223:
9013:
5332:
The Tragedy of the Vietnam War: A South Vietnamese Officer's Analysis
5268:
The Tragedy of the Vietnam War: A South Vietnamese Officer's Analysis
4026:
3657:
2677:
2598:
2580:
2377:
2339:
2266:
2210:
2160:
2152:
2000:
1596:
1529:
1465:
1393:
2589:
1440:. However, this government did not include representatives from the
12572:
12380:
12254:
12178:
10189:
10030:
9927:
9802:
9621:
9525:
8665:
8523:
7977:
7537:
7391:
7386:
6768:
War Against Trucks: Aerial Interdiction in Southern Laos, 1968–1973
3829:
3824:
3288:
3275:
3211:
3060:
The Plain of Jars activities expanded by December 1964, were named
2790:
2689:
2657:
2637:
2520:
2365:
2343:
2288:
2164:
2144:
Independence began with an uprising of the Vietnamese residents in
2063:
1954:
1705:
1619:
1500:
1449:
1397:
1033:
461:
450:
239:
40:
9309:
Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
3604:
2357:, was thwarted by oncoming monsoons and resistance by the French.
2335:
They were opposed by 10,000 Lao troops and 3,000 French regulars.
11905:
10135:
10020:
10010:
9959:
9500:
8245:
7703:
7230:, CIA and Surrogate Warfare in Laos, from CIA's FOIA Reading Room
6507:
6167:. Strategic Book Publishing & Rights Agency. pp. 44–46.
4819:
Replacing France: The Origins of American Intervention in Vietnam
4067:
3814:
3689:
3428:
3334:
3031:
for the RLAF to bomb Communist encampments, beginning on 18 May.
2973:
2916:
2889:
2708:
2673:
2479:
2396:
2308:
2270:
2194:, fled to Hanoi. There he allied himself with two men trusted by
2022:
was primarily a massive air interdiction program by the USAF and
1509:
1488:
to disrupt North Vietnamese operations and in 1964, the US began
1471:
The North Vietnamese Army, in collaboration with the Pathet Lao,
844:
676:
472:
7315:
2247:
officers even as they continued to lead and train the new army.
10203:
10005:
9944:
8879:
7532:
6802:
RLG Military Operations and Activities in the Laotian Panhandle
6778:. Washington, D.C.: Air Force Museums and History Program, 2005
3621:
3295:
missions; however, many were canceled because of poor weather.
3291:. In all these operations, the U.S. Air Force flew hundreds of
2743:
2652:
2407:
2360:
11515:
United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–1924)
7276:
6261:. Strategic Book Publishing & Rights Agency. p. 154.
4163:
4161:
3306:
On 11 February 1970, a PAVN and Pathet Lao offensive (part of
3188:
2444:
11470:
Operations against the Mohmands, Bunerwals and Swatis in 1915
10688:
10644:
American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation
10150:
9933:
8012:
6690:""Acts of Betrayal: Persecution of Hmong", by Michael Johns,
6528:"Forty years on, Laos reaps bitter harvest of the secret war"
6192:. Strategic Book Publishing & Rights Agency. p. 47.
6086:
6084:
4105:
2531:
claimed the right to administer the provinces they occupied.
1909:
1513:
11765:
Lithuanian War of Independence (War against the Bermontians)
6433:
5811:
The Ravens: The Men Who Flew in America's Secret War in Laos
4167:
2622:
In July, U.S. Special Forces Mobile Training Teams from the
2304:
1953–1954: First North Vietnamese invasion and French defeat
10228:
10110:
8002:
7946:
7346:
4158:
3175:
battle and once again the Laotians were forced to retreat.
3159:
2235:
Anti-aircraft troops of the Laotian Peoples Liberation Army
2209:
Thao O Anourack established the initial Pathet Lao base at
1993:
1989:
1988:
would direct massive air strikes against the communists by
117:
83:(16 years, 6 months, 1 week and 2 days)
54:
6409:
6384:
6372:
6081:
5977:
3442:
The U.S. pulled out of Laos in 1973, as stipulated by the
3326:
At the beginning of 1970, fresh troops from North Vietnam
3299:
one tank company, six sapper and engineer battalions, one
10683:
10663:
10658:
6836:. Kenneth J. Conboy. Squadron/Signal Publications, 1994.
6632:
6311:"Conceptualising Party-State Governance and Rule in Laos"
4884:
3071:
2770:
2765:
2570:
2174:
6994:
Issacs, Arnold, Gordon Hardy, MacAlister Brown, et al.,
3238:
6607:
6421:
6360:
3000:
4006:
3068:, who approved all targets before they were attacked.
2922:
2077:
1392:
with both sides receiving heavy external support in a
6796:. Washington, D.C.: Center of Air Force History, 1993
4153:
October 22 Franco-Lao Treaty of Amity and Association
3106:
In February, Commanding General of Military Region 5
7100:, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Routledge,
2990:
1964–1965: Escalation and U.S. Air Force involvement
2084:
List of military operations of the Laotian Civil War
7193:
Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2014
6849:. Timothy Castle. Columbia University Press, 1993.
6033:
6031:
6016:
6014:
3233:
3130:, and the Royal Laotian Air Force. On 11 December,
2125:In October 1945, a Lao nationalist movement called
1475:, occupying the east of the country to use for its
7151:Refugee Workers in the Indochina Exodus, 1975–1982
6498:Voices of the Plain of Jars: Life Under an Air War
5935:
5933:
5918:
5916:
5914:
5733:
5731:
5702:
5700:
2832:An inter-agency task force set up by the incoming
2758:up 400 recruits, swelling his force to 1,200 men.
2421:. The PAVN also launched a diversionary thrust at
1999:to prevent the capture of the Laotian capitals of
7008:
6513:
6346:. ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute. pp. 163–164.
6039:Blond Ghost: Ted Shackley and the CIA's Crusaders
6022:Blond Ghost: Ted Shackley and the CIA's Crusaders
5513:
5511:
5509:
5507:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5281:
5279:
5277:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5031:"Maps, Weather, and Airports for Ban Nameo, Laos"
4669:
4667:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4438:
4436:
4421:
4419:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4106:Uppsala Conflict Data Program (2 November 2011).
2944:International Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos
2111:had established wholly Vietnamese cells in Laos.
12767:
10629:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States
6972:Blond Ghost: Ted Shackley and the CIA's Crusades
6873:War in Shangri-La: A Memoir of Civil War in Laos
6281:
6214:"Souvanna Phouma Says He Plans to Retire in '76"
6028:
6011:
5866:
5864:
5862:
3924:
3163:North Vietnamese troops march through Laos, 1967
2460:Criquets were supplied for support and medevac.
2216:
2030:from South Vietnam, such as Covey FACs from the
12831:Military history of Laos during the Vietnam War
11600:Operations against the Marri and Khetran tribes
9066:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972
8473:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
7267: (archived 5 July 2007), by Michael Johns,
7009:Khamvongsa, Channapha; Russell, Elaine (2009).
5930:
5911:
5728:
5697:
5452:
3667:, leaving Laos with about 78 million pieces of
11860:Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence
6945:(Paper ed.). Boulder, CO: Paladin Press.
6940:
5504:
5448:
5446:
5380:
5274:
5160:
4664:
4568:
4433:
4416:
4393:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4317:
3690:Plight of Hmong and other U.S.-allied veterans
3303:local force battalion, and ten PL battalions.
3020:Run by a 41-man team from Detachment 6 of the
1456:, and the left-wing Lao Patriotic Front under
10789:
7962:
7331:
6806:United States Army Center of Military History
5859:
5060:
5058:
5056:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4821:(University Press of Kentucky, 2007) p. 197;
4622:
4620:
4295:"30-year-old bombs still very deadly in Laos"
3399:Linh. Seven PL battalions also participated.
3267:, continued until 1972, with little success.
2320:in the Lao capital, Luang Prabang, 4 May 1953
1881:
830:
692:
10803:
10705:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
8256:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council
7293:The Ravens, Pilots of the Secret War in Laos
7125:The Ravens: Pilots of the Secret War in Laos
7052:McCoy, Alfred W.; Read, Kathleen B. (1972),
6560:"Lao PDR – Casualties and Victim Assistance"
6406:, Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 1999
6256:
6187:
6162:
5252:
5250:
5248:
5216:
5214:
5212:
3620:Unexploded cluster sub-munition, probably a
3432:Pathet Lao soldiers in Vientiane, Laos, 1973
2656:PEO adviser Jack F. Mathews with then Major
2647:
2512:. On military matters, they reported to the
2265:Souphanouvong, who had spent seven years in
1400:superpowers. The fighting also involved the
12682:Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–1999)
11750:1919 Royalist uprising in Northern Portugal
9566:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
7090:
6451:
6341:
6308:
6114:
5443:
4366:
4200:Laos (Erster Guerillakrieg der Meo (Hmong))
3702:for the Secret Army veterans. In 2000, the
3323:stay behind to work with our Lao friends."
2738:On their side, the United States flew four
2688:, first cousins with the prime minister of
2539:over paying the Royal Lao Army's salaries.
10796:
10782:
10669:United States involvement in regime change
8224:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
7969:
7955:
7338:
7324:
5999:. The Lewiston Daily Sun. 18 November 1965
5997:"Debate Bombing Russian Ships at Haiphong"
5053:
4844:
4617:
3790:Hmong Veterans' Naturalization Act of 2000
3704:Hmong Veterans' Naturalization Act of 2000
3560:
2676:and his Special Forces-trained Neutralist
2604:According to assistant secretary of state
1888:
1874:
1460:and half-Vietnamese future Prime Minister
837:
823:
789:Sino-Vietnamese border and naval conflicts
699:
685:
7051:
6941:Conboy, Kenneth; Morrison, James (1995).
6924:. Morrisville, North Carolina: Lulu, 2008
6913:Adams, Nina S. and Alfred W. McCoy, eds.
6525:
6496:, 1991), pp. 234–236; and Fred Branfman,
6326:
5245:
5209:
4034:
2846:. These latter options were not elected.
1380:from 23 May 1959 to 2 December 1975. The
11403:Ovambo insurrection in Portuguese Angola
10929:British conquest of the Sokoto Caliphate
7176:, South Royalton, VT: Steerforth Press,
7147:
7131:
7055:The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia
7011:"Legacies of War: Cluster Bombs in Laos"
6943:Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos
6784:Interdiction in Southern Laos, 1960–1968
6613:
6564:Landmine and Clustering Munition Monitor
6439:
6427:
6415:
6390:
6378:
6366:
5677:Shadow War: The CIA's Shadow War in Laos
5663:Shadow War: The CIA's Shadow War in Laos
5649:Shadow War: The CIA's Shadow War in Laos
5563:Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos
5498:Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos
5437:Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos
4838:Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos
4747:Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos
4719:Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos
4410:Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos
4269:
4168:Courtois, Stephane; et al. (1997).
3967:
3965:
3880:"Area Handbook Series – Laos – Glossary"
3651:
3615:
3603:
3452:
3427:
3377:
3274:
3237:
3187:
3158:
3150:
3085:
2999:
2769:
2651:
2588:
2443:
2359:
2328:with 40,000 troops commanded by General
2307:
2230:
2066:, with the United States' policy of the
12507:Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)
8795:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)
7234:CIA Declassified Air America Collection
7122:
7113:
6758:Military History Institute of Vietnam,
6751:
6619:
4292:
3596:and thousands more in other countries.
2092:
12768:
12315:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
11997:Hungarian invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine
11690:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)
10944:Portuguese campaign against the Ovambo
10939:South West African Revolt of 1904-1906
10639:Russian espionage in the United States
8911:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
7311:PBS.org – The Hmong and the Secret War
7241:. Documents declassified by CIA under
7171:
7078:Deadly Deceits: My 25 Years in the CIA
6989:The Communist Road to Power in Vietnam
6670:from the original on 21 September 2013
6625:
6590:"James Madison University – CISR Home"
6484:
6482:
5969:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
5781:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
5633:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
5547:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
5421:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
5315:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
5201:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
5152:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
5108:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
5015:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
4971:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
4803:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
4703:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
4656:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
4609:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
4560:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
4516:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
4472:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
4358:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3874:
3872:
3524:was proclaimed, with Souphanouvong as
3072:Operations Steel Tiger and Tiger Hound
2766:1961: Superpowers' involvement deepens
2571:1959: Second North Vietnamese invasion
2463:
2175:1946: French return; Vietnamese arrive
1490:bombing North Vietnamese supply routes
11341:Second Revolution (Republic of China)
11289:United States occupation of Nicaragua
10777:
10634:Soviet espionage in the United States
8790:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966
8569:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
8234:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
7950:
7319:
6540:from the original on 5 September 2013
6115:Osornprasop, Sutayut (12 July 2007).
5899:
5897:
5882:from the original on 21 February 2013
5872:"Beginning of Air Operations in Laos"
5492:
5490:
5329:
5265:
5041:from the original on 4 September 2017
4895:from the original on 24 November 2017
4305:from the original on 17 November 2010
3962:
3775:The Center for Public Policy Analysis
3736:the Center for Public Policy Analysis
3724:
2662:10éme Bataillon de Infanterie (10 BI)
2597:On 15 May 1959, the PAVN established
2070:of communism and the policies of the
818:
680:
11665:Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia
11650:Polish–Czechoslovak border conflicts
11393:United States occupation of Veracruz
10710:Soviet Union–United States relations
9061:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China
6906:
6626:Wright, Rebecca (6 September 2016).
6309:Creak, Simon; Barney, Keith (2018).
6236:"Laotian Coalition Seen Near an End"
4251:from the original on 19 January 2018
4174:. Harvard University Press. p.
4143:from the original on 13 January 2012
3950:from the original on 14 January 2010
3795:Conflict in Laos involving the Hmong
3476:
3314:. On 25 February, the RLG abandoned
3064:, and were under the control of the
2558:In November 1958, Brigadier General
2402:These were diversions to the famous
1904:established Laotian neutrality. The
12406:Indonesian occupation of East Timor
11675:Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)
10674:Soviet involvement in regime change
7196:
6664:The United Nations Office at Geneva
6479:
3930:
3869:
3820:United League for Democracy in Laos
3639:The U.S. dropped 2,756,941 tons of
3634:
3532:emerged from the shadows to become
3390:armed trainer loaded with bombs at
2923:1962: Disaster and a new government
2078:Chronology of the Laotian Civil War
2040:Airborne Command and Control Center
1484:. From 1961 onward, the US trained
16:Civil War in Laos from 1959 to 1975
13:
12821:Hmong-American culture and history
12739:Lists of wars of the 20th century
11585:Constitutional Protection Movement
11184:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
10842:Sharjah conquest of Ras Al Khaimah
10715:Soviet Union–United States summits
8189:1947 Polish parliamentary election
8074:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
6998:Boston: Boston Publishing co, 1987
6917:. New York: Harper & Row, 1970
6526:MacKinnon, Ian (3 December 2008).
6220:. 6 September 1975. Archived from
5894:
5487:
4293:Wiseman, Paul (11 December 2003).
3995:From People's War to People's Rule
2863:Military Advisory Assistance Group
2704:(PARU) to operations within Laos.
2514:Commander in Chief Pacific Command
2491:Military Assistance Advisory Group
2036:23rd Tactical Air Support Squadron
2032:20th Tactical Air Support Squadron
706:
14:
12892:
12487:United States invasion of Grenada
12250:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
11465:United States occupation of Haiti
11101:Dutch intervention in Bali (1908)
11029:Dutch intervention in Bali (1906)
10874:Battle of Holy Apostles Monastery
9476:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
9411:United States invasion of Grenada
8681:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
8622:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania
7345:
7273:, New York City, 23 October 1995.
7219:
7136:, New York: David McKay Company,
7080:. New York: Sheridan Square, 1983
6800:Vongsavanh, Brig. Gen. Soutchay,
6666:. United Nations. November 2011.
6467:from the original on 1 March 2017
6257:Phetphouthay, Sithiphone (2016).
6242:. 1 December 1975. Archived from
6188:Phetphouthay, Sithiphone (2016).
6163:Phetphouthay, Sithiphone (2016).
3886:from the original on 7 March 2016
3746:is located on the grounds of the
3696:Lao Veterans of America Institute
2577:North Vietnamese invasion of Laos
2500:'s solution was to establish the
2441:, well within northeastern Laos.
1801:North Vietnamese invasion of Laos
12871:Wars involving the United States
12522:United States invasion of Panama
11214:Paraguayan Civil War (1911–1912)
9551:United States invasion of Panama
9401:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
9041:1971 Turkish military memorandum
9004:Communist insurgency in Thailand
8974:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
8906:Communist insurgency in Malaysia
8733:Assassination of John F. Kennedy
8661:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
8179:Restatement of Policy on Germany
7495:
7277:Air America Association web site
7148:Thompson, Larry Clinton (2010),
7087:, Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1999
6996:Pawns of War: Cambodia and Laos.
6891:RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon
6712:
6682:
6652:
6582:
6552:
6519:
6455:; Owen, Taylor (26 April 2015).
6445:
6396:
6342:Ngaosyvathn, Pheuiphanh (2021).
6335:
3835:Weapons of the Laotian Civil War
3522:Lao People's Democratic Republic
3394:airfield in Laos, September 1972
3234:1968: Royal Lao Army neutralized
2748:Takhli Royal Thai Air Force Base
2702:Police Aerial Reinforcement Unit
1821:Lao People's Democratic Republic
1578:
1372:was waged between the Communist
1271:1973 Laotian coup d'état attempt
799:FULRO insurgency against Vietnam
660:
650:
641:
620:
617:17,000−21,000 mercenaries (1962)
611:
602:
592:
583:
574:
555:
543:
532:
521:
510:
499:
488:
477:
466:
455:
444:
433:
422:
411:
397:
386:
375:
364:
353:
342:
331:
320:
309:
298:
287:
276:
265:
254:
232:
218:
206:
188:
164:
153:
118:Lao People's Democratic Republic
47:
12113:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948
11805:Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)
11610:Simko Shikak revolt (1918–1922)
11234:Dominican Civil War (1911–1912)
11106:Dutch–Venezuelan crisis of 1908
10889:Kuanhama Rebellion of 1902-1904
10271:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
9652:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
9581:Fall of the inner German border
9481:1988 Black Sea bumping incident
9131:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
9121:Spanish transition to democracy
9081:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency
8708:Communist insurgency in Sarawak
8214:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948
8095:Occupation of the Baltic states
7094:Southeast Asia and the Cold War
6302:
6282:Hamilton-Merritt, Jane (1993).
6275:
6250:
6228:
6206:
6181:
6156:
6108:
6096:
6069:
6057:
6045:
5989:
5845:
5831:
5817:
5803:
5789:
5745:
5722:At War in the Shadow of Vietnam
5714:
5691:At War in the Shadow of Vietnam
5683:
5669:
5655:
5641:
5597:
5583:
5569:
5555:
5473:
5429:
5366:
5352:
5338:
5323:
5259:
5236:
5116:
5072:
5023:
4979:
4935:
4921:
4907:
4877:
4863:
4830:
4811:
4767:
4753:
4739:
4725:
4711:
4524:
4480:
4286:
4263:
4233:
4214:
4192:
4129:
4099:
3684:Convention on Cluster Munitions
3624:type. Plain of Jars, Laos. 2012
2953:
2781:guerrilla company assembles at
1941:(Meo) tribesmen along with the
12866:Wars involving the Philippines
12265:Mozambican War of Independence
12083:Indonesian National Revolution
11947:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
11670:German Revolution of 1918–1919
11199:Mexican Border War (1910–1919)
11054:1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt
10919:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising
10899:Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903
9051:Four Power Agreement on Berlin
8686:Mozambican War of Independence
8125:Indonesian National Revolution
7203:. Princeton University Press.
7123:——— (2000),
6974:. Simon & Schuster, 1994.
4270:Branfman, Fred (18 May 2001),
4074:
4052:
4000:
3987:
3936:
3898:
3656:UXO on display at a museum in
3594:resettled in the United States
3328:advanced through northern Laos
2349:The other strike, moving from
1915:North Vietnam established the
1756:Free Lao Movement (Lao Issara)
1448:, the right wing under Prince
1:
12295:Chadian Civil War (1965–1979)
11855:Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)
11590:Ukrainian War of Independence
11121:Zaraniq rebellion (1909–1910)
10934:Saudi–Rashidi War (1903–1907)
10837:Russian invasion of Manchuria
10649:CIA and the Cultural Cold War
9664:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
9617:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident
9339:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts
9304:Seven Days to the River Rhine
9036:Corrective Revolution (Egypt)
8323:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état
8251:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
7114:Robbins, Christopher (1985),
6746:
6514:Khamvongsa & Russell 2009
6402:See also Morrison, Gayle, L.
6328:10.1080/00472336.2018.1494849
4137:"Brief Chronology, 1959–1963"
3752:John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame
3464:, Laos military base in 1973.
3388:North American T-28D-5 Trojan
2217:1947–1952: Build-up of forces
1986:Raven Forward Air Controllers
1473:invaded Laos in 1958 and 1959
1422:CIA Special Activities Center
81:23 May 1959 – 2 December 1975
12826:Laos–United States relations
12615:Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)
12588:Croatian War of Independence
12532:Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)
12235:Eritrean War of Independence
12169:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
11926:Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)
11886:Red Army invasion of Georgia
11705:Estonian War of Independence
11505:Central Asian revolt of 1916
11219:Russian occupation of Tabriz
10984:Argentine Revolution of 1905
9642:Fall of communism in Albania
9612:Mongolian Revolution of 1990
9561:Polish Round Table Agreement
8901:1968 Polish political crisis
8718:Eritrean War of Independence
8484:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
8379:East German uprising of 1953
8311:Chinese Communist Revolution
7976:
6991:2nd ed. Westview Press, 1996
6826:
6315:Journal of Contemporary Asia
6288:. Indiana University Press.
3599:
3485:. Thirteen days earlier the
3423:
3270:
3140:
3013:On 1 April, the USAF set up
2825:helicopters to Air America.
2269:during his sixteen years in
2042:, such as those deployed in
2014:The war in the southeastern
846:Military engagements of the
7:
12846:Revolution-based civil wars
12630:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)
12548:1991–1992 South Ossetia War
12421:1978 South Lebanon conflict
12325:Sino-Soviet border conflict
12230:Angolan War of Independence
12098:Paraguayan Civil War (1947)
12027:Italian invasion of Albania
11916:Paraguayan Civil War (1922)
11795:Turkish War of Independence
11730:Revolt of the Ingrian Finns
11710:Latvian War of Independence
11595:Golok conflicts (1917–1949)
11209:Magonista rebellion of 1911
10924:British expedition to Tibet
9516:Korean Air Lines Flight 007
9244:Korean Air Lines Flight 902
8989:Corrective Movement (Syria)
8953:New People's Army rebellion
8948:Sino-Soviet border conflict
8676:Angolan War of Independence
8539:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
8419:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
8064:Jamaican political conflict
7239:CIA Vietnam FOIA Collection
6490:The Vietnam Wars, 1945–1990
4171:The Black Book of Communism
3761:
3756:Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
3748:Arlington National Cemetery
2326:French Protectorate of Laos
2109:Indochinese Communist Party
1935:Central Intelligence Agency
1831:Laos after Soviet dominance
1726:French Protectorate of Laos
1539:
10:
12897:
12692:NATO bombing of Yugoslavia
12600:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
12583:Slovenian Independence War
12371:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
12356:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
12270:Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
11972:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
11810:Italian Regency of Carnaro
11680:Hungarian–Czechoslovak War
11373:Dominican Civil War (1914)
11239:French conquest of Morocco
9712:Sino-Indian border dispute
9541:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
9471:1987–1989 JVP insurrection
9229:1976 Argentine coup d'état
9141:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
9091:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état
8775:1964 Brazilian coup d'état
8743:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964
8432:First Taiwan Strait Crisis
8199:Asian Relations Conference
6861:
4230:. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
3738:, in cooperation with the
3435:
3409:(known in the West as the
3144:
3075:
3042:On 9 June, U.S. President
2993:
2957:
2926:
2788:
2776:Auto Defense de Choc (ADC)
2672:On 9 August 1960, Captain
2574:
2502:Programs Evaluation Office
2467:
2388:
2220:
2137:, and their half brother,
2088:History of Laos since 1945
2081:
2072:People's Republic of China
1543:
1432:veterans of the conflict.
12816:Foreign relations of Laos
12735:
12727:Second Liberian Civil War
12540:
12492:Second Sudanese Civil War
12459:
12351:Bangladesh Liberation War
12338:
12197:
12136:
12035:
12017:Soviet invasion of Poland
11934:
11901:Second Zhili–Fengtian War
11868:
11845:Irish War of Independence
11660:First Pechenga expedition
11575:Kerensky–Krasnov uprising
11490:1916 Cochinchina uprising
11378:Peasant Revolt in Albania
11304:Urtatagai conflict (1913)
11294:Royalist attack on Chaves
11229:Second Guangzhou Uprising
11179:5 October 1910 revolution
11149:
11024:1906 Mesopotamia uprising
11014:Yemeni Expedition of 1905
10809:
10748:
10697:
10619:
10596:William Appleman Williams
10541:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
10323:
10295:
10244:
10176:
10169:
10103:
9968:
9893:
9823:
9816:
9725:
9672:
9604:
9317:
9056:Bangladesh Liberation War
9046:1971 Sudanese coup d'état
8961:
8933:1969 Sudanese coup d'état
8921:1968 Peruvian coup d'état
8584:
8359:Arab Cold War (1952–1979)
8336:
8046:
7984:
7908:
7841:
7763:
7754:
7689:
7680:
7584:
7575:
7513:
7504:
7493:
7357:
7132:Schanche, Don A. (1970),
7030:10.1080/14672710902809401
6937:. New York: Praeger, 1961
6929:The Counterinsurgency Era
6135:10.1080/14682740701474832
5500:. pp. 33–35, 40, 59.
3944:"Hmong rebellion in Laos"
2882:100-man militia companies
2816:925th Independent Brigade
2648:1960: The neutralist coup
2624:77th Special Forces Group
2450:Geneva Conference of 1954
1925:National Liberation Front
1811:Anti-Communist Insurgency
1653:Kingdom of Luang Phrabang
860:North Vietnamese invasion
857:
716:
670:
634:
567:
246:
145:
73:
46:
30:
25:
12625:Abkhaz–Georgian conflict
12527:First Liberian Civil War
12386:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
12280:South African Border War
12154:First Sudanese Civil War
11982:Second Sino-Japanese War
11896:First Zhili–Fengtian War
11820:First Honduran Civil War
11700:Armenian–Azerbaijani War
11131:Second Melillan campaign
10974:Yemeni Rebellion of 1904
10879:1901 Mapondera Rebellion
10804:Wars of the 20th century
9371:1980 Turkish coup d'état
9206:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
9176:1978 Somali coup attempt
9136:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
9101:1973 Chilean coup d'état
8926:Revolutionary Government
8820:South African Border War
8612:1960 Turkish coup d'état
8529:Iraqi 14 July Revolution
8384:1953 Iranian coup d'état
8364:1952 Egyptian revolution
7589:Administrative divisions
7005:. New York: Viking, 1983
6915:Laos: War and Revolution
6813:Foreign Relations Series
6791:27 November 2011 at the
6504:, 1972), pp. 3 and 18–20
6461:The Asia-Pacific Journal
3862:
3800:Lao Human Rights Council
3371:areas, and captured the
2257:Phetsarath Rattanavongsa
1923:, as well as to aid the
1906:People's Army of Vietnam
988:Battle of Ban Houei Sane
966:1966 Laotian coup d'état
671:20,000–62,000 total dead
12861:Wars involving Thailand
12697:Guinea-Bissau Civil War
12662:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War
12652:Yemeni Civil War (1994)
12436:Chadian–Libyan conflict
12123:1947–1949 Palestine war
12078:Ecuadorian–Peruvian War
12007:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
11992:Polish–Czechoslovak War
11962:Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)
11830:First Silesian Uprising
11780:Polish–Czechoslovak War
11455:National Protection War
11351:Operations in the Tochi
11279:Albanian revolt of 1912
11249:East Timorese Rebellion
11224:Albanian revolt of 1911
11174:Albanian revolt of 1910
11059:Honduran-Nicaraguan War
11039:Dembos War of 1907-1910
11019:Sokoto Uprising of 1906
11004:1905 Russian Revolution
10827:War of the Golden Stool
9576:Fall of the Berlin Wall
9521:People Power Revolution
9506:Central American crisis
9446:1986 Black Sea incident
9096:1973 Afghan coup d'état
8994:Western Sahara conflict
8805:1966 Syrian coup d'état
8728:1963 Syrian coup d'état
8671:Portuguese Colonial War
8634:First Iraqi–Kurdish War
8399:1954 Syrian coup d'état
8276:Annexation of Hyderabad
8219:1947–1949 Palestine war
7197:Ely, John Hart (1993).
6933:Champassak, Sisouk Na,
6344:Southeast Asian Affairs
4207:9 December 2010 at the
4014:British Medical Journal
3906:"The rise of Communism"
3805:Lao Veterans of America
3732:Lao Veterans of America
3561:Evacuation of the Hmong
3491:had captured Phnom Penh
3405:When PAVN launched the
3265:Operation Commando Hunt
3227:316th Infantry Division
3066:U.S. ambassador to Laos
3036:United States Air Force
2936:American Special Forces
2886:Special Guerrilla Units
2800:Royal Laotian Air Force
2413:The United States used
2404:Battle of Dien Bien Phu
2391:Battle of Dien Bien Phu
2364:Pathet Lao soldiers in
2353:and aimed downriver at
2131:Phetsarath Ratanavongsa
2116:Phetsarath Ratanavongsa
2034:and Nail FACs from the
2028:Forward Air Controllers
804:Thai–Laotian Border War
63:United States Air Force
12876:Wars involving Vietnam
12806:CIA activities in Laos
12707:Eritrean–Ethiopian War
12637:War in Abkhazia (1998)
12610:Sierra Leone Civil War
11891:East Karelian uprising
11840:Alawite revolt of 1919
11800:Third Anglo-Afghan War
11790:Hungarian–Romanian War
11550:Polubotkivtsi uprising
11269:Khost rebellion (1912)
11136:Hauran Druze Rebellion
10989:Shoubak Revolt of 1905
10857:Revolución Libertadora
10832:Shoubak revolt of 1900
9870:Neoclassical economics
9381:Gulf of Sidra incident
8938:1969 Libyan revolution
8629:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
8414:1954 Geneva Conference
8174:Turkish straits crisis
8169:Corfu Channel incident
7295:by Christopher Robbins
7289:by Christopher Robbins
7255:The Secret War in Laos
7172:Warner, Roger (1996),
7018:Critical Asian Studies
6920:Breaux, Jarred James,
6834:War in Laos, 1954–1975
6819:1961–1963, Laos Crises
6781:Van Staaveren, Jacob,
4763:. pp. 7, 142–143.
3780:CIA activities in Laos
3719:human rights activists
3660:
3625:
3613:
3465:
3433:
3395:
3280:
3260:Battle of Lima Site 85
3247:
3225:In response, the PAVN
3206:
3164:
3156:
3100:
3099:operational area, 1965
3010:
3009:operational area, 1964
2929:Battle of Luang Namtha
2834:Kennedy administration
2786:
2669:
2594:
2470:Operation Booster Shot
2458:Morane-Saulnier MS-500
2452:
2369:
2321:
2236:
993:Battle of Lima Site 85
887:Battle of Luang Namtha
769:Khmer Rouge–Vietnamese
608:50,000 soldiers (1954)
247:Commanders and leaders
129:Small scale insurgency
12811:Communist revolutions
12642:Tajikistani Civil War
12108:Costa Rican Civil War
11987:Battle of Lake Khasan
11775:First Barzanji Revolt
11715:Lithuanian–Soviet War
11445:1915 Singapore Mutiny
11126:Crazy Snake Rebellion
11116:Kolašin Affair (1909)
11096:Young Turk Revolution
10720:Russia–NATO relations
10601:Jonathan Reed Winkler
9885:Democratic capitalism
9880:Supply-side economics
9848:American conservatism
9647:Breakup of Yugoslavia
9536:Bougainville conflict
9451:South Yemen civil war
9386:Martial law in Poland
9249:Nicaraguan Revolution
9224:Dirty War (Argentina)
9031:1971 JVP insurrection
8845:Years of Lead (Italy)
8723:North Yemen civil war
8641:Berlin Crisis of 1961
8617:Albanian–Soviet split
8549:1959 Tibetan uprising
8514:Syrian Crisis of 1957
8369:Iraqi Intifada (1952)
8229:1948 Arab–Israeli War
7427:Japanese puppet state
7127:, Bangkok: Asia Books
5679:. pp. 47, 50–51.
5593:. pp. 21–25, 27.
5453:Jarred James Breaux.
5228:21 March 2015 at the
3673:Xiangkhouang Province
3655:
3619:
3607:
3545:period of the 1980s.
3456:
3431:
3381:
3346:Operation Lam Son 719
3278:
3241:
3191:
3162:
3154:
3089:
3082:Operation Tiger Hound
3078:Operation Steel Tiger
3062:Operation Barrel Roll
3022:1st Air Commando Wing
3003:
2996:Operation Barrel Roll
2773:
2655:
2592:
2447:
2363:
2311:
2234:
2044:Operation Igloo White
1746:Japanese puppet state
1716:Franco-Siamese crisis
1633:Regional kingdoms era
1587:Muang city-states era
1550:Operation Steel Tiger
1546:Operation Barrel Roll
882:Battle of Ban Pa Dong
779:Cambodian–Thai border
635:Casualties and losses
180:Communist Neutralists
116:Establishment of the
12801:20th century in Laos
12563:Djiboutian Civil War
12497:Sri Lankan Civil War
12451:Salvadoran Civil War
12401:Mozambican Civil War
12215:Bay of Pigs Invasion
12205:Guatemalan Civil War
12002:Slovak–Hungarian War
11725:Vue Pa Chay's revolt
11685:Polish–Ukrainian War
11565:Green Corn Rebellion
11545:Thái Nguyên uprising
11336:Ohrid–Debar uprising
10884:Holy Man's Rebellion
10141:Non-Aligned Movement
9763:Peaceful coexistence
9717:North Borneo dispute
9632:German reunification
9627:Min Ping Yu No. 5202
9325:Salvadoran Civil War
9274:Grand Mosque seizure
9269:Yemenite War of 1979
9161:Mozambican Civil War
9116:Carnation Revolution
9071:Yemenite War of 1972
9009:1970 Polish protests
8840:1967 Hong Kong riots
8815:Argentine Revolution
8765:Guatemalan Civil War
8693:Cuban Missile Crisis
8607:Bay of Pigs Invasion
8479:1956 Poznań protests
8457:Geneva Summit (1955)
8059:Hukbalahap Rebellion
8038:Non-Aligned Movement
7563:World Heritage Sites
7058:, Harper & Row,
6804:. Washington, D.C.:
6773:17 July 2013 at the
6752:Government documents
5220:Stuart-Fox, Martin,
4735:. p. 4 & 5.
4226:12 June 2018 at the
4070:on 26 November 2016.
3555:Chatichai Choonhavan
3407:Nguyễn Huệ Offensive
3128:Vietnamese Air Force
2859:Bay of Pigs Invasion
2837:were established at
2808:Royal Thai Air Force
2498:Dwight D. Eisenhower
2487:Royal Lao Government
2374:Foreign Legionnaires
2202:was Vietnamese, and
2093:1945: Prelude to war
1673:Kingdom of Champasak
1643:Kingdom of Vientiane
1458:Prince Souphanouvong
1378:Royal Lao Government
1167:Sourisak Montry VIII
12856:Wars involving Laos
12647:Burundian Civil War
12502:Operation Blue Star
12441:Sino-Vietnamese War
12431:Uganda–Tanzania War
12411:Egyptian–Libyan War
12376:Ethiopian Civil War
12310:Cambodian Civil War
12275:Dominican Civil War
12189:1958 Lebanon crisis
12088:First Indochina War
12073:Soviet–Japanese War
11760:Spartacist uprising
11645:Armeno-Georgian War
11530:February Revolution
11321:Conquest of al-Hasa
11259:War of the Generals
11111:Estrada's rebellion
11079:Battle of Marrakesh
11074:Dersim insurgencies
11044:Anti-Foreign Revolt
11009:Maji Maji Rebellion
10979:Macedonian Struggle
10959:1904 Sasun uprising
10852:Kuwaiti–Rashidi war
10847:Somaliland campaign
10586:Alex von Tunzelmann
10576:Vladimir Tismăneanu
10501:Thomas J. McCormick
10496:Jack F. Matlock Jr.
10396:Robert Hugh Ferrell
10259:Crusade for Freedom
10056:Illiberal democracy
9940:Ho Chi Minh Thought
9743:Eisenhower Doctrine
9596:Peaceful Revolution
9591:Romanian Revolution
9571:Revolutions of 1989
9556:1988 Polish strikes
9466:Operation INFEKTION
9461:1987 Lieyu massacre
9366:Eritrean Civil Wars
9349:Peruvian Revolution
9299:1979 Herat uprising
9289:Sino-Vietnamese War
9254:Uganda–Tanzania War
9234:Egyptian–Libyan War
9201:Third Indochina War
9196:Sino-Albanian split
9186:Ethiopian Civil War
9086:Eritrean Civil Wars
9026:Ping-pong diplomacy
8999:Cambodian Civil War
8825:Korean DMZ Conflict
8810:Cultural Revolution
8780:Dominican Civil War
8758:Tlatelolco massacre
8544:1959 Mosul uprising
8534:1958 Lebanon crisis
8261:Al-Wathbah uprising
8184:First Indochina War
8154:Iran crisis of 1946
7462:Vietnamese invasion
7417:French protectorate
7299:Hmong In Transition
7251:, 14 November 2006.
7156:McFarland & Co.
7083:Morrison, Gayle L.
7072:on 16 February 2015
6927:Blaufarb, Douglas,
6720:"Hmong Immigration"
6224:on 3 December 2021.
6041:. pp. 154–156.
6024:. pp. 153–154.
5330:Duong, Van (2008).
5266:Duong, Van (2008).
5134:on 28 February 2005
4997:on 4 September 2017
4885:"EAPLS – Raven FAC"
4685:on 28 February 2005
4638:on 28 February 2005
4542:on 28 February 2005
4498:on 28 February 2005
4454:on 28 February 2005
4021:(7659): 1482–1486.
3912:on 17 November 2010
3785:First Indochina War
3669:unexploded ordnance
3460:woman and child at
3444:Paris Peace Accords
3438:Paris Peace Accords
3384:Royal Lao Air Force
3285:Operation Raindance
2660:, commander of the
2464:1955–1958: The lull
2432:The French loss at
2415:Civil Air Transport
2157:Chinese Nationalist
1978:Phong Saly Province
1963:Royal Lao Air Force
1420:among the American
1396:between the global
876:Battle of Vientiane
753:Cambodian Civil War
562:Thanom Kittikachorn
12881:Cold War conflicts
12722:Second Chechen War
12677:Nepalese Civil War
12605:Algerian Civil War
12568:Invasion of Kuwait
12558:Georgian Civil War
12426:Opération Lamantin
12391:Lebanese Civil War
12366:Western Sahara War
12305:Nigerian Civil War
12285:Rhodesian Bush War
12260:Colombian conflict
11967:Austrian Civil War
11881:Franco-Turkish War
11815:Italo-Yugoslav War
11755:Christmas Uprising
11735:Franco-Turkish War
11570:October Revolution
11540:Manchu Restoration
11435:Chilembwe uprising
11356:Revolt of Juazeiro
11346:Bai Lang Rebellion
11194:Mexican Revolution
11034:Bambatha Rebellion
10969:Russo-Japanese War
10954:Revolution of 1904
10904:Battle of Jo-Laban
10817:Thousand Days' War
10740:Russian Revolution
10536:Mary Elise Sarotte
10521:William B. Pickett
10446:Patrick J. Hearden
10426:Gabriel Gorodetsky
10421:Timothy Garton Ash
10406:Anneli Ute Gabanyi
10001:Ethnic nationalism
9753:Hallstein Doctrine
9637:Yemeni unification
9426:1985 Geneva Summit
9391:Casamance conflict
9294:New Jewel Movement
9279:Iranian Revolution
9264:Chadian–Libyan War
9211:Cambodian conflict
9191:Lebanese Civil War
9181:Western Sahara War
9156:June 1976 protests
9151:Cambodian genocide
8916:17 July Revolution
8870:Nigerian Civil War
8785:Rhodesian Bush War
8770:Colombian conflict
8713:Ramadan Revolution
8452:Bandung Conference
8328:Operation Valuable
8209:Partition of India
7727:Telecommunications
7477:History since 1945
7472:History until 1945
7305:Bibliography: Laos
7261:"Acts of Betrayal"
7076:McGehee, Ralph W.
7047:on 30 August 2021.
7003:Vietnam: A History
6985:Duiker, William J.
6765:Nalty, Bernard C.
6694:, 23 October 1995"
6442:, p. 244<.
6240:The New York Times
6218:The New York Times
6103:Victory in Vietnam
6091:Victory in Vietnam
6076:Victory in Vietnam
6064:Victory in Vietnam
6052:Victory in Vietnam
5984:Victory in Vietnam
5951:on 31 October 2004
5827:. pp. 13, 15.
5763:on 31 October 2004
5615:on 31 October 2004
5529:on 31 October 2004
5461:on 25 January 2009
5403:on 31 October 2004
5297:on 31 October 2004
5183:on 31 October 2004
5090:on 31 October 2004
4953:on 31 October 2004
4785:on 31 October 2004
4591:on 31 October 2004
4340:on 31 October 2004
4282:on 30 January 2011
4247:. 9 October 1995.
4114:on 21 January 2012
4082:"LEGACIES LIBRARY"
3725:Memorial in the US
3661:
3646:The New York Times
3626:
3614:
3612:, Laos (July 2004)
3466:
3434:
3396:
3281:
3248:
3207:
3165:
3157:
3101:
3055:Operation Triangle
3011:
2855:Operation Millpond
2798:On 3 January, the
2787:
2670:
2595:
2453:
2370:
2322:
2237:
2204:Kaysone Phomvihane
2200:Nouhak Phoumsavanh
2024:United States Navy
1462:Kaysone Phomvihane
961:Battles of Nakhang
944:1965 Laotian coups
925:1964 Laotian coups
872:1960 Laotian coups
774:Cambodian Conflict
305:Nouhak Phoumsavanh
272:Kaysone Phomvihane
65:in support of the
61:and bombed by the
57:controlled by the
12776:Laotian Civil War
12763:
12762:
12657:First Chechen War
12553:Rwandan Civil War
12512:Agacher Strip War
12446:Soviet–Afghan War
12396:Angolan Civil War
12225:Annexation of Goa
12159:Laotian Civil War
12128:Malayan Emergency
12103:Chinese Civil War
12053:German–Soviet War
12043:Greco-Italian War
11977:Spanish Civil War
11957:Colombia–Peru War
11825:Polish–Soviet War
11720:Al-Khurma dispute
11640:Finnish Civil War
11630:Radomir Rebellion
11580:Russian Civil War
11525:Basmachi movement
11425:Battle of Kinzaan
11326:Second Balkan War
11244:Italo-Turkish War
11069:Buraida rebellion
10994:Łódź insurrection
10914:May Coup (Serbia)
10771:
10770:
10758:List of conflicts
10606:Rudolph Winnacker
10551:Giles Scott-Smith
10526:Ronald E. Powaski
10481:Melvyn P. Leffler
10411:John Lewis Gaddis
10386:Robert D. English
10351:Warren H. Carroll
10341:Michael Beschloss
10310:Nuclear arms race
10291:
10290:
10197:Neues Deutschland
10099:
10098:
10081:White nationalism
10051:Liberal democracy
9788:Ulbricht Doctrine
9778:Brezhnev Doctrine
9586:Velvet Revolution
9330:Soviet–Afghan War
9146:Angolan Civil War
8943:Goulash Communism
8800:ASEAN Declaration
8753:Mexican Dirty War
8651:Annexation of Goa
8602:1960 U-2 incident
8576:Sino-Soviet split
8554:Laotian Civil War
8394:Bricker Amendment
8374:Mau Mau rebellion
8318:Malayan Emergency
8306:Chinese Civil War
8266:Tito–Stalin split
8120:Division of Korea
7944:
7943:
7904:
7903:
7750:
7749:
7676:
7675:
7653:Political parties
7641:National Assembly
7609:General Secretary
7604:Foreign relations
7571:
7570:
7487:2007 coup attempt
7457:Laotian Civil War
7447:Ho Chi Minh trail
7422:Japanese invasion
7227:Undercover Armies
7210:978-0-691-02552-0
7154:, Jefferson, NC:
7107:978-0-415-68450-7
7001:Karnow, Stanley,
6980:978-0-671-69525-5
6907:Secondary sources
6900:The Latehomecomer
6882:White House Years
6855:978-0-231-07977-8
6842:978-0-89747-315-6
6418:, pp. 60–61.
6393:, pp. 57–58.
6381:, pp. 55–56.
5855:. pp. 14–18.
5693:. pp. 29–31.
5651:. pp. 48–49.
5439:. pp. 32–33.
5362:. pp. 7, 13.
5348:. pp. 19–22.
5223:A history of Laos
4817:Kathryn Statler,
4185:978-0-674-07608-2
3979:on 4 April 2023.
3477:Fall of Vientiane
3289:Kou Kiet Campaign
3244:Ho Chi Minh Trail
3205:operational areas
3147:Battle of Nam Bac
3044:Lyndon B. Johnson
3015:Project Waterpump
2960:Battle of Lak Sao
2725:Winthrop G. Brown
2585:Ho Chi Minh Trail
2548:National Assembly
2506:Brigadier General
2060:Soviet–Afghan War
2020:Ho Chi Minh Trail
1917:Ho Chi Minh trail
1902:Geneva Conference
1898:
1897:
1844:
1843:
1791:Laotian Civil War
1764:
1763:
1681:
1680:
1628:
1627:
1605:
1604:
1532:and Crown Prince
1477:Ho Chi Minh Trail
1370:Laotian Civil War
1363:
1362:
1006:Junction City Jr.
956:Battle of Nam Bac
906:Battle of Lak Sao
849:Laotian Civil War
812:
811:
748:Laotian Civil War
675:
674:
630:militiamen (1964)
484:Lyndon B. Johnson
418:Sisavang Vatthana
283:Phoumi Vongvichit
141:
140:
26:Laotian Civil War
12888:
12836:Politics of Laos
12702:Second Congo War
12620:Transnistria War
12517:Somali Civil War
12482:1982 Lebanon War
12245:Dhofar Rebellion
12174:Cuban Revolution
12058:Continuation War
11942:Sino-Tibetan War
11835:Aunus expedition
11745:Black Sea mutiny
11740:Punjab Rebellion
11655:Viena expedition
11635:Left SR uprising
11625:Aster Revolution
11615:Judenburg mutiny
11555:Toplica Uprising
11495:Battle of Segale
11475:Mohmand blockade
11460:Senussi campaign
11430:Battle of Jarrab
11415:Maritz rebellion
11411:
11364:
11317:
11274:First Balkan War
11189:Sokehs rebellion
11165:
11092:
10865:
10798:
10791:
10784:
10775:
10774:
10516:David S. Painter
10441:John Earl Haynes
10371:Nicholas J. Cull
10356:Adrian Cioroianu
10336:Thomas A. Bailey
10283:Voice of America
10174:
10173:
10086:White separatism
10066:Social democracy
10061:Guided democracy
10041:Authoritarianism
9991:Ultranationalism
9981:Anti-imperialism
9908:Marxism–Leninism
9821:
9820:
9808:Kinmen Agreement
9773:Johnson Doctrine
9758:Kennedy Doctrine
9674:Frozen conflicts
9657:1991 August Coup
9546:Afghan Civil War
9441:Reykjavík Summit
9436:Somali Rebellion
9376:Ugandan Bush War
9354:Gdańsk Agreement
8875:Protests of 1968
8855:War of Attrition
8564:Cuban Revolution
8500:We will bury you
8467:Cyprus Emergency
8447:Kashmir Princess
8437:Jebel Akhdar War
8286:Western betrayal
7971:
7964:
7957:
7948:
7947:
7924:
7917:
7761:
7760:
7707:
7687:
7686:
7582:
7581:
7511:
7510:
7499:
7340:
7333:
7326:
7317:
7316:
7301:by Sheila Pinkel
7214:
7189:Watry, David M.
7186:
7168:
7144:
7128:
7119:
7118:, New York: Avon
7110:
7099:
7073:
7068:, archived from
7048:
7046:
7040:. Archived from
7015:
6964:
6740:
6739:
6737:
6735:
6726:. Archived from
6716:
6710:
6709:
6707:
6705:
6696:. Archived from
6686:
6680:
6679:
6677:
6675:
6656:
6650:
6649:
6647:
6645:
6636:. Archived from
6623:
6617:
6611:
6605:
6604:
6602:
6600:
6586:
6580:
6579:
6577:
6575:
6566:. Archived from
6556:
6550:
6549:
6547:
6545:
6523:
6517:
6511:
6505:
6502:Harper & Row
6494:Harper Perennial
6486:
6477:
6476:
6474:
6472:
6449:
6443:
6437:
6431:
6425:
6419:
6413:
6407:
6400:
6394:
6388:
6382:
6376:
6370:
6364:
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6339:
6333:
6332:
6330:
6306:
6300:
6299:
6279:
6273:
6272:
6254:
6248:
6247:
6246:on 15 June 2022.
6232:
6226:
6225:
6210:
6204:
6203:
6185:
6179:
6178:
6160:
6154:
6153:
6151:
6149:
6122:Cold War History
6112:
6106:
6100:
6094:
6088:
6079:
6073:
6067:
6061:
6055:
6049:
6043:
6042:
6035:
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6008:
6006:
6004:
5993:
5987:
5981:
5975:
5974:
5968:
5960:
5958:
5956:
5947:. Archived from
5937:
5928:
5927:
5920:
5909:
5908:
5901:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5887:
5868:
5857:
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5849:
5843:
5842:
5835:
5829:
5828:
5821:
5815:
5814:
5807:
5801:
5800:
5793:
5787:
5786:
5780:
5772:
5770:
5768:
5759:. Archived from
5749:
5743:
5742:
5735:
5726:
5725:
5718:
5712:
5711:
5704:
5695:
5694:
5687:
5681:
5680:
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5667:
5666:
5659:
5653:
5652:
5645:
5639:
5638:
5632:
5624:
5622:
5620:
5611:. Archived from
5601:
5595:
5594:
5587:
5581:
5580:
5573:
5567:
5566:
5559:
5553:
5552:
5546:
5538:
5536:
5534:
5525:. Archived from
5515:
5502:
5501:
5494:
5485:
5484:
5477:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5466:
5457:. Archived from
5450:
5441:
5440:
5433:
5427:
5426:
5420:
5412:
5410:
5408:
5399:. Archived from
5389:
5378:
5377:
5370:
5364:
5363:
5356:
5350:
5349:
5342:
5336:
5335:
5327:
5321:
5320:
5314:
5306:
5304:
5302:
5293:. Archived from
5283:
5272:
5271:
5263:
5257:
5254:
5243:
5240:
5234:
5218:
5207:
5206:
5200:
5192:
5190:
5188:
5179:. Archived from
5169:
5158:
5157:
5151:
5143:
5141:
5139:
5130:. Archived from
5120:
5114:
5113:
5107:
5099:
5097:
5095:
5086:. Archived from
5076:
5070:
5069:
5062:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5046:
5027:
5021:
5020:
5014:
5006:
5004:
5002:
4993:. Archived from
4983:
4977:
4976:
4970:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4949:. Archived from
4939:
4933:
4932:
4925:
4919:
4918:
4911:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4867:
4861:
4860:
4859:. pp. 9–10.
4853:
4842:
4841:
4834:
4828:
4827:
4815:
4809:
4808:
4802:
4794:
4792:
4790:
4781:. Archived from
4771:
4765:
4764:
4757:
4751:
4750:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4729:
4723:
4722:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4702:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4681:. Archived from
4671:
4662:
4661:
4655:
4647:
4645:
4643:
4634:. Archived from
4624:
4615:
4614:
4608:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4587:. Archived from
4577:
4566:
4565:
4559:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4538:. Archived from
4528:
4522:
4521:
4515:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4494:. Archived from
4484:
4478:
4477:
4471:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4450:. Archived from
4440:
4431:
4430:
4423:
4414:
4413:
4406:
4391:
4390:
4383:
4364:
4363:
4357:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4336:. Archived from
4326:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4278:, archived from
4267:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4245:Hartford-hwp.com
4237:
4231:
4218:
4212:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4165:
4156:
4155:
4150:
4148:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4119:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4066:. Archived from
4056:
4050:
4048:
4038:
4027:10.1136/bmj.a137
4004:
3998:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3969:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3940:
3934:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3908:. Archived from
3902:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3876:
3852:French Indochina
3742:and others. The
3700:U.S. citizenship
3635:Unexploded bombs
3530:Kaisôn Phomvihān
3411:Easter Offensive
3301:Nghệ An province
3108:Kouprasith Abhay
2717:Christian Herter
2692:, Field Marshal
2560:John A. Heintges
2510:State Department
2056:covert operation
1961:, Thailand, the
1890:
1883:
1876:
1840:
1839:
1785:
1775:
1774:
1692:
1691:
1639:
1638:
1616:
1615:
1593:
1592:
1582:
1572:
1554:
1553:
1522:Lao royal family
1406:South Vietnamese
1402:North Vietnamese
1069:Honorable Dragon
852:
850:
839:
832:
825:
816:
815:
794:Hmong insurgency
711:
701:
694:
687:
678:
677:
665:
664:
663:
655:
654:
653:
646:
645:
644:
625:
624:
623:
616:
615:
614:
607:
606:
605:
597:
596:
595:
588:
587:
586:
579:
578:
577:
560:
559:
558:
552:
548:
547:
546:
537:
536:
535:
526:
525:
524:
515:
514:
513:
504:
503:
502:
493:
492:
491:
482:
481:
480:
471:
470:
469:
460:
459:
458:
449:
448:
447:
438:
437:
436:
427:
426:
425:
416:
415:
414:
406:
402:
401:
400:
391:
390:
389:
380:
379:
378:
369:
368:
367:
358:
357:
356:
347:
346:
345:
336:
335:
334:
325:
324:
323:
314:
313:
312:
303:
302:
301:
294:Deuane Sunnalath
292:
291:
290:
281:
280:
279:
270:
269:
268:
259:
258:
257:
242:
238:
236:
235:
224:
222:
221:
212:
210:
209:
194:
192:
191:
183:
170:
168:
167:
158:
157:
156:
109:North Vietnamese
75:
74:
51:
23:
22:
12896:
12895:
12891:
12890:
12889:
12887:
12886:
12885:
12766:
12765:
12764:
12759:
12731:
12712:War of Dagestan
12672:First Congo War
12536:
12455:
12346:Black September
12334:
12240:Sino-Indian War
12193:
12132:
12093:Greek Civil War
12063:Anglo-Iraqi War
12048:Franco-Thai War
12031:
11930:
11911:Irish Civil War
11876:Zhili–Anhui War
11864:
11850:Kuwait–Najd War
11785:Khotyn Uprising
11560:Kornilov affair
11480:Cuban Civil War
11440:Bussa rebellion
11420:Tapani incident
11405:
11358:
11331:Tikveš uprising
11311:
11309:Atmene uprising
11299:Negro Rebellion
11254:1911 Revolution
11159:
11157:Battle of Hadia
11145:
11086:
10999:Batang uprising
10894:Bailundo revolt
10859:
10822:Second Boer War
10805:
10802:
10772:
10767:
10744:
10735:Second Cold War
10693:
10621:
10615:
10591:Odd Arne Westad
10581:Patrick Vaughan
10566:Athan Theoharis
10546:Ellen Schrecker
10531:Yakov M. Rabkin
10506:Timothy Naftali
10451:Tvrtko Jakovina
10436:Jussi Hanhimäki
10319:
10297:
10287:
10265:Paix et Liberté
10240:
10184:Active measures
10165:
10095:
10076:White supremacy
10036:Totalitarianism
9964:
9889:
9812:
9798:Reagan Doctrine
9793:Carter Doctrine
9733:Truman Doctrine
9721:
9668:
9600:
9495:Soviet reaction
9406:Ndogboyosoi War
9313:
9284:Saur Revolution
9111:1973 oil crisis
9076:Munich massacre
8984:Alcora Exercise
8979:Black September
8957:
8703:Sino-Indian War
8597:Simba rebellion
8580:
8424:Capture of the
8332:
8271:Berlin Blockade
8204:May 1947 crises
8194:Truman Doctrine
8159:Greek Civil War
8148:Blacklist Forty
8115:Gouzenko Affair
8102:Cursed soldiers
8054:Morgenthau Plan
8042:
7980:
7975:
7945:
7940:
7927:
7920:
7913:
7900:
7891:Public holidays
7837:
7828:Sex trafficking
7746:
7705:
7672:
7631:Law enforcement
7567:
7548:Protected areas
7500:
7491:
7437:Kingdom of Laos
7353:
7344:
7270:National Review
7222:
7217:
7211:
7184:
7166:
7108:
7097:
7066:
7044:
7013:
6953:
6935:Storm Over Laos
6909:
6904:
6878:Henry Kissinger
6864:
6859:
6829:
6824:
6793:Wayback Machine
6775:Wayback Machine
6754:
6749:
6744:
6743:
6733:
6731:
6718:
6717:
6713:
6703:
6701:
6692:National Review
6688:
6687:
6683:
6673:
6671:
6658:
6657:
6653:
6643:
6641:
6640:on 6 April 2023
6624:
6620:
6612:
6608:
6598:
6596:
6588:
6587:
6583:
6573:
6571:
6570:on 7 April 2023
6558:
6557:
6553:
6543:
6541:
6524:
6520:
6512:
6508:
6487:
6480:
6470:
6468:
6450:
6446:
6438:
6434:
6426:
6422:
6414:
6410:
6401:
6397:
6389:
6385:
6377:
6373:
6365:
6361:
6354:
6340:
6336:
6307:
6303:
6296:
6280:
6276:
6269:
6255:
6251:
6234:
6233:
6229:
6212:
6211:
6207:
6200:
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6182:
6175:
6161:
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6147:
6145:
6113:
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6101:
6097:
6089:
6082:
6074:
6070:
6062:
6058:
6050:
6046:
6037:
6036:
6029:
6020:
6019:
6012:
6002:
6000:
5995:
5994:
5990:
5982:
5978:
5962:
5961:
5954:
5952:
5941:"Archived copy"
5939:
5938:
5931:
5922:
5921:
5912:
5903:
5902:
5895:
5885:
5883:
5870:
5869:
5860:
5851:
5850:
5846:
5837:
5836:
5832:
5823:
5822:
5818:
5809:
5808:
5804:
5795:
5794:
5790:
5774:
5773:
5766:
5764:
5753:"Archived copy"
5751:
5750:
5746:
5737:
5736:
5729:
5720:
5719:
5715:
5706:
5705:
5698:
5689:
5688:
5684:
5675:
5674:
5670:
5661:
5660:
5656:
5647:
5646:
5642:
5626:
5625:
5618:
5616:
5605:"Archived copy"
5603:
5602:
5598:
5589:
5588:
5584:
5575:
5574:
5570:
5561:
5560:
5556:
5540:
5539:
5532:
5530:
5519:"Archived copy"
5517:
5516:
5505:
5496:
5495:
5488:
5479:
5478:
5474:
5464:
5462:
5451:
5444:
5435:
5434:
5430:
5414:
5413:
5406:
5404:
5393:"Archived copy"
5391:
5390:
5381:
5372:
5371:
5367:
5358:
5357:
5353:
5344:
5343:
5339:
5328:
5324:
5308:
5307:
5300:
5298:
5287:"Archived copy"
5285:
5284:
5275:
5264:
5260:
5256:Martin, p. 105.
5255:
5246:
5242:Martin, p. 104.
5241:
5237:
5230:Wayback Machine
5219:
5210:
5194:
5193:
5186:
5184:
5173:"Archived copy"
5171:
5170:
5161:
5145:
5144:
5137:
5135:
5124:"Archived copy"
5122:
5121:
5117:
5101:
5100:
5093:
5091:
5080:"Archived copy"
5078:
5077:
5073:
5064:
5063:
5054:
5044:
5042:
5035:Fallingrain.com
5029:
5028:
5024:
5008:
5007:
5000:
4998:
4987:"Archived copy"
4985:
4984:
4980:
4964:
4963:
4956:
4954:
4943:"Archived copy"
4941:
4940:
4936:
4931:. pp. 4–5.
4927:
4926:
4922:
4913:
4912:
4908:
4898:
4896:
4883:
4882:
4878:
4869:
4868:
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4854:
4845:
4836:
4835:
4831:
4822:
4816:
4812:
4796:
4795:
4788:
4786:
4775:"Archived copy"
4773:
4772:
4768:
4759:
4758:
4754:
4745:
4744:
4740:
4731:
4730:
4726:
4721:. pp. 3–4.
4717:
4716:
4712:
4696:
4695:
4688:
4686:
4675:"Archived copy"
4673:
4672:
4665:
4649:
4648:
4641:
4639:
4628:"Archived copy"
4626:
4625:
4618:
4602:
4601:
4594:
4592:
4581:"Archived copy"
4579:
4578:
4569:
4553:
4552:
4545:
4543:
4532:"Archived copy"
4530:
4529:
4525:
4509:
4508:
4501:
4499:
4488:"Archived copy"
4486:
4485:
4481:
4465:
4464:
4457:
4455:
4444:"Archived copy"
4442:
4441:
4434:
4425:
4424:
4417:
4408:
4407:
4394:
4385:
4384:
4367:
4351:
4350:
4343:
4341:
4330:"Archived copy"
4328:
4327:
4318:
4308:
4306:
4291:
4287:
4268:
4264:
4254:
4252:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4228:Wayback Machine
4219:
4215:
4209:Wayback Machine
4197:
4193:
4186:
4166:
4159:
4146:
4144:
4135:
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4117:
4115:
4104:
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4090:
4088:
4086:Legacies of War
4080:
4079:
4075:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4005:
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3602:
3574:Heinie Aderholt
3563:
3479:
3440:
3426:
3373:Bolaven Plateau
3273:
3236:
3149:
3143:
3084:
3076:Main articles:
3074:
3034:On 19 May, the
2998:
2992:
2962:
2956:
2931:
2925:
2844:nuclear weapons
2793:
2768:
2650:
2587:
2575:Main articles:
2573:
2496:U.S. President
2472:
2466:
2393:
2318:Prince Sisavang
2306:
2278:Neo Lao Hak Sat
2229:
2221:Main articles:
2219:
2192:Thao O Anourack
2183:150 prisoners.
2177:
2135:Souvanna Phouma
2095:
2090:
2082:Main articles:
2080:
1894:
1862:History of Isan
1857:History of Laos
1837:
1835:
1825:1975–1991
1815:1975–2007
1805:1958–1959
1795:1953–1975
1784:1946–1975
1783:
1779:Kingdom of Laos
1769:Independent era
1760:1945–1949
1740:1940–1941
1736:Franco-Thai War
1730:1893–1953
1710:1865–1890
1700:1826–1828
1677:1713–1904
1667:1707–1899
1657:1707–1893
1647:1707–1828
1624:1353–1707
1570:
1563:
1552:
1544:Main articles:
1542:
1526:Savang Vatthana
1486:Hmong tribesmen
1446:Souvanna Phouma
1382:Kingdom of Laos
1366:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1265:Phou Phiang III
853:
848:
845:
843:
813:
808:
784:Sino-Vietnamese
712:
707:
705:
661:
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517:Robert McNamara
511:
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506:Henry Kissinger
500:
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429:Souvanna Phouma
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124:Kingdom of Laos
112:
95:
82:
67:Kingdom of Laos
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
12894:
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12408:
12403:
12398:
12393:
12388:
12383:
12378:
12373:
12368:
12363:
12361:Yom Kippur War
12358:
12353:
12348:
12342:
12340:
12336:
12335:
12333:
12332:
12327:
12322:
12317:
12312:
12307:
12302:
12297:
12292:
12290:1967 Opium War
12287:
12282:
12277:
12272:
12267:
12262:
12257:
12252:
12247:
12242:
12237:
12232:
12227:
12222:
12220:Bizerte crisis
12217:
12212:
12207:
12201:
12199:
12195:
12194:
12192:
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12024:
12019:
12014:
12009:
12004:
11999:
11994:
11989:
11984:
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11969:
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11898:
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11870:
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11863:
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11847:
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11837:
11832:
11827:
11822:
11817:
11812:
11807:
11802:
11797:
11792:
11787:
11782:
11777:
11772:
11770:Sejny Uprising
11767:
11762:
11757:
11752:
11747:
11742:
11737:
11732:
11727:
11722:
11717:
11712:
11707:
11702:
11697:
11695:Sochi conflict
11692:
11687:
11682:
11677:
11672:
11667:
11662:
11657:
11652:
11647:
11642:
11637:
11632:
11627:
11622:
11620:Cattaro mutiny
11617:
11612:
11607:
11602:
11597:
11592:
11587:
11582:
11577:
11572:
11567:
11562:
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11547:
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11537:
11532:
11527:
11522:
11517:
11512:
11507:
11502:
11497:
11492:
11487:
11482:
11477:
11472:
11467:
11462:
11457:
11452:
11450:Volta-Bani War
11447:
11442:
11437:
11432:
11427:
11422:
11417:
11412:
11400:
11395:
11390:
11385:
11380:
11375:
11370:
11365:
11353:
11348:
11343:
11338:
11333:
11328:
11323:
11318:
11306:
11301:
11296:
11291:
11286:
11284:Contestado War
11281:
11276:
11271:
11266:
11261:
11256:
11251:
11246:
11241:
11236:
11231:
11226:
11221:
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11206:
11201:
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11176:
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11166:
11153:
11151:
11147:
11146:
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11143:
11138:
11133:
11128:
11123:
11118:
11113:
11108:
11103:
11098:
11093:
11081:
11076:
11071:
11066:
11064:Beipu uprising
11061:
11056:
11051:
11046:
11041:
11036:
11031:
11026:
11021:
11016:
11011:
11006:
11001:
10996:
10991:
10986:
10981:
10976:
10971:
10966:
10961:
10956:
10951:
10949:Vaccine Revolt
10946:
10941:
10936:
10931:
10926:
10921:
10916:
10911:
10909:Theriso revolt
10906:
10901:
10896:
10891:
10886:
10881:
10876:
10871:
10866:
10854:
10849:
10844:
10839:
10834:
10829:
10824:
10819:
10813:
10811:
10807:
10806:
10801:
10800:
10793:
10786:
10778:
10769:
10768:
10766:
10765:
10760:
10755:
10749:
10746:
10745:
10743:
10742:
10737:
10732:
10727:
10722:
10717:
10712:
10707:
10701:
10699:
10695:
10694:
10692:
10691:
10686:
10681:
10676:
10671:
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10656:
10651:
10646:
10641:
10636:
10631:
10625:
10623:
10617:
10616:
10614:
10613:
10608:
10603:
10598:
10593:
10588:
10583:
10578:
10573:
10568:
10563:
10561:Timothy Snyder
10558:
10553:
10548:
10543:
10538:
10533:
10528:
10523:
10518:
10513:
10508:
10503:
10498:
10493:
10491:Vojtech Mastny
10488:
10486:Geir Lundestad
10483:
10478:
10476:Walter Laqueur
10473:
10471:Walter LaFeber
10468:
10463:
10458:
10453:
10448:
10443:
10438:
10433:
10428:
10423:
10418:
10413:
10408:
10403:
10401:André Fontaine
10398:
10393:
10388:
10383:
10378:
10373:
10368:
10363:
10358:
10353:
10348:
10343:
10338:
10333:
10331:Gar Alperovitz
10327:
10325:
10321:
10320:
10318:
10317:
10312:
10307:
10301:
10299:
10293:
10292:
10289:
10288:
10286:
10285:
10280:
10274:
10273:
10268:
10261:
10256:
10248:
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10242:
10241:
10239:
10238:
10231:
10226:
10219:
10212:
10207:
10200:
10193:
10186:
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10178:
10171:
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10163:
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10138:
10133:
10128:
10123:
10118:
10113:
10107:
10105:
10101:
10100:
10097:
10096:
10094:
10093:
10088:
10083:
10078:
10073:
10071:Third-Worldism
10068:
10063:
10058:
10053:
10048:
10043:
10038:
10033:
10028:
10023:
10018:
10013:
10008:
10003:
9998:
9993:
9988:
9983:
9978:
9972:
9970:
9966:
9965:
9963:
9962:
9957:
9952:
9947:
9942:
9937:
9930:
9925:
9920:
9915:
9910:
9905:
9899:
9897:
9891:
9890:
9888:
9887:
9882:
9877:
9872:
9867:
9862:
9860:Libertarianism
9857:
9852:
9851:
9850:
9840:
9838:Chicago school
9835:
9829:
9827:
9818:
9814:
9813:
9811:
9810:
9805:
9800:
9795:
9790:
9785:
9783:Nixon Doctrine
9780:
9775:
9770:
9765:
9760:
9755:
9750:
9745:
9740:
9735:
9729:
9727:
9726:Foreign policy
9723:
9722:
9720:
9719:
9714:
9709:
9704:
9699:
9694:
9689:
9684:
9678:
9676:
9670:
9669:
9667:
9666:
9661:
9660:
9659:
9649:
9644:
9639:
9634:
9629:
9624:
9619:
9614:
9608:
9606:
9602:
9601:
9599:
9598:
9593:
9588:
9583:
9578:
9573:
9568:
9563:
9558:
9553:
9548:
9543:
9538:
9533:
9528:
9523:
9518:
9513:
9511:Operation RYAN
9508:
9503:
9498:
9488:
9483:
9478:
9473:
9468:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9443:
9438:
9433:
9428:
9423:
9418:
9416:Able Archer 83
9413:
9408:
9403:
9398:
9393:
9388:
9383:
9378:
9373:
9368:
9363:
9362:
9361:
9351:
9346:
9341:
9332:
9327:
9321:
9319:
9315:
9314:
9312:
9311:
9306:
9301:
9296:
9291:
9286:
9281:
9276:
9271:
9266:
9261:
9256:
9251:
9246:
9241:
9236:
9231:
9226:
9221:
9213:
9208:
9203:
9198:
9193:
9188:
9183:
9178:
9173:
9168:
9166:Oromo conflict
9163:
9158:
9153:
9148:
9143:
9138:
9133:
9128:
9123:
9118:
9113:
9108:
9106:Yom Kippur War
9103:
9098:
9093:
9088:
9083:
9078:
9073:
9068:
9063:
9058:
9053:
9048:
9043:
9038:
9033:
9028:
9023:
9016:
9011:
9006:
9001:
8996:
8991:
8986:
8981:
8976:
8971:
8965:
8963:
8959:
8958:
8956:
8955:
8950:
8945:
8940:
8935:
8930:
8929:
8928:
8918:
8913:
8908:
8903:
8898:
8889:
8884:
8883:
8882:
8872:
8867:
8862:
8857:
8852:
8847:
8842:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8807:
8802:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8762:
8761:
8760:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8738:Aden Emergency
8735:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8690:
8689:
8688:
8683:
8678:
8668:
8663:
8658:
8656:Papua conflict
8653:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8637:
8636:
8626:
8625:
8624:
8614:
8609:
8604:
8599:
8594:
8588:
8586:
8582:
8581:
8579:
8578:
8573:
8572:
8571:
8561:
8559:Kitchen Debate
8556:
8551:
8546:
8541:
8536:
8531:
8526:
8521:
8519:Sputnik crisis
8516:
8511:
8503:
8496:
8491:
8489:Polish October
8486:
8481:
8476:
8469:
8464:
8459:
8454:
8449:
8444:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8406:
8401:
8396:
8391:
8389:Pact of Madrid
8386:
8381:
8376:
8371:
8366:
8361:
8356:
8351:
8346:
8344:Bamboo Curtain
8340:
8338:
8334:
8333:
8331:
8330:
8325:
8320:
8315:
8314:
8313:
8303:
8298:
8293:
8288:
8283:
8278:
8273:
8268:
8263:
8258:
8253:
8248:
8243:
8238:
8237:
8236:
8231:
8226:
8216:
8211:
8206:
8201:
8196:
8191:
8186:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8166:
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8156:
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8143:
8135:
8127:
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8117:
8112:
8104:
8099:
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8056:
8050:
8048:
8044:
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8035:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7993:
7985:
7982:
7981:
7974:
7973:
7966:
7959:
7951:
7942:
7941:
7939:
7938:
7933:
7926:
7925:
7918:
7910:
7909:
7906:
7905:
7902:
7901:
7899:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7847:
7845:
7839:
7838:
7836:
7835:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7809:
7808:
7807:hybrid variant
7795:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7764:
7758:
7752:
7751:
7748:
7747:
7745:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7722:Stock exchange
7719:
7714:
7709:
7701:
7696:
7690:
7684:
7678:
7677:
7674:
7673:
7671:
7670:
7668:Prime Minister
7665:
7663:Vice President
7660:
7655:
7650:
7649:
7648:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7622:
7621:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7585:
7579:
7573:
7572:
7569:
7568:
7566:
7565:
7560:
7555:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7525:
7520:
7514:
7508:
7502:
7501:
7494:
7492:
7490:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7442:Indochina Wars
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7397:Luang Phrabang
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7363:
7361:
7355:
7354:
7343:
7342:
7335:
7328:
7320:
7314:
7313:
7308:
7302:
7296:
7290:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7258:
7252:
7246:
7236:
7231:
7221:
7220:External links
7218:
7216:
7215:
7209:
7194:
7187:
7183:978-1883642365
7182:
7169:
7164:
7145:
7129:
7120:
7111:
7106:
7088:
7081:
7074:
7065:978-0060129019
7064:
7049:
7024:(2): 281–306.
7006:
6999:
6992:
6982:
6965:
6952:978-1581605358
6951:
6938:
6931:
6925:
6918:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6902:
6896:Kao Kalia Yang
6893:
6884:
6875:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6857:
6844:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6822:
6809:
6798:
6779:
6763:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6742:
6741:
6711:
6700:on 5 July 2007
6681:
6651:
6618:
6606:
6581:
6551:
6518:
6516:, p. 282.
6506:
6478:
6444:
6432:
6420:
6408:
6395:
6383:
6371:
6359:
6352:
6334:
6321:(5): 693–716.
6301:
6295:978-0253207562
6294:
6274:
6268:978-1681816418
6267:
6249:
6227:
6205:
6199:978-1681816418
6198:
6180:
6173:
6155:
6129:(3): 349–371.
6107:
6095:
6080:
6068:
6056:
6044:
6027:
6010:
5988:
5976:
5945:lcweb2.loc.gov
5929:
5910:
5893:
5858:
5844:
5830:
5816:
5813:. p. 134.
5802:
5799:. p. 158.
5788:
5757:lcweb2.loc.gov
5744:
5727:
5713:
5696:
5682:
5668:
5654:
5640:
5609:lcweb2.loc.gov
5596:
5582:
5568:
5554:
5523:lcweb2.loc.gov
5503:
5486:
5472:
5442:
5428:
5397:lcweb2.loc.gov
5379:
5365:
5351:
5337:
5322:
5291:lcweb2.loc.gov
5273:
5258:
5244:
5235:
5208:
5177:lcweb2.loc.gov
5159:
5128:lcweb2.loc.gov
5115:
5084:lcweb2.loc.gov
5071:
5052:
5022:
4991:lcweb2.loc.gov
4978:
4947:lcweb2.loc.gov
4934:
4920:
4906:
4876:
4862:
4843:
4829:
4810:
4779:lcweb2.loc.gov
4766:
4752:
4738:
4724:
4710:
4679:lcweb2.loc.gov
4663:
4632:lcweb2.loc.gov
4616:
4585:lcweb2.loc.gov
4567:
4536:lcweb2.loc.gov
4523:
4492:lcweb2.loc.gov
4479:
4448:lcweb2.loc.gov
4432:
4415:
4392:
4365:
4334:lcweb2.loc.gov
4316:
4285:
4262:
4241:"Bombing Laos"
4232:
4213:
4191:
4184:
4157:
4128:
4098:
4073:
4051:
3999:
3986:
3961:
3935:
3923:
3897:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3843:
3842:
3840:1967 Opium War
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3763:
3760:
3726:
3723:
3691:
3688:
3636:
3633:
3601:
3598:
3562:
3559:
3534:Prime Minister
3483:fall of Saigon
3478:
3475:
3436:Main article:
3425:
3422:
3272:
3269:
3235:
3232:
3142:
3139:
3115:Vietnamese DMZ
3073:
3070:
2994:Main article:
2991:
2988:
2955:
2952:
2924:
2921:
2789:Main article:
2767:
2764:
2694:Sarit Thanarat
2686:Phoumi Nosavan
2682:Tiao Samsanith
2666:Nong Net, Laos
2649:
2646:
2572:
2569:
2565:Special Forces
2552:Phuy Xananikôn
2465:
2462:
2389:Main article:
2330:Võ Nguyên Giáp
2305:
2302:
2223:Royal Lao Army
2218:
2215:
2176:
2173:
2094:
2091:
2079:
2076:
1951:Royal Lao Army
1896:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1601:698–1353
1599:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1575:
1574:
1565:
1564:
1557:
1541:
1538:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1283:Air operations
1279:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1244:Black Lion III
1240:
1237:Phou Phiang II
1233:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1160:Phou Khao Kham
1156:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1107:
1100:
1093:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1009:
1002:
995:
990:
985:
978:
976:1967 Opium War
973:
971:Ban Naden raid
968:
963:
958:
953:
946:
941:
934:
927:
922:
915:
908:
903:
896:
889:
884:
879:
869:
858:
855:
854:
842:
841:
834:
827:
819:
810:
809:
807:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
758:
757:
756:
755:
750:
735:
734:
726:
725:
717:
714:
713:
709:Indochina Wars
704:
703:
696:
689:
681:
673:
672:
668:
667:
657:
656:c. 42,000 dead
637:
636:
632:
631:
626:19,000–23,000
599:
598:10,000+ (1970)
570:
569:
565:
564:
550:Sarit Thanarat
528:Clark Clifford
440:Phoumi Nosavan
407:
382:Võ Nguyên Giáp
249:
248:
244:
243:
184:
148:
147:
143:
142:
139:
138:
137:
136:
126:
120:
101:
97:
96:
91:
89:
85:
84:
79:
71:
70:
44:
43:
37:Indochina Wars
28:
27:
21:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12893:
12882:
12879:
12877:
12874:
12872:
12869:
12867:
12864:
12862:
12859:
12857:
12854:
12852:
12849:
12847:
12844:
12842:
12839:
12837:
12834:
12832:
12829:
12827:
12824:
12822:
12819:
12817:
12814:
12812:
12809:
12807:
12804:
12802:
12799:
12797:
12796:1970s in Laos
12794:
12792:
12791:1960s in Laos
12789:
12787:
12786:1950s in Laos
12784:
12782:
12781:1940s in Laos
12779:
12777:
12774:
12773:
12771:
12754:
12751:
12749:
12746:
12744:
12741:
12740:
12738:
12737:
12734:
12728:
12725:
12723:
12720:
12718:
12715:
12713:
12710:
12708:
12705:
12703:
12700:
12698:
12695:
12693:
12690:
12688:
12685:
12683:
12680:
12678:
12675:
12673:
12670:
12668:
12665:
12663:
12660:
12658:
12655:
12653:
12650:
12648:
12645:
12643:
12640:
12638:
12635:
12631:
12628:
12627:
12626:
12623:
12621:
12618:
12616:
12613:
12611:
12608:
12606:
12603:
12601:
12598:
12594:
12591:
12589:
12586:
12584:
12581:
12580:
12579:
12578:Yugoslav Wars
12576:
12574:
12571:
12569:
12566:
12564:
12561:
12559:
12556:
12554:
12551:
12549:
12546:
12545:
12543:
12539:
12533:
12530:
12528:
12525:
12523:
12520:
12518:
12515:
12513:
12510:
12508:
12505:
12503:
12500:
12498:
12495:
12493:
12490:
12488:
12485:
12483:
12480:
12478:
12477:Falklands War
12475:
12473:
12470:
12468:
12467:Iran–Iraq War
12465:
12464:
12462:
12458:
12452:
12449:
12447:
12444:
12442:
12439:
12437:
12434:
12432:
12429:
12427:
12424:
12422:
12419:
12417:
12414:
12412:
12409:
12407:
12404:
12402:
12399:
12397:
12394:
12392:
12389:
12387:
12384:
12382:
12379:
12377:
12374:
12372:
12369:
12367:
12364:
12362:
12359:
12357:
12354:
12352:
12349:
12347:
12344:
12343:
12341:
12337:
12331:
12328:
12326:
12323:
12321:
12318:
12316:
12313:
12311:
12308:
12306:
12303:
12301:
12298:
12296:
12293:
12291:
12288:
12286:
12283:
12281:
12278:
12276:
12273:
12271:
12268:
12266:
12263:
12261:
12258:
12256:
12253:
12251:
12248:
12246:
12243:
12241:
12238:
12236:
12233:
12231:
12228:
12226:
12223:
12221:
12218:
12216:
12213:
12211:
12208:
12206:
12203:
12202:
12200:
12196:
12190:
12187:
12185:
12182:
12180:
12177:
12175:
12172:
12170:
12167:
12165:
12162:
12160:
12157:
12155:
12152:
12150:
12147:
12145:
12142:
12141:
12139:
12135:
12129:
12126:
12124:
12121:
12119:
12116:
12114:
12111:
12109:
12106:
12104:
12101:
12099:
12096:
12094:
12091:
12089:
12086:
12084:
12081:
12079:
12076:
12074:
12071:
12069:
12066:
12064:
12061:
12059:
12056:
12054:
12051:
12049:
12046:
12044:
12041:
12040:
12038:
12034:
12028:
12025:
12023:
12020:
12018:
12015:
12013:
12010:
12008:
12005:
12003:
12000:
11998:
11995:
11993:
11990:
11988:
11985:
11983:
11980:
11978:
11975:
11973:
11970:
11968:
11965:
11963:
11960:
11958:
11955:
11953:
11950:
11948:
11945:
11943:
11940:
11939:
11937:
11933:
11927:
11924:
11922:
11919:
11917:
11914:
11912:
11909:
11907:
11904:
11902:
11899:
11897:
11894:
11892:
11889:
11887:
11884:
11882:
11879:
11877:
11874:
11873:
11871:
11867:
11861:
11858:
11856:
11853:
11851:
11848:
11846:
11843:
11841:
11838:
11836:
11833:
11831:
11828:
11826:
11823:
11821:
11818:
11816:
11813:
11811:
11808:
11806:
11803:
11801:
11798:
11796:
11793:
11791:
11788:
11786:
11783:
11781:
11778:
11776:
11773:
11771:
11768:
11766:
11763:
11761:
11758:
11756:
11753:
11751:
11748:
11746:
11743:
11741:
11738:
11736:
11733:
11731:
11728:
11726:
11723:
11721:
11718:
11716:
11713:
11711:
11708:
11706:
11703:
11701:
11698:
11696:
11693:
11691:
11688:
11686:
11683:
11681:
11678:
11676:
11673:
11671:
11668:
11666:
11663:
11661:
11658:
11656:
11653:
11651:
11648:
11646:
11643:
11641:
11638:
11636:
11633:
11631:
11628:
11626:
11623:
11621:
11618:
11616:
11613:
11611:
11608:
11606:
11603:
11601:
11598:
11596:
11593:
11591:
11588:
11586:
11583:
11581:
11578:
11576:
11573:
11571:
11568:
11566:
11563:
11561:
11558:
11556:
11553:
11551:
11548:
11546:
11543:
11541:
11538:
11536:
11533:
11531:
11528:
11526:
11523:
11521:
11518:
11516:
11513:
11511:
11510:Easter Rising
11508:
11506:
11503:
11501:
11498:
11496:
11493:
11491:
11488:
11486:
11485:Kaocen revolt
11483:
11481:
11478:
11476:
11473:
11471:
11468:
11466:
11463:
11461:
11458:
11456:
11453:
11451:
11448:
11446:
11443:
11441:
11438:
11436:
11433:
11431:
11428:
11426:
11423:
11421:
11418:
11416:
11413:
11409:
11404:
11401:
11399:
11396:
11394:
11391:
11389:
11386:
11384:
11381:
11379:
11376:
11374:
11371:
11369:
11366:
11362:
11357:
11354:
11352:
11349:
11347:
11344:
11342:
11339:
11337:
11334:
11332:
11329:
11327:
11324:
11322:
11319:
11315:
11310:
11307:
11305:
11302:
11300:
11297:
11295:
11292:
11290:
11287:
11285:
11282:
11280:
11277:
11275:
11272:
11270:
11267:
11265:
11262:
11260:
11257:
11255:
11252:
11250:
11247:
11245:
11242:
11240:
11237:
11235:
11232:
11230:
11227:
11225:
11222:
11220:
11217:
11215:
11212:
11210:
11207:
11205:
11202:
11200:
11197:
11195:
11192:
11190:
11187:
11185:
11182:
11180:
11177:
11175:
11172:
11170:
11167:
11163:
11158:
11155:
11154:
11152:
11148:
11142:
11139:
11137:
11134:
11132:
11129:
11127:
11124:
11122:
11119:
11117:
11114:
11112:
11109:
11107:
11104:
11102:
11099:
11097:
11094:
11090:
11085:
11082:
11080:
11077:
11075:
11072:
11070:
11067:
11065:
11062:
11060:
11057:
11055:
11052:
11050:
11049:Mutair revolt
11047:
11045:
11042:
11040:
11037:
11035:
11032:
11030:
11027:
11025:
11022:
11020:
11017:
11015:
11012:
11010:
11007:
11005:
11002:
11000:
10997:
10995:
10992:
10990:
10987:
10985:
10982:
10980:
10977:
10975:
10972:
10970:
10967:
10965:
10962:
10960:
10957:
10955:
10952:
10950:
10947:
10945:
10942:
10940:
10937:
10935:
10932:
10930:
10927:
10925:
10922:
10920:
10917:
10915:
10912:
10910:
10907:
10905:
10902:
10900:
10897:
10895:
10892:
10890:
10887:
10885:
10882:
10880:
10877:
10875:
10872:
10870:
10869:Anglo-Aro War
10867:
10863:
10858:
10855:
10853:
10850:
10848:
10845:
10843:
10840:
10838:
10835:
10833:
10830:
10828:
10825:
10823:
10820:
10818:
10815:
10814:
10812:
10808:
10799:
10794:
10792:
10787:
10785:
10780:
10779:
10776:
10764:
10761:
10759:
10756:
10754:
10751:
10750:
10747:
10741:
10738:
10736:
10733:
10731:
10728:
10726:
10725:War on terror
10723:
10721:
10718:
10716:
10713:
10711:
10708:
10706:
10703:
10702:
10700:
10696:
10690:
10687:
10685:
10682:
10680:
10677:
10675:
10672:
10670:
10667:
10665:
10662:
10660:
10657:
10655:
10652:
10650:
10647:
10645:
10642:
10640:
10637:
10635:
10632:
10630:
10627:
10626:
10624:
10620:Espionage and
10618:
10612:
10609:
10607:
10604:
10602:
10599:
10597:
10594:
10592:
10589:
10587:
10584:
10582:
10579:
10577:
10574:
10572:
10571:Andrew Thorpe
10569:
10567:
10564:
10562:
10559:
10557:
10554:
10552:
10549:
10547:
10544:
10542:
10539:
10537:
10534:
10532:
10529:
10527:
10524:
10522:
10519:
10517:
10514:
10512:
10509:
10507:
10504:
10502:
10499:
10497:
10494:
10492:
10489:
10487:
10484:
10482:
10479:
10477:
10474:
10472:
10469:
10467:
10466:Gabriel Kolko
10464:
10462:
10459:
10457:
10454:
10452:
10449:
10447:
10444:
10442:
10439:
10437:
10434:
10432:
10431:Fred Halliday
10429:
10427:
10424:
10422:
10419:
10417:
10416:Lloyd Gardner
10414:
10412:
10409:
10407:
10404:
10402:
10399:
10397:
10394:
10392:
10389:
10387:
10384:
10382:
10379:
10377:
10376:Norman Davies
10374:
10372:
10369:
10367:
10364:
10362:
10361:John Costello
10359:
10357:
10354:
10352:
10349:
10347:
10344:
10342:
10339:
10337:
10334:
10332:
10329:
10328:
10326:
10322:
10316:
10313:
10311:
10308:
10306:
10303:
10302:
10300:
10296:Technological
10294:
10284:
10281:
10279:
10276:
10275:
10272:
10269:
10267:
10266:
10262:
10260:
10257:
10255:
10254:
10250:
10249:
10247:
10243:
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10201:
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10198:
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10192:
10191:
10187:
10185:
10182:
10181:
10179:
10177:Pro-communist
10175:
10172:
10168:
10162:
10159:
10157:
10154:
10152:
10149:
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10109:
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10104:Organizations
10102:
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9931:
9929:
9926:
9924:
9921:
9919:
9918:Eurocommunism
9916:
9914:
9911:
9909:
9906:
9904:
9901:
9900:
9898:
9896:
9892:
9886:
9883:
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9809:
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9789:
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9784:
9781:
9779:
9776:
9774:
9771:
9769:
9766:
9764:
9761:
9759:
9756:
9754:
9751:
9749:
9748:Domino theory
9746:
9744:
9741:
9739:
9736:
9734:
9731:
9730:
9728:
9724:
9718:
9715:
9713:
9710:
9708:
9705:
9703:
9702:South Ossetia
9700:
9698:
9695:
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9690:
9688:
9685:
9683:
9680:
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9514:
9512:
9509:
9507:
9504:
9502:
9499:
9496:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9486:8888 Uprising
9484:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9431:Iran–Iraq War
9429:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9419:
9417:
9414:
9412:
9409:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9396:Falklands War
9394:
9392:
9389:
9387:
9384:
9382:
9379:
9377:
9374:
9372:
9369:
9367:
9364:
9360:
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9350:
9347:
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9340:
9336:
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9328:
9326:
9323:
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9320:
9316:
9310:
9307:
9305:
9302:
9300:
9297:
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9287:
9285:
9282:
9280:
9277:
9275:
9272:
9270:
9267:
9265:
9262:
9260:
9259:NDF Rebellion
9257:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9242:
9240:
9239:German Autumn
9237:
9235:
9232:
9230:
9227:
9225:
9222:
9220:
9219:
9214:
9212:
9209:
9207:
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9154:
9152:
9149:
9147:
9144:
9142:
9139:
9137:
9134:
9132:
9129:
9127:
9126:Metapolitefsi
9124:
9122:
9119:
9117:
9114:
9112:
9109:
9107:
9104:
9102:
9099:
9097:
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9084:
9082:
9079:
9077:
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9072:
9069:
9067:
9064:
9062:
9059:
9057:
9054:
9052:
9049:
9047:
9044:
9042:
9039:
9037:
9034:
9032:
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9027:
9024:
9022:
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9017:
9015:
9012:
9010:
9007:
9005:
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9000:
8997:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8987:
8985:
8982:
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8977:
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8960:
8954:
8951:
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8936:
8934:
8931:
8927:
8924:
8923:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8914:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8895:
8890:
8888:
8887:Prague Spring
8885:
8881:
8878:
8877:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8865:Al-Wadiah War
8863:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8830:12-3 incident
8828:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
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8755:
8754:
8751:
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8509:
8504:
8501:
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8495:
8492:
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8487:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
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8470:
8468:
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8458:
8455:
8453:
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8448:
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8443:
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8438:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8427:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8409:Domino theory
8407:
8405:
8404:Petrov Affair
8402:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8370:
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8360:
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8309:
8308:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8289:
8287:
8284:
8282:
8281:Madiun Affair
8279:
8277:
8274:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8264:
8262:
8259:
8257:
8254:
8252:
8249:
8247:
8244:
8242:
8241:Marshall Plan
8239:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8221:
8220:
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8212:
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8009:
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8004:
8001:
7999:
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7994:
7992:
7991:
7990:United States
7987:
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7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7861:Dramatic arts
7859:
7857:
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7852:
7849:
7848:
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7811:
7806:
7803:
7799:
7796:
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7791:
7790:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7783:Ethnic groups
7781:
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7529:
7526:
7524:
7523:Deforestation
7521:
7519:
7516:
7515:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7503:
7498:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
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7388:
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7380:
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7297:
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7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7272:
7271:
7266:
7265:archive.today
7262:
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7165:9780786445295
7161:
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6916:
6912:
6911:
6901:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6888:
6887:Richard Nixon
6885:
6883:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6870:
6867:
6866:
6856:
6852:
6848:
6845:
6843:
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6807:
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6790:
6786:
6785:
6780:
6777:
6776:
6772:
6769:
6764:
6761:
6757:
6756:
6730:on 7 May 2016
6729:
6725:
6721:
6715:
6699:
6695:
6693:
6685:
6669:
6665:
6661:
6660:"Disarmament"
6655:
6639:
6635:
6634:
6629:
6622:
6616:, p. 47.
6615:
6614:Thompson 2010
6610:
6595:
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6555:
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6491:
6485:
6483:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6448:
6441:
6440:Thompson 2010
6436:
6430:, p. 60.
6429:
6428:Thompson 2010
6424:
6417:
6416:Thompson 2010
6412:
6405:
6399:
6392:
6391:Thompson 2010
6387:
6380:
6379:Thompson 2010
6375:
6369:, p. 54.
6368:
6367:Thompson 2010
6363:
6355:
6353:9789814951180
6349:
6345:
6338:
6329:
6324:
6320:
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6219:
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6201:
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6184:
6176:
6174:9781681816418
6170:
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5998:
5992:
5985:
5980:
5972:
5966:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5936:
5934:
5926:. p. 14.
5925:
5919:
5917:
5915:
5907:. p. 18.
5906:
5900:
5898:
5881:
5877:
5876:Chancefac.net
5873:
5867:
5865:
5863:
5854:
5848:
5841:. p. 17.
5840:
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5826:
5820:
5812:
5806:
5798:
5792:
5784:
5778:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5748:
5741:. p. 13.
5740:
5734:
5732:
5724:. p. 31.
5723:
5717:
5709:
5703:
5701:
5692:
5686:
5678:
5672:
5665:. p. 50.
5664:
5658:
5650:
5644:
5636:
5630:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5600:
5592:
5586:
5579:. p. 10.
5578:
5572:
5565:. p. 39.
5564:
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5550:
5544:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5514:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5499:
5493:
5491:
5483:. p. 20.
5482:
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5449:
5447:
5438:
5432:
5424:
5418:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5388:
5386:
5384:
5375:
5369:
5361:
5355:
5347:
5341:
5334:. p. 75.
5333:
5326:
5318:
5312:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5282:
5280:
5278:
5270:. p. 74.
5269:
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5125:
5119:
5111:
5105:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5075:
5068:. p. 18.
5067:
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5036:
5032:
5026:
5018:
5012:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4982:
4974:
4968:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4938:
4930:
4924:
4917:. p. 10.
4916:
4910:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4880:
4872:
4866:
4858:
4852:
4850:
4848:
4839:
4833:
4825:
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4814:
4806:
4800:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4770:
4762:
4756:
4748:
4742:
4734:
4728:
4720:
4714:
4706:
4700:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4670:
4668:
4659:
4653:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4623:
4621:
4612:
4606:
4590:
4586:
4582:
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4572:
4563:
4557:
4541:
4537:
4533:
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4513:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4483:
4475:
4469:
4453:
4449:
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4437:
4428:
4422:
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4411:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4388:
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4380:
4378:
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4372:
4370:
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4339:
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4325:
4323:
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4304:
4300:
4296:
4289:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4266:
4250:
4246:
4242:
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4225:
4222:
4217:
4210:
4206:
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4201:
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4187:
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4177:
4173:
4172:
4164:
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4154:
4142:
4138:
4132:
4125:
4113:
4109:
4102:
4087:
4083:
4077:
4069:
4065:
4064:stephenmbland
4061:
4055:
4046:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4003:
3996:
3993:T. Lomperis,
3990:
3983:
3978:
3974:
3968:
3966:
3949:
3945:
3939:
3933:, p. 70.
3932:
3927:
3911:
3907:
3901:
3885:
3881:
3875:
3873:
3868:
3858:
3855:
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3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3810:Laos Memorial
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3744:Laos Memorial
3741:
3740:U.S. Congress
3737:
3733:
3722:
3720:
3715:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3687:
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3670:
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3648:
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3642:
3632:
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3623:
3618:
3611:
3606:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3570:Jerry Daniels
3567:
3558:
3556:
3550:
3546:
3544:
3538:
3535:
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3527:
3523:
3518:
3514:
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3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
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3421:
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3414:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3400:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3380:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3359:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3336:
3331:
3329:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3304:
3302:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3277:
3268:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3252:
3245:
3242:A map of the
3240:
3231:
3228:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3213:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3161:
3153:
3148:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3116:
3111:
3109:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3056:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3018:
3016:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2951:
2948:
2945:
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2856:
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2847:
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2835:
2830:
2826:
2824:
2819:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2785:, Spring 1961
2784:
2780:
2777:
2772:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2742:bombers from
2741:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2726:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2713:land blockade
2710:
2705:
2703:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2645:
2641:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2607:
2606:Roger Hilsman
2602:
2600:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2568:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2543:
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2532:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2476:Sikorsky H-19
2471:
2461:
2459:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2440:
2435:
2434:Điện Biên Phủ
2430:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2419:Điện Biên Phủ
2416:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2398:
2392:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2356:
2355:Luang Prabang
2352:
2351:Điện Biên Phủ
2347:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2314:General Salan
2310:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2274:
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2228:
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2214:
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2207:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2147:
2142:
2140:
2139:Souphanouvong
2136:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2117:
2112:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2100:Sisavang Vong
2089:
2085:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2058:prior to the
2057:
2053:
2052:North Vietnam
2047:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2005:Luang Prabang
2002:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1982:Plain of Jars
1979:
1975:
1974:Dien Bien Phu
1971:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1928:
1927:(Viet Cong).
1926:
1922:
1921:South Vietnam
1918:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1834:
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1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
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1780:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1747:
1744:
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1739:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1697:
1696:Lao rebellion
1694:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1664:
1661:
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1636:
1632:
1631:
1623:
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1618:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
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1590:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1482:Plain of Jars
1478:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1384:was a covert
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1340:Commando Hunt
1337:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1104:Silver Buckle
1101:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1048:Diamond Arrow
1045:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1001:
1000:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
983:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
951:
947:
945:
942:
940:
939:
935:
933:
932:
928:
926:
923:
921:
920:
916:
914:
913:
909:
907:
904:
902:
901:
897:
895:
894:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
877:
873:
870:
868:
867:
863:
862:
861:
856:
851:
840:
835:
833:
828:
826:
821:
820:
817:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
766:
765:
764:
763:
754:
751:
749:
746:
745:
744:
743:
742:
741:
740:
733:
732:
728:
727:
724:
723:
719:
718:
715:
710:
702:
697:
695:
690:
688:
683:
682:
679:
669:
658:
639:
638:
633:
629:
600:
589:48,000 (1970)
572:
571:
566:
563:
551:
540:
529:
518:
507:
496:
495:Richard Nixon
485:
474:
463:
452:
441:
430:
419:
408:
405:
404:Văn Tiến Dũng
394:
383:
372:
361:
360:Phạm Văn Đồng
350:
339:
328:
327:Tôn Đức Thắng
317:
306:
295:
284:
273:
262:
261:Souphanouvong
251:
250:
245:
241:
227:
226:South Vietnam
215:
214:United States
201:
197:
185:
177:
173:
172:North Vietnam
161:
150:
149:
144:
134:
130:
127:
125:
121:
119:
115:
114:
113:
110:
106:
102:
99:
98:
94:
90:
87:
86:
80:
77:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
50:
45:
42:
38:
34:
29:
24:
19:
12472:Paquisha War
12320:Football War
12210:Congo Crisis
12158:
12149:Algerian War
12118:La Violencia
12012:World War II
11921:Cristero War
11264:Sirte revolt
11169:Karak revolt
11084:Mau uprising
10730:Brinkmanship
10622:intelligence
10511:Marius Oprea
10461:Harvey Klehr
10391:Herbert Feis
10381:Willem Drees
10346:Archie Brown
10263:
10251:
10233:
10223:Trybuna Ludu
10221:
10214:
10210:Radio Moscow
10202:
10195:
10188:
10016:Anti-Zionism
9932:
9855:Keynesianism
9843:Conservatism
9707:Transnistria
9687:China-Taiwan
9344:Gera Demands
9217:
9018:
8893:
8698:El Porteñazo
8592:Congo Crisis
8553:
8507:
8442:Algerian War
8425:
8301:Western Bloc
8296:Eastern Bloc
8291:Iron Curtain
8147:
8139:
8131:
8108:
8088:
8080:
7997:Soviet Union
7995:
7988:
7818:Prostitution
7773:Demographics
7737:Trade unions
7699:Central bank
7614:Human rights
7594:Constitution
7456:
7268:
7226:
7199:
7190:
7173:
7150:
7133:
7124:
7115:
7093:
7084:
7077:
7070:the original
7054:
7042:the original
7021:
7017:
7002:
6995:
6988:
6971:
6942:
6934:
6928:
6921:
6914:
6899:
6890:
6881:
6872:
6869:Mervyn Brown
6846:
6833:
6818:
6811:
6801:
6795:
6782:
6766:
6759:
6732:. Retrieved
6728:the original
6723:
6714:
6702:. Retrieved
6698:the original
6691:
6684:
6674:20 September
6672:. Retrieved
6663:
6654:
6644:18 September
6642:. Retrieved
6638:the original
6631:
6621:
6609:
6597:. Retrieved
6594:Maic.jmu.edu
6593:
6584:
6572:. Retrieved
6568:the original
6563:
6554:
6542:. Retrieved
6533:The Guardian
6531:
6521:
6509:
6497:
6489:
6471:18 September
6469:. Retrieved
6460:
6453:Kiernan, Ben
6447:
6435:
6423:
6411:
6403:
6398:
6386:
6374:
6362:
6343:
6337:
6318:
6314:
6304:
6284:
6277:
6258:
6252:
6244:the original
6239:
6230:
6222:the original
6217:
6208:
6189:
6183:
6164:
6158:
6146:. Retrieved
6126:
6120:
6110:
6102:
6098:
6090:
6075:
6071:
6063:
6059:
6051:
6047:
6038:
6021:
6001:. Retrieved
5991:
5983:
5979:
5953:. Retrieved
5949:the original
5944:
5923:
5904:
5884:. Retrieved
5875:
5852:
5847:
5838:
5833:
5824:
5819:
5810:
5805:
5796:
5791:
5765:. Retrieved
5761:the original
5756:
5747:
5738:
5721:
5716:
5710:. p. 9.
5707:
5690:
5685:
5676:
5671:
5662:
5657:
5648:
5643:
5617:. Retrieved
5613:the original
5608:
5599:
5590:
5585:
5576:
5571:
5562:
5557:
5531:. Retrieved
5527:the original
5522:
5497:
5480:
5475:
5463:. Retrieved
5459:the original
5436:
5431:
5405:. Retrieved
5401:the original
5396:
5376:. p. 7.
5373:
5368:
5359:
5354:
5345:
5340:
5331:
5325:
5299:. Retrieved
5295:the original
5290:
5267:
5261:
5238:
5221:
5185:. Retrieved
5181:the original
5176:
5136:. Retrieved
5132:the original
5127:
5118:
5092:. Retrieved
5088:the original
5083:
5074:
5065:
5043:. Retrieved
5034:
5025:
4999:. Retrieved
4995:the original
4990:
4981:
4955:. Retrieved
4951:the original
4946:
4937:
4928:
4923:
4914:
4909:
4897:. Retrieved
4888:
4879:
4873:. p. 4.
4870:
4865:
4856:
4840:. p. 4.
4837:
4832:
4826:. p. 9.
4823:
4818:
4813:
4787:. Retrieved
4783:the original
4778:
4769:
4760:
4755:
4749:. p. 3.
4746:
4741:
4732:
4727:
4718:
4713:
4687:. Retrieved
4683:the original
4678:
4640:. Retrieved
4636:the original
4631:
4593:. Retrieved
4589:the original
4584:
4544:. Retrieved
4540:the original
4535:
4526:
4500:. Retrieved
4496:the original
4491:
4482:
4456:. Retrieved
4452:the original
4447:
4429:. p. 7.
4426:
4412:. p. 2.
4409:
4389:. p. 5.
4386:
4342:. Retrieved
4338:the original
4333:
4307:. Retrieved
4298:
4288:
4280:the original
4275:
4265:
4253:. Retrieved
4244:
4235:
4216:
4199:
4194:
4170:
4152:
4145:. Retrieved
4131:
4123:
4116:. Retrieved
4112:the original
4101:
4089:. Retrieved
4085:
4076:
4068:the original
4063:
4054:
4049:See Table 3.
4018:
4012:
4002:
3994:
3989:
3980:
3977:the original
3952:. Retrieved
3938:
3926:
3914:. Retrieved
3910:the original
3900:
3888:. Retrieved
3845:
3844:
3769:Bomb Harvest
3767:
3750:between the
3728:
3716:
3712:
3708:Bill Clinton
3693:
3681:
3677:
3665:World War II
3662:
3644:
3638:
3630:
3627:
3590:Mekong River
3586:
3582:
3578:sheep-dipped
3568:
3564:
3551:
3547:
3543:totalitarian
3539:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3480:
3471:
3467:
3448:
3441:
3419:
3415:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3362:
3355:
3343:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3316:Xieng Khoang
3308:Campaign 139
3305:
3297:
3292:
3282:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3208:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3136:
3124:U.S. Marines
3120:
3112:
3105:
3102:
3094:
3090:
3059:
3052:
3041:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3004:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2954:1963: Stasis
2949:
2941:
2932:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2904:, Thailand.
2902:Phitsanuloke
2879:
2867:
2852:
2848:
2831:
2827:
2820:
2812:
2797:
2794:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2740:B-26 Invader
2737:
2733:
2729:
2721:
2706:
2698:
2671:
2661:
2642:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2557:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2518:
2495:
2484:
2482:, Thailand.
2473:
2454:
2431:
2427:
2412:
2401:
2394:
2385:
2371:
2348:
2337:
2334:
2323:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2286:
2282:
2275:
2264:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2241:French Union
2238:
2208:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2169:
2150:
2143:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2105:
2096:
2048:
2018:against the
2013:
2009:rainy season
1967:
1932:
1929:
1914:
1899:
1790:
1686:Colonial era
1610:Lan Xang era
1494:
1470:
1438:French Union
1434:
1417:
1369:
1367:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1319:Pony Express
1317:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1291:Booster Shot
1289:
1281:
1280:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1083:Counterpunch
1081:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1011:
1004:
997:
980:
948:
936:
929:
917:
910:
898:
891:
864:
847:
760:
759:
747:
737:
736:
730:
721:
580:8,000 (1960)
539:Melvin Laird
393:Lê Trọng Tấn
338:Trường Chinh
229:(until 1975)
146:Belligerents
103:
31:Part of the
18:
12851:Vietnam War
12593:Bosnian War
12300:Six-Day War
12184:Vietnam War
12164:Suez Crisis
12068:Lapland War
11520:Arab Revolt
11406: [
11388:World War I
11359: [
11312: [
11160: [
11087: [
10964:Herero Wars
10860: [
10556:Shen Zhihua
10366:Michael Cox
10298:competition
10245:Pro-Western
10235:Soviet Life
10161:Safari Club
10131:Warsaw Pact
9986:Nationalism
9976:Imperialism
9875:Reaganomics
9738:Containment
9531:Perestroika
9020:Realpolitik
8850:Six-Day War
8835:Greek junta
8646:Berlin Wall
8494:Suez Crisis
8462:Vietnam War
8349:McCarthyism
8164:Baruch Plan
8109:Unthinkable
8069:Dekemvriana
8008:Warsaw Pact
7694:Agriculture
7619:LGBT rights
7412:Muang Phuan
7382:Tai peoples
7287:Air America
7116:Air America
6968:Corn, David
6704:1 September
6500:(New York:
6492:(New York:
6148:14 February
5924:War in Laos
5905:War in Laos
5853:War in Laos
5839:War in Laos
5825:War in Laos
5739:War in Laos
5708:War in Laos
5577:War in Laos
5374:War in Laos
5360:War in Laos
4929:War in Laos
4871:War in Laos
4733:War in Laos
4387:War in Laos
4118:11 November
3487:Khmer Rouge
3293:Barrel Roll
3202:Tiger Hound
3197:Steel Tiger
3193:Barrel Roll
3183:Tiger Hound
3179:Steel Tiger
3096:Steel Tiger
3091:Barrel Roll
3046:ordered an
3006:Barrel Roll
2898:Lao Saetern
2678:paratrooper
2668:, July 1960
2381:Tirailleurs
2284:into Laos.
2196:Ho Chi Minh
2146:Savannakhet
2068:containment
2007:. When the
1959:Air America
1836:1991–
1663:Muang Phuan
1569:History of
1534:Vong Savang
1390:Vietnam War
1388:during the
1333:Project 404
1326:Tiger Hound
1312:Steel Tiger
1305:Barrel Roll
1216:Strength II
1118:Lam Son 719
1027:Off Balance
666:15,000 dead
316:Hồ Chí Minh
203:(1962–1966)
200:Neutralists
182:(1963–1969)
178:(1960–1962)
176:Neutralists
122:End of the
33:Vietnam War
12841:Proxy wars
12770:Categories
12717:Kargil War
12687:Kosovo War
12667:Cenepa War
12416:Ogaden War
12330:Tielieketi
12144:Korean War
12022:Winter War
11500:Noemvriana
11204:Bandit War
10324:Historians
10315:Space Race
10216:Rudé právo
10170:Propaganda
10026:Neo-Nazism
9996:Chauvinism
9950:Trotskyism
9865:Monetarism
9833:Liberalism
9825:Capitalism
9817:Ideologies
9768:Ostpolitik
9491:Solidarity
9456:Toyota War
9359:Solidarity
9216:Operation
9171:Ogaden War
8860:Dhofar War
8748:Shifta War
8506:Operation
8354:Korean War
8146:Operation
8138:Operation
8130:Operation
8107:Operation
8087:Operation
8079:Operation
7881:Literature
7706:(currency)
7528:Ecoregions
7482:Insurgency
7467:Neutrality
7452:Pathet Lao
7432:Lao Issara
7377:Lao people
7372:Khun Borom
7134:Mister Pop
7098:(hardback)
6961:1581605358
6747:References
6574:1 December
6536:. London.
5955:17 January
5767:17 January
5619:17 January
5533:17 January
5407:17 January
5301:17 January
5187:17 January
5138:17 January
5094:17 January
5001:17 January
4957:17 January
4889:Ravens.org
4789:17 January
4689:17 January
4642:17 January
4595:17 January
4546:17 January
4502:17 January
4458:17 January
4344:17 January
4147:2 November
3462:Long Tieng
3392:Long Tieng
3358:Campaign Z
3145:See also:
2958:See also:
2927:See also:
2894:Lao Theung
2875:Long Tieng
2871:Ban Padong
2806:, via the
2804:T-6 Texans
2783:Phou Vieng
2525:Phong Saly
2468:See also:
2423:Seno, Laos
2227:Pathet Lao
2127:Lao Issara
1970:dry season
1497:April 1975
1454:Champassak
1442:Lao Issara
1418:Secret War
1374:Pathet Lao
1258:Maharat II
1230:Black Lion
1209:Strength I
1146:Phiboonpol
1125:Desert Rat
1055:Snake Eyes
1034:About Face
1013:Toan Thang
900:Pincushion
371:Lê Đức Thọ
160:Pathet Lao
133:Pathet Lao
105:Pathet Lao
59:Pathet Lao
39:, and the
12753:1990–2002
12748:1945–1989
12743:1900–1944
11952:Chaco War
11605:Adubi War
11535:July Days
11398:Bluff War
11383:Truku War
11368:Zaian War
11141:Wadai War
10611:Ken Young
10456:Tony Judt
10305:Arms race
10278:Red Scare
10146:NN States
10091:Apartheid
10046:Autocracy
9955:Stalinism
9923:Guevarism
9913:Castroism
9903:Communism
9895:Socialism
9421:Star Wars
9014:Koza riot
8140:Beleaguer
8132:Masterdom
7871:Festivals
7778:Education
7742:Transport
7658:President
7646:President
7599:Elections
7506:Geography
7407:Champasak
7402:Vientiane
7038:142615236
6827:Histories
6734:3 January
6599:3 January
6143:154772129
6105:, p. 302.
6093:, p. 288.
6078:, p. 257.
6066:, p. 255.
6054:, p. 214.
5986:, p. 213.
5886:3 January
5797:Spymaster
5465:3 January
5233:, p. 103.
5045:3 January
4899:3 January
4299:USA Today
4255:3 January
3658:Vientiane
3600:Aftermath
3526:President
3424:1973–1974
3320:Xam Thong
3312:Muong Xui
3271:1969–1972
3141:1966–1967
2599:Group 559
2581:Group 559
2439:Ban Nameo
2340:Phongsali
2267:Nha Trang
2211:Con Cuong
2163:. Prince
2161:Khammouan
2153:Viet Minh
2016:panhandle
2001:Vientiane
1992:jets and
1976:, across
1949:, led by
1933:The U.S.
1900:The 1954
1597:Muang Sua
1530:Khamphoui
1466:Vientiane
1394:proxy war
1347:Raindance
1132:Xien Dong
722:Masterdom
53:Areas of
12573:Gulf War
12381:Cod Wars
12255:Sand War
12179:Ifni War
10763:Timeline
10753:Category
10698:See also
10190:Izvestia
10031:Islamism
9928:Hoxhaism
9803:Rollback
9682:Abkhazia
9622:Gulf War
9526:Glasnost
8896:incident
8666:Sand War
8524:Ifni War
8033:Rio Pact
7978:Cold War
7931:Category
7823:Religion
7813:Language
7798:COVID-19
7636:Military
7577:Politics
7558:Wildlife
7538:Phou Bia
7392:Vat Phou
7387:Lan Xang
7367:Peopling
7351:articles
6789:Archived
6771:Archived
6668:Archived
6538:Archived
6465:Archived
5965:cite web
5880:Archived
5777:cite web
5629:cite web
5543:cite web
5417:cite web
5311:cite web
5226:Archived
5197:cite web
5148:cite web
5104:cite web
5039:Archived
5011:cite web
4967:cite web
4893:Archived
4799:cite web
4699:cite web
4652:cite web
4605:cite web
4556:cite web
4512:cite web
4468:cite web
4354:cite web
4303:Archived
4272:"Wanted"
4249:Archived
4224:Archived
4205:Archived
4141:Archived
4045:18566045
3954:22 March
3948:Archived
3931:Ely 1993
3916:22 March
3890:21 March
3884:Archived
3846:General:
3830:Vang Sue
3825:Vang Pao
3762:See also
3754:and the
3641:ordnance
3365:Tha Teng
3350:Tchepone
3212:Haiphong
2791:Vang Pao
2690:Thailand
2658:Vang Pao
2638:Beech 18
2633:ground.
2521:Sam Neua
2378:Moroccan
2366:Xam Neua
2344:Xam Neua
2289:Cambodia
2165:Boun Oum
2064:Cold War
1955:Vang Pao
1953:General
1849:See also
1706:Haw wars
1620:Lan Xang
1560:a series
1558:Part of
1540:Overview
1528:, Queen
1518:conflict
1501:Thailand
1450:Boun Oum
1410:American
1398:Cold War
1376:and the
1298:Millpond
1276:Hin Heup
1153:Sayasila
1090:Tchepone
1076:Tailwind
1062:Maeng Da
1020:Left Jab
982:Sone Pet
931:Triangle
912:Hardnose
893:Momentum
568:Strength
462:Boun Oum
451:Vang Pao
240:Thailand
135:factions
131:by anti-
88:Location
41:Cold War
11906:Rif War
10253:Amerika
10136:Comecon
10021:Fascism
10011:Zionism
9960:Titoism
9501:Contras
8969:Détente
8246:Comecon
7915:Outline
7856:Cuisine
7843:Culture
7756:Society
7732:Tourism
7717:Fishing
7682:Economy
7518:Borders
7359:History
6862:Memoirs
6724:Nvo.com
4036:2440905
3815:Lee Lue
3386:(RLAF)
3369:Lao Nam
3335:Attapeu
2974:Bangkok
2917:Nam Tha
2890:Iu-Mien
2709:embargo
2674:Kong Le
2480:Hua Hin
2397:Thakhek
2312:French
2271:Vietnam
2114:Prince
1838:present
1510:Vietnam
1386:theater
1223:Fa Ngum
1195:Maharat
1181:Thao La
1174:Bedrock
1139:Phoutah
866:Hotfoot
647:Unknown
473:Kong Le
349:Lê Duẩn
111:victory
10204:Pravda
10006:Racism
9945:Maoism
9697:Kosovo
9218:Condor
8894:Pueblo
8880:May 68
8508:Gladio
8426:Tuapse
8089:Jungle
8081:Priboi
7936:Portal
7896:Sports
7866:Emblem
7851:Anthem
7788:Health
7712:Energy
7543:Rivers
7533:Mekong
7349:
7207:
7180:
7162:
7140:
7104:
7062:
7036:
6978:
6959:
6949:
6853:
6840:
6808:, 1980
6350:
6292:
6265:
6196:
6171:
6141:
6003:15 May
4182:
4108:"Laos"
4091:19 May
4043:
4033:
3997:(1996)
3622:BLU-26
3318:city.
3246:, 1967
3126:, the
2744:Taiwan
2583:, and
2408:Nam Ou
2368:, 1953
1562:on the
1520:. The
1503:, and
1424:, and
1202:Sinsay
1097:Copper
999:Pigfat
739:Second
237:
223:
211:
193:
169:
100:Result
35:, the
12541:1990s
12460:1980s
12339:1970s
12198:1960s
12137:1950s
12036:1940s
11935:1930s
11869:1920s
11410:]
11363:]
11316:]
11164:]
11150:1910s
11091:]
10864:]
10810:1900s
10689:Stasi
10156:SAARC
10151:ASEAN
10116:SEATO
9969:Other
9934:Juche
9692:Korea
9605:1990s
9318:1980s
8962:1970s
8585:1960s
8337:1950s
8047:1940s
8028:NEATO
8023:SEATO
8013:ANZUS
7922:Index
7886:Music
7833:Women
7802:Delta
7768:Crime
7553:Towns
7142:68288
7045:(PDF)
7034:S2CID
7014:(PDF)
6544:7 May
6139:S2CID
4309:7 May
4276:Salon
3982:Laos.
3863:Notes
3857:Hmong
3610:Xépôn
3489:army
3458:Hmong
3048:F-100
2892:) or
2839:Udorn
2779:Hmong
2746:into
2664:, at
1997:T-28s
1939:Hmong
1910:Hanoi
1514:China
1505:Hmong
1426:Hmong
938:Unity
762:Third
731:First
628:Hmong
10229:TASS
10121:METO
10111:NATO
9337:and
9335:1980
8892:USS
8018:METO
8003:NATO
7876:Flag
7805:cron
7800:and
7704:Kip
7347:Laos
7243:FOIA
7205:ISBN
7178:ISBN
7160:ISBN
7138:OCLC
7102:ISBN
7060:ISBN
6976:ISBN
6957:ASIN
6947:ISBN
6851:ISBN
6838:ISBN
6736:2017
6706:2016
6676:2013
6646:2016
6601:2017
6576:2021
6546:2010
6473:2016
6348:ISBN
6290:ISBN
6263:ISBN
6194:ISBN
6169:ISBN
6150:2023
6005:2015
5971:link
5957:2022
5888:2017
5783:link
5769:2022
5635:link
5621:2022
5549:link
5535:2022
5467:2017
5423:link
5409:2022
5317:link
5303:2022
5203:link
5189:2022
5154:link
5140:2022
5110:link
5096:2022
5047:2017
5017:link
5003:2022
4973:link
4959:2022
4901:2017
4805:link
4791:2022
4705:link
4691:2022
4658:link
4644:2022
4611:link
4597:2022
4562:link
4548:2022
4518:link
4504:2022
4474:link
4460:2022
4360:link
4346:2022
4311:2010
4257:2017
4180:ISBN
4149:2011
4120:2002
4093:2024
4041:PMID
3956:2017
3918:2017
3892:2017
3367:and
3199:and
3132:B-52
3093:and
3080:and
2853:The
2823:H-34
2711:via
2523:and
2448:The
2376:and
2342:and
2316:and
2225:and
2133:and
2086:and
2003:and
1994:RLAF
1990:USAF
1947:Khmu
1945:and
1943:Mien
1750:1945
1720:1893
1571:Laos
1548:and
1512:and
1430:Mien
1428:and
1414:Thai
1412:and
1368:The
1354:Menu
950:Star
919:Wapi
107:and
93:Laos
78:Date
55:Laos
10684:KGB
10679:MVD
10664:MI6
10659:MI5
10654:CIA
10126:EEC
7793:HIV
7626:Law
7263:at
7026:doi
6633:CNN
6323:doi
6131:doi
4176:575
4031:PMC
4023:doi
4019:336
2774:An
1452:of
1251:972
1111:74B
1041:139
12772::
11408:fr
11361:pt
11314:ru
11162:ar
11089:de
10862:es
7158:,
7032:.
7022:41
7020:.
7016:.
6987:,
6970:,
6955:.
6898:,
6889:,
6880:,
6871:,
6816:,
6787:.
6722:.
6662:.
6630:.
6592:.
6562:.
6530:.
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6463:.
6459:.
6319:48
6317:.
6313:.
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6216:.
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