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had PAVN advisers assigned to them but were not mixed with PAVN forces. Recruitment into the LPLA was based on appeals to the patriotism of young
Laotians who were told that their country was rich in natural resources but the people were poor because of capitalism and US imperialism. If volunteers were not forthcoming then youth would be drafted, with the draft age of 15, but in many cases conscripts were as young as 12. Training was rudimentary with a greater emphasis placed on political indoctrination than on military skills as the "fighting will" was deemed to be the most important source of military strength. Military units had
1052:, and became the head of the Pathet Lao, along with its political arm dubbed "Neo Lao Issara" (Free Lao Front). The Pathet Lao founded resistance government with members: Souphanouvong (Prime Minister, Minister of Foreign Affairs), Kaysone Phomvihane (Minister of Defence), Nouhak Phoumsavanh (Minister of Finance), Phoumi Vongvichit (Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of the Interior), Souk Vongsak, Sithon Kommadam, and Phaydang Lobliayao. This was an attempt to give a false front of authority to the Lao communist movement by claiming to represent a united non-partisan effort. Two of its most important founders were members of the
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the Ho Chi Minh Trail, with support for the Pathet Lao revolution as a secondary role. In 1968 of the estimated 40,000 PAVN troops in Laos, 25,000 were engaged in supporting the Trail, 700 as advisers to the Pathet Lao and the remainder in mobile units supporting Pathet Lao operations. Publicly the North
Vietnamese maintained that they did not have any troops in Laos and were respecting the Geneva Agreement, while the United States and its allies were violating it; the United States asserted the exact opposite.
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1109:(RLA) were surrounded by RLA troops who attempted to disarm them. Part of one battalion was captured but the remainder fled to North Vietnam. Then in July 1959 Lao police arrested 16 Neo Lao Hak Sat members, including seven who had been elected to the National Assembly, on charges of treason. These actions brought about a resumption of fighting.
1344:(DOD) listed 311 Americans as missing in Laos, however on 1 February 1973 the North Vietnamese handed the Americans a list of prisoners of war in Laos which included only nine Americans: seven servicemen and two civilians. U.S. agencies believe that as many as 41 Americans may have been held prisoner by the Pathet Lao.
1408:. Shortly thereafter, the Pathet Lao signed an agreement with Vietnam that allowed Vietnam to station part of its army in the country and to send political and economic advisors into Laos.Vietnam afterward forced Laos to cut any remaining economic ties to its other neighbours, including Thailand and Cambodia.
1302:, their first wet season offensive. Even though US air bombardments contributed to the majority of PAVN/Pathet casualties, the RLA were unable to match the numerical strength of the PAVN/Pathet Lao forces, and the RLA took heavy losses. In September 1969 the RLA attacked PAVN/Pathet Lao positions on the
1074:
agreements required the withdrawal of foreign forces, and allowed the Pathet Lao to establish itself as a regime in Laos's two northern provinces. The Viet Minh and North
Vietnamese, in spite of the agreement, never really withdrew from the border areas of Laos and the Pathet Lao continued to operate
1275:
size. Typically the RLA would be dominant in the wet season from May through
October when the PAVN/Pathet Lao were immobilized by the rains and the PAVN/Pathet Lao would dominate during the dry season from November through April. PAVN forces in Laos were primarily focused on supporting and defending
1411:
After the Pathet Lao took over the country in 1975, the conflict continued in isolated pockets. In 1977, a communist newspaper promised the party would hunt down the "American collaborators" and their families "to the last root". With the demise of the Soviet Union, control of Laos by
Vietnam waned
1396:
to the PAVN on 30 April 1975 the non-communist elements of the national government decided that allowing the Pathet Lao to enter power would be better than to have them take it by force.Long Tieng was evacuated in mid-May. On 23 August 1975, Pathet Lao forces quietly entered the capital
Vientiane.
1290:
In
October 1965 the armed forces were renamed the Lao People's Liberation Army (LPLA). The LPLA's estimated strength was 25,000 in June 1965, 33,000 in April 1967, 48,000+ in 1970 and 35,000 in late 1972. The LPLA was divided into regular, regional/popular and militia/guerrilla forces. LPLA forces
1241:
in Laos with the aim of securing the supply route to South
Vietnam and building the Pathet Lao into a stronger counterforce against the Lao Royal government. Group 959 openly supplied, trained and militarily supported the Pathet Lao. The typical strategy during this era was for PAVN regulars to
1249:
signed in Geneva on 23 July 1962, but as North
Vietnam had no intention of withdrawing from Laos, these agreements all failed. The Pathet Lao entered into another coalition government in June 1962 but by April 1963 the Pathet Lao abandoned the coalition and resumed fighting.
1380:
The peace envisaged by the
Vientiane Treaty lasted only two years. The Pathet Lao refused to disarm and the PAVN did not leave the country.In late February 1975, the Pathet Lao, with PAVN assistance, began attacking government strongholds on the Plain of Jars.
1026:, an anti-French, non-communist nationalist movement formed on 12 October 1945, it was renamed the "Pathet Lao" in 1950 when it was adopted by Lao forces under Souphanouvong, who joined the Viet Minh's revolt against colonial French authorities in
1513:.... The basic stance of this front's propaganda was the united struggle against the French without reference to political parties or ideology. Illustrative of this stance was the use henceforth of the name Pathet Lao (Lao Nation).
985:, gaining control of the north and east of Laos. The Pathet Lao gained power throughout the country by early 1975. In December, the US-backed government fell and the Lao People's Revolutionary Party formed a new government.
903:. The Pathet Lao were always closely associated and dependent on Vietnamese communists and North Vietnam since their foundation, with the group being established after advice from Hanoi to create a Laotian counterpart of the
1800:
1067:, northeast Laos. The communists began to make incursions into central Laos with the support of the Viet Minh, and a civil war erupted; the Pathet Lao quickly occupied substantial sections of the country.
1253:
By the mid-1960s, the country had fallen into proxy warfare between pro-US and pro-North Vietnamese irregular military groups. The PAVN/Pathet Lao battled the RLA, US irregular forces (including
1846:
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1298:
In May 1968, the PAVN launched a multi-division invasion of Laos. The Pathet Lao effectively served as an auxiliary force to the PAVN. In June 1969 the PAVN/Pathet Lao launched
1105:
A coalition government was established in 1957 between the monarchists and communists. In May 1959 two Pathet Lao battalions which had been selected for integration into the
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2279:
1929:
1810:
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Shortly after the Paris Peace Accords ended U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, the Pathet Lao and the government of Laos signed a cease-fire agreement, the
1086:
It was formed into an official party, the Lao Patriotic Front (Neo Lao Hak Sat (NLHS)), in 1956. Its stated goal was to wage the communist struggle against
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down to company level. The LPLA were entirely dependent on the PAVN for the supply of weapons and munitions and were generally outgunned by the RLA.
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2097:
661:
2092:
1584:
1524:
Brazinsky, Gregg A. (2017) Winning the Third World: Sino-American Rivalry during the Cold War, p. 249, The University of North Carolina Press
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In late 1959, North Vietnam had reoccupied areas of eastern Laos. The area was used as a transit route for men and supplies destined for the
1933:
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2701:
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2316:
1264:) and Thai volunteer forces in Laos winning effective control in the north and east. The government itself was effectively powerless.
803:
165:
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In 1953, Pathet Lao fighters accompanied an invasion of Laos from Vietnam led by Viet Minh forces; they established a government at
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736:
2218:
2637:
1306:
and along the Ho Chi Minh Trail. While initially successful, the RLA forces were eventually pushed back by the PAVN/Pathet Lao
2629:
2624:
1352:
listed 286 Americans as missing in Laos, of which 263 were classified as further pursuit, 12 deferred and 11 non-recoverable.
2008:
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2233:
1471:
1405:
1348:
who was captured on 29 April 1965 was listed as a prisoner by the DOD until September 1994. As of 26 July 2019 the DOD's
1341:
1187:
936:
899:, formed in the mid-20th century. The group ultimately gained control over the entire country of Laos in 1975, after the
837:
2301:
2147:
1632:
1597:
1159:
2323:
2132:
1970:
1905:
1832:
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977:) served in multiple coalition governments, starting in 1956. Through the 1960s and 1970s the Pathet Lao battled the
927:
provided 115,000 guns, 920,000 grenades and 170 million bullets, and trained more than 700 of its military officers.
833:
716:
1245:
In the early 1960s, more attempts at neutrality agreements and coalition government were attempted, principally the
2706:
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462:
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1166:
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manned by approximately 500 personnel. NLHS membership was estimated as being 11,000 in 1965 and 14,000 in 1978.
1696:
1144:
1075:
almost as a branch organization of the Viet Minh. Two months after the conference, the North Vietnamese formed
935:
The political movement of the Pathet Lao was called first the "Lao People's Party" (1955–1972) and later the "
2453:
796:
232:
1412:
at the end of the 1980s. Today, "Pathet Lao" is often invoked as a general term signifying Lao nationalism.
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85:
1401:
1045:, married a Vietnamese woman while in Vietnam, and solicited Viet Minh aid in founding a guerrilla force.
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https://web.archive.org/web/20120204034105/http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/lima/laos1954.htm
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https://web.archive.org/web/20120204034101/http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/lima/laos1962.htm
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At War in the Shadow of Vietnam: U.S. Military Aid to the Royal Lao Government, 1955 - 1975
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919:. Eventually, the term became the generic name for Laotian communists. Under orders from
875:
863:
1370:
On 4 April 1974 the Provisional Government of National Union (PGNU) was formed in Laos.
1325:'s RLA aligned army before withdrawing. On 28 October 1972 the PAVN/Pathet Lao launched
1242:
attack first but then send in the Pathet Lao at the end of the battle to claim victory.
1180:
2551:
2152:
1780:
1385:
1064:
1056:, which advocated an overthrow of the monarchy as well as the expulsion of the French.
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947:
888:
726:
58:
54:
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2037:
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1027:
911:. During the civil war, it was effectively organised, equipped and even led by the
1048:
In August 1950, Souphanouvong joined the Viet Minh in their headquarters north of
495:
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2387:
2352:
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1303:
1230:
1015:
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125:
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50:
1847:"Vietnam era statistical report Americans unaccounted for in Southeast Asia"
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Until 1968 military operations were conducted by small units, usually of
1095:
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1042:
916:
578:
454:
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179:
1083:. The unit effectively controlled and directed the Pathet Lao movement.
2651:
2102:
2047:
2042:
1500:
1318:
1147: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1087:
1023:
920:
671:
1725:
Hanoi's War: An International History of the War for Peace in Vietnam
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908:
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78:
1400:
On 2 December 1975, the Pathet Lao firmly took over the government,
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2057:
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406:
354:
19:
This article is about the political movement. For the country, see
2646:
2374:
1889:
1852:. Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency. 26 July 2019. Archived from
1709:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1355:
1279:
The Pathet Lao supreme headquarters or center was located in the
1986:
1930:"Pentagon Recovers Remains Believed to Be Howard Dean's Brother"
1336:
on 27 January 1973 all U.S. prisoners were to be released under
2203:
1915:
998:
393:
35:
1329:
scoring a series of victories over the war-weary RLA forces.
1049:
915:(PAVN). They fought against the anti-communist forces in the
138:
2017:
1689:
Revolution in Laos: The North Vietnamese and the Pathet Lao
896:
218:
20:
1825:"Children of the Last P.O.W. Close a Pain-Filled Chapter"
16:
1950–1975 left-wing national liberation movement of Laos
2657:
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9058717/Pathet-Lao
1727:. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 45–6.
1317:
temporarily capturing the Plain of Jars and shelling
1490:
1419:
2635:http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/world/A0859186.html
965:The political wing of the Pathet Lao, called the "
1798:
1499:. GPO for the Library of Congress. Archived from
1247:International Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos
868:
2663:
1932:. Fox News. AP. 18 November 2003. Archived from
1646:
1644:
1377:, backpackers who were captured near Vientiane.
1313:On 2 February 1971 the PAVN/Pathet Lao launched
1750:
1010:The organization can trace its roots from the
2002:
1685:
1641:
797:
1962:A Short History of Laos: The Land in Between
1831:. 5 October 1994. p. 10. Archived from
1784:. 2 February 1973. p. 1. Archived from
1359:Pathet Lao soldiers in Vientiane, Laos, 1973
1037:Souphanouvong, who had spent seven years in
2009:
1995:
1871:
1586:The Pathet Lao Leadership and Organisation
1578:
1576:
1574:
1237:. In September 1959, North Vietnam formed
804:
790:
1894:Field Enterprises Educational Corporation
1751:Conboy, Kenneth; Morrison, James (1996).
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1207:Learn how and when to remove this message
1041:during his sixteen years in Vietnam, met
223:
156:
2717:Paramilitary organizations based in Laos
1801:"POW pilots left in Laos, files suggest"
1753:Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos
1746:
1744:
1618:
1616:
1354:
997:
1877:
1681:
1679:
1582:
1394:fall of the South Vietnamese government
1098:.Unstated was its subordination to the
838:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2664:
1722:
1686:Langer, Paul; Zasloff, Joseph (1969).
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1622:
1551:
942:Key Pathet Lao leaders include Prince
880:'Lao Nation'), officially the
1990:
1958:
1741:
1613:
2652:http://countrystudies.us/laos/14.htm
1799:Thomas W. Lippman (2 January 1994).
1777:"Laos P.O.W. list shows 9 from U.S."
1375:killed Charles Dean and Neil Sharman
1145:adding citations to reliable sources
1116:
2692:Factions of the First Indochina War
1656:
1653:Library of Congress Country Studies
1527:
1342:United States Department of Defense
13:
1952:
1695:. RAND Corporation. Archived from
1491:Andrea Matles Savada, ed. (1994).
993:
14:
2728:
2687:Defunct communist militant groups
2618:
2016:
1373:In December 1974, the Pathet Lao
1350:Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency
1257:and other contract employees and
717:North Vietnamese invasion of Laos
2166:
1704:
1472:Lao People's Revolutionary Party
1436:
1422:
1406:Lao People's Democratic Republic
1386:fall of the Cambodian government
1121:
937:Lao People's Revolutionary Party
818:
737:Lao People's Democratic Republic
494:
463:Communist insurgency in Thailand
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412:
399:
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34:
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1839:
1817:
1792:
1769:
1132:needs additional citations for
1112:
930:
2702:History of Laos (1945–present)
2647:http://countrystudies.us/laos/
1716:
1518:
1484:
672:Free Lao Movement (Lao Issara)
1:
1885:The World Book Year Book 1974
1627:. Columbia University Press.
1477:
882:Lao People's Liberation Army
7:
2697:Factions of the Vietnam War
1415:
1054:Indochinese Communist Party
1022:in Vietnam. Originally the
869:
747:Laos after Soviet dominance
642:French Protectorate of Laos
70:1949/1950 – 2 December 1975
10:
2733:
1723:Nguyen, Lien-Hang (2012).
1233:which became known as the
1218:
1100:Communist Party of Vietnam
988:
18:
2579:
2512:
2434:
2425:
2360:
2351:
2255:
2246:
2184:
2175:
2164:
2028:
1878:Stalker, John N. (1974).
974:
858:
727:Anti-Communist Insurgency
569:Kingdom of Luang Phrabang
446:
272:
108:
84:
74:
64:
45:
33:
28:
2260:Administrative divisions
1623:Castle, Timothy (1993).
1592:. Greenwood Publishing.
1583:Zasloff, Joseph (1973).
1332:With the signing of the
925:People's Liberation Army
913:People's Army of Vietnam
2707:Guerrilla organizations
1402:abolishing the monarchy
1367:, on 21 February 1973.
1360:
1007:
826:This article contains
40:Flag of the Pathet Lao
2098:Japanese puppet state
1965:. Allen & Unwin.
1959:Evans, Grant (2002).
1702:on February 13, 2023.
1497:Laos: A Country Study
1404:and establishing the
1358:
1090:, as well as Western
1079:with headquarters at
1001:
662:Japanese puppet state
632:Franco-Siamese crisis
549:Regional kingdoms era
503:Muang city-states era
99:Left-wing nationalism
2234:World Heritage Sites
1835:on November 6, 2022.
1813:on January 19, 2021.
1651:Laos: The Pathet Lao
1392:on 17 April and the
1338:Operation Homecoming
1293:political commissars
1141:improve this article
1018:in Cambodia and the
979:Royal Lao government
589:Kingdom of Champasak
559:Kingdom of Vientiane
426:Non-state opponents:
2677:Anti-Thai sentiment
2133:Vietnamese invasion
2088:French protectorate
1806:The Washington Post
1334:Paris Peace Accords
1300:Campaign Toan Thang
1032:First Indochina War
967:Lao Patriotic Front
2640:2006-09-04 at the
2398:Telecommunications
2148:History since 1945
2143:History until 1945
1829:The New York Times
1781:The New York Times
1361:
1065:Houaphanh province
1008:
960:Khamtay Siphandone
956:Nouhak Phoumsavanh
948:Kaysone Phomvihane
939:" (1972–present).
889:political movement
66:Dates of operation
59:Nouhak Phoumsavanh
55:Kaysone Phomvihane
2712:Laotian Civil War
2682:Communism in Laos
2615:
2614:
2575:
2574:
2421:
2420:
2347:
2346:
2324:Political parties
2312:National Assembly
2280:General Secretary
2275:Foreign relations
2242:
2241:
2158:2007 coup attempt
2128:Laotian Civil War
2118:Ho Chi Minh trail
2093:Japanese invasion
1788:on June 11, 2022.
1755:. Paladin Press.
1734:978-0-8078-3551-7
1609:on July 19, 2022.
1457:Laotian Civil War
1235:Ho Chi Minh Trail
1221:Laotian Civil War
1217:
1216:
1209:
1191:
1072:Geneva Conference
1014:, similar to the
983:Laotian Civil War
952:Phoumi Vongvichit
901:Laotian Civil War
879:
867:
834:rendering support
814:
813:
760:
759:
707:Laotian Civil War
680:
679:
597:
596:
544:
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520:
468:
467:
459:Laotian Civil War
240:Non-state allies:
2724:
2672:Anti-imperialism
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1936:on June 12, 2022
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1859:on June 18, 2022
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1809:. Archived from
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1508:
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1493:"The Pathet Lao"
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1444:Communism portal
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1365:Vientiane Treaty
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1012:Second World War
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447:Battles and wars
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2489:Prostitution
2444:Demographics
2408:Trade unions
2370:Central bank
2285:Human rights
2265:Constitution
2122:
1976:. Retrieved
1961:
1938:. Retrieved
1934:the original
1924:
1883:
1873:
1861:. Retrieved
1854:the original
1841:
1833:the original
1828:
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1811:the original
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1786:the original
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1697:the original
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1604:the original
1585:
1541:. Retrieved
1539:. britannica
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1505:. Retrieved
1501:the original
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1327:Campaign 972
1315:Campaign 74B
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1156:"Pathet Lao"
1151:
1139:Please help
1134:verification
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1113:1959 to 1975
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931:Organization
893:organization
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526:Lan Xang era
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206:East Germany
152:Soviet Union
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981:during the
917:Vietnam War
870:Pa thēt Lāo
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579:Muang Phuan
485:History of
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368:New Zealand
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2123:Pathet Lao
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2048:Lao people
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1978:17 October
1896:. p.
1536:Pathet Lao
1478:References
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1167:newspapers
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1024:Lao Issara
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2270:Elections
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2073:Vientiane
1507:August 8,
1452:Indochina
1384:With the
1273:battalion
1262:commandos
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1227:Viet Cong
1077:Group 100
1070:The 1954
1039:Nha Trang
1028:Indochina
1020:Viet Minh
909:Viet Cong
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2022:articles
1416:See also
1323:Vang Pao
1285:Xam Neua
1061:Viengxay
1004:Xam Neua
884:, was a
859:ປະເທດລາວ
828:Lao text
765:See also
622:Haw wars
536:Lan Xang
476:a series
474:Part of
407:Thailand
355:Malaysia
86:Ideology
2586:Outline
2527:Cuisine
2514:Culture
2427:Society
2403:Tourism
2388:Fishing
2353:Economy
2189:Borders
2030:History
1916:62-4818
1890:Chicago
1543:9 March
1388:to the
1269:company
1181:scholar
1006:in 1953
989:History
878:
866::
754:present
233:Romania
166:Albania
49:Prince
46:Leaders
2607:Portal
2567:Sports
2537:Emblem
2522:Anthem
2459:Health
2383:Energy
2214:Rivers
2204:Mekong
2020:
1969:
1914:
1904:
1880:"Laos"
1759:
1731:
1631:
1596:
1340:. The
1183:
1176:
1169:
1162:
1154:
1081:Na Mèo
923:, the
907:later
478:on the
417:
404:
394:Taiwan
391:
378:
365:
352:
339:
326:
313:
300:
287:
230:
216:
203:
190:
177:
163:
149:
136:
123:
109:Allies
2593:Index
2557:Music
2504:Women
2473:Delta
2439:Crime
2224:Towns
1857:(PDF)
1850:(PDF)
1700:(PDF)
1693:(PDF)
1607:(PDF)
1590:(PDF)
1459:(the
1283:near
1259:Hmong
1188:JSTOR
1174:books
1050:Hanoi
439:FULRO
139:China
2547:Flag
2476:cron
2471:and
2375:Kip
2018:Laos
1980:2019
1967:ISBN
1942:2020
1912:LCCN
1902:ISBN
1865:2020
1757:ISBN
1729:ISBN
1629:ISBN
1594:ISBN
1545:2013
1509:2011
1160:news
1094:and
958:and
897:Laos
891:and
876:lit.
849:The
666:1945
636:1893
487:Laos
219:Cuba
21:Laos
2464:HIV
2297:Law
1898:375
1143:by
1063:in
971:Lao
969:" (
895:in
855:Lao
2668::
1910:.
1900:.
1892::
1888:.
1882:.
1827:.
1803:.
1743:^
1658:^
1643:^
1615:^
1553:^
1511:.
1495:.
1310:.
1102:.
1034:.
973::
962:.
954:,
950:,
946:,
873:,
861:,
857::
2010:e
2003:t
1996:v
1982:.
1944:.
1918:.
1867:.
1765:.
1737:.
1713:.
1637:.
1547:.
1463:)
1210:)
1204:(
1199:)
1195:(
1185:·
1178:·
1171:·
1164:·
1137:.
853:(
844:.
830:.
805:e
798:t
791:v
23:.
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