476:
1422:(which underlies most of the central part of the district) is a more extensive Acadian deformation which affects the BVG outcrop southern margin overlying Windermere Supergroup strata. Cleavage is strongly developed in the volcanic rocks close to its hinge zone. The Honister slate belt in the north of this area is another enhanced cleavage zone. Deformation is more marked at the edges of the batholith as the granite it is made of is resistant to tectonic
31:
1357:
and anticlines are generally absent. This suggests that the
Acadian deformation tightened the main basins of the BGV and folded its strata and that the major synclines were reactivated and tightened volcanic basins. A cleavage with fabrics varying from spaced to slaty and penetrative was superimposed
1164:
model to account for the intrusive rocks in the
Grampian terrane being emplaced post-subduction. However, Miles at al. (2016) note that the intrusive rocks in the Trans-Suture Suite and in all the terranes in the region are similar in age and geochemistry. Thus, they argue that the common mechanism
491:
The main orogenic events or phases of the
Caledonian orogenic cycle were related to the final closure of the Iapetus Ocean. They were, in sequential order, the Grampian phase, the docking of Eastern Avalonia with Baltica, the Scandian phase and the Acadian phase. The latter involved: A) the docking
326:
tectonic events associated with the development and closure of those parts of the
Iapetus Ocean which were situated between Laurentia (to the NW) and Baltica and Avalonia (to the SE and east) ... and each tectonic event throughout this 200 million years can be considered as an orogenic phase." This
224:
between
Laurentia, Baltica and Gondwana. Its initial opening phase was between the adjacent Laurentia and Baltica (W and E respectively) and caused the two to breakup c. 615 Ma or 590 Ma. Then the part between Laurentia and Gondwana (to the east), opened c. 550 Ma. Further spreading of the Iapetus
4267:
Thigpen, J.R.; Law, R.D.; Loehn, C.L.; Strachan, R. A.; Tracy, R.J.; Lloyd, G.E.; Roth, B.L.; Brown, S.J. (2013). "Thermal structure and tectonic evolution of the
Scandian orogenic wedge, S cottish Caledonides: integrating geothermometry, deformation temperatures and conceptual kinematic-thermal
2058:, formed at the southern margin of Euramerica just after the Caledonian orogeny. According to these authors, a small rim from Euramerica rifted off when this basin formed. The basin closed when these Caledonian deformed terranes were accreted again to Laurussia during the Hercynian orogeny.
492:
of
England and Wales (which were part of eastern Avalonia) with eastern and southern Ireland with Scotland and the rest of Ireland (which were part of Laurentia). B) the amalgamation of terranes of Western Avalonia with the eastern margin of the main landmass of Laurentia (see
1552:
in SE Ireland. This group is thought to be their regional equivalent. It underwent two main deformation phases which also affected the Dalby Group: a) a pervasive slaty cleavage associated with gently to moderately plunging folds which also affected many of the minor
1003:
orogeny. This is because this
Devonian event postdated the collision of Avalonia with Laurentia by 15–20 million years and was coeval with the early phase of the Variscan orogeny (Eo-Variscan or Ligerian) and because it was not related to the Iapetus Ocean.
3753:
Miles, Andrew; Graham, Colin; Hawkesworth, Chris; Gillespie, Martin; Dhuime, Bruno; Hinton, Richard (2013-11-27). "Using Zircon
Isotope Compositions to Constrain Crustal Structure and Pluton Evolution: the Iapetus Suture Zone Granites in Northern Britain".
503:
with
Baltica and Laurentia to its northeast and northwest respectively. After its amalgamation with Eastern Avalonia, Baltica converged with Laurentia in a westward direction. The combined convergence of this microcontinent and the two continents created
1914:) in south-western Ireland, the Dingle Group underwent Acadian deformation with a high-strain penetrative cleavage prior to the deposition of the Upper Devonian Slieve Mish Group in the same peninsula. The Early Devonian Dingle Basin was the source of
3280:
Fritschle, Tobias; Daly, J. Stephen; Whitehouse, Martin J.; McConnell, Brian; Buhre, Stephan (2017-10-12). "Multiple intrusive phases in the Leinster Batholith, Ireland: geochronology, isotope geochemistry and constraints on the deformation history".
2045:
is highly disputed though. There are indications that the Bohemian Massif started moving northward from the Ordovician onward, but many authors place the accretion of the Armorican terranes with the southern margin of Laurussia in the Carboniferous
298:
rotation with respect to the subduction zone to its north, mainly in the 470–450 Ma timeframe. It moved significantly faster than Baltica but slowed down to a rate comparable to that of the latter in the Late Ordovician when it got close to it.
1879:. Unlike the other main terranes in Ireland, it was part of Eastern Avalonia. It covers the east and southwest of Ireland. It is dominated by upright folds with associated cleavage and thrust faulting. Later large scale NE–SW trending Acadian
270:
onset in the Iapetus Ocean. Its drift was towards the Baltica and Laurentia Ordovician positions which by then were further north. It also involved the consumption of both the Iapetus Ocean and the Tornquist Ocean along its northern margin.
1494:
thought to be related to this transpression. All primary folds have the same style and are associated with the same regional cleavage suggesting that they are roughly coeval. There is ductile deformation in some localities and a broad
4067:
Schätz, M.; Reischmann, T.; Tait, J.; Bachtadse, V.; Bahlburg, H.; Martin, U. (2002-10-01). "The Early Palaeozoic break-up of northern Gondwana, new palaeomagnetic and geochronological data from the Saxothuringian Basin, Germany".
1895:. Its Northern unit was intruded incrementally by three crosscutting types of granite and was formed over 16.8 million years. The oldest granite is dated at c. 417 Ma. Following deformation there was another intrusion c. 410 Ma (
3310:
Gee, David G.; Janák, Marian; Majka, Jarosław; Robinson, Peter; van Roermund, Herman (2013). "Subduction along and within the Baltoscandian margin during closing of the Iapetus Ocean and Baltica-Laurentia collision".
1533:).The former hypothesis implies that the Dalby Group was originally deposited on the Manx Group and was subsequently faulted into its present day relationship. The latter one implies that it is the toe end of the
561:
Two parts of Avalonia have been distinguished, a western and an eastern one. The term Western Avalonia refers to the westernmost part of the microcontinent which amalgamated the east coast of the main part of the
1007:
It also has been argued that, although the Acadian orogeny in the British Isles involved the Iapetus Ocean closure, its driving force was actually a push from the south caused by the northward subduction of the
1329:
of the group and a penetrative slaty cleavage with a broadly Caledonian trend superimposed on the earlier fabric of the group. The final stage of compression may have also involved the reactivation of thrust
4105:
Schofield, David I.; Potter, Joanna; Barr, Sandra M.; Horák, Jana M.; Millar, Ian L.; Longstaffe, Frederick J. (2016). "Reappraising the Neoproterozoic 'East Avalonian' terranes of southern Great Britain".
2241:
The timing of Avalonia's break from Gondwana is disputed. Fortey and Cocks (1992) proposed that Avalonia rifted in the Early Ordovician, whereas Landing (1996) argued for a Late Precambrian separation.
3543:"Greater Avalonia—latest Ediacaran–Ordovician "peribaltic" terrane bounded by continental margin prisms ("Ganderia," Harlech Dome, Meguma): Review, tectonic implications, and paleogeography"
1275:
was at the north-western margin of the English part of Eastern Avalonia which converged and collided with Scotland and was thus involved in the Acadian phase. Generally, Acadian deformation
368:
van Roermund and Brueckner (2004) proposed a distinct orogenic event which was separate and slightly younger than that of the Finnmarkian one, which they dated at 455 Ma. They named it the
1859:
tectonic plate collision. In the Central Belt the cleavage transects folds in a clockwise sense and is accompanied by a sub-horizontal stretching lineation. In the Southern belt the Tinure
1575:
There are several ductile shear zones which run subparallel to the Manx Group northeast-oriented boundary faults which indicate predominantly sinistral shear and possibly a transition from
3964:
Pollock, Jeffrey C.; Hibbard, James P.; Sylvester, Paul J. (2009). "Early Ordovician rifting of Avalonia and birth of the Rheic Ocean: U–Pb detrital zircon constraints from Newfoundland".
1145:
as usually found near subduction zones. This has led to the hypotheses that arc rocks were eroded and thus have not been preserved, that the arc was displaced by lateral movement along
4182:
Stone, P.; Cooper, A. H.; Evans, J. A. (1999). "The Skiddaw Group (English Lake District) reviewed: early Palaeozoic sedimentation and tectonism at the northern margin of Avalonia".
1057:(to the south of the suture) which were at the Laurentia and Avalonia margins respectively. The emplacement of the plutons occurred after the subduction of the Iapetus Ocean ended.
541:
in the Iapetus Ocean outboard the main margin of the Laurentia tectonic plate (the future North America). There two Laurentian landmasses were Scotland and northern and western
3251:
Fossen, Haakon; Dunlap, W.James (1998). "Timing and kinematics of Caledonian thrusting and extensional collapse, southern Norway: evidence from 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology".
232:
which separated it from the northern margin of Gondwana to the south. The onset of Baltica rifting and the Tornquist Ocean opening are difficult to date due to insufficient
3177:
Ennis, Meg; Meere, Patrick A.; Timmerman, Martin J.; Sudo, Masafumi (2015). "Post-Acadian sediment recycling in the Devonian Old Red Sandstone of Southern Ireland".
3386:"Ediacaran–Middle Paleozoic Oceanic Voyage of Avalonia from Baltica via Gondwana to Laurentia: Paleomagnetic, Faunal and Geological Constraints – Geoscience Canada"
4001:
Rice, A.H.N.; Frank, W. (2003). "The early Caledonian (Finnmarkian) event reassessed in Finnmark: 40Ar/39Ar cleavage age data from NW Varangerhalvøya, N. Norway".
4673:
3417:
Kirkland, C.L.; Daly, J.S.; Chew, D.M.; Page, L.M. (2008). "The Finnmarkian Orogeny revisited: An isotopic investigation in eastern Finnmark, Arctic Norway".
3214:
Fortey, R.A.; Cocks, L.R.M. (1992). "The early palaeozoic of the North Atlantic region as a test case for the use of fossils in continental reconstruction".
581:, b) England a Wales and eastern and south-eastern Ireland which amalgamated with Scotland and the north and west of Ireland (which were part of Laurentia).
1668:
which was affected by the Grampian orogeny. These rocks responded to Acadian deformation relatively rigidly and their main deformation was a NE–SW trending
1815:
deep marine rocks deposited on the NW margin of the Iapetus Ocean. The Southern-Upland-Longford-Down terrane has been interpreted as having been either an
2022:), even smaller than Avalonia. This microcontinent probably did not form one consistent unit, but was instead a series of fragments, of which the current
302:
The main phases of the Caledonian orogeny resulted from the convergence of Baltica, Laurentia and Avalonia which led to the closure of the Iapetus Ocean.
1016:. The closure of this ocean involved the (early) Eo-Variscan collision of Gondwana-related terranes in which Eastern Avalonia was peripherally involved.
171:. The name "Caledonian" can therefore not be used for an absolute period of geological time, it applies only to a series of tectonically related events.
3818:"Timing, relations and cause of plutonic and volcanic activity of the Siluro-Devonian post-collision magmatic episode in the Grampian Terrane, Scotland"
794:(430–380 Ma). Gee et al. (2013) and Ladenberger et al. (2012) propose a revised onset dating set at 440 Ma, however, there is no consensus about this.
1583:
during the later stages of Acadian deformation. This makes the island more similar to the Southern Uplands terrane of Scotland than the Lake District
4343:
1092:
overlapped onto the Lakesman-Leinster terrane. Laurentia-Avalonia convergence and Iapetus Ocean subduction ceased by C. 420 Ma as indicated by a mid-
3626:
4668:
2232:
This dating has been debated and three different date ranges have been proposed, 750–700 Ma, 600–570 Ma and 550–530 Ma. See Robert et al. (2021)
686:, to the north of this massif, bears record of the subduction of part of the Tornquist Sea beneath Avalonia and its closure. The closure of the
376:
which is interpreted as the stretched outermost edge of Baltica. Contrary to the previous opinion that it had been subducted beneath an oceanic
1742:
than the Grampian terrane, with upright folds, cleavage and polyphase deformation. Acadian deformation resulted in steeply-dipping to vertical
2939:
1396:. The Acadian orogeny created a single penetrative cleavage throughout the Supergroup. It underwent a small clockwise transection of the
977:
has been applied to the early Devonian deformation phase in the British Caledonides by analogy with the one that occurred in what is now
809:
zone which marks the western limit of intense Caledonian deformation. The dominant structures are interpreted as having resulted from
1068:
under Avalonia to a NW-dipping one beneath Laurentia. About 430 Ma accretion in the Southern Uplands and Ireland switched from being
3584:
Matte, P. (2001). "The Variscan collage and orogeny (480–290 Ma) and the tectonic definition of the Armorica microplate: a review".
2920:"An integrated lithospheric study targeting the Holy Cross Mountains of the Eastern European Trans-European Suture Zone in Poland"
1807:, western Ireland. It lies to the SE of the Grampian and Midland Valley terranes. In underwent most of its deformation during the
3140:
Corfu, F.; Gasser, D.; Chew, D. M. (2014). "New perspectives on the Caledonides of Scandinavia and related areas: introduction".
1599:
of the island: Grampian, Midland Valley, Longford-Down and Leinster. Tectonic deformation was mild as the collision was strongly
1064:. Deep marine sedimentation here in response to subduction begun 455 Ma and marked the switch from an initial SE-dipping Iapetus
4358:
Torsvik, Trond H.; Cocks, L. Robin M. (2004). "Earth geography from 400 to 250 Ma: a palaeomagnetic, faunal and facies review".
3491:
Ladenberger, A.; Gee, D. G.; Shlevin, eri; Claesson, S.; Majka, J.; eri Shlevin, Y. (2012). "The Scandian collision revisited".
4718:
4221:"Acadian Orogeny, Devonian, Northern England, British regional geology: Northern England, Fifth edition, Keyworth, Nottingham"
4172:
3061:
3039:
3012:
2077:
2758:
4659:
258:
and NW Africa) close to the original position of Baltica which had been to its north. Its rifting involved the opening and
4532:
1226:
is the Leinster terrane. The combined terrane is termed Leinster-Lakesman terrane. It lies on the southern margin of the
3711:"Tectonic controls on post-subduction granite genesis and emplacement: The late Caledonian suite of Britain and Ireland"
1261:
northwest of the Iapetus Suture is weak and this northward weakening of deformation may indicate that it is linked with
3510:"Reconstructing the Avalon continent: Marginal-to-inner platform transition in the Cambrian of Avalonian New Brunswick"
2878:
suggests the collision of Armorica with Laurussia formed the southern (Mid-European) branch of the Caledonian mountains
4622:
3668:"Depth-to-basement for the East European Craton and Teisseyre-Tornquist Zone in Poland based on potential field data"
3374:
327:
includes tectonic events which were smaller, localised and predated the more well-known main phases of this orogeny.
4220:
995:
This orogenic event has been interpreted as a late Caledonian phase and as having been driven by the closure of the
2030:
are the most important. The ocean between the combined continental mass of Laurentia, Baltica and Avalonia (called
1503:
which deform the primary cleavage and are thought to have formed during or soon after the main deformation phase.
43:
3808:
266:
to its south, which separated it from Gondwana. This rifting and opening were coeval with and may be related to
4305:
TODD, S. P.; MURPHY, F. C.; KENNAN, P. S. (1991). "On the trace of the Iapetus suture in Ireland and Britain".
3385:
1754:
1584:
1827:
The terrane has three relief belts. The northern belt and the northernmost part of the Central Belt underwent
589:
The easternmost part of Eastern Avalonia amalgamated with Baltica through an oblique soft docking governed by
4693:
2072:
1510:
onto the Manx Group, probably in the early Devonian. During the final stage of the Iapetus Ocean closure its
4488:
2778:
4708:
4572:
Woodcock, N.H.; Soper, N.J.; Strachan, R.A. (2007). "A Rheic cause for the Acadian deformation in Europe".
4434:"Continental break-up and collision in the Neoproterozoic and Palaeozoic — A tale of Baltica and Laurentia"
4432:
TORSVIK, T; SMETHURST, M; MEERT, J; VANDERVOO, R; MCKERROW, W; BRASIER, M; STURT, B; WALDERHAUG, H (1996).
4144:
1189:
4728:
4703:
4698:
3710:
1839:
perpendicular to the fold hinges. The Southern Belt and the rest of the Central belt underwent sinistral
1544:
The broad deformation style and age of the Manx Group are very similar to the equivalent features of the
1326:
159:
saw the Caledonian event as one of several episodic phases of mountain building that had occurred during
4433:
3052:
Strain partitioning in transpression zones: examples from the lapetus suture zone in Britain and Ireland
2953:"The Newer Granite problem revisited: a transtensional origin for the Early Devonian Trans-Suture Suite"
361:
which preceded the Scandian phase (see below) in this area. Its onset has been dated at c. 500 Ma (Late
4733:
4723:
1436:
699:
55:
2709:
4748:
4738:
4713:
4489:"Ancient Laurentian detrital zircon in the closing Iapetus Ocean, Southern Uplands terrane, Scotland"
2380:
2082:
1334:
690:, which took place soon after, occurred through subduction along the southern margin of this massif.
663:
2729:
1951:
where the Caledonian collision closed the Iapetus Ocean. In Ireland it runs from the estuary of the
4753:
4743:
2902:
for this view. Another reconstruction of the collision of Armorica with Euramerica can be found in
779:
765:
350:
75:
4219:
Stone, P; Millward, D; Young, B; Merritt, J W; Clarke, S M; McCormac, M; Lawrence, D J D. (2010).
2006:
According to some authors, the Caledonian continental collisions involved another microcontinent,
1345:
collapse as indicated by block-faulted tracts. The superimposed Acadian deformations are regional
3913:"The Anglo-Brabant Massif: Persistent but enigmatic palaeo-relief at the heart of western Europe"
3868:
2648:
British Geological Survey, Bedrock Geology UK North: Caledonian Orogeny and associated magmatism.
1883:
In the Leinster inlier are associated with the coeval emplacement of the Early Devonian Leinster
1173:
for c. 100 km to the SE below Avalonia. Thus they invoke a model of slab drop-off caused by
508:
between them, the mentioned orogenic events and the closure of the Iapetus and Tornquist oceans.
4395:
Torsvik, Trond H.; Rehnström, Emma F. (2003). "The Tornquist Sea and Baltica–Avalonia docking".
3348:
Golonka, Jan; Krobicki, Michał; Poprawa, Paweł; Paul, Zbigniew; Khudoley, Andriej (2009-01-01).
194:
formed its bulk. Near the end of the Neoproterozoic, during the breakup of this supercontinent,
4030:
Robert, Boris; Domeier, Mathew; Jakob, Johannes (2021). "On the origins of the Iapetus Ocean".
2204:
2067:
1796:
1177:
338:
orogenies in what today is North America are included in the phases of the Caledonian orogeny.
4678:
2364:
2291:
1972:
1680:(c. 428–400 Ma) was emplaced into this shear zone. The Leannan Fault is a major splay of the
1604:
1523:
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1386:
1362:
1338:
1250:
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1111:
989:
810:
759:
604:
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83:
24:
4548:
3869:"The concealed Caledonide basement of Eastern England and the southern North Sea — A review"
3541:
Landing, Ed; Keppie, J. Duncan; Keppie, D. Fraser; Geyer, Gerd; Westrop, Stephen R. (2022).
999:. However, there is also an argument that it would more appropriate to regard it as a proto-
4581:
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were largely absent across all terranes in the concerned area in this period. Most Acadian
903:
310:
McKerrow et al. (2000) give a definition of the Caledonian orogeny which includes "all the
282:
of the Iapetus Ocean beneath the margin of Laurentia to its northwest and possibly also by
2041:
The paleogeographic position of the Armorica crustal fragments between the Ordovician and
236:
data but must have occurred in similar times as those of Laurentia and the Iapetus Ocean.
8:
2051:
1931:
1836:
1522:
margins. The tectonic contact between the two groups has been correlated either with the
1174:
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In addition, the Southern Uplands accretionary wedge lacks evidence of the presence of a
1103:
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817:
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500:
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whose core is the Skiddaw Group (which is overlain by the EVG). The BVD is dominated by
483:. The Sveconorwegian Orogen (including the Western Gneiss Region) is shown in pink. The
4234:"Regional geology and Caledonian structure, Dronning Louise Land, North-East Greenland"
4145:"Paleozoic evolution of pre-Variscan terranes: From Gondwana to the Variscan collision"
3785:"Closure of the Tornquist sea: Constraints from MONA LISA deep seismic reflection data"
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on the eastern margin of Laurentia and the margin of the Baltoscandian platform of the
727:
675:
365:). It continued to c. 460 Ma and was reactivated in the Scandian phase at ~425–415 Ma.
259:
217:
20:
4533:"Late Ediacaran paleogeography of Avalonia and the Cambrian assembly of West Gondwana"
4416:
4014:
3264:
3062:"European geography in a global context from the Vendian to the end of the Palaeozoic"
1990:
The Iapetus Suture also extends along the margin of the Baltoscandian platform of the
1126:
occurred post-subduction (425-390 Ma) in a regional tectonic setting with alternating
611:, which are either not present or buried. This event occurred close to the end of the
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phases. High rates of magma generation coincided with a c. 418–404 Ma Early Devonian
860:
856:
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443:(444–443 Ma). There was no break in sediments in the area until the end of the Early
428:
213:
4477:
4051:
3567:
3542:
3022:
Chew, D. M.; Stillman, C. J. (2022-07-18). "Late Caledonian orogeny and magmatism".
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zone (see below). It also caused northeast trending strike-slip faults, such as the
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beneath Laurentia. It underwent accelerating subsidence through the Middle to Late
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163:. Current understanding has it that the Caledonian orogeny encompasses a number of
160:
148:
4487:
Waldron, John W.F.; Floyd, James D.; Simonetti, Antonio; Heaman, Larry M. (2008).
4203:
435:
in Shropshire with considerable erosion before the deposition of sediments in the
286:
created by the spreading of the Rheic Ocean. It migrated across the Iapetus Ocean
16:
Mountain building event caused by the collision of Laurentia, Baltica and Avalonia
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35:
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transtension phase. This decreased during the 404–394 Ma Acadian transpression.
938:
Acadian event in this area saw the amalgamation of these landmasses to form the
782:
in what is now Norway and the Swedish areas by its border. It occurred from the
4556:
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2316:
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2019:
1984:
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is continuation of the terrane of the same name in Scotland. It underwent more
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1119:
1089:
1081:
1035:
1031:
883:
829:
747:
566:
424:
251:
187:
180:
118:
51:
47:
4593:
4531:
Wen, Bin; Evans, David A.D.; Anderson, Ross P.; McCausland, Phil J.A. (2020).
4250:
4233:
4164:
4089:
3985:
3841:
3692:
3667:
3124:
2979:
1314:
which brought it above water. Convergence eventually caused the ranges of the
4687:
4601:
4564:
4523:
4468:
4424:
4387:
4334:
4326:
4297:
4259:
4232:
Strachan, R.A; Friderichsen, J.D; Holdsworth, R.E; Jepsen, H.F (1994-01-01).
4211:
4135:
4127:
4097:
4059:
4022:
3993:
3947:
3903:
3859:
3775:
3745:
3737:
3701:
3658:
3613:
3576:
3533:
3483:
3475:
3454:
Kneller, B. C. (1991). "A foreland basin on the southern margin of Iapetus".
3446:
3409:
3340:
3302:
3272:
3243:
3206:
3198:
3169:
3132:
3088:
2987:
2392:
2376:
2372:
2336:
2328:
2299:
2180:
2139:
2106:
2042:
1964:
1952:
1892:
1872:
1852:
1840:
1804:
1774:
1762:
1717:
1701:
1623:
1619:
1607:
1580:
1576:
1549:
1545:
1472:
1404:
and small anticlockwise one in the east which is part of a wider transecting
1390:
1299:
1246:
1231:
1127:
1073:
1069:
1020:
996:
978:
970:
947:
939:
915:
872:
813:
783:
683:
448:
287:
221:
103:
71:
4379:
1811:
and closure of the Iapetus Ocean prior to the Acadian orogeny. It has Early
372:. It involved the Seve Nappe Complex of the Swedish Caledonides in central
152:
3955:
Phillips, W.E.A. (2001). "Caledonian deformation". In Holland, C.H. (ed.).
3650:
3031:
1991:
1911:
1896:
1758:
1724:
1713:
1507:
1323:
1307:
1142:
1131:
1049:(to the north of the suture) and the Lakesman-Leinster terrane of northern
981:. Late Caledonian orogeny is another term used in reference to this phase.
966:
825:
806:
775:
607:. This is indicated by the absence of orogenic structures or high-pressure
570:
480:
432:
346:
141:
4153:
Variscan-Appalachian dynamics: The building of the late Paleozoic basement
3004:
353:. The first phase that is often included in the Caledonian orogeny is the
50:
opened and the different parts of the orogenic belt moved apart. See also
2384:
2352:
2303:
2295:
2208:
2035:
1968:
1956:
1923:
1876:
1709:
1705:
1558:
1491:
1465:
1446:
1412:
1262:
1235:
1203:
1009:
918:
were separated and belonged to two different tectonic plates: Laurentia (
821:
687:
640:
593:
475:
456:
380:, they propose that it involved a collision with a continental fragment.
291:
263:
240:
216:
westward away from Gondwana and then migrated northward. This led to the
168:
156:
144:
for an episode of mountain building in northern Europe that predated the
3294:
1349:
north of the EVG and south of the BVG, which are part the Lake District
1306:
whose sediments were largely derived from an earlier continental margin
42:). Present-day coastlines are indicated in gray for reference. Later in
3895:
2951:
Brown, P. E.; Ryan, P. D.; Soper, N. J.; Woodcock, N. H. (2008-02-01).
2114:
2031:
1976:
1880:
1844:
1828:
1808:
1800:
1770:
1673:
1646:
1496:
1461:
1369:
on the Avalonia margin which was created by the subduction of Avalonia
1295:
1265:
1115:
1107:
1065:
943:
726:
Island), and through Poland. It then follows the eastern margin of the
715:
620:
612:
538:
537:
involved collisions between two landmasses of Laurentia and an oceanic
400:
388:
377:
315:
283:
279:
267:
244:
91:
4646:
4638:
4515:
4289:
3850:
3354:
Geologia/Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie
1653:
The Irish Grampian terrane is the continuation of Grampian terrane in
910:
Acadian Late Caledonian or proto-Variscan orogeny in the British Isles
797:
The Scandian orogenic event also led to the formation of mountains of
225:
Ocean also caused Laurentia and Baltica to move away from each other.
4143:
Stampfii, Gérard M.; von Raumer, Jürgen F.; Borel, Gilles D. (2002).
3161:
2396:
2367:
department of France. In Belgium to covers the north-western part of
2220:
2151:
2110:
1995:
1980:
1960:
1948:
1900:
1888:
1812:
1697:
1689:
1677:
1669:
1658:
1519:
1511:
1450:
1442:
1419:
1415:
1350:
1346:
1211:
1154:
1123:
1085:
895:
875:
802:
771:
735:
707:
679:
574:
563:
408:
275:
195:
164:
125:
107:
99:
4231:
3817:
3525:
569:(what is now North America) to the west in the area of the northern
4479:
The Jämtlandian: A new orogeny in the Caledonides of central Sweden
3784:
3332:
2263:
2216:
2159:
2155:
2011:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1848:
1792:
1747:
1743:
1693:
1685:
1654:
1631:
1627:
1615:
1515:
1374:
1354:
1319:
1215:
1093:
1046:
1013:
962:
958:
935:
919:
899:
864:
852:
840:
836:
791:
787:
652:
553:
and the rest of Ireland) were part of the Avalonia microcontinent.
516:
512:
487:
emplaced by the much younger Caledonian orogeny are shown in green.
444:
440:
420:
416:
412:
362:
323:
319:
311:
248:
191:
145:
133:
115:
95:
79:
39:
723:
415:
and was the most important tectonic event in the area between the
254:
started to drift northwestward form the Gondwana northern margin (
174:
3050:
2918:
Averill, M.; Bond, T.; Sroda, P.; Keller, G.; Miller, K. (2003).
2404:
2320:
2283:
2275:
2267:
2259:
2200:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2163:
1884:
1788:
1735:
1596:
1530:
1514:
were deposited from the NE into a marine basin which bridged the
1488:
1401:
1342:
1279:
1272:
1223:
1199:
1195:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1027:
985:
927:
923:
906:, which is the northeast-ward extension of the Great Glen Fault.
879:
739:
731:
711:
671:
667:
644:
636:
628:
616:
590:
578:
546:
542:
452:
228:
Baltica drifted northward, too. This involved the opening of the
199:
184:
137:
111:
87:
67:
30:
3279:
1930:
recycling into the Munster Basin following Mid-Devonian Acadian
706:
of Baltica and Eastern Avalonia. It runs from a portion of the
577:. Eastern Avalonia refers to a) the part which amalgamated with
3752:
3666:
Mikołajczak, Mateusz; Mazur, Stanisław; Gągała, Łukasz (2019).
2759:
Geology of the Lake District. Borrowdale & Eycott Volcanics
2340:
2271:
2251:
2212:
2196:
2147:
2143:
2135:
2118:
2102:
2015:
1998:
along the eastern margin of Laurentia in the Scandian orogeny.
1662:
984:
This phase involved a soft docking or soft collision rather an
974:
719:
648:
632:
624:
499:
During the final part of its northwestward migration, Avalonia
373:
358:
19:"Caledonian Mountains" redirects here. Not to be confused with
4431:
742:
Mountains and the Eastern Carpathians, it evolved through the
4482:. International Geological Congress (IGC) At Florence, Italy.
4066:
3490:
2887:
2279:
1283:
1242:
1219:
1099:
931:
550:
484:
392:
129:
1418:, which lies above the southern margin of the Lake District
1282:
throughout various geologic formations of the district into
1241:
The Acadian Orogeny affected the Lakesman terrane and north
1169:
which did not just break off. It also peeled back below the
4486:
3809:
10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<1071:COTTSC>2.3.CO;2
3096:
Cocks, L. R. M.; McKerrow, W. S.; Van Staal, C. R. (1997).
2344:
2250:
Avalonia consisted of "north-western and possibly southern
2122:
1708:. Here there was sinistral Acadian brittle deformation and
950:
beneath the southern margins of the Laurentian landmasses.
209:) and northern (African) margins of Gondwana respectively.
202:
4530:
3347:
1541:
onlapping or thrust onto the Avalonia continental margin.
1408:
pattern across the Avalonian rocks of Britain and Ireland.
1160:
Nelison et al. (2009) propose an Iapetus Ocean subducting
1012:
which lied to the south of Avalonia and separated it from
357:
which was an early deformation event in Arctic (northern)
4218:
3620:
2175:
Baltica comprised the eastern part of the future Europe:
1723:
zone into the Clew Bay southern margin. The Ox Mountains
615:, 440 Ma. It docked with the Baltica margins in southern
4104:
3708:
3540:
1922:
Munster Basin to the south (which covered the Kerry and
1322:
to extend across the sutured Iapetus Ocean. This caused
1110:
and markedly reduced with the change to post-subduction
770:
The Scandian phase involved a collision between eastern
584:
4266:
4142:
3963:
3782:
3709:
Miles, A.J.; Woodcock, N.H.; Hawkesworth, C.J. (2016).
3350:"EARLY PALEOZOIC EVOLUTION OF THE PERI-GONDWANA PLATES"
3176:
2903:
2431:
4476:
van Roermund, Herman; Brueckner, Hannes (2004-01-01).
3959:. Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press. pp. 179–200.
3815:
3665:
3095:
2950:
2917:
1975:. It consists of a series of faults with no traces of
1863:
is the surface expression of the Iapetus Suture zone.
1595:
In Ireland the Acadian Orogeny affected the four main
1034:
plutons which straddle both sides of the trace of the
4571:
4475:
4244:. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland: 71–76.
3816:
Neilson, J.C.; Kokelaar, B.P.; Crowley, Q.G. (2009).
3309:
467:
of the adjacent Towi Anticline and igneous activity.
34:
Location of the different branches of the Caledonian/
3416:
2207:). Its margin cut through Poland diagonally west of
1994:
Peninsula which collided with the eastern margin of
1526:(Lake District) turbidites or the Riccarton Group, (
1257:
which were superimposed on pre-existing structures.
1096:
weakening of deformation in the accretionary wedge.
4159:. Geological Society of America. pp. 263–280.
2944:
British Geological Survey, Bedrock Geology UK North
2779:
Geology of the Lake District. Windermere Supergroup
2441:
1871:is the continuation of the Lakesman terrane in the
1072:(at a right angle) to a sinistrally (left-lateral)
871:(c. 400 Ma) in Scotland and the enlargement of the
4029:
3867:Pharaoh, Tim; England, Richard; Lee, Mick (1995).
1967:in the southern part of the northern coast of the
1183:
942:as they are now. This occurred through NW-dipping
183:most of the Earth's landmasses were united in the
86:and parts of north-central Europe. The Caledonian
38:belts at the end of the Caledonian orogeny (Early
3866:
3396:(1). The Geological Association of Canada: 5–18.
1765:) and NE trending open buckle folds in the Early
1060:The Southern Uplands terrane is thought to be an
447:, which was caused by the Acadian Orogeny in the
4685:
4394:
4351:Proceedings of the Shropshire Geological Society
4304:
4184:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
4181:
3142:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
3111:(5). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 627–636.
3026:. Liverpool University Press. pp. 143–174.
2355:and the coast of Kent. On the other side of the
992:like the Eastern Avalonia docking with Baltica.
3139:
1385:block that was driven northward during Acadian
1165:for the whole region involved an Iapetus Ocean
556:
175:Palaeogeographic evolution prior to the orogeny
4615:Shell Internationale Petroleum Maatschappij BV
4611:Geological Atlas of Western and Central Europe
2999:. Liverpool University Press. pp. 69–94.
2995:Chew, D. M. (2022-07-18). "Grampian Orogeny".
1030:of Scotland. There is a Trans-Suture Suite of
824:movements in the east and NW-directed oblique
3762:(1). Oxford University Press (OUP): 181–207.
3520:(6). Canadian Science Publishing: 1185–1192.
2940:"Caledonian Orogeny and associated magmatism"
2710:Geology of the Lake District. Acadian Orogeny
1971:. In Britain it runs roughly parallel to the
1487:, major strike-parallel sinistral faults and
1249:resulted in regionally clockwise transecting
714:, through southern Denmark, a portion of the
693:
603:, rather than through an orogen-causing hard
515:and mountain building and ended in the Early
4656:Emplacement timing of the Galway Granite ...
4357:
4313:(5). Geological Society of London: 869–880.
3972:(3). Geological Society of London: 501–515.
3383:
3289:(2). Geological Society of London: 229–246.
3250:
3059:
3021:
2966:(2). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 235.
2899:
2826:
2254:, some accreted terranes in the basement of
1963:. It crosses this sea and is exposed in the
387:occurred particularly in the Shelve area in
70:cycle recorded in the northern parts of the
3213:
2730:Geology of the Lake District. Skiddaw Group
2315:In England the Anglo-Brabant massif covers
2142:(except from their western part, including
847:which culminated in the development of the
801:(or Dronning Louise Land) in north-eastern
750:orogenies, rather than the Caledonian one.
3920:Proceedings of the Geologists' Association
3364:
2032:Euramerica, Laurussia or Old Red Continent
1684:of Scotland. Its movement occurred in the
820:of regional deformation between sinistral
511:Continental collisions started in the Mid
463:system and folding in pre-Ashgill strata,
98:, roughly 490–390 million years ago (
90:encompasses events that occurred from the
4249:
4238:Rapport Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse
4000:
3849:
3691:
3566:
3493:EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2498:
2496:
2258:and their foredeep, terranes in northern
1457:. The island lies immediately to its SE.
3954:
3060:Cocks, L. R. M.; Torsvik, T. H. (2006).
2837:
2468:
2466:
2134:Laurentia comprised most of present day
545:. The other parts of the British Isles (
474:
305:
29:
4608:
4341:
4070:International Journal of Earth Sciences
3910:
3672:International Journal of Earth Sciences
3507:
3453:
2875:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
470:
102:). It was caused by the closure of the
4686:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2590:
2493:
2309:
2244:
2162:and the northern and western parts of
2018:and parts of southern Germany and the
1926:counties). The Dingle basin underwent
778:peninsula of Baltica. It involved the
3583:
3365:Jones, Kevin; Blake, Stephen (2003).
3048:
2904:Stampfii, von Raumer & Borel 2002
2807:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2463:
2432:Stampfii, von Raumer & Borel 2002
2427:
2359:, it covers the northern part of the
2235:
2226:
2169:
2128:
2095:
2078:Geological structure of Great Britain
1899:granite) and this in turn was cut by
1460:The island is composed mainly of the
1333:In the Middle to Late Ordovician the
702:or Tornquist Zone is the area of the
585:Docking Eastern Avalonia with Baltica
136:. The term was first used in 1885 by
4344:"Ten years of geology in Shropshire"
2994:
2734:
934:and the rest of Ireland). The Early
843:, causing thrusting in the Northern
4537:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
3621:McKERROW, W. S.; Mac Niocaill, C.;
3069:Geological Society, London, Memoirs
2813:
2050:(about 340 million years ago). The
1716:. This may continue as a sinistral
1271:The Lake District in north-western
1268:rather than Iapetus Ocean closure.
522:
294:). Its drift included an up to 55°
13:
3627:"The Caledonian Orogeny redefined"
3514:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
2678:
1483:are transected clockwise by their
1310:. It underwent subduction-related
835:This orogenic event also affected
619:, the south-western corner of the
459:movement in the Pontesford-Linley
14:
4765:
4632:
4574:Journal of the Geological Society
4360:Journal of the Geological Society
4307:Journal of the Geological Society
3966:Journal of the Geological Society
3822:Journal of the Geological Society
3631:Journal of the Geological Society
3456:Journal of the Geological Society
3283:Journal of the Geological Society
2121:and much of what later was to be
1938:
1831:deformation with an axial planar
1453:crop out close to or probably on
1114:regimes. However, during Iapetus
753:
274:Avalonia's motion was related to
3783:MONA LISA Working Group (1997).
3606:10.1046/j.1365-3121.2001.00327.x
3055:(PhD thesis). Durham University.
2117:, parts of what later was to be
2001:
805:. It is an exposed N–S trending
4052:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103791
3876:Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica
3568:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103863
3384:Keppie, J.; Keppie, D. (2014).
3319:(2). GeoScienceWorld: 169–178.
2911:
2892:
2881:
2869:
2860:
2851:
2842:
2831:
2801:
2792:
2783:
2772:
2763:
2752:
2723:
2714:
2703:
2694:
2669:
2660:
2651:
2642:
2633:
2624:
2615:
2606:
2581:
2572:
2559:
2550:
2541:
2532:
2523:
2514:
2505:
2484:
2475:
2223:. See Mikołajczak et al. (2019)
1184:Northern England, Lake District
1102:production should be larger in
4270:Journal of Metamorphic Geology
3081:10.1144/GSL.MEM.2006.032.01.05
2924:EGS - AGU - EUG Joint Assembly
2511:Torsvik & Rehnström (2003)
2454:
2420:
1784:is the SE continuation of the
1676:in the Dalradian. The Donegal
1430:
1222:. Its continuation in eastern
1118:(455–425 Ma) this was low and
682:belt which, starting from the
427:was accompanied by late stage
1:
4719:Geology of the United Kingdom
4447:(3–4). Elsevier BV: 229–258.
4417:10.1016/s0040-1951(02)00631-5
4204:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.160.01.21
4015:10.1016/s0040-1951(03)00240-3
4009:(3–4). Elsevier BV: 219–236.
3425:(1–4). Elsevier BV: 158–177.
3367:Mountain Building in Scotland
3265:10.1016/s0191-8141(98)00007-8
3253:Journal of Structural Geology
3222:(1–2). Elsevier BV: 147–158.
3185:(4). Elsevier BV: 1415–1433.
2587:MONALISA Working Group (1997)
2414:
2146:) a north-eastern portion of
2034:) and Armorica is called the
1548:in the Lake District and the
957:, which referred to the Late
167:phases that can laterally be
4461:10.1016/0012-8252(96)00008-6
3940:10.1016/j.pgeola.2018.02.009
3402:10.12789/geocanj.2014.41.039
3236:10.1016/0040-1951(92)90373-e
2302:, and some coastal parts of
1564:associated with small folds
1190:Geology of the Lake District
557:Eastern and Western Avalonia
7:
4403:(1–4). Elsevier BV: 67–82.
3926:(3). Elsevier BV: 278–328.
3439:10.1016/j.tecto.2008.08.001
3259:(6). Elsevier BV: 765–781.
2898:See the reconstructions in
2351:along the eastern coast of
2061:
1475:zone during the sinistral,
496:article for this orogeny).
431:. The event caused a major
10:
4770:
4669:Re-defining the Caledonian
4557:10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116591
3508:Landing, Ed (1996-11-01).
2379:provinces and much of the
1590:
1437:Geology of the Isle of Man
1434:
1187:
898:rocks in Scotland and the
763:
757:
734:. Finally, it runs to the
700:Trans-European Suture Zone
694:Trans-European Suture Zone
647:and part of north-eastern
526:
56:Trans-European Suture Zone
18:
4594:10.1144/0016-76492006-129
4251:10.34194/rapggu.v162.8249
4225:British Geological Survey
4165:10.1130/0-8137-2364-7.263
4090:10.1007/s00531-002-0261-3
3986:10.1144/0016-76492008-088
3842:10.1144/0016-76492008-069
3693:10.1007/s00531-018-1668-9
3125:10.1017/s0016756897007425
3098:"The margins of Avalonia"
2980:10.1017/s0016756807004219
2556:Fossen & Dunlap. 1998
2438:(1996) and Ziegler (1990)
2083:Central Pangean Mountains
1955:on the Atlantic coast to
1757:, folds and a SE dipping
1468:which were deformed in a
1335:Borrowdale Volcanic Group
1214:passing by the Island of
953:Since the 1980s the term
922:and northern and western
859:(435–420 Ma) and led to
451:. It was associated with
124:The orogeny is named for
4327:10.1144/gsjgs.148.5.0869
4128:10.1016/j.gr.2015.06.001
4114:. Elsevier BV: 257–271.
3768:10.1093/petrology/egt065
3738:10.1016/j.gr.2016.02.006
3724:. Elsevier BV: 250–260.
3476:10.1144/gsjgs.148.2.0207
3199:10.1016/j.gr.2014.10.007
2900:Cocks & Torsvik 2006
2827:Chew & Stillman 2022
2490:Keppie and Keppie (2014)
2426:Reconstruction based on
2306:", Golonka et al. (2009)
2088:
2073:Świętokrzyskie Mountains
1746:rocks and a NE trending
1657:. It is composed of the
1610:and without substantial
1106:tectonic regimes during
965:orogeny in the Northern
914:As mentioned above, the
780:Scandinavian Caledonides
766:Scandinavian Caledonides
678:massif. It is part of a
666:in central and southern
407:. It formed the Shelve
351:Scandinavian Caledonides
330:In this definition, the
76:Scandinavian Caledonides
4549:2020E&PSL.55216591W
4543:. Elsevier BV: 116591.
4380:10.1144/0016-764903-098
4038:. Elsevier BV: 103791.
3553:. Elsevier BV: 103863.
3369:. The Open University.
3049:Clegg, Phillip (2002).
2578:Schofield et al. (2016)
2014:, most of the north of
1918:deposition in the Late
1903:granite at c. 404.9 Ma.
1887:, which is the largest
1843:. This reflects a Late
1761:in the Pomeroy inlier (
1727:was emplaced c. 412 Ma.
1294:In the Early to Middle
1149:or that this is due to
882:. All this spanned the
403:and was related to the
4674:Caledonian in Shetland
4609:Ziegler, P.A. (1990).
3957:The Geology of Ireland
3651:10.1144/jgs.157.6.1149
3032:10.2307/jj.12638997.11
3024:The Geology of Ireland
2997:The Geology of Ireland
2848:Fritschle et al. (2017
2657:Woodcock et al. (2007)
2630:Strachan et al. (1994)
2547:McKerrow et al. (2000)
2520:Kirkland et al. (2008)
2205:Scandinavian Peninsula
2068:Scandinavian Mountains
1797:Southern Uplands Fault
1732:Midland Valley terrane
1712:motion in the Central
1557:, b) a gently dipping
1479:of the Iapetus Ocean.
627:. It came to comprise
506:continental collisions
488:
349:are recognised in the
59:
4441:Earth-Science Reviews
4032:Earth-Science Reviews
3911:Pharaoh, Tim (2018).
3547:Earth-Science Reviews
3005:10.2307/jj.12638997.7
2639:Thigpen et al. (2013.
2612:Averill et al. (2006)
2502:Pharaoh et al. (1993)
2481:Pollock et al. (2009)
1973:Anglo-Scottish border
1782:Longford-Down terrane
1524:Windermere Supergroup
1387:continental collision
1363:Windermere Supergroup
1339:Eycott Volcanic Group
1302:was a deep submarine
1023:occurred beneath the
990:continental collision
832:further to the west.
760:Western Gneiss Region
730:Mountains in western
664:London-Brabant Massif
605:continental collision
478:
341:Some early phases of
306:Early orogenic phases
33:
25:Mountains of Scotland
4694:Ordovician orogenies
4342:Toghill, P. (1990).
3756:Journal of Petrology
2700:Waldron et al., 2008
2621:Corfu et al. (2014).
2472:Robert et al. (2021)
2052:Rhenohercynian basin
1700:and fault zone from
1506:The Dalby Group was
1377:. It was related to
1198:covers the north of
1151:flat–slab subduction
1076:one as indicated by
904:Walls Boundary Fault
902:Islands through the
718:between Denmark and
660:Anglo-Brabant massif
471:Main orogenic phases
355:Finnmarkian Orogeny,
4709:Orogenies of Europe
4679:Britain's formation
4586:2007JGSoc.164.1023W
4508:2008Geo....36..527W
4453:1996ESRv...40..229T
4409:2003Tectp.362...67T
4372:2004JGSoc.161..555T
4319:1991JGSoc.148..869T
4282:2013JMetG..31..813T
4196:1999GSLSP.160..325S
4120:2016GondR..35..257S
4082:2002IJEaS..91..838S
4044:2021ESRv..22103791R
3978:2009JGSoc.166..501P
3932:2018PrGA..129..278P
3888:1995StGG...39..330P
3834:2009JGSoc.166..545N
3801:1997Geo....25.1071M
3730:2016GondR..39..250M
3684:2019IJEaS.108..547M
3643:2000JGSoc.157.1149M
3598:2001TeNov..13..122M
3559:2022ESRv..22403863L
3501:2012EGUGA..1412633L
3468:1991JGSoc.148..207K
3431:2008Tectp.460..158K
3325:2013Lsphe...5..169G
3295:10.1144/jgs2017-034
3228:1992Tectp.206..147F
3191:2015GondR..28.1415E
3154:2014GSLSP.390....1C
3117:1997GeoM..134..627C
3105:Geological Magazine
2972:2008GeoM..145..235B
2960:Geological Magazine
2932:2003EAEJA.....7149A
2857:Ennis et al. (2015)
2798:Clegg (2002) p. 319
2789:Clegg (2002) p. 185
2720:Stone et al. (1999)
2691:Miles et al. (2016)
2675:Miles et al. (2014)
2666:Brown et al. (2008)
2387:it is found in the
2101:Gondwana comprised
1875:of England and the
1661:Supergroup and its
1400:in the west of the
1175:lithospheric mantle
890:which affected the
818:strain partitioning
370:Jämtlandian Orogeny
239:Either in the Late
114:continents and the
4729:Ordovician England
4704:Devonian orogenies
4699:Silurian orogenies
4662:2013-04-12 at the
3896:10.1007/BF02295826
2888:Schätz et al. 2002
2866:Todd et al. (1996)
2749:Stone et al.(2010)
2529:Rice et al. (2003)
2403:former islands in
2389:Zeelandic Flanders
1817:accretionary wedge
1643:igneous intrusions
1641:rocks. There were
1612:crustal thickening
1555:igneous intrusions
1539:accretionary wedge
1501:Langness Peninsula
1286:by creating slaty
1230:. It includes the
1147:strike-slip faults
1088:deposition in the
1084:counterclockwise.
1062:accretionary wedge
1019:Subduction of the
738:. However, in the
728:Eastern Carpathian
489:
479:Geological map of
429:igneous intrusions
411:and Rytton Castle
205:from the western (
151:. Geologists like
64:Caledonian orogeny
60:
44:geological history
21:Caledonia Mountain
4734:Ordovician Norway
4724:Geology of Norway
4640:Middle Ordovician
4516:10.1130/G24763A.1
4290:10.1111/jmg.12046
4174:978-0-8137-2364-8
4108:Gondwana Research
3795:(12): 1071–1074.
3718:Gondwana Research
3390:Geoscience Canada
3179:Gondwana Research
3041:978-1-903544-49-5
3014:978-1-903544-49-5
2810:, p. 193–196
2460:Wen et al. (2020)
2383:province. In the
2347:. It crosses the
1835:and a stretching
1767:Old Red Sandstone
1645:with plutons and
1587:in this respect.
1371:continental crust
1304:sedimentary basin
861:igneous intrusion
857:Sgurr Beag Thrust
855:Thrust and Naver-
849:Moine Thrust Belt
816:, which involved
799:Queen Louise Land
609:metamorphic rocks
385:Shelveian Orogeny
84:eastern Greenland
68:mountain-building
4761:
4749:Devonian England
4739:Silurian England
4714:Paleozoic Europe
4628:
4613:(2nd ed.).
4605:
4580:(5): 1023–1036.
4568:
4527:
4493:
4483:
4472:
4438:
4428:
4391:
4354:
4348:
4338:
4301:
4263:
4253:
4228:
4215:
4178:
4158:
4149:
4139:
4101:
4063:
4026:
3997:
3960:
3951:
3917:
3907:
3873:
3863:
3853:
3812:
3779:
3749:
3715:
3705:
3695:
3662:
3637:(6): 1149–1154.
3617:
3580:
3570:
3537:
3504:
3487:
3450:
3413:
3380:
3361:
3344:
3306:
3276:
3247:
3210:
3173:
3162:10.1144/SP390.28
3136:
3102:
3092:
3066:
3056:
3045:
3018:
2991:
2957:
2947:
2935:
2906:
2896:
2890:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2858:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2840:
2835:
2829:
2824:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2761:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2712:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2676:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2613:
2610:
2604:
2601:
2588:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2570:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2491:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2461:
2458:
2452:
2445:
2439:
2424:
2408:
2369:Hainaut Province
2325:Northamptonshire
2313:
2307:
2288:Avalon Peninsula
2282:, south-eastern
2256:East Carpathians
2248:
2242:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2224:
2173:
2167:
2132:
2126:
2099:
2048:Variscan orogeny
2028:Bohemian Massifs
1987:-derived rocks.
1908:Dingle Peninsula
1869:Leinster terrane
1786:Southern Uplands
1752:Curlew Mountains
1682:Great Glen Fault
1535:Southern Uplands
1528:Southern Uplands
1341:(EVG) underwent
1316:Southern Uplands
1210:and crosses the
1153:, which reduces
1040:Southern Uplands
926:) and Avalonia (
892:Moine Supergroup
888:Great Glen Fault
869:Southern Uplands
535:Grampian orogeny
529:Grampian orogeny
523:Grampian orogeny
455:(right-lateral)
437:Llandovery Epoch
397:English Midlands
296:counterclockwise
212:Laurentia first
207:Amazonian craton
4769:
4768:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4754:Devonian Norway
4744:Silurian Norway
4684:
4683:
4664:Wayback Machine
4650:(Continent Map)
4648:Middle Silurian
4642:(Continent Map)
4635:
4625:
4491:
4436:
4346:
4175:
4156:
4147:
3915:
3871:
3713:
3526:10.1139/e96-089
3377:
3360:(2/1): 339–344.
3100:
3064:
3042:
3015:
2955:
2938:
2914:
2909:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2882:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2814:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2764:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2735:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2446:
2442:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2411:
2363:region and the
2361:Hauts-de-France
2357:English Channel
2349:English Channel
2333:East of England
2314:
2310:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2177:European Russia
2174:
2170:
2133:
2129:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2064:
2004:
1941:
1932:basin inversion
1851:change from an
1799:all the way to
1593:
1579:compression to
1572:dip direction.
1477:oblique closure
1439:
1433:
1312:tectonic uplift
1208:North Yorkshire
1192:
1186:
1120:intrusive rocks
912:
768:
762:
756:
696:
587:
559:
531:
525:
494:Acadian orogeny
473:
405:Taconic orogeny
308:
278:created by the
230:Tornquist Ocean
177:
161:Earth's history
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4767:
4757:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4682:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4652:
4644:
4634:
4633:External links
4631:
4630:
4629:
4623:
4606:
4569:
4528:
4484:
4473:
4429:
4397:Tectonophysics
4392:
4366:(4): 555–572.
4355:
4339:
4302:
4276:(8): 813–842.
4264:
4229:
4216:
4190:(1): 325–336.
4179:
4173:
4140:
4102:
4076:(5): 838–849.
4064:
4027:
4003:Tectonophysics
3998:
3961:
3952:
3908:
3882:(3): 330–346.
3864:
3828:(3): 545–561.
3813:
3780:
3750:
3706:
3678:(2): 547–567.
3663:
3618:
3592:(2): 122–128.
3581:
3538:
3505:
3488:
3462:(2): 207–210.
3451:
3419:Tectonophysics
3414:
3381:
3375:
3362:
3345:
3333:10.1130/l220.1
3307:
3277:
3248:
3216:Tectonophysics
3211:
3174:
3137:
3093:
3057:
3046:
3040:
3019:
3013:
2992:
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2936:
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2880:
2868:
2859:
2850:
2841:
2830:
2812:
2800:
2791:
2782:
2771:
2769:Kneller (1991)
2762:
2751:
2733:
2722:
2713:
2702:
2693:
2677:
2668:
2659:
2650:
2641:
2632:
2623:
2614:
2605:
2603:Pharaoh (2018)
2589:
2580:
2571:
2558:
2549:
2540:
2538:Toghill (1990)
2531:
2522:
2513:
2504:
2492:
2483:
2474:
2462:
2453:
2440:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2401:Noord-Beveland
2317:Leicestershire
2308:
2243:
2234:
2225:
2168:
2127:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2063:
2060:
2056:back-arc basin
2020:Czech Republic
2003:
2000:
1985:oceanic trench
1945:Iapetus Suture
1940:
1939:Iapetus Suture
1937:
1936:
1935:
1904:
1825:
1824:
1821:back-arc basin
1778:
1728:
1592:
1589:
1455:Iapetus suture
1432:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1409:
1367:foreland basin
1359:
1331:
1253:transpressive
1228:Iapetus Suture
1185:
1182:
1171:Iapetus Suture
1090:oceanic trench
1036:Iapetus Suture
1025:Midland Valley
988:-causing hard
911:
908:
884:Iapetus Suture
839:and the outer
755:
754:Scandian Phase
752:
722:(by Germany's
695:
692:
586:
583:
567:tectonic plate
558:
555:
527:Main article:
524:
521:
519:(420–405 Ma).
472:
469:
307:
304:
252:microcontinent
234:palaeomagnetic
188:supercontinent
181:Neoproterozoic
176:
173:
119:microcontinent
52:Iapetus Suture
48:Atlantic Ocean
15:
9:
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4:
3:
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3070:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2915:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2889:
2884:
2877:
2872:
2863:
2854:
2845:
2839:
2838:Phillips 2001
2834:
2828:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2809:
2804:
2795:
2786:
2780:
2775:
2766:
2760:
2755:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2731:
2726:
2717:
2711:
2706:
2697:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2672:
2663:
2654:
2645:
2636:
2627:
2618:
2609:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2584:
2575:
2568:
2562:
2553:
2544:
2535:
2526:
2517:
2508:
2499:
2497:
2487:
2478:
2469:
2467:
2457:
2450:
2444:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2419:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2393:Zuid-Beveland
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2377:West Flanders
2374:
2373:East Flanders
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2337:Thames Valley
2334:
2330:
2329:East Midlands
2326:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2305:
2301:
2300:New Brunswick
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2270:and northern
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2238:
2229:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2181:Baltic states
2178:
2172:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2140:United States
2137:
2131:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2107:South America
2104:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2043:Carboniferous
2039:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2002:Controversies
1999:
1997:
1993:
1992:Fennoscandian
1988:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1965:Niarbyl Fault
1962:
1958:
1954:
1953:River Shannon
1950:
1946:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1893:British Isles
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1873:Lake District
1870:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1841:transpression
1838:
1834:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1805:County Galway
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1775:County Antrim
1772:
1768:
1764:
1763:County Tyrone
1760:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1718:transpressive
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1624:unconformably
1621:
1620:Carboniferous
1617:
1613:
1609:
1608:transpression
1606:
1602:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1581:transpression
1578:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1550:Ribband Group
1547:
1546:Skiddaw Group
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1473:transpression
1471:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1445:rocks in the
1444:
1438:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1391:transpressive
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1300:Skiddaw Group
1297:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1277:metamorphosed
1274:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1247:Transpression
1244:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1232:Lake District
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1194:The Lakesman
1191:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1162:slab breakoff
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1128:transpression
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1074:transpressive
1071:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1021:Iapetus Ocean
1017:
1015:
1011:
1005:
1002:
998:
997:Iapetus Ocean
993:
991:
987:
982:
980:
979:North America
976:
973:Provinces of
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
951:
949:
948:oceanic crust
946:of Avalonian
945:
941:
940:British Isles
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
916:British Isles
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
874:
873:Lake District
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
814:transpression
812:
808:
804:
800:
795:
793:
789:
785:
784:Wenlock Epoch
781:
777:
776:Fennoscandian
773:
767:
761:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
691:
689:
685:
684:Lake District
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
595:
592:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
565:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
530:
520:
518:
514:
509:
507:
502:
497:
495:
486:
482:
477:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
449:British Isles
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
391:, in eastern
390:
386:
381:
379:
375:
371:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
339:
337:
333:
328:
325:
321:
317:
313:
303:
300:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
272:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
250:
246:
242:
237:
235:
231:
226:
223:
222:Iapetus Ocean
219:
215:
210:
208:
204:
201:
197:
193:
189:
186:
182:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
122:
120:
117:
113:
109:
105:
104:Iapetus Ocean
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
72:British Isles
69:
65:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
32:
26:
22:
4655:
4647:
4639:
4610:
4577:
4573:
4540:
4536:
4499:
4495:
4478:
4444:
4440:
4400:
4396:
4363:
4359:
4350:
4310:
4306:
4273:
4269:
4241:
4237:
4224:
4187:
4183:
4152:
4111:
4107:
4073:
4069:
4035:
4031:
4006:
4002:
3969:
3965:
3956:
3923:
3919:
3879:
3875:
3825:
3821:
3792:
3788:
3759:
3755:
3721:
3717:
3675:
3671:
3634:
3630:
3623:Dewey, J. F.
3589:
3585:
3550:
3546:
3517:
3513:
3492:
3459:
3455:
3422:
3418:
3393:
3389:
3366:
3357:
3353:
3316:
3312:
3286:
3282:
3256:
3252:
3219:
3215:
3182:
3178:
3145:
3141:
3108:
3104:
3075:(1): 83–95.
3072:
3068:
3051:
3023:
2996:
2963:
2959:
2943:
2923:
2912:Bibliography
2894:
2883:
2876:Ziegler 1990
2871:
2862:
2853:
2844:
2833:
2803:
2794:
2785:
2774:
2765:
2754:
2725:
2716:
2705:
2696:
2671:
2662:
2653:
2644:
2635:
2626:
2617:
2608:
2583:
2574:
2566:
2561:
2552:
2543:
2534:
2525:
2516:
2507:
2486:
2477:
2456:
2448:
2443:
2435:
2422:
2339:sub-region,
2335:region, the
2331:region, the
2311:
2292:Newfoundland
2246:
2237:
2228:
2171:
2130:
2097:
2040:
2005:
1989:
1983:remnants or
1942:
1912:County Kerry
1897:equigranular
1868:
1826:
1781:
1759:thrust fault
1731:
1725:granodiorite
1714:Ox Mountains
1594:
1574:
1568:towards the
1543:
1505:
1459:
1440:
1308:volcanic arc
1270:
1240:
1202:down to the
1193:
1178:delamination
1159:
1143:volcanic arc
1140:
1132:transtension
1098:
1080:transecting
1059:
1053:and eastern
1018:
1006:
994:
983:
967:Appalachians
952:
913:
878:in northern
834:
796:
769:
697:
659:
657:
655:Mountains).
588:
571:Appalachians
560:
532:
510:
498:
490:
481:Fennoscandia
433:unconformity
399:in the Late
384:
382:
369:
367:
354:
347:metamorphism
340:
329:
309:
301:
288:orthogonally
273:
238:
227:
211:
178:
142:Eduard Suess
123:
63:
61:
3313:Lithosphere
2385:Netherlands
2353:East Anglia
2304:New England
2298:, southern
2296:Nova Scotia
2290:of eastern
2036:Rheic Ocean
1969:Isle of Man
1957:Clogherhead
1901:megacrystic
1881:shear zones
1877:Isle of Man
1710:strike-slip
1622:rocks rest
1559:crenulation
1492:shear zones
1466:Dalby Group
1447:Isle of Man
1431:Isle of Man
1413:Westmorland
1381:of a rigid
1379:indentation
1327:imbrication
1263:Rheic Ocean
1236:Isle of Man
1204:Wensleydale
1112:collisional
1010:Rheic Ocean
822:strike-slip
790:to the Mid
688:Rheic Ocean
674:is a large
641:Netherlands
635:, northern
597:convergence
594:strike-slip
457:strike-slip
395:and in the
343:deformation
292:right angle
264:Rheic Ocean
241:Precambrian
169:diachronous
157:Hans Stille
4688:Categories
4502:(7): 527.
3851:2262/79144
3586:Terra Nova
3148:(1): 1–8.
2808:Clegg 2002
2434:; Torsvik
2428:Matte 2001
2415:References
2294:, much of
2195:, part of
2115:Antarctica
2010:(southern
1979:, such as
1977:subduction
1853:orthogonal
1845:Ordovician
1829:pure shear
1813:Palaeozoic
1809:subduction
1801:Galway Bay
1771:Cushendall
1696:Line is a
1674:shear zone
1672:sinistral
1647:batholiths
1577:orthogonal
1537:turbidite
1512:turbidites
1508:overthrust
1497:shear zone
1462:Manx Group
1443:Palaeozoic
1441:The Early
1435:See also:
1347:monoclines
1337:(BVG) and
1296:Ordovician
1266:subduction
1188:See also:
1116:subduction
1108:subduction
1104:convergent
1070:orthogonal
1066:subduction
969:, and the
944:subduction
764:See also:
758:See also:
716:Baltic Sea
621:Baltic Sea
613:Ordovician
539:island arc
401:Ordovician
389:Shropshire
378:island arc
316:Ordovician
284:ridge push
280:subduction
268:subduction
245:Ordovician
153:Émile Haug
140:geologist
121:collided.
92:Ordovician
4602:0016-7649
4565:0012-821X
4524:0091-7613
4469:0012-8252
4425:0040-1951
4388:0016-7649
4353:(9): 1–3.
4335:0016-7649
4298:0263-4929
4268:models".
4260:2597-2944
4212:0305-8719
4136:1342-937X
4098:1437-3254
4060:0012-8252
4023:0040-1951
3994:0016-7649
3948:0016-7878
3904:0039-3169
3860:0016-7649
3776:1460-2415
3746:1342-937X
3702:1437-3254
3659:0016-7649
3614:0954-4879
3577:0012-8252
3534:0008-4077
3495:: 12633.
3484:0016-7649
3447:0040-1951
3410:0315-0941
3341:1947-4253
3303:0016-7649
3273:0191-8141
3244:0040-1951
3207:1342-937X
3170:0305-8719
3133:0016-7568
3089:0435-4052
2988:0016-7568
2447:McKerrow
2397:Walcheren
2221:Pomerania
2152:Greenland
2111:Australia
2024:Armorican
1996:Greenland
1981:ophiolite
1961:Irish Sea
1949:lineament
1889:batholith
1837:lineation
1769:rocks by
1738:regional
1698:lineament
1690:Fair Head
1678:batholith
1659:Dalradian
1605:sinistral
1520:Laurentia
1470:sinistral
1451:Irish Sea
1420:batholith
1416:Monocline
1389:creating
1355:synclines
1351:anticline
1288:cleavages
1255:cleavages
1251:sinistral
1212:Irish Sea
1155:magmatism
1136:sinistral
1124:magmatism
1086:Turbidite
1032:intrusive
961:to Early
896:Dalradian
876:batholith
845:Highlands
826:thrusting
811:sinistral
803:Greenland
772:Greenland
736:Black Sea
710:close to
708:North Sea
575:Maritimes
564:Laurentia
501:converged
409:Anticline
276:slab pull
260:spreading
243:or Early
196:Laurentia
132:name for
126:Caledonia
108:Laurentia
106:when the
94:to Early
4660:Archived
3625:(2000).
2926:: 7149.
2565:Torsvik
2391:and the
2365:Ardennes
2264:Ardennes
2217:Koszalin
2203:and the
2160:Scotland
2156:Svalbard
2138:and the
2062:See also
2012:Portugal
2008:Armorica
1928:sediment
1920:Devonian
1916:detritus
1849:Silurian
1833:cleavage
1795:and the
1793:Scotland
1748:syncline
1744:Silurian
1694:Clew Bay
1686:Devonian
1666:basement
1655:Scotland
1632:Silurian
1628:Cambrian
1616:Devonian
1597:terranes
1562:cleavage
1516:Avalonia
1485:cleavage
1464:and the
1406:cleavage
1383:basement
1375:Silurian
1358:locally.
1320:Scotland
1280:mudrocks
1234:and the
1216:Anglesey
1094:Silurian
1078:cleavage
1047:Scotland
1014:Gondwana
1001:Variscan
971:Maritime
963:Devonian
959:Silurian
936:Devonian
920:Scotland
900:Shetland
894:and the
867:and the
865:Galloway
853:Ben Hope
841:Hebrides
837:Scotland
792:Devonian
788:Silurian
746:and the
744:Variscan
680:magmatic
676:basement
653:Ardennes
573:and the
517:Devonian
513:Silurian
445:Devonian
441:Silurian
421:Devonian
417:Cambrian
413:Syncline
363:Cambrian
324:Devonian
320:Silurian
312:Cambrian
256:Amazonia
249:Avalonia
192:Gondwana
165:tectonic
146:Devonian
138:Austrian
134:Scotland
116:Avalonia
96:Devonian
80:Svalbard
40:Devonian
4582:Bibcode
4545:Bibcode
4504:Bibcode
4496:Geology
4449:Bibcode
4405:Bibcode
4368:Bibcode
4315:Bibcode
4278:Bibcode
4192:Bibcode
4116:Bibcode
4078:Bibcode
4040:Bibcode
3974:Bibcode
3928:Bibcode
3884:Bibcode
3830:Bibcode
3797:Bibcode
3789:Geology
3726:Bibcode
3680:Bibcode
3639:Bibcode
3594:Bibcode
3555:Bibcode
3497:Bibcode
3464:Bibcode
3427:Bibcode
3321:Bibcode
3224:Bibcode
3187:Bibcode
3150:Bibcode
3113:Bibcode
2968:Bibcode
2928:Bibcode
2405:Zeeland
2381:Brabant
2327:in the
2321:Rutland
2284:Ireland
2276:England
2268:Belgium
2260:Germany
2201:Denmark
2193:Moldova
2189:Ukraine
2185:Belarus
2164:Ireland
1959:on the
1947:is the
1906:In the
1891:in the
1885:Granite
1857:oblique
1789:terrane
1750:in the
1736:ductile
1670:ductile
1639:cleaved
1601:oblique
1591:Ireland
1570:bedding
1566:verging
1531:terrane
1499:in the
1489:ductile
1449:in the
1402:outcrop
1343:caldera
1330:faults.
1273:England
1259:Folding
1224:Ireland
1200:England
1196:terrane
1157:rates.
1055:Ireland
1051:England
1043:terrane
1038:in the
1028:terrane
955:Acadian
928:England
924:Ireland
880:England
830:folding
786:of the
740:Sudetes
732:Ukraine
712:Denmark
672:Belgium
670:and in
668:England
645:Belgium
637:Germany
629:Silesia
617:Denmark
591:dextral
579:Baltica
547:England
543:Ireland
453:dextral
439:of the
425:Folding
336:Acadian
332:Taconic
262:of the
220:of the
218:opening
214:drifted
200:Baltica
185:Rodinia
179:In the
112:Baltica
88:orogeny
36:Acadian
4621:
4600:
4563:
4522:
4467:
4423:
4386:
4333:
4296:
4258:
4210:
4171:
4134:
4096:
4058:
4021:
3992:
3946:
3902:
3858:
3774:
3744:
3700:
3657:
3612:
3575:
3532:
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