2337:
2254:
2299:
2269:
2224:
2352:
2382:
2367:
2209:
2239:
2864:
1505:
2284:
2886:
293:
39:
285:
140:
373:
Subduction evolved along the shores of
Gondwana, which caused Avalonia to rift away and begin its northbound journey towards Baltica during late Cambrian and Early Ordovician. The Rheic Ocean opened behind the Avalonian microcontinents. This independent movement of Avalonia started from a latitude
179:
Avalonia is the largest of the peri-Gondwanan terranes, a series of continental blocks that more or less simultaneously broke off the margins of the southern supercontinent
Gondwana and therefore share an early Paleozoic marine fauna. They were pulled northward and eventually collided to form the
296:
Location of the
Caledonian/Acadian mountain chains in the Early Devonian Epoch. Present day coastlines are shown for reference. Red lines are sutures, capitalized names are the different continents/super-terranes that joined during the Caledonian
447:, drifted in from Gondwana, trapping Avalonia between it and the continent so adding Iberia/Armorica to Euramerica. This was followed up by the arrival of Gondwana. The effects of these collisions are seen in Europe as the
171:
in the 1980s, Avalonia has been referred to as "platform", "composite terrane", "superterrane", "East" and "West
Avalonia", and "Avalon sensu lato". "Avalonia" can thus refer exclusively to rocks in Newfoundland (Avalonia
166:
in 1964, he included only
Precambrian rocks in eastern Newfoundland. More than a decade later he extended the term to include all exotic rocks from Newfoundland down to Rhode Island. Since the introduction of the term
370:. Avalonia and Gondwana must therefore have been located far from each other during this period. The two did, however, share a geological history from later in the early Cambrian until the mid-Orodovician.
837:"Greater Avalonia—latest Ediacaran–Ordovician "peribaltic" terrane bounded by continental margin prisms ("Ganderia," Harlech Dome, Meguma): Review, tectonic implications, and paleogeography"
195:
Other Peri-Gondwanan terranes, sometimes called "Greater
Avalonia", include Carolina in the Appalachian and the deep bedrock of Florida in North America, Oaxaquia and
233:
Part of the
British-Belgian section formed an island in the Carboniferous, affecting the disposition of coalfields; this is known by names such as the '
451:. In North America it shows as later phases of the Acadian orogeny. This was happening at around the Equator during the later Carboniferous, forming
192:. West Avalonia, in North America, stretches from New England to Atlantic Canada, and East Avalonia, in Europe, from southern Britain to Brabant.
143:
The terranes of
Avalonia with modern borders for orientation: 1 Laurentia; 2 Baltica; 3 Proto-Tethys Ocean; 4 Western Avalonia; 5 Eastern Avalonia.
887:"Reconstructing the Avalonia palaeocontinent in the Cambrian: A 519 Ma caliche in South Wales and transcontinental middle Terreneuvian sandstones"
802:"Ediacaran–Middle Paleozoic oceanic voyage of Avalonia from Baltica via Gondwana to Laurentia: Paleomagnetic, faunal and geological constraints"
2981:
2951:
2172:
1008:
Pollock, J. C.; Hibbard, J. P.; van Staal, C. R. (2012). "A paleogeographical review of the peri-Gondwanan realm of the
Appalachian orogen".
222:
The
Avalonian part of Great Britain almost exactly coincides with England and Wales. Elsewhere in Europe, parts of Avalonia are found in the
354:
During the Precambrian-Cambrian transition, Avalonia was located in a cool-water environment and even underwent a glaciation. The Moroccan
398:
1146:
424:. At the completion of this stage, the site of Britain was at 30°S and Nova Scotia at about 45°S. This collision is represented by the
226:
of Belgium and north-eastern France, north Germany, north-western Poland, south-eastern Ireland, and the south-western edge of the
1999:
420:, beginning with the long extremity of Avalonia, which is now attached to North America. The result of this was the formation of
1119:
776:
1070:
402:
1703:
2976:
2946:
2165:
1206:
215:
are sometimes grouped with Avalonia because they were transferred together across the Iapetus Ocean. Sometimes the
2931:
484:
was later rotated away again as the African part of Gondwana strike-slipped past it. This last movement caused the
481:
2971:
2941:
2044:
1139:
801:
385:, during the Late Ordovician. In Avalonia, folding, faulting, and volcanism followed – as evidenced in the
81:
961:
2916:
2874:
1796:
1575:
1447:
1226:
386:
20:
2780:
2158:
2104:
1746:
1731:
1721:
1265:
1236:
2966:
2936:
2921:
2740:
1457:
163:
1688:
1492:
1360:
1355:
1132:
2956:
2926:
2685:
2675:
2428:
1776:
343:
Avalonia originally developed along the shores of Rodinia together with island arcs now found in the
158:: IE: Ireland; UK: United Kingdom; FR: France; BE: Belgium; NL: Netherlands; DE: Germany; PL: Poland
2894:
2660:
1904:
1826:
1673:
1320:
148:: United States; CT: Connecticut; MA: Massachusetts; NH: New Hampshire; ME: Maine; RI: Rhode-Island
2717:
2712:
2114:
1683:
351:
in central Brazil (950–900 Ma) and the basement of Avalonia is most likely of the same age.
32:
934:
2655:
1658:
1653:
1620:
1432:
2540:
2448:
2258:
2253:
1856:
1741:
1402:
1350:
1330:
1305:
1191:
344:
249:
234:
89:
1736:
976:
Murphy, J. B.; Pisarevsky, S. A.; Nance, R. D.; Keppie, J. D. (2001). Jessell, M. J. (ed.).
2879:
2634:
2525:
1957:
1952:
1615:
1472:
1370:
1325:
1085:
1042:
949:
898:
848:
501:
261:
8:
2889:
2836:
2626:
2585:
2099:
2054:
2029:
1986:
1851:
1786:
1756:
1648:
1560:
1540:
1482:
1477:
1462:
1417:
1412:
1387:
1375:
1211:
1163:
329:
181:
153:: Canada; NB: New Brunswick; NFL: Newfoundland; NS: Nova-Scotia; PE: Prince Edward Island
2545:
1253:
1089:
1046:
953:
902:
852:
2744:
2590:
2570:
2124:
2004:
1846:
1698:
1585:
1550:
1452:
1442:
1392:
1340:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1270:
1248:
1243:
1231:
1216:
1201:
1196:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
914:
866:
425:
306:
302:
185:
1097:
1054:
405:
occurred in Laurentia. This Late Ordovician magmatism peaked between 457 and 449 Ma.
2961:
2811:
2665:
2630:
2084:
1937:
1678:
1487:
1437:
1427:
1407:
1397:
1382:
1365:
1345:
1315:
1310:
1299:
1275:
1260:
1221:
1155:
1030:
977:
918:
886:
870:
836:
751:
513:
440:
322:
241:
by influencing the subsequent crustal folding resulting from the Variscan collision.
227:
127:. When Pangea broke up, Avalonia's remains were divided by the rift which became the
28:
861:
393:
deformation in Laurentia – some or all of which are related to the collision.
2826:
2800:
2490:
1972:
1967:
1884:
1781:
1726:
1663:
1630:
1605:
1600:
1580:
1570:
1545:
1513:
1467:
1422:
1335:
1295:
1093:
1050:
1017:
989:
957:
906:
856:
816:
448:
394:
333:
310:
245:
238:
237:'. Its bulk had an effect on the geological structure between the Ardennes and the
189:
85:
2119:
933:
McNamara, A. K.; Mac Niocaill, C.; van der Pluijm, B. A.; Van der Voo, R. (2001).
2816:
2786:
2727:
2550:
2094:
1994:
1889:
1836:
1801:
1766:
1625:
1610:
1595:
1565:
1530:
820:
429:
390:
348:
77:
19:
This article is about the prehistoric continent. For the software framework, see
2863:
1668:
2748:
2468:
2422:
2049:
2039:
2024:
1894:
1879:
1871:
1866:
1806:
1640:
1590:
1555:
1535:
993:
500:. As a result of this, part of Avalonia is now to be found on each side of the
485:
216:
128:
73:
50:
910:
2910:
2765:
2303:
2298:
2288:
2283:
2079:
2064:
2034:
2009:
1909:
1899:
1816:
1771:
1713:
932:
835:
Landing, E.; Keppie, J. D.; Keppie, D. F.; Geyer, G.; Westrop, S. R. (2022).
600:
471:
444:
436:
382:
253:
200:
112:
69:
61:
2139:
2868:
2821:
2555:
2530:
2341:
2336:
2129:
1962:
1821:
1504:
397:
resulted from the subduction beneath Avalonia and produced thick layers of
314:
269:
96:
663:, Avalonia and Baltica and the tale of convergence K-bentonites, pp. 77-80
2722:
2690:
2680:
2109:
1919:
1914:
1841:
1811:
1693:
367:
363:
273:
257:
108:
935:"West African proximity of the Avalon terrane in the latest Precambrian"
2760:
2670:
2650:
2500:
2228:
2223:
2089:
2069:
1791:
775:
Golonka, J.; Krobicki, M.; Poprawa, P.; Paul, Z.; Khudoley, A. (2009).
467:
421:
355:
196:
2150:
60:. Crustal fragments of this former microcontinent underlie south-west
2831:
2695:
2645:
2565:
2560:
2505:
2438:
2181:
2014:
1831:
417:
359:
212:
120:
54:
24:
1124:
1021:
978:"Animated history of Avalonia in Neoproterozoic - Early Proterozoic"
455:
with Avalonia near its centre but partially flooded by shallow sea.
2755:
2640:
2520:
2473:
2458:
2443:
2433:
2356:
2351:
2019:
497:
489:
463:
459:
413:
409:
223:
208:
100:
2775:
2770:
2535:
2515:
2495:
2463:
2453:
2386:
2381:
2371:
2366:
2134:
2074:
2059:
1947:
1929:
1522:
493:
475:
452:
378:
325:
318:
292:
284:
204:
168:
116:
65:
38:
416:, the combined Baltica and Avalonia collided progressively with
2806:
2575:
2273:
2268:
2213:
2208:
340:. About 650 Ma the Avalonian belt collided with Gondwana.
337:
288:
Avalonia on its journey to Baltica at 480 Ma (Early Ordovician)
124:
264:. In the United States, Avalonia consists of northern coastal
162:
When the term "Avalon" was first coined by Canadian geologist
2580:
2185:
265:
2243:
2238:
975:
962:
10.1130/0016-7606(2001)113<1161:WAPOTA>2.0.CO;2
588:
552:
139:
104:
774:
636:
358:
range in West Gondwana was, in contrast, characterised by
123:, and finally with Gondwana, ending up in the interior of
57:
834:
579:, Avalonia as zone, terrane, and microcontinent, pp. 4–6
576:
466:
and Gondwana, with Avalonia as part of Laurasia. In the
1007:
885:
Landing, E. D.; Westrop, S. R.; Bowring, S. A. (2013).
777:"Early Paleozoic evolution of the peri-Gondwana plates"
537:
176:), an assembly of terranes, or a single tectonic unit.
884:
624:
1031:"A Cordilleran model for the evolution of Avalonia"
1029:Nance, R. D.; Murphy, J. B.; Keppie, J. D. (2002).
309:, proto-Avalonia most likely evolved together with
548:
546:
1028:
612:
115:shrank in front. It collided with the continents
72:. It is the source of many of the older rocks of
2908:
1071:"The Tornquist Sea and Baltica–Avalonia docking"
1068:
660:
42:Current extent of Avalonia highlighted in yellow
543:
107:off, becoming a drifting microcontinent. The
2166:
1140:
1120:Map showing Avalonia in the Ordovician Period
428:or in North America as an early phase in the
799:
564:
305:of Avalonia is poorly known, but, based on
2173:
2159:
1147:
1133:
615:, Development of proto-Avalonia, pp. 13–16
377:The eastern end of Avalonia collided with
1069:Torsvik, T. H.; Rehnström, E. F. (2003).
860:
540:, Avalonia: Definition and extent, p. 267
439:, the new continent and another terrane,
752:"Plate-tectonic maps of the Phanerozoic"
291:
283:
203:in Central America. The North American
138:
37:
2180:
749:
732:
720:
708:
696:
684:
672:
648:
2909:
942:Geological Society of America Bulletin
2154:
1154:
1128:
538:Pollock, Hibbard & van Staal 2012
317:far offshore from the supercontinent
2982:Ordovician Newfoundland and Labrador
2952:Geology of Newfoundland and Labrador
639:, The Rifting of Avalonian terranes
625:Landing, Westrop & Bowring 2013
401:in southwestern Baltica, while the
381:at 30°S, an event which closed the
16:Microcontinent in the Paleozoic era
13:
1010:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
478:with Avalonia split between them.
244:In Canada, Avalonia comprises the
14:
2993:
1113:
219:in Nova Scotia is also included.
31:. For other uses for Avalon, see
2885:
2884:
2862:
2380:
2365:
2350:
2335:
2297:
2282:
2267:
2252:
2237:
2222:
2207:
1503:
272:, and other sections of coastal
2708:Possible future supercontinents
982:Journal of the Virtual Explorer
862:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103863
800:Keppie, J.; Keppie, D. (2014).
726:
714:
702:
690:
678:
666:
654:
642:
613:Nance, Murphy & Keppie 2002
630:
618:
606:
594:
582:
570:
558:
531:
279:
27:. For the fictional city, see
1:
1797:European Cenozoic Rift System
1098:10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00631-5
1055:10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00187-7
519:
488:including the raising of the
21:Avalonia (software framework)
2486:Other prehistoric continents
821:10.12789/geocanj.2014.41.039
661:Torsvik & Rehnström 2003
84:. Avalonia is named for the
7:
1987:UNESCO World Heritage Sites
555:, Geological Setting, p. 46
507:
68:, and the eastern coast of
10:
2998:
994:10.3809/jvirtex.2001.00026
742:
111:formed behind it, and the
99:on the northern margin of
18:
2854:
2612:
2608:
2407:
2403:
2324:
2320:
2196:
2192:
1985:
1928:
1865:
1755:
1712:
1639:
1521:
1512:
1501:
1162:
980:. General Contributions.
911:10.1017/S0016756813000228
756:SEPM Special Publications
470:, Laurasia broke up into
134:
2977:Ordovician New Brunswick
2947:Geology of New Brunswick
2895:Chronology of continents
1905:Jan Mayen Microcontinent
565:Keppie & Keppie 2014
524:
95:Avalonia developed as a
23:. For the dinosaur, see
2932:Paleozoic North America
1847:Peri-Caspian Depression
1576:Hallandian-Danopolonian
321:, most likely outboard
313:about 800 Ma from
33:Avalon (disambiguation)
2972:Ordovician Nova Scotia
2942:Geology of Nova Scotia
2656:Great Australian Bight
1689:Scandinavian Mountains
1207:Bosnia and Herzegovina
347:(900–700 Ma) and
298:
289:
159:
43:
2917:Historical continents
1857:White Sea Rift System
841:Earth-Science Reviews
462:, Pangaea split into
345:Arabian-Nubian Shield
295:
287:
235:London-Brabant Island
142:
82:coastal United States
41:
2880:Continental fragment
2875:Regions of the world
1963:Fennoscandian Craton
1958:East European Craton
750:Golonka, J. (2002).
601:McNamara et al. 2001
567:, Introduction, p. 6
502:Straits of Gibraltar
374:of about 60° South.
332:affinities, such as
262:Prince Edward Island
2837:Indian Subcontinent
2627:Submerged continent
1852:Timan-Pechora Basin
1787:Dnieper–Donets Rift
1704:Western Carpathians
1090:2003Tectp.362...67T
1047:2002Tectp.352...11N
954:2001GSAB..113.1161M
903:2013GeoM..150.1022L
891:Geological Magazine
853:2022ESRv..22403863L
637:Golonka et al. 2009
591:, 800-625 Ma, p. 50
577:Landing et al. 2022
199:in Mexico, and the
80:, and parts of the
2967:Ordovician England
2937:Geology of England
2922:Ordovician geology
2618:
2413:
2330:
2202:
2005:Calanques de Piana
1759:basins and grabens
589:Murphy et al. 2001
553:Murphy et al. 2001
426:Caledonian folding
403:Millbrig eruptions
299:
290:
160:
44:
2904:
2903:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2666:Kerguelen Plateau
2604:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2148:
2147:
2085:Monte San Giorgio
1981:
1980:
1938:Armorican terrane
1742:Mediterranean Sea
1156:Geology of Europe
809:Geoscience Canada
514:Armorican terrane
395:Plinian eruptions
307:isotopic analyses
228:Iberian Peninsula
29:LittleBigPlanet 2
2989:
2957:Geology of Wales
2927:Paleozoic Europe
2888:
2887:
2869:World portal
2867:
2866:
2804:
2753:
2710:
2638:
2615:
2614:
2610:
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2410:
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2211:
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2193:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2152:
2151:
2045:Jungfrau-Aletsch
2030:Giant's Causeway
1968:Sarmatian Craton
1885:Aegean Sea Plate
1782:Central Lowlands
1777:Baltic Sea Basin
1757:Intracontinental
1519:
1518:
1514:Geologic regions
1507:
1458:Northern Ireland
1149:
1142:
1135:
1126:
1125:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1025:
1004:
1002:
1000:
972:
970:
968:
948:(9): 1161–1170.
939:
929:
927:
925:
897:(6): 1022–1046.
881:
879:
877:
864:
831:
829:
827:
806:
796:
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792:
771:
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550:
541:
535:
449:Variscan folding
387:Welsh Borderland
328:of more obvious
246:Avalon Peninsula
239:English Midlands
190:Variscan orogens
103:. It eventually
86:Avalon Peninsula
2997:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2899:
2861:
2846:
2841:
2827:Eastern Siberia
2817:Central America
2805:
2798:
2792:
2787:Terra Australis
2754:
2738:
2732:
2728:Pangaea Proxima
2711:
2706:
2700:
2639:
2635:microcontinents
2624:
2600:
2595:
2541:East Antarctica
2489:
2484:
2478:
2427:
2423:supercontinents
2419:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2375:
2370:
2360:
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2345:
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2257:
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2232:
2227:
2217:
2212:
2188:
2179:
2149:
2144:
1995:Aeolian Islands
1977:
1924:
1890:Anatolian Plate
1872:microcontinents
1870:
1867:Tectonic plates
1861:
1837:Pannonian Basin
1827:North Sea Basin
1802:Hellenic Trench
1767:Aquitaine Basin
1758:
1751:
1708:
1641:Mountain ranges
1635:
1508:
1499:
1361:North Macedonia
1158:
1153:
1116:
1111:
1102:
1100:
1073:
1059:
1057:
1022:10.1139/e11-049
998:
996:
966:
964:
937:
923:
921:
875:
873:
825:
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804:
790:
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763:
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719:
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587:
583:
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571:
563:
559:
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544:
536:
532:
527:
522:
510:
443:which included
430:Acadian orogeny
282:
164:Harold Williams
154:
149:
144:
137:
78:Atlantic Canada
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2995:
2985:
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2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2822:Eastern Africa
2819:
2814:
2809:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2783:
2778:
2773:
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2250:
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2197:
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2097:
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2062:
2057:
2052:
2050:Jurassic Coast
2047:
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2037:
2032:
2027:
2025:Geirangerfjord
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1979:
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1940:
1934:
1932:
1926:
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1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1895:Eurasian Plate
1892:
1887:
1882:
1880:Adriatic Plate
1876:
1874:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
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1809:
1807:Limagne Graben
1804:
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1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1763:
1761:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1722:Atlantic Ocean
1718:
1716:
1714:Oceanic basins
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1696:
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1686:
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1674:Massif Central
1671:
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1621:Sveconorwegian
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1465:
1460:
1455:
1448:United Kingdom
1445:
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1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
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1343:
1338:
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1328:
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1303:
1293:
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1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1246:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1229:
1227:Czech Republic
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
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1199:
1194:
1189:
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1179:
1174:
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1160:
1159:
1152:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1115:
1114:External links
1112:
1110:
1109:
1084:(1–4): 67–82.
1078:Tectonophysics
1066:
1041:(1–2): 11–31.
1035:Tectonophysics
1026:
1016:(1): 259–288.
1005:
973:
930:
882:
832:
797:
787:(2/1): 339–343
772:
746:
744:
741:
738:
737:
725:
713:
701:
689:
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665:
653:
641:
629:
627:, Introduction
617:
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581:
569:
557:
542:
529:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
517:
516:
509:
506:
486:Alpine orogeny
362:, evidence of
281:
278:
217:Meguma terrane
136:
133:
129:Atlantic Ocean
74:Western Europe
51:microcontinent
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2994:
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2802:
2801:Subcontinents
2797:
2796:
2794:
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2788:
2784:
2782:
2779:
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2774:
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2769:
2767:
2766:Kumari Kandam
2764:
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2332:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2306:
2305:
2304:South America
2300:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2289:North America
2285:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2246:
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2240:
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2080:Monte Perdido
2078:
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2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2010:Curonian Spit
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
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1944:
1941:
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1936:
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1931:
1927:
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1918:
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1911:
1910:Moesian Plate
1908:
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1900:Iberian Plate
1898:
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1817:Molasse Basin
1815:
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1772:Barents Basin
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1747:Norwegian Sea
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1732:Bay of Biscay
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1679:Ore Mountains
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1321:Liechtenstein
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621:
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578:
573:
566:
561:
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539:
534:
530:
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512:
511:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
477:
473:
472:North America
469:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
437:Carboniferous
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
383:Tornquist Sea
380:
375:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
352:
350:
346:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
324:
320:
316:
315:volcanic arcs
312:
308:
304:
294:
286:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
254:New Brunswick
251:
248:of southeast
247:
242:
240:
236:
231:
229:
225:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
201:Chortis Block
198:
193:
191:
187:
183:
177:
175:
174:sensu stricto
170:
165:
157:
152:
147:
141:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
113:Iapetus Ocean
110:
106:
102:
98:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
70:North America
67:
63:
62:Great Britain
59:
56:
52:
48:
40:
34:
30:
26:
22:
2860:
2799:
2785:
2749:hypothesised
2739:
2707:
2625:
2556:Kazakhstania
2531:Congo Craton
2510:
2485:
2421:Prehistoric
2420:
2379:
2364:
2349:
2342:Afro-Eurasia
2334:
2296:
2281:
2266:
2251:
2236:
2221:
2206:
2130:Stevns Klint
1973:Volgo–Uralia
1942:
1822:Moscow Basin
1727:Arctic Ocean
1664:Dinaric Alps
1616:Svecofennian
1101:. Retrieved
1081:
1077:
1058:. Retrieved
1038:
1034:
1013:
1009:
997:. Retrieved
985:
981:
965:. Retrieved
945:
941:
922:. Retrieved
894:
890:
874:. Retrieved
844:
840:
824:. Retrieved
812:
808:
789:. Retrieved
784:
780:
764:. Retrieved
759:
755:
733:Golonka 2002
728:
721:Golonka 2002
716:
709:Golonka 2002
704:
697:Golonka 2002
692:
685:Golonka 2002
680:
673:Golonka 2002
668:
656:
649:Golonka 2002
644:
632:
620:
608:
596:
584:
572:
560:
533:
480:
457:
434:
408:In the late
407:
376:
372:
368:thrombolites
353:
342:
330:West African
300:
270:Rhode Island
250:Newfoundland
243:
232:
221:
194:
178:
173:
161:
155:
150:
145:
97:volcanic arc
94:
90:Newfoundland
46:
45:
2723:Novopangaea
2591:South China
2571:North China
2140:Thingvellir
2110:Rhine Gorge
1920:Tisza Plate
1915:Pelso Plate
1842:Paris Basin
1812:Mezen Basin
1561:Dalslandian
1493:Isle of Man
1433:Switzerland
1356:Netherlands
999:28 November
815:(1): 5–18.
762:(72): 21–75
492:during the
399:K-bentonite
364:desiccation
323:continental
280:Development
274:New England
258:Nova Scotia
252:, southern
182:Appalachian
109:Rheic Ocean
64:, southern
2911:Categories
2859:See also:
2761:Hyperborea
2751:continents
2686:Seychelles
2671:Madagascar
2651:Doggerland
2546:Euramerica
2501:Asiamerica
2229:Antarctica
2182:Continents
2095:Nærøyfjord
2090:Mount Etna
2070:Messel Pit
2040:High Coast
1792:Ebro Basin
1586:Laxfordian
1556:Carpathian
1551:Caledonian
1541:Belomorian
1403:San Marino
1351:Montenegro
1331:Luxembourg
1306:Kazakhstan
1192:Azerbaijan
847:: 103863.
603:, Abstract
520:References
468:Cretaceous
422:Euramerica
412:and lower
366:, and had
360:evaporites
356:Anti-Atlas
256:, part of
186:Caledonide
2832:Greenland
2696:Zealandia
2661:Jan Mayen
2646:Cathaysia
2566:Laurentia
2561:Laramidia
2551:Kalaharia
2506:Atlantica
2439:Kenorland
2259:Australia
2015:Dolomites
1832:Oslo Rift
1737:Black Sea
1654:Apennines
1473:Gibraltar
1371:Jan Mayen
1326:Lithuania
1164:Countries
1060:13 August
988:: 45–58.
967:16 August
919:130093312
871:244654428
735:, Fig. 38
723:, Fig. 31
711:, Fig. 26
699:, Fig. 17
687:, Fig. 16
418:Laurentia
349:Tocantins
268:, all of
213:Carolinia
121:Laurentia
55:Paleozoic
25:Camelotia
2962:Terranes
2890:Category
2756:Atlantis
2741:Mythical
2676:Mauritia
2641:Beringia
2526:Cimmeria
2521:Chilenia
2511:Avalonia
2491:Amazonia
2474:Vaalbara
2459:Pannotia
2444:Laurasia
2434:Gondwana
2429:Columbia
2357:Americas
2125:St Kilda
2115:Scandola
2105:Plitvice
2020:Durmitor
2000:Aggtelek
1953:Cimmeria
1943:Avalonia
1930:Terranes
1684:Pyrenees
1659:Caucasus
1631:Variscan
1611:Timanide
1606:Scourian
1601:Scandian
1581:Hellenic
1571:Grampian
1546:Cadomian
1483:Guernsey
1478:Alderney
1463:Scotland
1418:Slovenia
1413:Slovakia
1388:Portugal
1376:Svalbard
1212:Bulgaria
791:18 April
781:Geologia
675:, Fig. 8
651:, Fig. 6
508:See also
498:Pliocene
490:Pyrenees
464:Laurasia
460:Jurassic
441:Armorica
414:Devonian
410:Silurian
389:and the
326:terranes
311:Carolina
303:basement
297:orogeny.
224:Ardennes
209:Ganderia
205:terranes
101:Gondwana
47:Avalonia
2776:Meropis
2771:Lemuria
2586:Siberia
2536:Cuyania
2516:Baltica
2496:Arctica
2464:Rodinia
2454:Pangaea
2387:Oceania
2372:Eurasia
2135:Surtsey
2120:Ĺ kocjan
2075:Meteora
2065:Laponia
2060:Kvarken
1948:Baltica
1694:Sudetes
1626:Uralian
1596:Saamian
1566:Gothian
1531:Acadian
1523:Orogens
1453:England
1443:Ukraine
1393:Romania
1341:Moldova
1291:Ireland
1286:Iceland
1281:Hungary
1271:Germany
1266:Georgia
1249:Finland
1244:Estonia
1232:Denmark
1217:Croatia
1202:Belgium
1197:Belarus
1187:Austria
1182:Armenia
1177:Andorra
1172:Albania
1103:22 July
1086:Bibcode
1043:Bibcode
950:Bibcode
924:10 July
899:Bibcode
876:23 July
849:Bibcode
826:21 July
766:15 July
743:Sources
494:Miocene
476:Eurasia
458:In the
453:Pangaea
435:In the
391:Taconic
379:Baltica
334:Cadomia
319:Rodinia
197:Yucatán
169:terrane
119:, then
117:Baltica
66:Ireland
53:in the
2812:Arabia
2807:Alaska
2747:, and
2718:Aurica
2713:Amasia
2576:Pampia
2274:Europe
2214:Africa
2035:Glarus
1591:Lopian
1536:Alpine
1488:Jersey
1438:Turkey
1428:Sweden
1408:Serbia
1398:Russia
1383:Poland
1366:Norway
1346:Monaco
1316:Latvia
1311:Kosovo
1300:Sicily
1276:Greece
1261:France
1222:Cyprus
917:
869:
482:Iberia
445:Iberia
338:Iberia
260:, and
188:, and
156:Europe
135:Extent
125:Pangea
105:rifted
49:was a
2691:Sunda
2681:Sahul
2631:lands
2581:Sahul
2186:Earth
2100:Pirin
1699:Urals
1468:Wales
1423:Spain
1336:Malta
1296:Italy
1074:(PDF)
938:(PDF)
915:S2CID
867:S2CID
805:(PDF)
525:Notes
266:Maine
2745:lost
2633:and
2449:Nena
2244:Asia
2055:Komi
1669:Harz
1649:Alps
1105:2022
1062:2022
1001:2015
969:2018
926:2022
878:2022
828:2022
793:2022
768:2022
496:and
474:and
336:and
301:The
211:and
2184:of
1869:and
1094:doi
1082:362
1051:doi
1039:352
1018:doi
990:doi
958:doi
946:113
907:doi
895:150
857:doi
845:224
817:doi
207:of
88:in
58:era
2913::
2781:Mu
2743:,
2469:Ur
1092:.
1080:.
1076:.
1049:.
1037:.
1033:.
1014:49
1012:.
984:.
956:.
944:.
940:.
913:.
905:.
893:.
889:.
865:.
855:.
843:.
839:.
813:41
811:.
807:.
785:35
783:.
779:.
760:72
758:.
754:.
545:^
504:.
432:.
276:.
230:.
184:,
151:CA
146:US
131:.
92:.
76:,
2629:/
2174:e
2167:t
2160:v
1302:)
1298:(
1148:e
1141:t
1134:v
1107:.
1096::
1088::
1064:.
1053::
1045::
1024:.
1020::
1003:.
992::
986:3
971:.
960::
952::
928:.
909::
901::
880:.
859::
851::
830:.
819::
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770:.
35:.
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