2926:
2843:
2888:
2858:
2813:
2941:
2971:
2956:
2798:
2828:
3453:
45:
2873:
3475:
607:
650:
500:
835:. It moved as a coherent unit after the breakup of Pangaea. The Atlantic and Gulf Coasts experienced eight transgressions in the Cenozoic. The Laramide orogeny continued to raise the present Rocky Mountains into the Paleocene. The Western Cordillera continued to suffer tectonic deformation, including the formation of the
561:. Sedimentary rocks that were deposited on top of the basement complex were formed in a setting of quiet marine and river waters. The craton was covered by shallow, warm, tropical epicontinental or epicratonic sea (meaning literally "on the craton") that had maximum depths of only about 60 m (200 ft) at the
586:
Ma) on
Laurentia has been determined via extensive shell bed records. Flooding of the continent that occurred during the Ordovician provided the shallow warm waters for the success of sea life and therefore a spike in the carbonate shells of shellfish. Today the beds are composed of fossilized shells
2534:
Iizuka, Tsuyoshi; Komiya, Tsuyoshi; Ueno, Yuichiro; Katayama, Ikuo; Uehara, Yosuke; Maruyama, Shigenori; Hirata, Takafumi; Johnson, Simon P.; Dunkley, Daniel J. (March 2007). "Geology and zircon geochronology of the Acasta Gneiss
Complex, northwestern Canada: New constraints on its tectonothermal
298:
Laurentia first assembled from six or seven large fragments of
Archean crust at around 2.0 to 1.8 Gya. The assembly began when the Slave craton collided with the Rae-Hearne craton, and the Rae-Hearne craton collided shortly after with the Superior Craton. These then merged with several smaller
697:
were raised in the southwestern part of
Laurentia. This has been attributed either to either the collision with Gondwana or subduction under the continental margin from the southwest. Two additional marine transgressions took place during the late Paleozoic: the Kaskaskia and Absaroka.
330:
rather than recycled from older crustal rock. The intense mountain building of the Trans-Hudson orogeny formed thick, stable roots beneath the craton, possibly by a process of "kneading" that allowed low density material to move up and high density material to move down.
906:, an overall warming trend occurred. As indicated by fossilized invertebrates, the western margin of Laurentia was affected by a lasting southward bound cool current. This current contrasted with waters warming in the Texas region. This opposition suggests that, during
542:. There was also violent volcanic activity, including the eruption that produced the Millburg/Big Bentonite ash bed. About 1,140 cubic kilometers (270 cu mi) of ash erupted in this event. However, this does not seem to have triggered any mass extinction.
253:
erosional feature. The strait is floored with continental crust and shows no indications of a thermal event or seaway tectonism. Greenland is composed mostly of crust of
Archean to Proterozoic age, with lower Paleocene shelf formations on its northern margin and
549:. An important feature was the Transcontinental Arch, which ran southwest from the lowlands of the Canadian Shield. The shield and the arch were the only portions of the continent that were above water through much of the early Paleozoic. There were two major
745:
began opening at about 180 Ma. Florida, which had been a part of
Gondwana before the assembly of Pangaea, was left with Laurentia during the opening of the central Atlantic. This former Gondwana fragment includes the Carolina Slate belt and parts of Alabama.
460:
Recent evidence suggests that South
America and Africa never quite joined to Rodinia, though they were located very close to it. Newer reconstructions place Laurentia closer to its present-day orientation, with East Antarctica and Australia to the west,
170:
of
Greenland, which is 3.8 Ga. When subsurface extensions are considered, the wider term Laurentian Shield is more common, not least because large parts of the structure extend outside Canada. In the United States, the craton bedrock is covered with
511:, at the very end of the Proterozoic. This continent broke up again almost at once, and Laurentia rifted away from South America at around 565 Ma to once again become an isolated continent near the equator, separated from Gondwana by the western
597:
shell beds. These beds imply the presence of an equatorial climate belt that was hurricane free which lay inside 10° of the equator. This ecological conclusion matches the previous paleomagnetic findings which confirms this equatorial location.
2458:
Rosenau, Nicholas A.; Herrmann, Achim D.; Leslie, Stephen A. (15 January 2012). "Conodont apatite δ18O values from a platform margin setting, Oklahoma, USA: Implications for initiation of Late
Ordovician icehouse conditions".
681:
beds, including the
Appalachian coal beds in the U.S. Meanwhile, Gondwana had drifted onto the South Pole, and cycles of extensive glaciation produced a characteristic pattern of alternating marine and coal swamp beds called
815:, dividing North America into eastern and western land masses. From time to time, land masses or mountain chains rose up on the distant edges of the craton and then eroded down, shedding their sand across the landscape.
1893:
Huff, Warren D.; Bergström, Stig M.; Kolata, Dennis R. (1 October 1992). "Gigantic Ordovician volcanic ash fall in North America and Europe: Biological, tectonomagmatic, and event-stratigraphic significance".
1566:"Detrital zircon evidence for non-Laurentian provenance, Mesoproterozoic (ca. 1490–1450 Mya) deposition and orogenesis in a reconstructed orogenic belt, northern New Mexico, USA: Defining the Picuris orogeny"
1357:
Dawes, Peter R. (February 2009). "Precambrian-Palaeozoic geology of Smith Sound, Canada and Greenland: key constraint to palaeogeographic reconstructions of northern Laurentia and the North Atlantic region".
632:
The Western Cordillera became a convergent plate margin during the Ordovician, and the Transcontinental Arch became submerged, only to reappear in the Devonian. The Devonian also saw the deposition of the
487:(composed of most of today's southern continents) had rotated away from Laurentia, which was left isolated near the equator. The breakup of Rodinia may have triggered an episode of severe ice ages (the
831:
Northeast Mexico was added to the North American craton relatively recently in geological time. This block was formed from the Mesozoic to nearly the present day, with only small fragments of earlier
1651:
Arlo B. Weil; Rob Van der Voo; Conall Mac Niocaill; Joseph G. Meert (January 1998). "The Proterozoic supercontinent Rodinia: paleomagnetically derived reconstructions for 1100 to 800 Ma".
855:
342:
and other juvenile crust and occasional fragments of older crust (such as the Mojave block). This accretion occurred along the southeastern margin of Laurentia, where there was a long-lived
761:
today. Europe rifted away from North America between 140 and 120 Ma, and Laurentia once again became the core of an independent continent with the opening of the North Atlantic in the
1314:
Burgess, P.M.; Gurnis, M.; Moresi, L. (1997). "Formation of sequences in the cratonic interior of North America by interaction between mantle, eustatic, and stratigraphic processes".
522:
The breakup of Pannotia produced six major continents: Laurentia, Baltica, Kazakhstania, Siberia, China, and Gondwana. Laurentia remained an independent continent until the middle
850:
The southwestern portion of Laurentia consists of Precambrian basement rocks deformed by continental collisions. This area has been subjected to considerable rifting as the
618:
rifted away from Gondwana. By the end of the Ordovician, Avalonia had merged with Baltica, and the two fused to Laurentia at the end of the Silurian (about 420 Ma) in the
2227:
Geological evolution of the Colorado Plateau of eastern Utah and western Colorado, including the San Juan River, Natural Bridges, Canyonlands, Arches, and the Book Cliffs
1686:
Xie, Xiangyang; Manger, Walter L. (February 2022). "Early Carboniferous (Mississippian) intertwining sediment dispersal network across the Laurentian cratonic interior".
1614:
457:
extended along the entire southwest (present southeast) margin of Laurentia, where it had collided with Congo, Amazonia, and Baltica. Laurentia lay along the equator.
385:
beds on the southern margin of the craton. This long episode of accretion doubled the size of Laurentia but produced craton underlain by relatively weak, hydrous, and
2423:
Landing, Ed (15 December 2012). "Time-specific black mudstones and global hyperwarming on the Cambrian–Ordovician slope and shelf of the Laurentia palaeocontinent".
242:
Provinces, is located in the northern two thirds of Laurentia. During the Early Proterozoic they were covered by sediments, most of which has now been eroded away.
421:
Laurentia was formed in a tectonically active world. The subduction under the southeast margin of the continent is thought to have contributed to the formation of
2499:
Clapham, Matthew E. (15 December 2010). "Faunal evidence for a cool boundary current and decoupled regional climate cooling in the Permian of western Laurentia".
2703:
625:
During this time, several small continental fragments merged with other margins of the craton. These included the North Slope of Alaska, which merged during the
530:, several volcanic arcs collided with Laurentia along what is now the Atlantic coast of North America. This caused an episode of mountain-building called the
299:
fragments of Archean crust, including the Wyoming, Medicine Hat, Sask, Marshfield, and Nain blocks. This series of collisions raised the mountains of the
1171:
1137:
2040:
Cocks, L. Robin M.; Torsvik, Trond H. (May 2011). "The Palaeozoic geography of Laurentia and western Laurussia: A stable craton with mobile margins".
898:
conditions, occurred. Due to sea level fluctuation, these intervals led to mudstone deposits on Laurentia that act as a record of events. The late
677:. The mountains were located close to the equator and produced a year-round zone of heavy precipitation that promoted the deposition of extensive
191:. The sequence of sedimentary rocks varies from about 1,000 m to in excess of 6,100 m (3,500–20,000 ft) in thickness. The cratonic rocks are
2761:
2360:
3525:
2574:
Goodge, J. W.; Vervoort, J. D.; Fanning, C. M.; Brecke, D. M.; Farmer, G. L.; Williams, I. S.; Myrow, P. M.; DePaolo, D. J. (2008).
2575:
2018:
545:
Throughout the early Paleozoic, Laurentia was characterized by a tectonically stable interior flooded by the seas, with marginal
2697:
610:
Paleogeography of Earth in the middle Silurian, around 430 Ma. Avalonia and Baltica have fused with Laurentia to form Laurussia.
902:
brought a cooling period, although the extent of this cooling is still debated. More than 100 million years later, in the
1583:
2730:
2691:
2717:
753:
opened during the Late Triassic and Jurassic. This was accompanied by deposition of evaporite beds that later gave rise to
1808:
Dalziel, I. W. (1997). "Neoproterozoic-Paleozoic geography and tectonics: Review, hypothesis, environmental speculation".
1565:
3520:
2316:"Early Cretaceous to Paleocene paleogeography of the Western Interior Seaway: the interaction of eustasy and tectonism"
1268:
729:
The breakup of Pangaea began in the Triassic, with rifting along what is now the east coast of the U.S. that produced
3515:
2754:
2397:
2234:
2144:
1750:
1485:
1441:
629:. Several small crust fragments accreted from the late Devonian through the Mesozoic to form the Western Cordillera.
1067:(23.03 ± 0.05 Ma until today or ending 2.588 Ma), Laurentia, in the form of North America, collided with
1034:(298.9 ± 0.8 to 252.17 ±0.4 Ma), all major continents collided against each other, forming the supercontinent
653:
Paleogeography of Earth in the late Carboniferous, around 310 Ma. Laurussia has fused with Gondwana to form Pangea.
553:(episodes of continental flooding) during the early Paleozoic, the Sauk and the Tippecanoe. During this time, the
2166:(15 September 1993). "Tropical mountains and coal formation: A climate model study of the Westphalian (306 MA)".
262:
formations on its western and eastern margins. The eastern and northern margins were heavily deformed during the
1915:
1829:
1335:
862:. This block of crust consists of Proterozoic to early Paleozoic shelf and Mesozoic arc volcano formations. The
358:
at 1.49 to 1.45 Gya, which may have welded the 1.50 to 1.30 Gya Granite-Rhyolite province to Laurentia; and the
3510:
1160:
701:
The great continental mass of Pangaea strongly affected climate patterns. The Permian was relatively arid, and
2643:
Loewy, S. L.; Dalziel, I. W. D.; Pisarevsky, S.; Connelly, J. N.; Tait, J.; Hanson, R. E.; Bullen, D. (2011).
1989:
Jin, J.; Harper, D. A. T.; Cocks, L. R. M.; McCausland, P. J. A.; Rasmussen, C. M. O.; Sheehan, P. M. (2013).
3463:
706:
1526:
1109:
3369:
2747:
3329:
188:
823:
were deposited at this time, and accretion of crustal fragments continued along the Western Cordillera.
75:, as it is now in the form of North America, although originally it also included the cratonic areas of
710:
507:
There is some evidence that the fragments of Rodinia gathered into another short-lived supercontinent,
154:
rock covering over a million square miles. This includes some of the oldest rock on Earth, such as the
36:
1584:"Enriched Grenvillian lithospheric mantle as a consequence of long-lived subduction beneath Laurentia"
3274:
3264:
3017:
1110:"United Plates of America, The Birth of a Craton: Early Proterozoic Assembly and Growth of Laurentia"
964:
948:
Around 2.1 to 1.84 Ga, when Kenorland broke apart, the Arctican craton was part of the landmass
694:
674:
554:
534:. As the mountains raised by the Taconic orogeny were subsequently eroded, they produced the immense
343:
466:
3483:
3249:
2386:
Sedlock, R.L. (2003). "Geology and tectonics of the Baja California peninsula and adjacent areas".
910:
global warm period, northern and northwestern Pangea (western Laurentia) remained relatively cool.
851:
836:
402:
176:
64:
483:, which is over 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) thick. By 750 Ma the breakup was mostly complete, and
3306:
3301:
843:. The Colorado Plateau was uplifted with remarkably little deformation. The flood basalts of the
808:
690:
362:
at 1.30 to 0.95 Gya, which accreted the 1.30 to 1.00 Gya Llano-Grenville province to Laurentia.
3244:
433:. It was rotated approximately 90 degrees clockwise compared with its modern orientation, with
32:
2576:"A positive test of East Antarctica–Laurentia juxtaposition within the Rodinia supercontinent"
1284:
Fisher, J.H.; et al. (1988). "Michigan basin, Chapter 13: The Geology of North America".
1023:(419.2 ± 2.8 to 358.9 ±2.5 Ma), Laurentia collided against Baltica, forming the landmass
3129:
3037:
2847:
2842:
2364:
1650:
1084:
957:
949:
928:
406:
312:
28:
1664:
1161:"On the organization of American Plates in the Neoproterozoic and the breakout of Laurentia"
3468:
3223:
3114:
2658:
2592:
2544:
2508:
2468:
2432:
2175:
2049:
2002:
1903:
1817:
1695:
1660:
1598:
1367:
1323:
1121:
550:
300:
274:
270:
184:
167:
127:
146:
In eastern and central Canada, much of the stable craton is exposed at the surface as the
8:
3478:
3425:
3215:
3174:
2163:
758:
670:
539:
438:
335:
3134:
2694:, paleogeographic history of southwestern Laurentia, goes back to 1.7 billion years ago.
2662:
2596:
2548:
2512:
2472:
2436:
2179:
2053:
2006:
1907:
1821:
1699:
1602:
1371:
1327:
1133:
1125:
717:
beds in the late Triassic. Pangaea reached its height about 250 Ma, at the start of the
350:
at 1.71 to 1.68 Gya, which welded the 1.8 to 1.7 Gya Yavapai province to Laurentia; the
3333:
3179:
3159:
2624:
1711:
1582:
Chiarenzelli, J.; Lupulescu, M.; Cousens, B.; Thern, E.; Coffin, L.; Regan, S. (2010).
1383:
1339:
1016:(485.4 ± 1.7 to 443.8 ±1.5 Ma), Laurentia was shrinking and Baltica was expanding.
832:
820:
797:
619:
462:
426:
398:
263:
131:
1990:
1672:
3400:
3254:
3219:
2649:
2644:
2616:
2608:
2583:
2393:
2315:
2230:
2140:
1746:
1715:
1546:
1481:
1437:
1387:
1379:
1343:
1264:
1060:(145 ± 4 to 66 Ma), Laurentia was an independent continent called North America.
734:
714:
634:
562:
454:
373:
magma into the juvenile crust, which helped mature the crust and stitch it together.
359:
327:
282:
123:
80:
2628:
2556:
2314:
Slattery, J.S.; Cobban, W.A.; McKinney, K.C.; Harries, P.J.; Sandness, A.L. (2015).
2061:
3505:
3415:
3389:
3079:
2666:
2600:
2552:
2516:
2476:
2440:
2183:
2057:
2010:
1962:
1911:
1825:
1703:
1668:
1606:
1538:
1375:
1331:
1224:
1129:
854:
has been stretched up to 100% of its original width. The area experienced numerous
844:
840:
785:
446:
351:
318:
The resulting nucleus of Laurentia was mostly reworked Archean crust but with some
278:
200:
192:
172:
107:
87:. During other times in its past, Laurentia has been part of larger continents and
1955:"The Mississippian and Pennsylvanian (Carboniferous) systems in the United States"
519:, around 530 Ma, Argentina rifted away from Laurentia and accreted onto Gondwana.
245:
Greenland is part of Laurentia. The island is separated from North America by the
3405:
3375:
3316:
3139:
2734:
2721:
2520:
2480:
2444:
2387:
1707:
1431:
1087: – Archaean craton exposed in Greenland, Labrador, and northwestern Scotland
894:
melt. Nine macro scale fluctuations of "global hyper warming", or high intensity
777:
572:
569:
535:
531:
480:
434:
366:
355:
347:
235:
147:
3452:
2708:
2700:– Paleogeographic history of western Laurentia, goes back to the Permian period.
285:
in the Superior Province is the largest greenstone belt in the Canadian Shield.
3337:
3057:
3011:
2427:. Special Issue: Time-Specific Facies: the color and texture of biotic events.
895:
781:
773:
750:
638:
626:
589:
558:
488:
430:
231:
135:
103:
88:
44:
2727:
3499:
3354:
2892:
2887:
2877:
2872:
2645:"Coats Land crustal block, East Antarctica: A tectonic tracer for Laurentia?"
2612:
1550:
1299:
Sloss, L.L. (1988). "Conclusions, Chapter 17: The Geology of North America".
1068:
988:
924:
789:
658:
546:
512:
374:
308:
239:
227:
159:
99:
68:
2604:
1542:
393:
under the southeast margin of the continent likely caused enrichment of the
326:
belts. Juvenile crust is crust formed from magma freshly extracted from the
3457:
3410:
3144:
3119:
2930:
2925:
2620:
974:
867:
812:
793:
450:
410:
354:
at 1.65 to 1.60 Gya, accreting the 1.71 to 1.65 Gya Mazatzal province; the
323:
246:
219:
183:
regions and is exposed only in northern Minnesota, Wisconsin, the New York
180:
3311:
3279:
3269:
1433:
The Greenland Caledonides: Evolution of the Northeast Margin of Laurentia
1009:(541 ±0.3 to 485.4 ±1.7 Ma), Laurentia was an independent continent.
879:
742:
709:. Sedimentary beds deposited in the southwest in the early Triassic were
479:
were emplaced in western Laurentia. Early stages of rifting produced the
401:. Around 1.1 Gya, the center of the craton nearly rifted apart along the
394:
250:
151:
111:
96:
2137:
Evolution of Laurussia : a Study in Late Palaeozoic Plate Tectonics
369:, in particular, was characterized by the intrusion of great volumes of
3349:
3259:
3239:
3089:
2817:
2812:
1779:
1777:
1764:
1762:
1229:
1212:
1057:
1024:
1013:
899:
887:
804:
683:
606:
594:
527:
476:
390:
339:
223:
2739:
2361:"Geologic Provinces of the United States: Basin and Range Province on"
2187:
1967:
1954:
649:
3420:
3284:
3234:
3149:
3094:
3027:
2770:
2670:
2014:
1610:
1563:
1480:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 41.
1045:(201.3 ± 0.6 to 145 ±4 Ma), Pangaea rifted into two landmasses:
995:
942:
920:
762:
754:
702:
378:
370:
304:
259:
208:
204:
163:
76:
72:
24:
20:
1836:
1774:
1759:
998:(635 to 541 ±0.3 Ma), Laurentia was part of the supercontinent
941:
Around 2.72 to 2.45 Ga, Arctica was part of the supercontinent
3344:
3229:
3109:
3099:
3062:
3047:
3032:
3022:
2945:
2940:
2698:
Mesozoic Paleogeography and Tectonic History, Western North America
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1020:
1006:
999:
883:
863:
718:
615:
523:
516:
508:
484:
382:
311:
of northwest Canada. During the assembly of the core of Laurentia,
255:
84:
2389:
Tectonic Evolution of Northwestern México and the Southwestern USA
3364:
3359:
3124:
3104:
3084:
3052:
3042:
2975:
2970:
2960:
2955:
1581:
1064:
1035:
1031:
981:
953:
935:
931:(older individual mineral grains are known, but not whole rocks).
907:
903:
891:
859:
769:
730:
666:
662:
442:
422:
196:
155:
92:
2276:
2116:
1869:
110:
onto the ever-growing Laurentia, and together formed the stable
3395:
3164:
2862:
2857:
2802:
2797:
788:. The Nevadan orogeny emplaced the extensive batholiths of the
60:
2642:
963:
Around 1.82 Ga, Laurentia was part of the supercontinent
3169:
2774:
2313:
2068:
1457:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
816:
738:
473:
215:. These sedimentary rocks were largely deposited 650–290 Ma.
212:
2229:. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. pp. 33–34.
1213:"Tectonic model for the Proterozoic growth of North America"
858:. Baja California rifted away from North America during the
2832:
2827:
2573:
1916:
10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0875:GOVAFI>2.3.CO;2
1830:
10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0016:ONPGAT>2.3.CO;2
1745:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 370–371.
1336:
10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<1515:FOSITC>2.3.CO;2
1246:
Naming the Laurentians: A History of Place Names 'up North'
970:
Around 1.35–1.3 Ga, Laurentia was an independent continent.
678:
499:
1394:
796:
in the late Jurassic was accompanied by deposition of the
2295:
980:
Around 1.07 Ga, Laurentia was part of the supercontinent
870:, a warm spell between episodes of extensive glaciation.
425:. According to the Southwest U.S. and East Antarctica or
2533:
2243:
2080:
1991:"Precisely locating the Ordovician equator in Laurentia"
1988:
1722:
1632:
1506:
1494:
1430:
Higgins, A.K.; Gilotti, J.A.; Smith, M.P., eds. (2008).
878:
Several climate events occurred in Laurentia during the
772:
occurred in the Mesozoic in the Western Cordillera: the
465:
to the northwest, Baltica to the east, and Amazonia and
273:
of western Greenland preserves oceanic crust containing
71:. Many times in its past, Laurentia has been a separate
2724:
from The Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
987:
Around 750 Ma, Laurentia was part of the landmass
389:(ripe for extraction of magma) mantle lithosphere. The
334:
Over the next 900 million years, Laurentia grew by the
1577:
1575:
1263:(9th ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: J. Wiley. p. 231.
923:, the oldest intact rock formation on the planet, the
472:
The breakup of Rodinia began by 780 Ma, when numerous
2457:
2334:
2255:
2206:
2194:
2104:
2092:
1934:
1922:
1848:
1789:
315:
was deposited in Michigan, Minnesota, and Labrador.
2158:
2156:
1892:
1572:
1537:(13). Society for Science & the Public: 22–26.
1429:
1313:
437:and Australia to the north (what is now the west),
416:
16:
Craton forming the geological core of North America
1210:
973:Around 1.3 Ga, Laurentia was part of the landmass
2501:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2461:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2425:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2289:
2122:
1880:
1842:
1783:
1768:
1740:
3497:
2392:. Geological Society of America. pp. 1–42.
2153:
2033:
1436:. United States: Geological Society of America.
503:Pannotia 545 Ma, view centred on the South Pole.
1053:. Laurentia was part of the landmass Laurasia.
1741:Kearey, P.; Klepeis, K.A.; Vine, F.J. (2009).
1564:Daniel, Christopher G. and co-authors (2013).
1476:Torsvik, Trond H.; Cocks, L. Robin M. (2017).
1211:Whitmeyer, Steven; Karlstrom, Karl E. (2007).
1170:. Vol. 2, no. 11. pp. 237–241.
1103:
1101:
377:at 1.70 and 1.65 Gya deposited characteristic
2755:
2162:
1114:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
839:in the middle Cenozoic and the uplift of the
2074:
2039:
1475:
1417:
1283:
873:
622:. This produced the continent of Laurussia.
277:. These provide evidence to geologists that
218:The oldest bedrock, assigned to the Archean
19:For the use of the surname "Laurentia", see
1098:
614:At the end of the Cambrian, about 490 Mya,
2762:
2748:
1244:Graham, Joseph (2005). "The Laurentians".
593:facies and loose shells or nonamalgamated
453:to the southwest (present southeast). The
303:, which likely were similar to the modern
1966:
1959:U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper
1685:
1301:Sedimentary cover – North American Craton
1286:Sedimentary cover – North American Craton
1228:
397:mantle beneath the orogenic belts of the
2320:Wyoming Geological Association Guidebook
2224:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
665:, Laurussia fused with Gondwana to form
648:
605:
498:
346:. Major accretion episodes included the
43:
2769:
2498:
2422:
2385:
2134:
1807:
1158:
1107:
644:
568:The position of the equator during the
3498:
1952:
1810:Geological Society of America Bulletin
1316:Geological Society of America Bulletin
1243:
800:, notable for its vertebrate fossils.
175:on the broad interior platform in the
106:and oceanic islands collided with and
2743:
2692:Paleogeography of the Southwestern US
2494:
2492:
2490:
2418:
2416:
2347:
2301:
2270:
2249:
2212:
2200:
2110:
2098:
2086:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1940:
1928:
1863:
1795:
1728:
1638:
1620:from the original on 7 September 2020
1524:
1512:
1500:
1463:
1356:
1298:
1258:
1189:
1140:from the original on 7 September 2020
913:
724:
494:
130:, which received their name from the
2704:USGS Interior Plains Region web site
1177:from the original on 17 October 2016
141:
2139:. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
1653:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1525:Petit, Charles (18 December 2010).
1134:10.1146/annurev.ea.16.050188.002551
938:formed as an independent continent.
811:ran from the Gulf of Mexico to the
429:, Laurentia became the core of the
288:
13:
2487:
2451:
2413:
2363:. USGS.gov website. Archived from
1975:
1303:. Vol. D-2. pp. 493–496.
1288:. Vol. D-2. pp. 361–382.
847:also erupted during the Cenozoic.
826:
14:
3537:
2685:
2021:from the original on 30 June 2017
1961:. Professional Paper. 1110-M-DD.
1478:Earth history and palaeogeography
991:. Laurentia nearly rifted apart.
449:to the south (present east), and
3526:Natural history of North America
3474:
3473:
3451:
2969:
2954:
2939:
2924:
2886:
2871:
2856:
2841:
2826:
2811:
2796:
1953:Menard, W. William, ed. (1979).
1380:10.1111/j.1365-3121.2008.00845.x
417:Formation and breakup of Rodinia
95:assembled on a network of early
3297:Possible future supercontinents
2557:10.1016/j.precamres.2006.11.017
2527:
2379:
2353:
2307:
2290:Kearey, Klepeis & Vine 2009
2218:
2128:
2123:Kearey, Klepeis & Vine 2009
2062:10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.01.007
1946:
1886:
1881:Kearey, Klepeis & Vine 2009
1843:Kearey, Klepeis & Vine 2009
1801:
1784:Kearey, Klepeis & Vine 2009
1769:Kearey, Klepeis & Vine 2009
1734:
1679:
1644:
1557:
1518:
1469:
1423:
1071:, forming the landmass America.
741:deposits. The central Atlantic
538:, recorded in the rocks of the
162:, which is 4.04 billion years (
2567:
1350:
1307:
1292:
1277:
1252:
1237:
1152:
713:in character, but gave way to
122:The craton is named after the
1:
1673:10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00127-1
1568:. GSA Bulletin. p. 1423.
1091:
576:
526:. During the early to middle
441:to the east (present north),
91:and consists of many smaller
3075:Other prehistoric continents
2521:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.10.019
2481:10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.12.003
2445:10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.09.005
2168:Geophysical Research Letters
1708:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2021.106064
927:, was formed in what is now
890:, sea level fluctuated with
601:
117:
7:
1078:
641:in the Western Cordillera.
293:
189:Upper Peninsula of Michigan
10:
3542:
2135:Ziegler, Peter A. (1989).
301:Trans-Hudson orogenic belt
37:Laurentia (disambiguation)
18:
3521:Precambrian North America
3443:
3201:
3197:
2996:
2992:
2913:
2909:
2785:
2781:
2225:Fillmore, Robert (2010).
1259:Levin, Harold L. (2010).
1108:Hoffman, Paul F. (1988).
919:Around 4.03 to 3.58
874:Paleoenvironmental change
695:Ancestral Rocky Mountains
675:Central Pangean Mountains
344:convergent plate boundary
3516:Geology of North America
3484:Chronology of continents
2714:United Plates of America
2075:Torsvik & Cocks 2017
1418:Torsvik & Cocks 2017
1159:Dalziel, I.W.D. (1992).
856:large volcanic eruptions
852:Basin and Range Province
837:Basin and Range Province
792:. The regression of the
515:. Sometime in the early
413:are rich in copper ore.
403:Midcontinent Rift System
48:Laurentia basement rocks
2605:10.1126/science.1159189
2164:Otto-Bliesner, Bette L.
1665:1998E&PSL.154...13W
1543:10.1002/scin.5591781325
1466:, p. 234, 238-239.
809:Western Interior Seaway
65:ancient geological core
59:is a large continental
3245:Great Australian Bight
1261:The earth through time
934:Around 2.565 Ga,
705:were deposited in the
654:
611:
504:
275:sheeted dike complexes
49:
35:. For other uses, see
33:Palatias and Laurentia
27:of the same name, see
3511:Historical continents
2042:Earth-Science Reviews
1085:North Atlantic Craton
929:Northwest Territories
882:eon. During the late
652:
609:
551:marine transgressions
502:
407:Keweenawan Supergroup
313:banded iron formation
57:North American Craton
47:
31:. For the saint, see
29:Laurentia (bioregion)
3469:Continental fragment
3464:Regions of the world
2733:5 March 2016 at the
2720:6 March 2005 at the
2537:Precambrian Research
2304:, pp. 382, 397.
1527:"Continental Hearts"
759:petroleum reservoirs
645:Formation of Pangaea
405:. This produced the
281:existed 3.8 Ga. The
271:Isua Greenstone Belt
168:Istaq Gneiss Complex
128:Laurentian Mountains
3426:Indian Subcontinent
3216:Submerged continent
2663:2011Geo....39..859L
2597:2008Sci...321..235G
2549:2007PreR..153..179I
2513:2010PPP...298..348C
2473:2012PPP...315..172R
2437:2012PPP...367..256L
2252:, pp. 312–313.
2180:1993GeoRL..20.1947O
2054:2011ESRv..106....1C
2007:2013Geo....41..107J
1908:1992Geo....20..875H
1845:, pp. 374–377.
1822:1997GSAB..109...16D
1786:, pp. 371–373.
1771:, pp. 372–373.
1731:, pp. 256–257.
1700:2022SedG..42806064X
1688:Sedimentary Geology
1641:, pp. 255–256.
1603:2010Geo....38..151C
1515:, pp. 229–230.
1503:, pp. 251–253.
1372:2009TeNov..21....1D
1328:1997GSAB..109.1515B
1126:1988AREPS..16..543H
757:that are important
671:Alleghanian orogeny
540:Queenston Formation
203:composed mostly of
199:with the overlying
114:craton seen today.
3207:
3002:
2919:
2791:
2367:on 25 January 2009
2089:, p. 273–305.
1230:10.1130/GES00055.1
914:Geological history
821:Niobrara Formation
798:Morrison Formation
725:Breakup of Pangaea
655:
620:Caledonian orogeny
612:
587:or massive-bedded
555:Western Cordillera
505:
495:Pannotia and after
399:Grenville Province
264:Caledonian orogeny
201:sedimentary layers
132:St. Lawrence River
50:
3493:
3492:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3433:
3255:Kerguelen Plateau
3193:
3192:
3188:
3187:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2982:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2710:The Dynamic Earth
2591:(5886): 235–240.
2188:10.1029/93GL02235
2174:(18): 1947–1950.
2077:, pp. 44–46.
1968:10.3133/pp1110MDD
1322:(12): 1515–1535.
735:arkosic sandstone
635:Chattanooga Shale
360:Grenville orogeny
283:Abitibi gold belt
173:sedimentary rocks
142:Interior platform
124:Laurentian Shield
81:Hebridean Terrane
3533:
3477:
3476:
3458:World portal
3456:
3455:
3393:
3342:
3299:
3227:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3077:
3015:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2973:
2958:
2943:
2928:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2890:
2875:
2860:
2845:
2830:
2815:
2800:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2741:
2740:
2728:Map of Laurentia
2681:
2679:
2677:
2671:10.1130/G32029.1
2639:
2637:
2635:
2580:
2561:
2560:
2543:(3–4): 179–208.
2531:
2525:
2524:
2496:
2485:
2484:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2420:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2274:
2268:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2160:
2151:
2150:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2015:10.1130/g33688.1
1986:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1867:
1861:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1772:
1766:
1757:
1756:
1743:Global tectonics
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1619:
1611:10.1130/g30342.1
1588:
1579:
1570:
1569:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1392:
1391:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1208:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1176:
1165:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1105:
845:Columbia Plateau
841:Colorado Plateau
669:. The resulting
585:
581:
578:
455:Grenville orogen
427:SWEAT hypothesis
352:Mazatzal orogeny
289:Tectonic history
279:mid-ocean ridges
249:, but this is a
3541:
3540:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3488:
3450:
3435:
3430:
3416:Eastern Siberia
3406:Central America
3394:
3387:
3381:
3376:Terra Australis
3343:
3327:
3321:
3317:Pangaea Proxima
3300:
3295:
3289:
3228:
3224:microcontinents
3213:
3189:
3184:
3130:East Antarctica
3078:
3073:
3067:
3016:
3012:supercontinents
3008:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2964:
2959:
2949:
2944:
2934:
2929:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2881:
2876:
2866:
2861:
2851:
2846:
2836:
2831:
2821:
2816:
2806:
2801:
2777:
2768:
2735:Wayback Machine
2722:Wayback Machine
2688:
2675:
2673:
2633:
2631:
2578:
2570:
2565:
2564:
2532:
2528:
2497:
2488:
2456:
2452:
2421:
2414:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2384:
2380:
2370:
2368:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2346:
2335:
2325:
2323:
2312:
2308:
2300:
2296:
2288:
2277:
2269:
2256:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2223:
2219:
2211:
2207:
2199:
2195:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2133:
2129:
2121:
2117:
2109:
2105:
2097:
2093:
2085:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2038:
2034:
2024:
2022:
1987:
1976:
1951:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1902:(10): 875–878.
1891:
1887:
1879:
1870:
1862:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1775:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1739:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1684:
1680:
1649:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1586:
1580:
1573:
1562:
1558:
1523:
1519:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1474:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1395:
1355:
1351:
1312:
1308:
1297:
1293:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1257:
1253:
1242:
1238:
1209:
1190:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1163:
1157:
1153:
1143:
1141:
1106:
1099:
1094:
1081:
1075:
916:
876:
829:
827:In the Cenozoic
727:
647:
604:
583:
579:
570:Late Ordovician
536:Queenston Delta
532:Taconic orogeny
497:
481:Belt Supergroup
467:Rio de la Plata
435:East Antarctica
419:
367:Picuris orogeny
356:Picuris orogeny
348:Yavapai orogeny
322:in the form of
296:
291:
166:) old, and the
148:Canadian Shield
144:
120:
104:microcontinents
89:supercontinents
63:that forms the
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3539:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3445:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3411:Eastern Africa
3408:
3403:
3398:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3210:
3208:
3202:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3005:
3003:
2997:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2967:
2965:
2952:
2950:
2937:
2935:
2922:
2920:
2914:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2884:
2882:
2869:
2867:
2854:
2852:
2839:
2837:
2824:
2822:
2809:
2807:
2794:
2792:
2786:
2779:
2778:
2767:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2725:
2706:
2701:
2695:
2687:
2686:External links
2684:
2683:
2682:
2657:(9): 859–862.
2640:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2526:
2507:(3): 348–359.
2486:
2450:
2412:
2398:
2378:
2352:
2350:, p. 465.
2333:
2306:
2294:
2292:, p. 378.
2275:
2273:, p. 381.
2254:
2242:
2235:
2217:
2215:, p. 307.
2205:
2203:, p. 301.
2193:
2152:
2145:
2127:
2125:, p. 377.
2115:
2113:, p. 306.
2103:
2101:, p. 304.
2091:
2079:
2067:
2032:
2001:(2): 107–110.
1974:
1945:
1943:, p. 277.
1933:
1931:, p. 290.
1921:
1885:
1883:, p. 376.
1868:
1866:, p. 273.
1847:
1835:
1800:
1798:, p. 258.
1788:
1773:
1758:
1751:
1733:
1721:
1678:
1659:(1–4): 13–24.
1643:
1631:
1597:(2): 151–154.
1571:
1556:
1517:
1505:
1493:
1486:
1468:
1456:
1442:
1422:
1393:
1349:
1306:
1291:
1276:
1270:978-0470387740
1269:
1251:
1236:
1188:
1151:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1061:
1054:
1039:
1028:
1017:
1010:
1003:
992:
985:
978:
971:
968:
961:
946:
939:
932:
915:
912:
896:greenhouse gas
875:
872:
828:
825:
751:Gulf of Mexico
726:
723:
646:
643:
639:Antler Orogeny
627:Early Devonian
603:
600:
590:Thalassinoides
559:passive margin
547:orogenic belts
496:
493:
489:Snowball Earth
469:to the south.
431:supercontinent
418:
415:
328:Earth's mantle
320:juvenile crust
295:
292:
290:
287:
143:
140:
136:Saint Lawrence
134:, named after
126:, through the
119:
116:
100:orogenic belts
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3538:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3392:
3391:
3390:Subcontinents
3386:
3385:
3383:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3355:Kumari Kandam
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3014:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2895:
2894:
2893:South America
2889:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2878:North America
2874:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2765:
2760:
2758:
2753:
2751:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2577:
2572:
2571:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2530:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2454:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2417:
2401:
2399:9780813723747
2395:
2391:
2390:
2382:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2349:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2298:
2291:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2272:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2251:
2246:
2238:
2236:9781607810049
2232:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2209:
2202:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2157:
2148:
2146:9789400904699
2142:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2119:
2112:
2107:
2100:
2095:
2088:
2083:
2076:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2048:(1–2): 1–51.
2047:
2043:
2036:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1937:
1930:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1889:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1844:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1792:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1754:
1752:9781405107778
1748:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1635:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1578:
1576:
1567:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1509:
1502:
1497:
1489:
1487:9781107105324
1483:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1460:
1445:
1443:9780813712024
1439:
1435:
1434:
1426:
1420:, p. 41.
1419:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1302:
1295:
1287:
1280:
1272:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1248:. p. 15.
1247:
1240:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1102:
1097:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1069:South America
1066:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1001:
997:
993:
990:
989:Protolaurasia
986:
983:
979:
976:
972:
969:
966:
962:
959:
955:
951:
947:
944:
940:
937:
933:
930:
926:
925:Acasta Gneiss
922:
918:
917:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
833:basement rock
824:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
801:
799:
795:
791:
790:Sierra Nevada
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
766:
764:
760:
756:
752:
747:
744:
740:
736:
732:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
707:Permian Basin
704:
699:
696:
692:
691:Pennsylvanian
687:
685:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
659:Carboniferous
651:
642:
640:
636:
630:
628:
623:
621:
617:
608:
599:
596:
592:
591:
574:
571:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
520:
518:
514:
513:Iapetus Ocean
510:
501:
492:
491:hypothesis.)
490:
486:
482:
478:
475:
470:
468:
464:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
414:
412:
411:flood basalts
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
375:Slab rollback
372:
368:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
332:
329:
325:
321:
316:
314:
310:
309:Wopmay orogen
306:
302:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
267:
265:
261:
257:
252:
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
216:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
169:
165:
161:
160:Acasta Gneiss
157:
153:
150:, an area of
149:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
98:
94:
90:
86:
83:in northwest
82:
78:
74:
70:
69:North America
66:
62:
58:
54:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
3449:
3388:
3374:
3338:hypothesised
3328:
3296:
3214:
3154:
3145:Kazakhstania
3120:Congo Craton
3074:
3010:Prehistoric
3009:
2968:
2953:
2938:
2931:Afro-Eurasia
2923:
2885:
2870:
2855:
2840:
2825:
2810:
2795:
2713:
2709:
2674:. Retrieved
2654:
2648:
2632:. Retrieved
2588:
2582:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2504:
2500:
2464:
2460:
2453:
2428:
2424:
2403:. Retrieved
2388:
2381:
2369:. Retrieved
2365:the original
2355:
2324:. Retrieved
2319:
2309:
2297:
2245:
2226:
2220:
2208:
2196:
2171:
2167:
2136:
2130:
2118:
2106:
2094:
2082:
2070:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2023:. Retrieved
1998:
1994:
1958:
1948:
1936:
1924:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1838:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1791:
1742:
1736:
1724:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1634:
1622:. Retrieved
1594:
1590:
1559:
1534:
1531:Science News
1530:
1520:
1508:
1496:
1477:
1471:
1459:
1447:. Retrieved
1432:
1425:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1300:
1294:
1285:
1279:
1260:
1254:
1245:
1239:
1220:
1216:
1179:. Retrieved
1167:
1154:
1142:. Retrieved
1117:
1113:
1074:
975:Protorodinia
956:and Eastern
886:through the
877:
868:interglacial
849:
830:
819:beds of the
813:Arctic Ocean
802:
794:Sundance Sea
767:
748:
728:
700:
688:
673:created the
656:
631:
624:
613:
588:
567:
544:
521:
506:
471:
459:
420:
395:lithospheric
386:
364:
333:
324:volcanic arc
319:
317:
297:
268:
247:Nares Strait
244:
217:
181:Great Plains
158:rock of the
145:
121:
56:
52:
51:
41:
3312:Novopangaea
3180:South China
3160:North China
2568:Works cited
2467:: 172–180.
2431:: 256–272.
1366:(1): 1–13.
1120:: 543–603.
952:along with
880:Phanerozoic
807:times, the
743:ocean basin
737:, and lake
689:During the
657:During the
584: 444
477:dike swarms
463:South China
340:island arcs
251:Pleistocene
193:metamorphic
185:Adirondacks
152:Precambrian
112:Precambrian
97:Proterozoic
3500:Categories
3448:See also:
3350:Hyperborea
3340:continents
3275:Seychelles
3260:Madagascar
3240:Doggerland
3135:Euramerica
3090:Asiamerica
2818:Antarctica
2771:Continents
2676:24 January
2634:4 February
2535:history".
2405:22 January
2371:9 November
2348:Levin 2010
2326:17 January
2302:Levin 2010
2271:Levin 2010
2250:Levin 2010
2213:Levin 2010
2201:Levin 2010
2111:Levin 2010
2099:Levin 2010
2087:Levin 2010
1941:Levin 2010
1929:Levin 2010
1864:Levin 2010
1796:Levin 2010
1729:Levin 2010
1694:: 106064.
1639:Levin 2010
1513:Levin 2010
1501:Levin 2010
1464:Levin 2010
1449:22 January
1360:Terra Nova
1223:(4): 220.
1092:References
1058:Cretaceous
1025:Euramerica
1014:Ordovician
958:Antarctica
900:Ordovician
888:Ordovician
805:Cretaceous
755:salt domes
703:evaporites
684:cyclothems
595:brachiopod
582: – c.
580: 458
528:Ordovician
391:subduction
307:, and the
209:sandstones
205:limestones
187:, and the
23:. For the
3421:Greenland
3285:Zealandia
3250:Jan Mayen
3235:Cathaysia
3155:Laurentia
3150:Laramidia
3140:Kalaharia
3095:Atlantica
3028:Kenorland
2848:Australia
2613:0036-8075
1816:(1): 31.
1716:245416564
1551:0036-8423
1388:128703747
1344:140723924
1217:Geosphere
1168:GSA Today
996:Ediacaran
943:Kenorland
866:being an
770:orogenies
763:Paleogene
602:Laurussia
379:quartzite
371:granitoid
336:accretion
305:Himalayas
260:Paleogene
138:of Rome.
118:Etymology
77:Greenland
73:continent
53:Laurentia
25:bioregion
21:Laurentum
3479:Category
3345:Atlantis
3330:Mythical
3265:Mauritia
3230:Beringia
3115:Cimmeria
3110:Chilenia
3100:Avalonia
3080:Amazonia
3063:Vaalbara
3048:Pannotia
3033:Laurasia
3023:Gondwana
3018:Columbia
2946:Americas
2731:Archived
2718:Archived
2629:11799613
2621:18621666
2019:Archived
1624:24 April
1615:Archived
1181:25 April
1172:Archived
1144:25 April
1138:Archived
1079:See also
1051:Gondwana
1047:Laurasia
1043:Jurassic
1021:Devonian
1007:Cambrian
1000:Pannotia
965:Columbia
884:Cambrian
864:Holocene
786:Laramide
731:red beds
719:Triassic
637:and the
616:Avalonia
524:Silurian
517:Cambrian
509:Pannotia
485:Gondwana
447:Amazonia
409:, whose
383:rhyolite
294:Assembly
256:Devonian
236:Superior
102:. Small
93:terranes
85:Scotland
79:and the
3506:Cratons
3365:Meropis
3360:Lemuria
3175:Siberia
3125:Cuyania
3105:Baltica
3085:Arctica
3053:Rodinia
3043:Pangaea
2976:Oceania
2961:Eurasia
2659:Bibcode
2650:Geology
2593:Bibcode
2584:Science
2545:Bibcode
2509:Bibcode
2469:Bibcode
2433:Bibcode
2322:: 22–60
2176:Bibcode
2050:Bibcode
2025:14 June
2003:Bibcode
1995:Geology
1904:Bibcode
1896:Geology
1818:Bibcode
1696:Bibcode
1661:Bibcode
1599:Bibcode
1591:Geology
1368:Bibcode
1324:Bibcode
1122:Bibcode
1065:Neogene
1063:In the
1056:In the
1041:In the
1036:Pangaea
1032:Permian
1030:In the
1019:In the
1012:In the
1005:In the
994:In the
982:Rodinia
954:Baltica
936:Arctica
908:Permian
904:Permian
892:ice cap
860:Miocene
803:During
778:Nevadan
711:fluvial
667:Pangaea
663:Permian
443:Baltica
439:Siberia
423:Rodinia
387:fertile
232:Wyoming
197:igneous
177:Midwest
156:Archean
108:sutured
55:or the
3401:Arabia
3396:Alaska
3336:, and
3307:Aurica
3302:Amasia
3165:Pampia
2863:Europe
2803:Africa
2627:
2619:
2611:
2396:
2233:
2143:
1749:
1714:
1549:
1484:
1440:
1386:
1342:
1267:
784:, and
782:Sevier
774:Sonoma
715:eolian
693:, the
565:edge.
557:was a
238:, and
228:Hearne
213:shales
211:, and
61:craton
3280:Sunda
3270:Sahul
3220:lands
3170:Sahul
2775:Earth
2625:S2CID
2579:(PDF)
1712:S2CID
1618:(PDF)
1587:(PDF)
1384:S2CID
1340:S2CID
1175:(PDF)
1164:(PDF)
817:Chalk
768:Four
739:shale
573:epoch
563:shelf
474:mafic
451:Congo
220:Slave
3334:lost
3222:and
3038:Nena
2833:Asia
2678:2016
2636:2016
2617:PMID
2609:ISSN
2407:2022
2394:ISBN
2373:2009
2328:2022
2231:ISBN
2141:ISBN
2027:2017
1747:ISBN
1626:2020
1547:ISSN
1482:ISBN
1451:2022
1438:ISBN
1265:ISBN
1183:2020
1146:2020
1049:and
950:Nena
749:The
679:coal
661:and
445:and
365:The
269:The
240:Nain
179:and
2773:of
2667:doi
2601:doi
2589:321
2553:doi
2541:153
2517:doi
2505:298
2477:doi
2465:315
2441:doi
2429:367
2184:doi
2058:doi
2046:106
2011:doi
1963:doi
1912:doi
1826:doi
1814:109
1704:doi
1692:428
1669:doi
1657:154
1607:doi
1539:doi
1535:178
1376:doi
1332:doi
1320:109
1225:doi
1130:doi
338:of
258:to
224:Rae
195:or
67:of
3502::
3370:Mu
3332:,
3058:Ur
2712:,
2665:.
2655:39
2653:.
2647:.
2623:.
2615:.
2607:.
2599:.
2587:.
2581:.
2551:.
2539:.
2515:.
2503:.
2489:^
2475:.
2463:.
2439:.
2415:^
2336:^
2318:.
2278:^
2257:^
2182:.
2172:20
2170:.
2155:^
2056:.
2044:.
2017:.
2009:.
1999:41
1997:.
1993:.
1977:^
1957:.
1910:.
1900:20
1898:.
1871:^
1850:^
1824:.
1812:.
1776:^
1761:^
1710:.
1702:.
1690:.
1667:.
1655:.
1613:.
1605:.
1595:38
1593:.
1589:.
1574:^
1545:.
1533:.
1529:.
1396:^
1382:.
1374:.
1364:21
1362:.
1338:.
1330:.
1318:.
1219:.
1215:.
1191:^
1166:.
1136:.
1128:.
1118:16
1116:.
1112:.
1100:^
921:Ga
780:,
776:,
765:.
733:,
721:.
686:.
577:c.
266:.
234:,
230:,
226:,
222:,
207:,
164:Ga
3218:/
2763:e
2756:t
2749:v
2680:.
2669::
2661::
2638:.
2603::
2595::
2559:.
2555::
2547::
2523:.
2519::
2511::
2483:.
2479::
2471::
2447:.
2443::
2435::
2409:.
2375:.
2330:.
2239:.
2190:.
2186::
2178::
2149:.
2064:.
2060::
2052::
2029:.
2013::
2005::
1971:.
1965::
1918:.
1914::
1906::
1832:.
1828::
1820::
1755:.
1718:.
1706::
1698::
1675:.
1671::
1663::
1628:.
1609::
1601::
1553:.
1541::
1490:.
1453:.
1390:.
1378::
1370::
1346:.
1334::
1326::
1273:.
1233:.
1227::
1221:3
1185:.
1148:.
1132::
1124::
1038:.
1027:.
1002:.
984:.
977:.
967:.
960:.
945:.
575:(
381:-
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
