551:
462:
389:, new faults formed, while older faults were reactivated. Acadian deformation and metamorphism were asymmetric across the strike of the orogen. The Acadian plutons intruded every belt, unlike the deformation/metamorphism, of Avalonia which did not undergo much of the alteration shown in other localities. During the Middle Devonian, centers for volcanoes and uplift formed in the New England region and shed fine-grained
103:
656:
366:
436:
The second tectophase, during the Middle
Devonian, represents the collision with the New York promontory. The southward migration of deformation reflected the third tectophase, which marks the collision of Avalon terranes with the Virginia promontory in the Middle to Late Devonian time. The effects
533:
The
Appalachian basin, during the Middle Devonian and Early Mississippian, is characterized by large volumes of deltaic sedimentary rocks that were deposited in the Acadian foreland basin as a response to the Acadian orogeny. These deposits extend from central New York and Pennsylvania westward to
592:
limestone. The strata was deposited in a four-stage pattern that is observed in each tectophase. The formation of the foreland basin through rapid subsidence initiated transgressive sequences that deposited basinal black shales. After the black shales were deposited, the migration of deformation
597:
silty shales and carbonates. These deposits reflect small transgressive-regressive cycles in a delta-front and delta platform environments. The third stage is represented by regional uplift, which accompanied the collision of an Avalon terrane with a promontory, and subsequently, developed a
444:
As the migration of deformation continued southward along the fault zone, during the Early
Mississippian time, the final collision occurred with the Alabama promontory . Ettensohn refers to the fourth tectophase as the Mississippian tectophase of the Acadian orogeny, since it demonstrated an
542:
The
Catskill Delta complex consists of a coarsening upward sequence of rocks. Its thickness is greatest in eastern Pennsylvania and thins westward into Ohio. The Catskill paleogeography appears to consist of many small streams, which deposited their sedimentary load along a coastal
538:
delta of Late
Devonian and Early Mississippian age. The Acadian delta complex is coupled to the four tectophases of the Acadian orogeny, both in terms of provenance and depositional settings. The relief resulting from the orogeny was the fundamental source of the delta sediments.
408:
The collision between
Laurentia and Avalonian terranes is actually more complex than described above. The collision is broken into three or possibly four tectophases which represent a successive collision of the Avalonian terranes with eastern Laurentia.
356:
developed on the adjacent parts of the stable craton, eastern margin of
Laurentia. These deltas are described as foreland-basin, delta-complex clastic wedges, which are responsible for the large volumes of sediment input into the Appalachian basin.
919:
509:
adjustment to the load by the lithosphere. Once thrust propagation declines, substantial relief and drainage nets have had time to develop, and the as a resulting coarser clastic sediment is eroded and transported to the foreland basin.
534:
Ohio, and south along the
Appalachian Mountains through Virginia and Tennessee to Alabama. The Acadian delta complex is categorized into two deltas, the Catskill Delta of Middle and Upper Devonian age, and the Price-Rockwell in the
296:
age arc rocks and is believed to come from the margin of
Gondwana, sometime in the Early Ordovician. Avalonia rifted from Gondwana during the onset of igneous activity in the Ardennes, Wales, and southeast Ireland that consumed the
71:
continent. Geographically, the
Acadian orogeny extended from the Canadian Maritime provinces migrating in a southwesterly direction toward Alabama. However, the northern Appalachian region, from New England northeastward into
333:
which represents the zone of convergence between Laurussia/Laurentia and Avalon terranes. One or more of the Avalonian terranes accreted with the eastern margin of Laurentia, most likely beginning in the late Early Devonian.
1234:
Lash, Gary, G.; Engelder, Terry (January 2011). "Thickness trends and sequence stratigraphy of the Middle Devonian Marcellus Formation, Appalachian Basin: Implications for Acadian foreland basin evolution".
593:
continued southward, and regression dominated, particularly on the east side of the basin. As collision intensified, subsidence in the foreland basin declined, and sedimentation was replaced by an influx of
882:
Van Der Voo, Rob (March 1988). "Paleozoic paleogeography of North America, Gondwana, and intervening displaced terranes: Comparisons of paleomagnetism with paleoclimatology and biogeographical patterns".
224:. During the Ordovician-Devonian time, Laurentia remained at the same paleolatitude, slightly south of the equator in the southern hemisphere, with relatively the same paleolongitude. Major defining
337:
The evidence for the Acadian orogeny is abundant and widespread in the northern Appalachians, recorded by the plutonism and the migration of the northern Appalachian deformation front toward the
352:
are recognized. These phases are called tectophases and represent the sequence of collisions that occurred from the Avalonian terranes accreting to Laurentia. As a result of these tectophases,
150:, and moved back to central Africa during the Devonian. However, more recent research, from Scotese & McKerrow, suggests that in Late Devonian, the South Pole was in north-central
421:, areas along the continental margin where deformation is concentrated. The earliest tectophase was located at the St. Lawrence promontory in northern New England and in the
634:
Geologic cross section E-E' through the central Appalachian Basin from the Findlay Arch, Wood County, Ohio, to the Valley and Ridge Province, Pendleton County, West Virginia
433:, northern New Brunswick, and northern New England. Clastic wedges were present in this area, but the evidence for them has been mostly destroyed by succeeding tectonism.
1199:
Ettensohn, Frank R.; Brett, Carlton E. (2002). "Stratigraphic evidence from the Appalachian Basin for continuation of the Taconian orogeny into Early Silurian time".
397:
belts along the eastern margin of North America. One belt occurs in Newfoundland; another forms the bedrock of much of the coastal region of New England from eastern
240:
to Middle Ordovician drift sequence during the opening of the Iapetus Ocean, the Appalachian accretionary events to the eastern continental margin, and the resulting
31:, reaching a climax in the Late Devonian. It was active for approximately 50 million years, beginning roughly around 375 million years ago (Ma), with deformational,
497:
of the foreland, which generates a localized unconformity. The distributions of unconformities display an asymmetric pattern in relation to the promontories.
393:
into an inland seaway that covered a large part of southern and central Appalachia. Today, portions of the ancient Avalonia landmass occur in scattered
1388:
1383:
1270:
743:
Ettensohn, Frank R. (July 1987). "Rates of Relative Plate Motion During the Acadian Orogeny Based on the Spatial Distribution of Black Shales".
417:
Because major clastic wedges and basinal deposits are distributed in a southwestward progression, it is assumed they originated from areas near
1373:
1353:
1308:
Dictionary of Geological Terms, 3rd. Edition,1984, Robert L. Bates and Julia A. Jackson, Eds., prepared by The American Geological Institute
445:
unusually long duration (Mississippian-Early Pennsylvanian). Subsequently, the Pocono and equivalent clastic wedges essentially filled the
602:. The fourth and final stage is represented by tectonic quiescence with a widespread carbonate deposition in a slowly transgressing sea.
1368:
976:
Ettensohn, Frank R. (2004). "Modeling the nature and development of major Paleozoic clastic wedges in the Appalachian Basin, USA".
341:. In the central to southern Appalachians, evidence for the Acadian orogeny is poor and is found primarily in the plutonism of the
1013:"Application of Foreland Basin Detrital Zircon Geochronology to the Reconstruction of the Southern and Central Appalachian Orogen"
158:
evidence. The paleolatitude of Gondwana during the Middle to Late Devonian resided around intermediate latitudes of about 50°S.
130:
near the equator, between 0° to 30°S latitude. Laurentia did not change much with respect to paleolatitude during the Devonian.
693:"A Geologic History of the North-Central Appalachians. Part 1. Orogenesis from the Mesoproterozoic Through the Taconic Orogeny"
513:
The basement structures of the Appalachian foreland basin at the onset of the Acadian orogeny were reactivated during foreland
1358:
48:
1328:
1289:
Assessment of Appalachian Basin Oil and Gas Resources: Devonian Shale-Middle and Upper Paleozoic Total Petroleum System
920:"A comparative analysis of pre-Silurian crustal building blocks of the northern and the southern Appalachian orogen"
660:
1343:
1338:
795:
671:
904:
373:
The collision of Avalonia with Laurentia initiated a sequence of events where the older rocks were subjected to
1378:
305:
in the Late Ordovician, and then with Laurentia in the Late Devonian. Evidence for this is consistent with
1333:
1011:
Park, Hyunmee; Barbeau, David L. Jr.; Rickenbaker, Alan; Bachmann-Krug, Denise; Gehrels, George (2010).
1348:
1153:
Bradley, Dwight C. (July 1983). "Tectonics of the Acadian Orogeny in New England and Adjacent Canada".
521:
patterns, and the preexisting faults partitioned the basin into regions of fault-controlled uplift and
102:
611:
550:
665:
181:, during the Middle to Late Devonian, and subsequently its closure resulted in the formation of the
1363:
425:
Provinces. The St. Lawrence tectophase was active during the Early to Middle Devonian with intense
169:. After the Acadian collision took place, Gondwana began to retreat from Laurentia with the newly
40:
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44:
1244:
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1162:
1103:
1024:
985:
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752:
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514:
486:
374:
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The Acadian orogeny experienced at least three major phases of deformation, and in places,
342:
8:
326:
182:
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24:
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73:
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563:
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330:
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217:
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The collision initiating the Acadian orogeny resulted in the closing of the southern
52:
1139:
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993:
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80:
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426:
382:
110:
106:
56:
28:
1094:
Naylor, Richard S. (May 7, 1971). "Acadian Orogeny: An Abrupt and Brief Event".
369:
The Appalachian Orogeny, a result of three separate continental collisions. USGS
1071:
Ettensohn, Frank (1985). "The Catskill Delta complex and the Acadian Orogeny".
632:
544:
474:
438:
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that occurred over a large area of eastern Laurentia. During the course of the
241:
197:
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92:
60:
32:
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oceanic crust. It drifted in a northerly direction and probably collided with
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region of Canada, was the most greatly affected region by the collision.
43:. The Acadian orogeny is the third of the four orogenies that formed the
36:
1256:
772:
461:
1123:
1080:
944:
803:
594:
522:
498:
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During the time of the Acadian orogeny, Middle Devonian (385 Ma), the
1291:(Report). United States Geological Survey. Open File Report 2006-1237
581:
209:
193:
151:
469:
Foreland basins are a product of tectonic deformational loading, or
260:
are the following modern-day regions: northern France, Belgium (the
228:
events include the Neoproterozoic rift sequence from the breakup of
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506:
261:
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237:
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637:(Map). U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations. SIM-2985.
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marks the end of the Acadian orogeny and Catskill Delta complex.
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386:
302:
273:
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201:
177:
left behind. As Gondwana moved away, a new ocean opened up, the
174:
134:, on the other hand, traveled a large distance, such that in the
437:
of the New York and Virginia promontories together produced the
573:
502:
338:
221:
213:
139:
88:
79:
It was roughly contemporaneous with the Bretonic phase of the
517:. These structures affected the foreland basin evolution and
402:
269:
143:
109:
reconstruction showing the Appalachian Basin area during the
84:
493:
arc. The initial result of loading is a bulge move out and
63:. The Acadian orogeny involved the collision of a series of
905:
10.1130/0016-7606(1988)100<0311:PPONAG>2.3.CO;2
631:
Ryder, RT; Swezey, CS; Crangle, RD Jr.; Trippi, MT (2008).
317:
latitude during the Late Ordovician through the Devonian.
501:
follows bulge movement and uplift and is produced on the
918:
Hibbard, J. P.; Van Staal, C. R.; Rankin, D. W. (2007).
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
796:"Paleogeography and Geologic Evolution of North America"
630:
405:, where it is known as the Coastal Lithotectonic Block.
917:
154:
rather than northern Africa, which was supported with
83:
of Laurussia, with metamorphic events in southwestern
817:
473:
along the orogen, a consequence of overthrusting and
1311:International Tectonic Dictionary, 1967, Memoir 7,
1287:Milici, Robert C.; Swezey, Christopher S. (2006).
1194:
1192:
1073:The Catskill Delta. Geological Society of America
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477:. The Acadian foreland basin is categorized as a
1320:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
834:
1198:
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1051:
837:"Palaeozoic, Palaeogeography and Biogeography"
958:
877:
875:
873:
871:
802:. Northern Arizona University. Archived from
725:
481:, which occurs on the overriding continental
329:or major transcurrent movement along a large
1286:
1269:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1233:
576:, deposited by the Catskill Delta, includes
345:and metamorphism of the Cat Square terrane.
200:, which also includes present day northwest
881:
569:The Middle Devonian to Lower Mississippian
59:, which followed a rift/drift stage in the
51:. The preceding orogenies consisted of the
868:
325:The Acadian orogeny resulted from oblique
1389:Carboniferous geology of New York (state)
1282:
1280:
1070:
975:
943:
852:
800:Global Plate Tectonics and Paleogeography
742:
716:
449:. The deposition of Middle Mississippian
549:
465:The Acadian foreland basin is a retroarc
460:
429:deformation which formed a basin in the
364:
101:
1384:Carboniferous Newfoundland and Labrador
1152:
1146:
142:, where it then moved west of southern
138:the South Pole was located in northern
1321:
1277:
1093:
1087:
885:Geological Society of America Bulletin
835:Scotese, C.R.; McKerrow, W.S. (1990).
650:
648:
646:
644:
690:
320:
251:
1374:Devonian geology of New York (state)
1354:Geology of Newfoundland and Labrador
1227:
1004:
684:
641:
505:side of the orogen due to regional
256:Avalonian terranes that constitute
13:
1369:Devonian Newfoundland and Labrador
1201:Physics and Chemistry of the Earth
911:
793:
787:
292:. The basement consisted of Late
117:
14:
1400:
547:that was hundreds of miles long.
456:
659: This article incorporates
654:
528:
39:events extending into the early
1313:Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists
672:United States Geological Survey
313:during the Ordovician and in a
309:data which place Avalonia at a
67:continental fragments with the
854:10.1144/GSL.MEM.1990.012.01.01
691:Faill, Rodger T. (June 1997).
624:
412:
1:
1221:10.1016/S1474-7065(01)00010-9
617:
1116:10.1126/science.172.3983.558
360:
188:
165:and the formation of a high
126:of the Laurentia was in the
7:
1359:Geology of New York (state)
924:American Journal of Science
697:American Journal of Science
605:
10:
1405:
1329:Orogenies of North America
288:and some coastal parts of
998:10.1016/j.jog.2004.02.009
841:Geological Society Memoir
667:Valley and Ridge Province
612:Central Pangean Mountains
485:, adjacent to a foreland
27:event which began in the
1344:Paleozoic North America
1339:Carboniferous orogenies
479:retroarc foreland basin
1155:The Journal of Geology
1017:The Journal of Geology
978:Journal of Geodynamics
745:The Journal of Geology
661:public domain material
566:
466:
370:
196:is the North American
114:
16:North American orogeny
718:10.2475/ajs.297.6.551
558:nomenclature for the
553:
464:
368:
236:related to the Early
212:, the north slope of
105:
45:Appalachian Mountains
1379:Carboniferous Quebec
515:lithospheric flexure
1257:10.1306/06301009150
1249:2011BAAPG..95...61L
1213:2002PCE....27..279E
1167:1983JG.....91..381B
1108:1971Sci...172..558N
1029:2010JG....118...23P
990:2004JGeo...37..657E
936:2007AmJS..307...23H
897:1988GSAB..100..311D
757:1987JG.....95..572E
709:1997AmJS..297..551F
183:Alleghanian orogeny
128:southern hemisphere
1334:Devonian orogenies
1081:10.1130/SPE201-p39
945:10.2475/01.2007.02
567:
491:continental margin
471:crustal thickening
467:
447:epicontinental sea
371:
321:Overview of events
311:temperate latitude
252:Avalonian terranes
234:thermal subsidence
218:Chukotsk Peninsula
115:
23:is a long-lasting
1349:Geology of Quebec
1102:(3983): 558–560.
564:Appalachian Basin
423:Canadian Maritime
331:strike-slip fault
57:Taconic orogenies
25:mountain building
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1301:
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1207:(1–3): 279–288.
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536:Pocono Mountains
487:fold-thrust belt
391:clastic material
232:basement rocks,
220:of northeastern
81:Variscan orogeny
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1364:Devonian Quebec
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431:Gaspé Peninsula
427:transpressional
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272:, southeastern
254:
191:
120:
118:Palaeogeography
111:Middle Devonian
107:Paleogeographic
91:, and with the
47:and subsequent
29:Middle Devonian
21:Acadian orogeny
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1175:10.1086/628785
1161:(4): 381–400.
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1037:10.1086/648400
1003:
957:
910:
891:(3): 311–324.
867:
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765:10.1086/629150
751:(4): 572–582.
724:
703:(6): 551–619.
683:
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604:
580:, gray shale,
562:strata in the
545:alluvial plain
530:
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457:Foreland basin
455:
439:Catskill Delta
414:
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362:
359:
350:unconformities
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253:
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246:clastic wedges
242:foreland-basin
198:paleocontinent
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119:
116:
93:Antler orogeny
61:Neoproterozoic
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1237:AAPG Bulletin
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1265:cite journal
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804:the original
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675:. Retrieved
666:
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590:argillaceous
588:, and minor
568:
554:Generalized
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419:promontories
416:
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401:to northern
379:metamorphism
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278:Newfoundland
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192:
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78:
20:
18:
578:black shale
523:depocenters
483:lithosphere
413:Tectophases
399:Connecticut
375:deformation
327:convergence
315:subtropical
294:Precambrian
290:New England
284:, southern
282:Nova Scotia
179:Rheic Ocean
146:during the
97:Great Basin
37:metamorphic
1323:Categories
951:2009-02-06
810:2008-07-04
677:2009-01-08
618:References
595:calcareous
499:Subsidence
451:carbonates
441:complex.
343:Blue Ridge
276:, eastern
216:, and the
173:Avalonian
136:Ordovician
1295:9 October
1183:140201912
1075:. 39-49.
930:(1): 23.
781:129501927
598:regional
582:sandstone
507:isostatic
489:behind a
361:Collision
230:Grenville
210:Greenland
194:Laurentia
189:Laurentia
152:Argentina
69:Laurasian
65:Avalonian
53:Grenville
1140:31398214
1132:17802216
1045:39310243
860:24 April
847:: 1–21.
773:30081087
606:See also
586:red beds
503:cratonic
262:Ardennes
258:Avalonia
238:Cambrian
226:tectonic
206:Scotland
175:terranes
171:accreted
148:Silurian
132:Gondwana
33:plutonic
1245:Bibcode
1209:Bibcode
1163:Bibcode
1124:1732547
1104:Bibcode
1096:Science
1025:Bibcode
986:Bibcode
932:Bibcode
893:Bibcode
753:Bibcode
705:Bibcode
475:folding
395:outcrop
387:orogeny
303:Baltica
274:Ireland
266:England
202:Ireland
113:period.
95:of the
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574:strata
495:uplift
383:uplift
381:, and
354:deltas
339:craton
222:Russia
214:Alaska
140:Africa
89:Mexico
35:, and
1179:S2CID
1136:S2CID
1120:JSTOR
1041:S2CID
777:S2CID
769:JSTOR
663:from
403:Maine
270:Wales
144:Chile
85:Texas
74:Gaspé
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1297:2016
1271:link
1128:PMID
862:2013
244:and
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1253:doi
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