777:
1983:
1972:
71:
904:
However, in 2004, the
International Union of Geological Sciences ratified the Ediacaran Period to be a geological age of the Neoproterozoic, ranging from 635 to 538.8 (at the time to 542) million years ago. The Ediacaran Period boundaries are the only Precambrian boundaries defined by biologic
853:
until the formal naming of the Period, and are currently known as
Ediacaran Period biota. Most were soft bodied. The relationships, if any, to modern forms are obscure. Some paleontologists relate many or most of these forms to modern animals. Others acknowledge a few possible or even likely
845:
A few of the early animals appear possibly to be ancestors of modern animals. Most fall into ambiguous groups of frond-like organisms; discoids that might be holdfasts for stalked organisms ("medusoids"); mattress-like forms; small calcareous tubes; and armored animals of unknown provenance.
822:
in the 1920s but was inaccurately dated. Another fauna was found in South
Australia in the 1940s, but it was not thoroughly examined until the late 1950s. Other possible early animal fossils were found in Russia, England, Canada, and elsewhere (see
776:
1006:
Rino, S.; Kon, Y.; Sato, W.; Maruyama, S.; Santosh, M.; Zhao, D. (2008). "The
Grenvillian and Pan-African orogens: World's largest orogenies through geologic time, and their implications on the origin of superplume".
1140:
Muscente, A.D.; Hawkins, Andrew D.; Xiao, Shuhai (September 2015). "Fossil preservation through phosphatization and silicification in the
Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation (South China): a comparative synthesis".
1045:
708:, which had assembled during the late Mesoproterozoic, straddled the equator. During the Tonian, rifting commenced which broke Rodinia into a number of individual land masses.
893:
The nomenclature for the terminal period of the
Neoproterozoic Era has been unstable. Russian and Nordic geologists referred to the last period of the Neoproterozoic as the
818:
Period. In the early 20th century, paleontologists started finding fossils of multicellular animals that predated the
Cambrian. A complex fauna was found in South West
711:
Possibly as a consequence of the low-latitude position of most continents, several large-scale glacial events occurred during the
Neoproterozoic Era including the
1352:
871:
suggests that animals may have emerged even earlier in the
Neoproterozoic (early Tonian), but physical evidence for such animal life is lacking. Possible
831:, but others were revealed to be members of rather complex biotas that remain poorly understood. At least 25 regions worldwide have yielded
906:
1345:
443:
1273:
1338:
1066:
Khomentovsky, V; Nagovitsin, K; Postnikov, A (2008). "Mayanian (1100–850 Ma) – Prebaikalian Upper
Riphean of Siberia".
722:
These glaciations are believed to have been so severe that there were ice sheets at the equator—a state known as the "
910:
541:
798:
The idea of the Neoproterozoic Era was introduced in the 1960s. Nineteenth-century paleontologists set the start of
782:
Russian timescale for Proterozoic. Neoproterozoic is equivalent to the time span from Late Riphean to Late Vendian.
758:; the Ediacaran corresponds to the Early to middle Vendian. Russian geologists divide the Neoproterozoic of
636:
event known in the geologic record occurred during the Cryogenian period of the Neoproterozoic, when global
1361:
432:
1102:
854:
relationships but feel that most of the Ediacaran forms are representatives of unknown animal types.
2011:
1263:
2006:
1634:
1629:
696:
makes the Neoproterozoic the period of Earth's history that has produced most continental crust.
981:
666:
82:
835:
fossils older than the classical Precambrian–Cambrian boundary (which is currently dated at
1216:
1150:
1114:
1075:
1018:
858:
961:
944:
861:(of Ediacaran age) preserves fossils of microscopic marine organisms in great detail. The
8:
1965:
868:
689:
1220:
1154:
1118:
1079:
1022:
1239:
1204:
857:
In addition to Ediacaran biota, two other types of biota were discovered in China. The
754:
In the regional timescale of Russia, the Tonian and Cryogenian correspond to the Late
1763:
1727:
1290:
1269:
1244:
1009:
693:
685:
516:
1857:
1732:
1701:
1498:
1234:
1224:
1185:
1158:
1122:
1083:
1026:
956:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1826:
1722:
1660:
1555:
1524:
1493:
1162:
872:
824:
793:
755:
670:
614:
602:
597:, spanning from 1 billion to 538.8 million years ago, and is the last era of the
267:
98:
30:
1982:
1325:
1291:"Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units"
1976:
1665:
1560:
1529:
1288:
1229:
922:
723:
645:
90:
1330:
1189:
1126:
1087:
2000:
1696:
1686:
1655:
1618:
1550:
1519:
1100:
1030:
862:
850:
811:
556:
543:
467:
1987:
1918:
1768:
1691:
1248:
1176:
Malenkov, A. G. (May 2018). "13C, Ontogeny, and the Paradox of Evolution".
1046:"Global Climate, the Dawn of Life and the Earth's Oldest Petroleum Systems"
828:
649:
594:
587:
531:
527:
512:
1913:
1782:
1758:
1603:
1398:
1205:"Possible poriferan body fossils in early Neoproterozoic microbial reefs"
610:
598:
591:
257:
227:
70:
43:
36:
1908:
1868:
1811:
1711:
1608:
1482:
1382:
837:
739:
678:
633:
622:
384:
329:
94:
1971:
1923:
1873:
1847:
1806:
1753:
1598:
1574:
1455:
1445:
1434:
888:
807:
803:
743:
674:
637:
626:
606:
396:
336:
314:
102:
901:, and most Australians and North Americans used the name Ediacaran.
1883:
1878:
1842:
1742:
1675:
1644:
1539:
1508:
1469:
1419:
1393:
1369:
1101:
Knoll, A. H.; Walter, M.; Narbonne, G.; Christie-Blick, N. (2006).
832:
815:
799:
716:
712:
663:
1065:
1897:
1837:
1587:
1424:
1408:
1103:"The Ediacaran Period: a new addition to the geologic time scale"
894:
759:
705:
641:
477:
50:
669:
are found in the Ediacaran period, which included the namesaked
648:" lasting about 100 million years. The earliest fossils of
1933:
1816:
1450:
1261:
898:
819:
735:
659:
654:
618:
535:
322:
86:
77:
57:
1289:
U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Names Committee (March 2007).
879:
890 million years before the present, but remain unconfirmed.
865:(of late Tonian age) consists of small worm-shaped organisms.
1301:
987:. International Stratigraphic Commission. February 2022
1262:
Ogg, James G.; Ogg, Gabi; Gradstein, Felix M. (2008).
704:
At the onset of the Neoproterozoic the supercontinent
351:
An approximate timescale of key Neoproterozoic events.
1139:
1005:
925: – Earth history, 1.8 to 0.8 billion years ago
117:
1143:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
976:
974:
972:
897:, while Chinese geologists referred to it as the
684:According to Rino and co-workers, the sum of the
1998:
1360:
1059:
969:
652:are found in the Tonian period in the form of
1346:
907:Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Points
875:fossils have been reported in reefs dated to
802:life at the first appearance of hard-shelled
749:
1268:. Cambridge University Press. p. 184.
999:
734:Neoproterozoic time is subdivided into the
1353:
1339:
613:eon, and is further subdivided into three
1326:Neoproterozoic (chronostratigraphy scale)
1282:
1238:
1228:
1043:
960:
16:Third and last era of the Proterozoic Eon
1175:
1037:
936:
1255:
1999:
1202:
766:(from 1000 to 850 Ma) followed by the
719:glaciations of the Cryogenian Period.
662:, and the earliest fossil evidence of
349:
1334:
1203:Turner, Elizabeth C. (28 July 2021).
942:
1952:= kiloannum (thousands years ago);
13:
1956:= megaannum (millions years ago);
911:Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages
882:
849:These were most commonly known as
601:"supereon". It is preceded by the
353:Axis scale: millions of years ago.
14:
2023:
1960:= gigaannum (billions years ago).
1319:
673:as well as the oldest definitive
1981:
1970:
775:
69:
34:
1265:The Concise Geologic Time Scale
962:10.18814/epiiugs/1991/v14i2/005
787:
729:
1196:
1169:
1133:
1094:
1068:Russian Geology and Geophysics
1044:Craig, J. (26 November 2015).
827:). Some were determined to be
1:
1399:Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)
943:Plumb, K. A. (June 1, 1991).
929:
876:
1163:10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.10.013
945:"New Precambrian time scale"
7:
1362:Geological history of Earth
916:
909:, rather than the absolute
350:
222:
10:
2028:
1635:Mississippian (323–359 Ma)
1630:Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)
1394:Holocene (present–11.7 ka)
1230:10.1038/s41586-021-03773-z
982:"Stratigraphic Chart 2022"
886:
791:
750:Russian regional timescale
699:
75:Clockwise, from top left:
1947:
1932:
1919:Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)
1896:
1856:
1825:
1794:
1781:
1769:Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)
1741:
1710:
1674:
1643:
1617:
1586:
1573:
1538:
1507:
1481:
1468:
1433:
1407:
1381:
1368:
1298:USGS Fact Sheet 2007–3015
1190:10.1134/S0006350918030156
1127:10.1080/00241160500409223
1088:10.1016/j.rgg.2007.12.001
605:era and succeeded by the
586:is the last of the three
572:
523:
508:Upper boundary definition
507:
499:
492:Lower boundary definition
491:
483:
473:
463:
458:
450:
438:
428:
423:
415:
410:
379:
364:
115:
110:
68:
26:
21:
1914:Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)
1759:Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)
1604:Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)
1456:Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)
1446:Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)
1031:10.1016/j.gr.2008.01.001
814:at the beginning of the
746:(635–538.8 Ma) periods.
495:Defined Chronometrically
365:Proposed redefinition(s)
123:−1000 —
120:
1909:Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)
1874:Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)
1869:Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)
1812:Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)
1702:Llandovery (433–444 Ma)
1609:Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)
1420:Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)
840: million years ago
632:One of the most severe
213:−550 —
203:−600 —
193:−650 —
183:−700 —
173:−750 —
163:−800 —
153:−850 —
143:−900 —
133:−950 —
1879:Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)
1848:Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)
1807:Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)
1754:Furongian (485–497 Ma)
1599:Lopingian (252–260 Ma)
1425:Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)
770:(from 850 to 650 Ma).
681:in the fossil record.
404:Gradstein et al., 2012
392:Gradstein et al., 2012
373:Gradstein et al., 2012
83:multicellular organism
1884:Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)
1843:Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)
1764:Series 2 (509–521 Ma)
1451:Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)
812:archeocyathid sponges
640:may have reached the
380:Proposed subdivisions
1924:Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)
1817:Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)
1697:Wenlock (427–433 Ma)
1687:Pridoli (419–423 Ma)
859:Doushantuo Formation
528:Fortune Head section
399:Period, 630–541.0 Ma
29:1000 – 538.8 ± 0.2
1979: •
1968: •
1966:Geologic time scale
1728:Middle (458–470 Ma)
1692:Ludlow (423–427 Ma)
1661:Middle (383–393 Ma)
1556:Middle (237–247 Ma)
1525:Middle (164–174 Ma)
1221:2021Natur.596...87T
1155:2015PPP...434...46M
1119:2006Letha..39...13K
1080:2008RuGG...49....1K
1023:2008GondR..14...51R
869:Molecular phylogeny
690:Pan-African orogeny
573:Upper GSSP ratified
557:47.0762°N 55.8310°W
553: /
524:Upper boundary GSSP
500:Lower GSSA ratified
484:Time span formality
1977:Geology portal
1838:Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)
1733:Early (470–485 Ma)
1666:Early (393–419 Ma)
1561:Early (247–252 Ma)
1530:Early (174–201 Ma)
1499:Early (100–145 Ma)
1494:Late (66.0–100 Ma)
584:Neoproterozoic Era
511:Appearance of the
474:Stratigraphic unit
464:Chronological unit
451:Time scale(s) used
387:Period, 850–630 Ma
1994:
1993:
1892:
1891:
1858:Paleoproterozoic
1777:
1776:
1723:Late (444–458 Ma)
1656:Late (359–383 Ma)
1569:
1568:
1551:Late (201–237 Ma)
1520:Late (145–164 Ma)
1464:
1463:
1385:(present–2.58 Ma)
1373:(present–66.0 Ma)
1275:978-0-521-89849-2
1010:Gondwana Research
742:(720–635 Ma) and
694:Grenville orogeny
686:continental crust
580:
579:
562:47.0762; -55.8310
517:Treptichnus pedum
424:Usage information
359:
358:
93:glaciations from
2019:
1988:World portal
1986:
1985:
1975:
1974:
1937:
1901:
1861:
1830:
1827:Mesoproterozoic
1799:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1746:
1715:
1679:
1648:
1622:
1591:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1543:
1512:
1486:
1479:
1478:
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1003:
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779:
568:
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405:
393:
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53:
46:
39:
33:
19:
18:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2012:Geological eras
1997:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1980:
1969:
1961:
1943:
1935:
1928:
1899:
1888:
1859:
1852:
1828:
1821:
1797:
1796:Neoproterozoic
1786:(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)
1785:
1784:
1783:Proterozoic Eon
1773:
1744:
1737:
1713:
1706:
1677:
1670:
1646:
1639:
1620:
1613:
1589:
1577:
1576:
1565:
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1436:
1429:
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1403:
1384:
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1306:
1304:
1293:
1287:
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1260:
1256:
1215:(7870): 87–91.
1201:
1197:
1174:
1170:
1138:
1134:
1099:
1095:
1064:
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1048:
1042:
1038:
1004:
1000:
990:
988:
984:
980:
979:
970:
941:
937:
932:
919:
891:
885:
883:Terminal period
873:keratose sponge
836:
825:Ediacaran biota
796:
794:Ediacaran biota
790:
783:
780:
752:
738:(1000–720 Ma),
732:
702:
671:Ediacaran biota
644:and created a "
603:Mesoproterozoic
561:
559:
555:
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268:Mesoproterozoic
265:
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99:Ediacaran biota
63:
62:
58:
55:
51:
48:
44:
41:
37:
28:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2025:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2007:Neoproterozoic
1992:
1991:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1905:
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1619:Carboniferous
1615:
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1440:
1437:(23.0–66.0 Ma)
1431:
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1428:
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1422:
1416:
1414:
1411:(2.58–23.0 Ma)
1405:
1404:
1402:
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1396:
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1358:
1357:
1350:
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1320:External links
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1274:
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1195:
1184:(3): 477–484.
1168:
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1058:
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1017:(1–2): 51–72.
998:
968:
955:(2): 139–140.
934:
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928:
927:
926:
923:Boring Billion
918:
915:
887:Main article:
884:
881:
792:Main article:
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748:
731:
728:
724:Snowball Earth
701:
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688:formed in the
658:, a primitive
646:Snowball Earth
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439:Regional usage
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151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
113:
112:
108:
107:
91:Snowball Earth
74:
66:
65:
56:
49:
42:
35:
24:
23:
22:Neoproterozoic
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2024:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2002:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1940:
1938:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1895:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1855:
1849:
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1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:(539 Ma–1 Ga)
1793:
1790:
1788:
1780:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
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1709:
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1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
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1592:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1575:Paleozoic Era
1572:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:(66.0–145 Ma)
1480:
1477:
1475:
1473:(66.0–252 Ma)
1467:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1432:
1426:
1423:
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1418:
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1413:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1277:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1258:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1136:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1047:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1002:
983:
977:
975:
973:
963:
958:
954:
950:
946:
939:
935:
924:
921:
920:
914:
912:
908:
902:
900:
896:
890:
880:
874:
870:
866:
864:
863:Huainan biota
860:
855:
852:
851:Vendian biota
847:
843:
839:
834:
830:
829:pseudofossils
826:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
800:multicellular
795:
778:
773:
772:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
747:
745:
741:
737:
727:
725:
720:
718:
714:
709:
707:
697:
695:
691:
687:
682:
680:
676:
672:
668:
665:
661:
657:
656:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
593:
589:
588:geologic eras
585:
575:
571:
566:
537:
533:
529:
526:
522:
519:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
479:
476:
472:
469:
466:
462:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
434:
431:
427:
422:
418:
414:
409:
402:
400:
398:
388:
386:
382:
378:
370:
367:
363:
348:
338:
331:
324:
317:
316:
307:
306:
270:
269:
260:
259:
250:
249:
119:
114:
109:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
79:
72:
67:
61:
54:
47:
40:
32:
25:
20:
1962:
1898:Archean Eon
1860:(1.6–2.5 Ga)
1795:
1745:(485–539 Ma)
1714:(444–485 Ma)
1678:(419–444 Ma)
1647:(359–419 Ma)
1621:(299–359 Ma)
1590:(252–299 Ma)
1578:(252–539 Ma)
1542:(201–252 Ma)
1511:(145–201 Ma)
1470:Mesozoic Era
1370:Cenozoic Era
1305:. Retrieved
1297:
1284:
1264:
1257:
1212:
1208:
1198:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1113:(1): 13–30.
1110:
1106:
1096:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1049:. Retrieved
1039:
1014:
1008:
1001:
989:. Retrieved
952:
948:
938:
903:
892:
867:
856:
848:
844:
797:
788:Paleobiology
767:
763:
753:
733:
730:Subdivisions
721:
710:
703:
683:
653:
650:complex life
631:
583:
581:
532:Newfoundland
515:
395:
390:
383:
368:
313:
278:
277:
266:
256:
226:
76:
1934:Hadean Eon
1712:Ordovician
1483:Cretaceous
1383:Quaternary
679:bilaterians
611:Phanerozoic
609:era of the
599:Precambrian
592:Proterozoic
560: /
513:Ichnofossil
45:Proterozoic
2001:Categories
1936:(4–4.6 Ga)
1900:(2.5–4 Ga)
1829:(1–1.6 Ga)
1435:Paleogene
1178:Biophysics
930:References
808:trilobites
804:arthropods
740:Cryogenian
675:cnidarians
638:ice sheets
634:glaciation
623:Cryogenian
548:55°49′52″W
545:47°04′34″N
459:Definition
385:Cryogenian
369:850–541 Ma
330:Cryogenian
111:Chronology
95:Cryogenian
1963:See also:
1743:Cambrian
1676:Silurian
1645:Devonian
1540:Triassic
1509:Jurassic
1149:: 46–62.
889:Ediacaran
768:Baikalian
762:into the
744:Ediacaran
667:radiation
627:Ediacaran
607:Paleozoic
411:Etymology
397:Ediacaran
337:Ediacaran
315:Paleozoic
103:Ediacaran
1588:Permian
1409:Neogene
1307:22 April
1249:34321662
1074:(1): 1.
1051:15 March
991:22 April
949:Episodes
917:See also
833:metazoan
816:Cambrian
764:Mayanian
717:Marinoan
713:Sturtian
692:and the
664:metazoan
442:Global (
97:period,
89:period,
1240:8338550
1217:Bibcode
1151:Bibcode
1115:Bibcode
1107:Lethaia
1076:Bibcode
1019:Bibcode
895:Vendian
806:called
760:Siberia
756:Riphean
706:Rodinia
700:Geology
642:equator
615:periods
590:of the
478:Erathem
218:–
208:–
198:–
188:–
178:–
168:–
158:–
148:–
138:–
128:–
52:Archean
1942:
1272:
1247:
1237:
1209:Nature
899:Sinian
820:Africa
736:Tonian
660:sponge
655:Otavia
619:Tonian
617:, the
536:Canada
487:Formal
419:Formal
343:
323:Tonian
105:period
87:Tonian
78:Otavia
1294:(PDF)
985:(PDF)
838:538.8
433:Earth
101:from
85:from
1309:2022
1302:USGS
1270:ISBN
1245:PMID
1053:2019
993:2022
810:and
715:and
677:and
625:and
582:The
576:1992
503:1991
81:, a
59:Had.
38:Pha.
1235:PMC
1225:doi
1213:596
1186:doi
1159:doi
1147:434
1123:doi
1084:doi
1027:doi
957:doi
842:).
726:".
595:eon
468:Era
444:ICS
2003::
1958:Ga
1954:Ma
1950:ka
1300:.
1296:.
1243:.
1233:.
1223:.
1211:.
1207:.
1182:63
1180:.
1157:.
1145:.
1121:.
1111:39
1109:.
1105:.
1082:.
1072:49
1070:.
1025:.
1015:14
1013:.
971:^
953:14
951:.
947:.
913:.
877:c.
629:.
621:,
534:,
530:,
246:i
244:o
242:z
240:o
238:r
236:e
234:t
232:o
230:r
228:P
31:Ma
1354:e
1347:t
1340:v
1311:.
1278:.
1251:.
1227::
1219::
1192:.
1188::
1165:.
1161::
1153::
1129:.
1125::
1117::
1090:.
1086::
1078::
1055:.
1033:.
1029::
1021::
995:.
965:.
959::
446:)
305:c
303:i
301:o
299:z
297:o
295:r
293:e
291:t
289:o
287:r
285:p
283:o
281:e
279:N
258:P
248:c
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
