Geologic time scale

33: 15331: 3037:

newly thrown up by the sea which then became petrified? And if the above-mentioned Deluge had carried them to these places from the sea, you would find the shells at the edge of one layer of rock only, not at the edge of many where may be counted the winters of the years during which the sea multiplied the layers of sand and mud brought down by the neighboring rivers and spread them over its shores. And if you wish to say that there must have been many deluges in order to produce these layers and the shells among them it would then become necessary for you to affirm that such a deluge took place every year.

14132: 15325: 14121: 8489: 3152:(1713–1795) to include tertiary and quaternary divisions. These divisions were used to describe both the time during which the rocks were laid down, and the collection of rocks themselves (i.e., it was correct to say Tertiary rocks, and Tertiary Period). Only the Quaternary division is retained in the modern geologic time scale, while the Tertiary division was in use until the early 21st century. The Neptunism and Plutonism theories would compete into the early 17634: 15106: 4010: 3971: 15116: 8359:, events on other planets probably had little direct influence on the Earth, and events on Earth had correspondingly little effect on those planets. Construction of a time scale that links the planets is, therefore, of only limited relevance to the Earth's time scale, except in a Solar System context. The existence, timing, and terrestrial effects of the Late Heavy Bombardment are still a matter of debate. 3144:(1687–1784) and also used primary and secondary divisions for rock units. In this early version of the Plutonism theory, the interior of Earth was seen as hot, and this drove the creation of primary igneous and metamorphic rocks and secondary rocks formed contorted and fossiliferous sediments. These primary and secondary divisions were expanded on by 9673:(1), so to say – should not retain the name of alluvial deposits any more than the true and ancient tertiary deposits, from which they must also be distinguished.) However, on the very same page, Desnoyers abandoned the use of the term "Quaternary" because the distinction between Quaternary and Tertiary deposits wasn't clear. From p. 193: 367:(GSSA) is a numeric only, chronologic reference point used to define the base of geochronologic units prior to the Cryogenian. These points are arbitrarily defined. They are used where GSSPs have not yet been established. Research is ongoing to define GSSPs for the base of all units that are currently defined by GSSAs. 8438:

has been divided into two alternate time scales. The first time scale for Mars was developed by studying the impact crater densities on the Martian surface. Through this method four periods have been defined, the Pre-Noachian (~4,500–4,100 Ma), Noachian (~4,100–3,700 Ma), Hesperian (~3,700–3,000 Ma),

4062:

The following table summarises the major events and characteristics of the divisions making up the geologic time scale of Earth. This table is arranged with the most recent geologic periods at the top, and the oldest at the bottom. The height of each table entry does not correspond to the duration of

3325:

The following five timelines show the geologic time scale to scale. The first shows the entire time from the formation of the Earth to the present, but this gives little space for the most recent eon. The second timeline shows an expanded view of the most recent eon. In a similar way, the most recent

3076:

When any given stratum was being formed, it was either encompassed at its edges by another solid substance or it covered the whole globe of the earth. Hence, it follows that wherever bared edges of strata are seen, either a continuation of the same strata must be looked for or another solid substance

309:

is a body of rock, layered or unlayered, that is defined between specified stratigraphic horizons which represent specified intervals of geologic time. They include all rocks representative of a specific interval of geologic time, and only this time span. Eonothem, erathem, system, series, subseries,

3472:

An international working group of the ICS on pre-Cryogenian chronostratigraphic subdivision have outlined a template to improve the pre-Cryogenian geologic time scale based on the rock record to bring it in line with the post-Tonian geologic time scale. This work assessed the geologic history of the

3316:

books were published in 1982, 1989, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016, and 2020. However, since 2013, the ICS has taken responsibility for producing and distributing the ICC citing the commercial nature, independent creation, and lack of oversight by the ICS on the prior published GTS versions (GTS books prior

3453:

is a proposed epoch/series for the most recent time in Earth's history. While still informal, it is a widely used term to denote the present geologic time interval, in which many conditions and processes on Earth are profoundly altered by human impact. As of April 2022 the Anthropocene has not

4067:

Eon looks longer than the rest, it merely spans ~539 million years (~12% of Earth's history), whilst the previous three eons collectively span ~3,461 million years (~76% of Earth's history). This bias toward the most recent eon is in part due to the relative lack of information about events that

3036:

Of the stupidity and ignorance of those who imagine that these creatures were carried to such places distant from the sea by the Deluge...Why do we find so many fragments and whole shells between the different layers of stone unless they had been upon the shore and had been covered over by earth

370:

The numeric (geochronometric) representation of a geochronologic unit can, and is more often subject to change when geochronology refines the geochronometry, while the equivalent chronostratigraphic unit remains the same, and their revision is less common. For example, in early 2022 the boundary

3321:

books (2016 and 2020) are commercial publications with no oversight from the ICS, and do not entirely conform to the chart produced by the ICS. The ICS produced GTS charts are versioned (year/month) beginning at v2013/01. At least one new version is published each year incorporating any changes

3211:

pioneered the systematic division of rocks by stratigraphy and fossil assemblages. These geologists began to use the local names given to rock units in a wider sense, correlating strata across national and continental boundaries based on their similarity to each other. Many of the names below

3090:). While Steno's principles were simple and attracted much attention, applying them proved challenging. These basic principles, albeit with improved and more nuanced interpretations, still form the foundational principles of determining the correlation of strata relative to geologic time. 3308:

The establishment of the IUGS in 1961 and acceptance of the Commission on Stratigraphy (applied in 1965) to become a member commission of IUGS led to the founding of the ICS. One of the primary objectives of the ICS is "the establishment, publication and revision of the ICS International

3677:, among others, while at the same time maintaining most of the previous chronostratigraphic nomenclature for the pertinent time span. As of April 2022 these proposed changes have not been accepted by the ICS. The proposed changes (changes from the current scale ) are italicised: 200:

Historically, regional geologic time scales were used due to the litho- and biostratigraphic differences around the world in time equivalent rocks. The ICS has long worked to reconcile conflicting terminology by standardising globally significant and identifiable stratigraphic

136:(IUGS), whose primary objective is to precisely define global chronostratigraphic units of the International Chronostratigraphic Chart (ICC) that are used to define divisions of geologic time. The chronostratigraphic divisions are in turn used to define geochronologic units. 8407:), with the Imbrian divided into two series/epochs (Early and Late) were defined in the latest Lunar geologic time scale. The Moon is unique in the Solar System in that it is the only other body from which humans have rock samples with a known geological context. 9715:

From page 373: "La troisième, qui correspond à ce qu'on a déja appelé formation de la craie, sera désigné par le nom de terrain crétacé." (The third, which corresponds to what was already called the "chalk formation", will be designated by the name "chalky

3085:

Respectively, these are the principles of superposition, original horizontality, lateral continuity, and cross-cutting relationships. From this Steno reasoned that strata were laid down in succession and inferred relative time (in Steno's belief, time from

3458:

voted in favour of submitting a formal proposal to the ICS for the establishment of the Anthropocene Series/Epoch. Nevertheless, the definition of the Anthropocene as a geologic time period rather than a geologic event remains controversial and difficult.

8657:

Time spans of geologic time units vary broadly, and there is no numeric limitation on the time span they can represent. They are limited by the time span of the higher rank unit they belong to, and to the chronostratigraphic boundaries they are defined

756:) in origin. Most currently recognised series and subseries are named for their position within a system/series (early/middle/late); however, the ICS advocates for all new series and subseries to be named for a geographic feature in the vicinity of its 3543:

Refinement of geochronometric divisions of the Proterozoic, Paleoproterozoic, repositioning of the Statherian into the Mesoproterozoic, new Skourian period/system in the Paleoproterozoic, new Kleisian or Syndian period/system in the Neoproterozoic.

9669:(What I would desire to prove above all is that the series of tertiary deposits continued – and even began in the more recent basins – for a long time, perhaps after that of the Seine had been completely filled, and that these later formations – 3488:

Three divisions of the Archean instead of four by dropping Eoarchean, and revisions to their geochronometric definition, along with the repositioning of the Siderian into the latest Neoarchean, and a potential Kratian division in the Neoarchean.

3668:

was the last commercial publication of an international chronostratigraphic chart that was closely associated with the ICS. It included a proposal to substantially revise the pre-Cryogenian time scale to reflect important events such as the

299:

that deals with the relation between rock bodies and the relative measurement of geological time. It is the process where distinct strata between defined stratigraphic horizons are assigned to represent a relative interval of geologic time.

3255:

laid the ground work for radiometric dating, but the knowledge and tools required for accurate determination of radiometric ages would not be in place until the mid-1950s. Early attempts at determining ages of uranium minerals and rocks by

3989: 11310:

Gibbard, Philip L.; Bauer, Andrew M.; Edgeworth, Matthew; Ruddiman, William F.; Gill, Jacquelyn L.; Merritts, Dorothy J.; Finney, Stanley C.; Edwards, Lucy E.; Walker, Michael J. C.; Maslin, Mark; Ellis, Erle C. (15 November 2021).

12929:

Aubry, Marie-Pierre; Van Couvering, John A.; Christie-Blick, Nicholas; Landing, Ed; Pratt, Brian R.; Owen, Donald E.; Ferrusquia-Villafranca, Ismael (2009). "Terminology of geological time: Establishment of a community standard".

9124:

Shields, Graham A.; Strachan, Robin A.; Porter, Susannah M.; Halverson, Galen P.; Macdonald, Francis A.; Plumb, Kenneth A.; de Alvarenga, Carlos J.; Banerjee, Dhiraj M.; Bekker, Andrey; Bleeker, Wouter; Brasier, Alexander (2022).

9651:"Observations sur un ensemble de dépôts marins plus récents que les terrains tertiaires du bassin de la Seine, et constituant une formation géologique distincte; précédées d'un aperçu de la nonsimultanéité des bassins tertiares" 11360:

Head, Martin J.; Steffen, Will; Fagerlind, David; Waters, Colin N.; Poirier, Clement; Syvitski, Jaia; Zalasiewicz, Jan A.; Barnosky, Anthony D.; Cearreta, Alejandro; Jeandel, Catherine; Leinfelder, Reinhold (15 November 2021).

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The content of the table is based on the official ICC produced and maintained by the ICS who also provide an online interactive version of this chart. The interactive version is based on a service delivering a machine-readable

205:

that can be used to define the lower boundaries of chronostratigraphic units. Defining chronostratigraphic units in such a manner allows for the use of global, standardised nomenclature. The ICC represents this ongoing effort.

9653:[Observations on a set of marine deposits more recent than the tertiary terrains of the Seine basin and constitute a distinct geological formation; preceded by an outline of the non-simultaneity of tertiary basins]. 8387:. This process of dividing the Moon's history in this manner means that the time scale boundaries do not imply fundamental changes in geological processes, unlike Earth's geologic time scale. Five geologic systems/periods ( 9677:(The fear of seeing my opinion in this regard be misunderstood or exaggerated, has made me abandon the word "quaternary", which at first I had wanted to apply to all deposits more recent than those of the Seine basin.) 116:) to describe the timing and relationships of events in geologic history. The time scale has been developed through the study of rock layers and the observation of their relationships and identifying features such as 8684:

The Tertiary is a now obsolete geologic system/period spanning from 66 Ma to 2.6 Ma. It has no exact equivalent in the modern ICC, but is approximately equivalent to the merged Palaeogene and Neogene systems/periods.

231:

Biologic succession (where applicable) – This states that each stratum in a succession contains a distinctive set of fossils. This allows for a correlation of the stratum even when the horizon between them is not

177:(4.54 billion years). It chronologically organises strata, and subsequently time, by observing fundamental changes in stratigraphy that correspond to major geological or paleontological events. For example, the 17689: 286:

The GTS is divided into chronostratigraphic units and their corresponding geochronologic units. These are represented on the ICC published by the ICS; however, regional terms are still in use in some areas.

12863:

Bibring, Jean-Pierre; Langevin, Yves; Mustard, John F.; Poulet, François; Arvidson, Raymond; Gendrin, Aline; Gondet, Brigitte; Mangold, Nicolas; Pinet, P.; Forget, F.; Berthé, Michel (21 April 2006).

11410:

Zalasiewicz, Jan; Waters, Colin N.; Ellis, Erle C.; Head, Martin J.; Vidas, Davor; Steffen, Will; Thomas, Julia Adeney; Horn, Eva; Summerhayes, Colin P.; Leinfelder, Reinhold; McNeill, J. R. (2021).

5114:

and modern types of sharks appear in the sea. The revolution started by marine reptiles and sharks reaches its peak, though ichthyosaurs vanish a few million years after being heavily reduced at the

12203:

Nengo, Isaiah; Tafforeau, Paul; Gilbert, Christopher C.; Fleagle, John G.; Miller, Ellen R.; Feibel, Craig; Fox, David L.; Feinberg, Josh; Pugh, Kelsey D.; Berruyer, Camille; Mana, Sara (2017).

339:

is a subdivision of geologic time. It is a numeric representation of an intangible property (time). Eon, era, period, epoch, subepoch, age, and subage are the hierarchical geochronologic units.

4081: 382:(geochronologic units) was revised from 541 Ma to 538.8 Ma but the rock definition of the boundary (GSSP) at the base of the Cambrian, and thus the boundary between the Ediacaran and Cambrian 2936:) observed rock beds with fossils of shells located above the sea-level, viewed them as once living organisms, and used this to imply an unstable relationship in which the sea had at times 3192:

via Biblical chronology that was accepted at the time by western religion. Instead, using geological evidence, they contested Earth to be much older, cementing the concept of deep time.

724:

The names of geologic time units are defined for chronostratigraphic units with the corresponding geochronologic unit sharing the same name with a change to the latter (e.g. Phanerozoic

620:

Rocks representing a given chronostratigraphic unit are that chronostratigraphic unit, and the time they were laid down in is the geochronologic unit, i.e., the rocks that represent the

9837:

Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire: Or, A Description of the Strata and Organic Remains: Accompanied by a Geological Map, Sections and Plates of the Fossil Plants and Animals ...

10062: 3041:

These views of da Vinci remained unpublished, and thus lacked influence at the time; however, questions of fossils and their significance were pursued and, while views against

9412:

Remane, Jürgen; Bassett, Michael G; Cowie, John W; Gohrbandt, Klaus H; Lane, H Richard; Michelsen, Olaf; Naiwen, Wang; the cooperation of members of ICS (1 September 1996).

3236:

were held in high regard at the time due to their pre-eminence in physics and geology. All of these early geochronometric determinations would later prove to be incorrect.

3070:

When any given stratum was being formed, all the matter resting on it was fluid and, therefore, when the lowest stratum was being formed, none of the upper strata existed.

13395: 8997:

Van Kranendonk, Martin J.; Altermann, Wladyslaw; Beard, Brian L.; Hoffman, Paul F.; Johnson, Clark M.; Kasting, James F.; Melezhik, Victor A.; Nutman, Allen P. (2012),

15229: 10417:

Telluris Theoria Sacra: orbis nostri originen et mutationes generales, quasi am subiit aut olim subiturus est, complectens. Libri duo priores de Diluvio & Paradiso

13142: 12430: 10100: 15152: 12324:

Medlin, L. K.; Kooistra, W. H. C. F.; Gersonde, R.; Sims, P. A.; Wellbrock, U. (1997). "Is the origin of the diatoms related to the end-Permian mass extinction?".

3032:(1452–1519) would reinvigorate the relationships between stratification, relative sea-level change, and time, denouncing attribution of fossils to the 'Deluge': 11811:

El Albani, Abderrazak; Bengtson, Stefan; Canfield, Donald E.; Bekker, Andrey; Macchiarelli, Roberto; Mazurier, Arnaud; Hammarlund, Emma U.; et al. (2010).

11624:

Van Kranendonk, Martin J. (2012). "A Chronostratigraphic Division of the Precambrian". In Felix M. Gradstein; James G. Ogg; Mark D. Schmitz; abi M. Ogg (eds.).

8477: 8461: 8448: 8418: 3957: 3949: 3656: 3648: 3429: 3415: 3403: 3387: 3366: 6058:

die out fully), brachiopods, bryozoans, gastropods, ammonoids (the goniatites die off fully), insects, parareptiles, synapsids, amphibians, and crinoids (only

4063:

each subdivision of time. As such, this table is not to scale and does not accurately represent the relative time-spans of each geochronologic unit. While the

3326:

era is expanded in the third timeline, the most recent period is expanded in the fourth timeline, and the most recent epoch is expanded in the fifth timeline.

13501: 8613: 4956:, wiping out all non-avian dinosaurs and pterosaurs, most marine reptiles, many other vertebrates (e.g. many Laurasian metatherians), most cephalopods (only 13085: 3892:

Ma) – names are respectively for the Lomagundi–Jatuli δC isotopic excursion event spanning its duration, and for the (proposed) first fossil appearance of

8705:

Kratian time span is not given in the article. It lies within the Neoarchean, and prior to the Siderian. The position shown here is an arbitrary division.

4976:(avians) diversify rapidly into a number of lineages following the extinction event (while the marine revolution stops). Multituberculates and the first 3268:, and Arthur Holmes, would culminate in what are considered the first international geological time scales by Holmes in 1911 and 1913. The discovery of 2948:(384–322 BCE) who (with additional observations) reasoned that the positions of land and sea had changed over long periods of time. The concept of 8696:

Geochronometric date for the Ediacaran has been adjusted to reflect ICC v2023/09 as the formal definition for the base of the Cambrian has not changed.

8472:. Using this method, three periods were defined, the Phyllocian (~4,500–4,000 Ma), Theiikian (~4,000–3,500 Ma), and Siderikian (~3,500 Ma to present). 244:– Small fragments of one type of rock but embedded in a second type of rock must have formed first, and were included when the second rock was forming. 11979: 3228:

or orbital physics. These estimations varied from 15,000 million years to 0.075 million years depending on method and author, but the estimations of

12952: 11752:

El Albani, Abderrazak; Bengtson, Stefan; Canfield, Donald E.; Riboulleau, Armelle; Rollion Bard, Claire; Macchiarelli, Roberto; et al. (2014).

13063: 12653:

Chapter 3.1 the Early Archean Acasta Gneiss Complex: Geological, Geochronological and Isotopic Studies and Implications for Early Crustal Evolution

11735: 9710: 3061:

Niels Stensen, more commonly known as Nicolas Steno (1638–1686), is credited with establishing four of the guiding principles of stratigraphy. In

9760: 4068:

occurred during the first three eons compared to the current eon (the Phanerozoic). The use of subseries/subepochs has been ratified by the ICS.

6888:(collision between Laurentia, Baltica and one of the formerly small Gondwanan terranes) for hills in England, Ireland, Wales, Scotland, and the 13422: 11168: 9497: 7691:

tapers off in North America. Lake Ruker / Nimrod Orogeny in Antarctica, 1,000 ± 150 Ma. Edmundian Orogeny (c. 920–850 Ma),

11233: 7108:

still persist and common. Cephalopods become dominant and common, with some trending toward a coiled shell. Anomalocarids decline. Mysterious

228:– Originally deposited layers of rock extend laterally in all directions until either thinning out or being cut off by a different rock layer. 10466:"X. Theory of the Earth; or an Investigation of the Laws observable in the Composition, Dissolution, and Restoration of Land upon the Globe " 9746:

Tableau des terrains qui composent l'écorce du globe ou Essai sur la structure de la partie connue de la terre . Par Alexandre Brongniart,...

3204: 9853:"XLIII.--On the Physical Structure of Devonshire, and on the Subdivisions and Geological Relations of its older stratified Deposits, &c" 2994:

by more than six centuries. Avicenna also recognised fossils as "petrifications of the bodies of plants and animals", with the 13th-century

740:(new life). Names of systems are diverse in origin, with some indicating chronologic position (e.g., Paleogene), while others are named for 16753: 16429: 16143: 15145: 13438: 12824:. Mars Express after 6 Years in Orbit: Mars Geology from Three-Dimensional Mapping by the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) Experiment. 8719: 3984: 350: 10070: 3814:

Ma) – named after the Pongola Supergroup, in reference to the well preserved evidence of terrestrial microbial communities in those rocks.

3224:

rates and sedimentary thicknesses or ocean chemistry, and physicists determining ages for the cooling of the Earth or the Sun using basic

17604: 8743: 8523: 4168: 3670: 2819: 728:

becomes the Phanerozoic Eon). Names of erathems in the Phanerozoic were chosen to reflect major changes in the history of life on Earth:

13454: 10046: 9414:"Revised guidelines for the establishment of global chronostratigraphic standards by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS)" 3309:

Chronostratigraphic Chart which is the standard, reference global Geological Time Scale to include the ratified Commission decisions".

2953: 133: 7711:(from holozoans) and terrestrial algal mats. Many endosymbiotic events concerning red and green algae occur, transferring plastids to 358:

which defines the lower boundaries of stages on the geologic time scale. (Recently this has been used to define the base of a system)

13494: 10994: 10548:

Principles of Geology: Being an Attempt to Explain the Former Changes of the Earth's Surface, by Reference to Causes Now in Operation

9228:

Principles of Geology: Being an Attempt to Explain the Former Changes of the Earth's Surface, by Reference to Causes Now in Operation

7021: 4542: 178: 7406:

of which wipe out many of the anomalocarids, artiopods, hyoliths, brachiopods, molluscs, and conodonts (early jawless vertebrates).

15683: 11467:

Bauer, Andrew M.; Edgeworth, Matthew; Edwards, Lucy E.; Ellis, Erle C.; Gibbard, Philip; Merritts, Dorothy J. (16 September 2021).

10565:

Principles of Geology: Being an Inquiry how for the Former Changes of the Earth's Surface are Referrable to Causes Now in Operation

9729:

Ueber die unterirdischen Gasarten und die Mittel ihren Nachtheil zu vermindern: ein Beytrag zur Physik der praktischen Bergbaukunde

8715: 7403: 6717:

ones, wipe out many acritarchs, corals, sponges, molluscs, trilobites, eurypterids, graptolites, brachiopods, crinozoans (e.g. all

780: 314:

is the scientific branch of geology that aims to determine the age of rocks, fossils, and sediments either through absolute (e.g.,

129: 13469: 15138: 14715: 14551: 12123: 12098:"Understanding the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum: Evaluation of Deuterium Values (δD) Related to Precipitation and Temperature" 11412:"The Anthropocene: Comparing Its Meaning in Geology (Chronostratigraphy) with Conceptual Approaches Arising in Other Disciplines" 3408: 8648:

It is now known that not all sedimentary layers are deposited purely horizontally, but this principle is still a useful concept.

8416: 3410: 5792: 4538: 2971: 12501:"Cryogenian Glacial Habitats as a Plant Terrestrialisation Cradle – The Origin of the Anydrophytes and Zygnematophyceae Split" 3354: 197:, GSSAs) are used to divide geologic time. Proposals have been made to better reconcile these divisions with the rock record. 15921: 14180: 13359: 13343: 13309: 13288: 13267: 13246: 13225: 13204: 13176: 13013: 12669: 11641: 11594: 11551: 11203: 11190:, The Anthropocene: Politik—Economics—Society—Science, vol. 1, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 19–21, 11144: 11106: 11068: 10393: 9795: 9473: 9018: 8739: 8446: 6043: 5982:

evolve. The very large arthropods and non-tetrapod tetrapodomorphs go extinct. Marine life flourishes in warm shallow reefs;

4809:. The multituberculates and leptictidans go extinct by the end of the epoch. Reglaciation of Antarctica and formation of its 4699: 3643:

Proposed pre-Cambrian timeline (Shield et al. 2021, ICS working group on pre-Cryogenian chronostratigraphy), shown to scale:

3534:

Ma) – moved from Proterozoic to end of Archean, no start time given, base of Paleoproterozoic defines the end of the Siderian

13412: 9602:

Gibbard, Philip L.; Head, Martin J.; Walker, Michael J. C.; the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (20 January 2010).

5947:

or Proto-Pacific also forms). End of Permo-Carboniferous glaciation. Hot and dry climate. A possible drop in oxygen levels.

17679: 17609: 16200: 15652: 13487: 10465: 9938: 7140:, killing off some cephalopods and many brachiopods, bryozoans, echinoderms, graptolites, trilobites, bivalves, corals and 4867: 4027: 3484:

Their recommend revisions of the pre-Cryogenian geologic time scale were (changes from the current scale are italicised):

3355: 13389: 764:. The name of stages should also be derived from a geographic feature in the locality of its stratotype or type locality. 209:

The relative relationships of rocks for determining their chronostratigraphic positions use the overriding principles of:

13101: 11869: 10092: 9188:

Nicolai Stenonis de solido intra solidvm natvraliter contento dissertationis prodromvs ad serenissimvm Ferdinandvm II ...

8755: 7934:

forms as the second undisputed earliest supercontinent. Kimban Orogeny in Australian continent ends. Yapungku Orogeny on

219: 11531: 6046:(252 Ma) occur one after another: more than 80% of life on Earth becomes extinct in the lattermost, including most 3356: 3296:

would finally allow for the accurate determination of radiometric ages, with Holmes publishing several revisions to his

16547: 8543: 3344: 13072: 12183: 16748: 16344: 15403: 13326: 13319: 13299: 13278: 13257: 13236: 13215: 12607:

Bowring, Samuel A.; Williams, Ian S. (1999). "Priscoan (4.00–4.03 Ga) orthogneisses from northwestern Canada".

11182:

Crutzen, Paul J.; Stoermer, Eugene F. (2021), Benner, Susanne; Lax, Gregor; Crutzen, Paul J.; Pöschl, Ulrich (eds.),

10969: 10934: 10899: 10864: 10323: 10288: 10253: 8830: 8413: 8411: 6322: 4049: 3425: 3374: 3265: 3229: 363: 251:– Geologic features representing periods of erosion or non-deposition, indicating non-continuous sediment deposition. 194: 9514:

Aubry, Marie-Pierre; Piller, Werner E.; Gibbard, Philip L.; Harper, David A. T.; Finney, Stanley C. (1 March 2022).

8415: 3004:(c. 1200–1280) extending this into a theory of a petrifying fluid. These works appeared to have little influence on 16384: 11917: 8763: 7760: 6039: 3073:...strata which are either perpendicular to the horizon or inclined to it were at one time parallel to the horizon. 13406: 10127:"The association of lead with uranium in rock-minerals, and its application to the measurement of geological time" 8443: 8412: 8291:, 4,404 ± 8 Ma). Asteroids and comets bring water to Earth, forming the first oceans. Formation of 3424: 3351: 17339: 17057: 14665: 14320: 12439: 8593: 8134: 7137: 3396: 225: 32: 10131:

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character

9564: 6518:

in New Zealand tapers off. Some lobe finned fish called rhizodonts become abundant and dominant in freshwaters.

3363: 3220:

During the 19th century, the debate regarding Earth's age was renewed, with geologists estimating ages based on

17168: 15476: 14544: 8759: 8747: 7286:, when some animals started burrowing through the microbial mats (affecting some other animals as well). First 4073: 4031: 3411: 3362: 3352: 3348: 577:

is a non-hierarchical formal geochronology unit of unspecified rank and is equivalent to a chronostratigraphic

10348: 9820:

On the Geological Structure of the Central and Southern Regions of Russia in Europe, and of the Ural Mountains

3400: 3385: 3381: 3364: 551:

and Quaternary. The use of subepochs as formal units in international chronostratigraphy was ratified in 2022.

17664: 16794: 16542: 15657: 11363:"The Great Acceleration is real and provides a quantitative basis for the proposed Anthropocene Series/Epoch" 9604:"Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma" 4965: 4762: 4658:

and closing the Tethys Ocean, while allowing a faunal interchange. At the same time, Afro-Arabia splits into

4514: 3717:

Ma) – both names allude to the Jack Hills Greenstone Belt which provided the oldest mineral grains on Earth,

3342: 3339: 3128:. This attribution to the 'Deluge', while questioned earlier by the likes of da Vinci, was the foundation of 1401: 17: 3473:

currently defined eons and eras of the pre-Cambrian, and the proposals in the "Geological Time Scale" books

3426: 3378: 3371: 3353: 3349: 3334: 16537: 14627: 12693:"Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago" 8568: 8518: 7399: 4781:" etc.) flourish and continue to develop during the epoch. Appearance of several "modern" mammal families. 4623: 3413: 3149: 1478: 12983: 12007: 9691:[Observations on a trial geological map of France, the Low Countries, and neighboring countries]. 3379: 3357: 3340: 3333: 17510: 17432: 16727: 16597: 16133: 15612: 15592: 15538: 15423: 15259: 14918: 13510: 12558:

Yoon, Hwan Su; Hackett, Jeremiah D.; Ciniglia, Claudia; Pinto, Gabriele; Bhattacharya, Debashish (2004).

10600: 8623: 8618: 8528: 3409: 3398: 3393: 3382: 3350: 3347: 3346: 3335: 547:. There are 37 defined epochs and one informal one. There are also 11 subepochs which are all within the 235: 160: 12559: 11704: 9072:

Dalrymple, G. Brent (2001). "The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved".

8445: 8414: 6325:

occurs, initiating a dry climate which favors amniotes over amphibians. Amniotes diversify rapidly into

3412: 3397: 3391: 3359: 3358: 3343: 17669: 17437: 16937: 16917: 15944: 15279: 15264: 15202: 15181: 14270: 14250: 10197:"The role of the Mediterranean region in the development of sedimentary geology: a historical overview" 10196: 9243:"International Commission on Stratigraphy - Stratigraphic Guide - Chapter 9. Chronostratigraphic Units" 8583: 8435: 8318: 7968: 7133: 5543: 4445: 4331: 3455: 3395: 3384: 3341: 3336: 3332: 3331: 3167: 3145: 3042: 12817: 10859:. J. W. Cowie. Frankfurt a.M.: Herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft. 10852: 3407: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3373: 3372: 3345: 17442: 16927: 16899: 16511: 15914: 15433: 15244: 14981: 14830: 14710: 14260: 14173: 13030:

Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Smith, Alan G.; Bleeker, Wouter; Laurens, Lucas, J. (June 2004).

7931: 6901: 6371: 4953: 4577: 4191: 3910: 3427: 3401: 3380: 3370: 3196: 3112:

The apparent, earliest formal division of the geologic record with respect to time was introduced by

2141: 241: 13418: 11574: 10710: 9775: 9689:"Observations sur un essai de carte géologique de la France, des Pays-Bas, et des contrées voisines" 8998: 8444: 7562:. Enigmatic vendozoans include many soft-jellied creatures shaped like bags, disks, or quilts (like 3337: 3212:

erathem/era rank in use on the modern ICC/GTS were determined during the early to mid-19th century.

17674: 17244: 17158: 16994: 16193: 14680: 13401: 11237: 9663: 9650: 8628: 8603: 8578: 8314: 8015: 7331: 4871: 4522: 3399: 3394: 3375: 3361: 2880: 617:

Period (geochronologic unit) is used in place of Lower Triassic Series (chronostratigraphic unit).

128:. The definition of standardised international units of geologic time is the responsibility of the 8339:

have sufficiently rigid structures to have preserved records of their own histories, for example,

7282:

sponges initially abundant, then vanish. Stromatolites replace them, but quickly fall prey to the

16932: 16882: 16669: 16516: 16165: 16014: 15693: 15471: 15373: 15289: 15284: 14936: 14587: 13783: 13778: 12651: 9899: 8780: 8776: 8558: 8296: 8085: 7984: 7801:

starts. Late Ruker / Nimrod Orogeny in Antarctica possibly begins. Musgrave Orogeny (c. 1,080–),

6391: 6218: 4907: 4895: 4875: 4432:

content reaches present-day levels while landmasses also reach their current locations (e.g. the

4303: 4020: 3338: 3285: 3017: 2944:. This view was shared by a few of Xenophanes' contemporaries and those that followed, including 2906: 2824: 2532: 2514: 2485: 2467: 2449: 2416: 761: 3392: 17684: 16832: 16633: 16379: 16278: 14290: 11812: 8356: 8247: 7798: 7684: 6889: 6059: 5728:

remained common in Gondwana, before being replaced by advanced gymnosperms. Many large aquatic

3978:

It has been suggested that the details about life in the "Major events" column of the table be

3360: 3188:. Their theories strongly contested the 6,000 year age of the Earth as suggested determined by 3129: 1445: 379: 238:– A rock feature that cuts across another feature must be younger than the rock it cuts across. 216:– Newer rock beds will lie on top of older rock beds unless the succession has been overturned. 9852: 9688: 9516:"Ratification of subseries/subepochs as formal rank/units in international chronostratigraphy" 8672:

Precambrian or pre-Cambrian is an informal geological term for time before the Cambrian period

5974:

in this period. In the mid-Permian, lycophytes are heavily replaced by ferns and seed plants.

5055:

proliferate (after developing many features since the Carboniferous), along with new types of

3317:

to 2013) although these versions were published in close association with the ICS. Subsequent

3100:

Strata laid down at the same time in different areas could have entirely different appearances

17211: 16434: 15846: 15119: 14751: 14696: 14650: 14635: 14280: 13162: 13057: 9704: 9601: 8608: 8051: 8043: 7992: 7987:

in North America. Early Ruker Orogeny in Antarctica, 2,000–1,700 Ma. Glenburgh Orogeny,

7704: 7700: 7622: 7375: 7367: 6909: 6694: 6111: 6035: 5940: 5780: 4703: 4388: 4384: 4307: 4165: 4077: 3847: 3674: 3419:

Horizontal scale is Millions of years (above timelines) / Thousands of years (below timeline)

3281: 3184: 3097:

Sequences of strata often become eroded, distorted, tilted, or even inverted after deposition

2888: 921: 544: 521: 383: 355: 12833: 12046: 11723: 9835: 6836:

diversify rapidly, becoming widespread and dominant. Cephalopods continue to flourish. True

562:

is the smallest hierarchical geochronologic unit and is equivalent to a chronostratigraphic

17372: 17324: 17105: 16867: 16808: 16784: 16779: 16123: 16071: 15964: 15907: 15673: 15587: 15413: 15274: 15002: 14971: 14420: 14315: 14166: 12967: 12876: 12829: 12782: 12616: 12372: 12282: 12216: 12142: 12042: 12029:

Bartoli, G; Sarnthein, M; Weinelt, M; Erlenkeuser, H; Garbe-Schönberg, D; Lea, D.W (2005).

11943:

Cox, Simon J. D.; Richard, Stephen M. (2014). "A geologic timescale ontology and service".

11827: 11765: 11719: 11675: 11480: 11423: 10768: 10667: 10612: 10208: 10138: 9952: 9615: 9386: 9138: 9081: 8573: 8563: 7283: 6107: 5815:

except crocodylomorphs, pterosaurs, and dinosaurs, and many ammonoids (including the whole

5768: 4903: 4335: 4244: 4161: 3766: 3208: 2937: 2920:, the broader concept that rocks and time are related can be traced back to (at least) the 1449: 563: 327: 319: 213: 73: 14145: 13048: 13031: 12337: 11995: 9580: 9430: 9413: 8941: 8924: 465:

is the second largest geochronologic time unit and is equivalent to a chronostratigraphic

8: 17472: 17306: 17249: 17100: 17092: 17050: 16894: 16789: 16697: 16472: 16389: 16369: 16359: 16186: 15883: 15533: 15398: 15350: 14335: 14295: 11813:"Large colonial organisms with coordinated growth in oxygenated environments 2.1 Gyr ago" 11010: 10830: 10813: 10012: 9995: 9943: 8368: 8027: 7960: 7696: 7610: 7594: 7590: 7379: 6519: 6278: 6271: 5206: 5178: 4891: 4615: 4510: 4473: 4418: 4295: 4240: 3979: 3162: 3080:

If a body or discontinuity cuts across a stratum, it must have formed after that stratum.

3050: 3025: 3021: 3016:

to explain the origins of fossils and sea-level changes, often attributing these to the '

2986: 2368: 582: 386:(chronostratigraphic units) has not changed, merely the geochronometry has been refined. 273: 15219: 12971: 12880: 12786: 12620: 12376: 12286: 12220: 12146: 11831: 11769: 11679: 11530:

Bleeker, W. (17 March 2005), Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Smith, Alan G. (eds.),

11484: 11427: 11183: 10772: 10671: 10616: 10373: 10212: 10142: 9956: 9619: 9390: 9142: 9085: 7654:

still rare. Late Ruker / Nimrod Orogeny in Antarctica tapers off. First uncontroversial

6884:

not as varied. Three minor extinction events. Some echinoderms go extinct. Beginning of

5538:

levels 3–4 times the present-day levels (1200–1500 ppmv, compared to today's 400 ppmv).

401:

Period, is defined as 201,400,000 years old with an uncertainty of 200,000 years. Other

17384: 17019: 16999: 16877: 16862: 16847: 16769: 16568: 16532: 16334: 16028: 15949: 15858: 15632: 15556: 15486: 14825: 14803: 14670: 14494: 14465: 14400: 14393: 13465: 13134: 12908: 12728: 12632: 12535: 12500: 12481: 12468: 12425: 12401: 12360: 12306: 12248: 11960: 11895: 11851: 11788: 11753: 11633: 11600: 11586: 11512: 11449: 11392: 11342: 11292: 11209: 11162: 10794: 10738: 10691: 10636: 10493: 10224: 10040: 9976: 9880: 9817:

Murchison; Murchison, Sir Roderick Impey; Verneuil; Keyserling, Graf Alexander (1842).

9787: 9754: 9603: 9545: 9491: 9164: 9097: 9010: 8954: 8553: 7865: 7574: 7371: 7244: 6885: 6706: 6515: 6023: 5772: 4899: 4887: 4215: 4187: 4157: 3688: 2967: 2902: 593:

units as they are based on previously defined stratigraphic units or geologic features.

315: 291: 265: 139:

While some regional terms are still in use, the table of geologic time conforms to the

77: 37: 12864: 12661: 12267: 12158: 12097: 4646:

and mammal families become recognizable. The last of the primitive whales go extinct.

3053:

shared da Vinci's views, and found the attribution of fossils to the 'Deluge' absurd.

543:

is the second smallest geochronologic unit. It is equivalent to a chronostratigraphic

17614: 17596: 17500: 17467: 16827: 16623: 16618: 16462: 16298: 16018: 15706: 15571: 15388: 14906: 14785: 14685: 14538: 14441: 14345: 13912: 13876: 13355: 13339: 13305: 13284: 13263: 13242: 13221: 13200: 13172: 13126: 13109: 13009: 12900: 12892: 12845: 12798: 12720: 12712: 12665: 12636: 12589: 12581: 12540: 12522: 12485: 12473: 12455: 12406: 12388: 12298: 12240: 12232: 11999: 11843: 11793: 11637: 11604: 11590: 11547: 11516: 11504: 11496: 11468: 11453: 11441: 11396: 11384: 11379: 11362: 11346: 11334: 11329: 11312: 11296: 11284: 11276: 11213: 11199: 11150: 11140: 11112: 11102: 11074: 11064: 11014: 10975: 10965: 10940: 10930: 10905: 10895: 10870: 10860: 10835: 10786: 10742: 10730: 10683: 10640: 10628: 10497: 10485: 10389: 10354: 10329: 10319: 10294: 10284: 10259: 10249: 10228: 10220: 10156: 10017: 9980: 9968: 9919: 9884: 9872: 9791: 9631: 9584: 9549: 9537: 9532: 9515: 9479: 9469: 9435: 9168: 9156: 9101: 9014: 8946: 8847: 8718:

International Chronostratigraphic chart (v2023/06). An indicates boundaries where a

8404: 8332: 7841: 7806: 7794: 7748: 7688: 7618: 7469: 7363: 7238: 7172: 6285:, brachiopods, bryozoa, bivalves, and corals plentiful in the seas and oceans. First 6237: 6095: 6003: 5764: 5760: 5531: 5527: 4433: 4353: 3752: 3692: 3289: 3277: 3257: 3240: 3171: 3029: 2941: 2838: 2738: 2502: 586: 277: 202: 13138: 12912: 12865:"Global Mineralogical and Aqueous Mars History Derived from OMEGA/Mars Express Data" 12074: 11964: 11260: 10374:"2.27 the Prodromus to a Dissertation on a Solid Naturally Contained within a Solid" 8958: 2144:

in 1874 as a portmanteau of paleo- + Eocene, but on the surface from Greek παλαιός (

413:(kiloannum, thousand years), with the latter often represented in calibrated units ( 17527: 17394: 17379: 17256: 17236: 17178: 17082: 17077: 17024: 16973: 16889: 16837: 16613: 16591: 16457: 16354: 16004: 15851: 15597: 15576: 15528: 15491: 15304: 15024: 15012: 14840: 14808: 14640: 14509: 14425: 14415: 14330: 14006: 13881: 13850: 13647: 13371:

The current version of the International Chronostratigraphic Chart can be found at

13118: 13043: 12975: 12939: 12884: 12837: 12790: 12751: 12732: 12704: 12657: 12624: 12571: 12530: 12512: 12499:Žárský, Jakub; Žárský, Vojtěch; Hanáček, Martin; Žárský, Viktor (27 January 2022). 12463: 12447: 12443: 12396: 12380: 12341: 12333: 12310: 12290: 12252: 12224: 12150: 12050: 11991: 11952: 11855: 11835: 11783: 11773: 11727: 11683: 11629: 11582: 11539: 11488: 11431: 11374: 11324: 11268: 11191: 11006: 10825: 10798: 10776: 10722: 10695: 10675: 10620: 10477: 10381: 10216: 10146: 10007: 9960: 9911: 9864: 9783: 9623: 9576: 9527: 9425: 9394: 9146: 9127:"A template for an improved rock-based subdivision of the pre-Cryogenian timescale" 9089: 9006: 8936: 8598: 8548: 8503: 8340: 8322: 8251: 8126: 8081: 7988: 7980: 7939: 7912: 7837: 7782: 7692: 7547: 7499: 7484: 7474: 7197: 6970: 6714: 6710: 6702: 6338: 6091: 5404: 5396: 5271: 5194: 5151: 4997: 4949: 4826: 4814: 4619: 4576:

Middle Miocene climate optimum temporarily provides a warm climate. Extinctions in

4449: 4276: 4211: 3700: 3261: 2756: 2714: 2689: 2181: 2157: 1506: 1382: 1112: 605:

subdivisions are used as the geochronologic equivalents of the chronostratigraphic

486: 434:

is the largest geochronologic time unit and is equivalent to a chronostratigraphic

170: 156: 113: 11313:"A practical solution: the Anthropocene is a geological event, not a formal epoch" 11132: 10624: 10580: 10431: 9093: 3136:

theory in which all rocks precipitated out of a single flood. A competing theory,

877: 17522: 17505: 17462: 17452: 17344: 16957: 16922: 16909: 16872: 16819: 16677: 16572: 16506: 16467: 16304: 16053: 15582: 15561: 15393: 15365: 15130: 15086: 14951: 14928: 14896: 14848: 14835: 14798: 14780: 14410: 14405: 14106: 14102: 14098: 13975: 13871: 13809: 13704: 13673: 13642: 13473: 13449: 13426: 13350: 13334: 13194: 13166: 13100:; Walter, Malcolm R.; Narbonne, Guy M.; Christie-Blick, Nicholas (30 July 2004). 13097: 13003: 12656:, Developments in Precambrian Geology, vol. 15, Elsevier, pp. 127–147, 11778: 11543: 10563: 10546: 10448: 10385: 9818: 9727: 9374: 9226: 9186: 8588: 8533: 8508: 8344: 8198: 7943: 7771: 7579: 7543: 7010: 6905: 6897: 6893: 6739: 6690: 6686: 6658: 6309:. Variscan orogeny continues (these collisions created orogenies, and ultimately 6306: 6103: 6099: 6079: 6007: 5851: 5800: 5788: 5776: 5756: 5578: 5568: 5523: 5202: 5190: 5115: 5091: 5052: 5042: 5001: 4822: 4723: 4715: 4506: 4481: 3789: 3273: 3244: 3001: 2995: 2970:, who wrote on the processes of stratification over the passage of time in their 2574: 2285: 2224: 1299: 1079: 590: 490: 269: 65: 14131: 11234:"Working Group on the 'Anthropocene' | Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy" 11195: 10534:. Digitised by London Natural History Museum Library. Edinburgh: Neill & Co. 10095:. Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. 9744: 9373:

Knoll, Andrew; Walter, Malcolm; Narbonne, Guy; Christie-Blick, Nicholas (2006).

3878:

Ma) – named for displaying the first evidence for a global oxidising atmosphere.

17637: 17555: 17545: 17409: 17404: 17163: 17153: 17043: 16857: 16655: 16643: 16587: 16582: 16576: 16501: 16424: 16349: 16118: 16081: 15878: 15637: 15627: 15566: 15523: 15355: 15345: 15314: 15214: 15186: 15029: 15019: 14818: 14690: 14660: 14645: 14430: 14388: 14383: 14255: 14125: 13944: 13814: 13709: 13678: 13377:

Interactive version of the International Chronostratigraphic Chart is found at

12841: 12770: 12384: 12055: 12030: 11731: 11492: 11272: 10853:

International Union of Geological Sciences. Commission on Stratigraphy (1986).

9904:

The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science

8538: 8494: 8276: 8231: 8202: 8190: 8097: 7935: 7873: 7861: 7857: 7830: 7802: 7747:) also appear: eukaryotes diversify rapidly, including algal, eukaryovoric and 7724: 7659: 7647: 7583: 7524: 7398:

start colonising land. 3 extinction events occur 517, 502 and 488 Ma, the

6861: 6845: 6813: 6764: 6698: 6654: 6643: 6570: 6459: 6415: 6403: 5925: 5876: 5623: 5539: 5492: 5198: 5182: 5095: 4989: 4818: 4674: 4627: 4546: 4469: 4338: 3907: 3834: 3793: 3225: 3200: 2925: 2592: 2550: 2409: 2357: 2304: 2261: 2242: 2199: 1684: 1510: 1441: 1046: 910: 494: 414: 341: 323: 121: 13479: 13032:"A new Geologic Time Scale, with special reference to Precambrian and Neogene" 12979: 12268:"Rapid Cenozoic glaciation of Antarctica induced by declining atmospheric CO2" 12154: 11956: 11921: 11154: 10481: 9964: 9915: 9868: 9483: 9398: 7683:

supercontinent occurs in early Tonian, with breakup beginning c. 800 Ma.

7028:

diversify into many new types (especially brachiopods and molluscs; e.g. long

6665:, slowly becoming amphibious. The last non-trilobite artiopods die off. First 2390: 2328: 17658: 17565: 17495: 17447: 17414: 17286: 17276: 17266: 17226: 17221: 16774: 16692: 16687: 16638: 16628: 16268: 16148: 16128: 15765: 15716: 15701: 15647: 15418: 15254: 15249: 15165: 15109: 15059: 15007: 14941: 14913: 14901: 14891: 14881: 14763: 14607: 14533: 14482: 14435: 14350: 14310: 14305: 14300: 14233: 13845: 13835: 13804: 13767: 13699: 13668: 12896: 12849: 12802: 12716: 12691:

Wilde, Simon A.; Valley, John W.; Peck, William H.; Graham, Colin M. (2001).

12585: 12526: 12517: 12459: 12426:"Fungal evolution: major ecological adaptations and evolutionary transitions" 12392: 12236: 12204: 12003: 11754:"The 2.1 Ga Old Francevillian Biota: Biogenicity, Taphonomy and Biodiversity" 11500: 11445: 11388: 11338: 11280: 11116: 11078: 11018: 10856:

Guidelines and statutes of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS)

10839: 10790: 10734: 10726: 10687: 10632: 10489: 10298: 10263: 10160: 10035: 10021: 9972: 9923: 9876: 9635: 9588: 9541: 9439: 9160: 8950: 8400: 8388: 8376: 8372: 8272: 8171: 8055: 8047: 7999: 7972: 7756: 7279: 7093: 6945: 6804: 6662: 6639: 6600: 6591: 6586: 6559: 6507: 6439: 6334: 6253: 6212: 6122: 6031: 6027: 5964: 5916: 5729: 5673: 5638: 5488: 5416: 5400: 5392: 5341: 5193:

and the islands of the Indian (and some of the Atlantic) Ocean. Beginning of

5155: 5099: 5047: 4798: 4663: 4477: 4441: 4437: 4421:

develops as the cold slowly intensifies towards the Pleistocene. Atmospheric

4299: 4256: 4182: 3748: 3233: 3179: 3175: 3113: 3087: 2991: 2917: 2720: 2695: 2666: 2660: 2610: 2598: 2580: 2556: 2538: 2520: 2491: 2473: 2310: 2249: 2230: 1636: 1611: 1582: 1557: 1524: 1518: 1495: 1463: 1023: 895: 529: 281: 93: 85: 13443:

A new Geologic Time Scale, with special reference to Precambrian and Neogene

13383:

A list of current Global Boundary Stratotype and Section Points is found at

13122: 12888: 12794: 12576: 12345: 11896:"Geologic Timescale Elements in the International Chronostratigraphic Chart" 10979: 10944: 10874: 10333: 8328: 5059:, while other seed plants (gymnosperms and seed ferns) decline. More modern 2072: 2043: 1985: 1052: 837: 636:

Formal, hierarchical units of the geologic time scale (largest to smallest)

17619: 17570: 17560: 17550: 17490: 17271: 17125: 17115: 16852: 16650: 16364: 16339: 16324: 16290: 16250: 15863: 15750: 15745: 15740: 15727: 15466: 15081: 15075: 14741: 14675: 14597: 14528: 14477: 14378: 14325: 14265: 14136: 14067: 13917: 13840: 13130: 12904: 12724: 12593: 12544: 12477: 12410: 12302: 12244: 12188: 11847: 11797: 11508: 11288: 11134: 10993:

Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; van Kranendonk, Martin (23 July 2008).

10957: 10909: 10655: 10358: 10151: 10126: 9463: 8469: 8465: 8352: 8336: 8186: 8153: 8122: 7889: 7810: 7752: 7663: 7569: 7494: 7414: 7327: 7323: 7271: 7025: 6960: 6920: 6650: 6646: 6523: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6397: 6330: 6087: 6011: 5971: 5740: 5687: 5558: 5519: 5515: 5408: 5186: 5103: 4985: 4879: 4571: 4530: 4526: 4485: 4392: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4342: 4311: 4291: 4236: 4230: 3696: 3444: 3293: 3252: 3189: 3157: 3153: 2869: 2863: 2780: 2762: 2744: 2677: 2641: 2635: 2616: 2455: 2437: 2433: 2422: 2292: 2267: 2206: 2187: 2014: 1906: 1881: 1856: 1831: 1806: 1781: 1756: 1673: 1430: 1238: 1209: 1203: 1180: 1151: 1118: 1085: 866: 474: 296: 261: 248: 174: 152: 140: 109: 101: 13432: 12692: 12628: 12205:"New infant cranium from the African Miocene sheds light on ape evolution" 11261:"Anthropocene now: influential panel votes to recognise Earth's new epoch" 11096: 11058: 10093:"Place Details: Ediacara Fossil Site – Nilpena, Parachilna, SA, Australia" 5110:

appear in water and probably cause the last temnospondyls to die out; and

3103:

The strata of any given area represented only part of Earth's long history

2163: 1731: 994: 17367: 17173: 17110: 16552: 16449: 16411: 16394: 16329: 16310: 16243: 16223: 16097: 16038: 15930: 15873: 15868: 15513: 15496: 15428: 15408: 15294: 15176: 15091: 15069: 14976: 14961: 14756: 14736: 14726: 14655: 14612: 14592: 14521: 14340: 14242: 14062: 13931: 13907: 13752: 13547: 12031:"Final closure of Panama and the onset of northern hemisphere glaciation" 11573:

Strachan, R.; Murphy, J.B.; Darling, J.; Storey, C.; Shields, G. (2020),

11436: 11411: 10959: 10924: 10854: 10512: 10313: 9206: 8923:

Cohen, K.M.; Finney, S.C.; Gibbard, P.L.; Fan, J.-X. (1 September 2013).

8859:

Not enough is known about extra-solar planets for worthwhile speculation.

8280: 8163: 8130: 8116: 8105: 7904:(remains of marine algae possibly) start appearing in the fossil record. 7885: 7728: 7720: 7626: 7564: 7519: 7434: 7395: 7218: 7177: 7129: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7089: 7073: 7033: 6841: 6809: 6578: 6544: 6495: 6483: 6451: 6419: 6233: 6132: 6019: 5995: 5987: 5960: 5944: 5808: 5804: 5784: 5715: 5699: 5547: 5468: 5452: 5432: 5388: 5316: 5306: 5068: 4993: 4782: 4655: 4654:, including humans. Afro-Arabia collides with Eurasia, fully forming the 4606: 4271: 4131: 4064: 3248: 3009: 2921: 2845: 2808: 2802: 2351: 2101: 1979: 1956: 1702: 1409: 1174: 831: 808: 802: 768: 478: 451: 447: 345:

is the field of geochronology that numerically quantifies geologic time.

13329:(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press (Elsevier). ISBN 978-0-323-99242-8. 13322:(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press (Elsevier). ISBN 978-0-323-98913-8. 12294: 12228: 11839: 11688: 11663: 10889: 9151: 9126: 6681:

to lose their shells while anomalocarids vanish. "Old Red Continent" of

6317:(e.g. temnospondyls) spread in Euramerica, with some becoming the first 3077:

must be found that kept the material of the strata from being dispersed.

1386: 1325: 17457: 17424: 17399: 17281: 17201: 17120: 16319: 16314: 16209: 16138: 16102: 16059: 15888: 15841: 15825: 15711: 15617: 15438: 15299: 15269: 15207: 14986: 14886: 14793: 14768: 14571: 14355: 14057: 14017: 13960: 13860: 13757: 13631: 13531: 12928: 12359:

Williams, Joshua J.; Mills, Benjamin J. W.; Lenton, Timothy M. (2019).

11980:"African Environmental Change from the Pleistocene to the Anthropocene" 10529: 9290: 9242: 8235: 8179: 8071: 7938:, in Western Australia. Mangaroon Orogeny, 1,680–1,620 Ma, on the 7923: 7917: 7732: 7712: 7641: 7597:, leading to the formation of the short-lived Ediacaran supercontinent 7439: 7359: 7339: 7311: 7299: 7267: 7255: 7121: 7101: 7057: 7041: 7029: 7015: 7005: 6995: 6925: 6881: 6853: 6837: 6833: 6789: 6682: 6635: 6623: 6607: 6582: 6491: 6463: 6407: 6381: 6361: 6294: 6257: 6182: 6167: 6137: 6071: 6063: 5983: 5952: 5816: 5733: 5724: 5719: 5658: 5648: 5495: 5472: 5456: 5412: 5352: 5326: 5261: 5174: 5166: 5150:) mammals appear while the last non-mammalian cynodonts die out. First 5143: 5127: 5119: 5107: 5079: 5037: 4957: 4830: 4778: 4757: 4719: 4413: 4248: 4199: 4152: 4142: 4082:

Commission for the Management and Application of Geoscience Information

4034: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3837: 3221: 3141: 2933: 2929: 2731: 2706: 2681: 2384: 2174: 2130: 1825: 1696: 1605: 1377: 1354: 1288: 1282: 1145: 757: 753: 578: 525: 482: 410: 190: 186: 105: 14120: 12451: 10315:

The meaning of fossils : episodes in the history of palaeontology

9321: 8795:

This is divided into Lower/Early, Middle, and Upper/Late series/epochs

8488: 8464:

A second time scale based on mineral alteration observed by the OMEGA

7942:

in Western Australia. Kararan Orogeny (1,650 Ma), Gawler Craton,

7243:

Major diversification of (fossils mainly show bilaterian) life in the

5154:. Many snails become terrestrial. Further breakup of Gondwana creates 4902:) while Eurasia completely separates from North America, creating the 2990:(1027) on the concept of stratification and superposition, pre-dating 2916:

While a modern geological time scale was not formulated until 1911 by

965: 397:'). For example, 201.4 ± 0.2 Ma, the lower boundary of the 17690:

International Commission on Stratigraphy geologic time scale of Earth

17389: 17334: 17319: 17291: 17261: 17188: 17130: 17009: 16989: 16722: 16682: 16419: 16228: 16042: 15994: 15969: 15954: 15785: 15622: 15506: 15481: 15461: 15378: 15330: 15324: 15309: 15049: 14966: 14602: 14514: 14489: 14470: 14360: 14072: 14022: 13996: 13955: 13902: 13747: 13723: 13604: 13594: 13583: 13378: 13086:"Pondering 'Deep Time' Could Inspire New Ways To View Climate Change" 12943: 12708: 12184:"Here's What the Last Common Ancestor of Apes and Humans Looked Like" 10781: 10756: 10679: 10278: 10243: 9675:"La crainte de voir mal comprise ... que ceux du bassin de la Seine." 9627: 8513: 8392: 8380: 8268: 8227: 8223: 8213: 8101: 8023: 7954: 7901: 7881: 7852: 7602: 7559: 7529: 7509: 7391: 7335: 7315: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7233: 7187: 7141: 7105: 7097: 7077: 7061: 6975: 6873: 6829: 6817: 6709:

in New Zealand. A series of extinction events, including the massive

6678: 6631: 6627: 6596: 6564: 6503: 6499: 6487: 6455: 6447: 6443: 6349:

remained common before they died out by the end of the period. First

6346: 6326: 6314: 6282: 6266: 6261: 6241: 6229: 6192: 6172: 6067: 6015: 5967: 5956: 5948: 5936: 5911: 5901: 5881: 5812: 5796: 5736: 5703: 5691: 5683: 5593: 5583: 5384: 5380: 5364: 5346: 5296: 5241: 5231: 5221: 5210: 5162: 5147: 5139: 5131: 5123: 5012: 4961: 4943: 4938: 4911: 4841: 4774: 4727: 4707: 4689: 4684: 4585: 4561: 4534: 4501: 4453: 4326: 4281: 4260: 4219: 4203: 4195: 3893: 3462: 3137: 3133: 3063:

De solido intra solidum naturaliter contento dissertationis prodromus

2963: 2949: 2945: 2774: 2322: 2124: 2066: 1850: 1800: 1667: 1622: 1348: 1232: 1017: 926: 776: 767:

Informally, the time before the Cambrian is often referred to as the

745: 741: 729: 498: 470: 406: 402: 390: 372: 182: 166: 117: 97: 41: 11188:

Paul J. Crutzen and the Anthropocene: A New Epoch in Earth's History

10433:

Kurze Klassifikation und Beschreibung der verschiedenen Gebirgsarten

10380:, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 763–825, 9816: 8884: 8205:) may have formed during this period. Rayner Orogeny in Antarctica. 6534: 4009: 933:, the god of the underworld (hell, the inferno) in Greek mythology. 310:

stage, and substage are the hierarchical chronostratigraphic units.

17004: 16842: 16486: 16399: 15990: 15820: 15800: 15642: 15548: 15448: 15239: 15234: 14617: 14460: 14370: 14228: 14218: 14032: 14027: 13991: 13891: 13824: 13793: 13688: 13657: 13618: 13568: 13542: 13518: 12755: 11751: 8996: 8239: 8182: 8167: 8096:

begins to form, stabilises by 2,600 Ma. First uncontroversial

8038: 8019: 8010: 7877: 7825: 7739:(the events may have begun in the Mesoproterozoic) while the first 7736: 7614: 7598: 7555: 7551: 7387: 7319: 7303: 7275: 7259: 7228: 7162: 7085: 7081: 7065: 7053: 6985: 6950: 6935: 6865: 6821: 6799: 6754: 6744: 6729: 6718: 6666: 6615: 6554: 6511: 6471: 6342: 6302: 6298: 6286: 6245: 6224: 6202: 6083: 6075: 6051: 5921: 5856: 5752: 5707: 5695: 5678: 5668: 5628: 5613: 5603: 5507: 5503: 5484: 5480: 5464: 5436: 5424: 5376: 5372: 5336: 5251: 5135: 5111: 5087: 5064: 5032: 4919: 4915: 4861: 4851: 4770: 4742: 4694: 4596: 4464: 4408: 4378: 4315: 4147: 4136: 4084: 3046: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2956: 2856: 2567: 2278: 2217: 2008: 1950: 1900: 1875: 1775: 1630: 1576: 1551: 1457: 1424: 1311: 988: 959: 737: 733: 725: 621: 614: 506: 502: 435: 398: 376: 13384: 12560:"A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes" 12028: 11662:

Goldblatt, C.; Zahnle, K. J.; Sleep, N. H.; Nisbet, E. G. (2010).

9939:"I.—On the Tripartite Classification of the Lower Palæozoic Rocks" 9347: 8754:

levels over the past ~550, 65, and 5 million years can be seen at

4308:

Pleistocene megafauna (including the last terror birds) extinction

3523:(no fixed time given, prior to the Siderian) – from Greek κράτος ( 3156:

with a key driver for resolution of this debate being the work of

92:

that aims to determine the age of rocks). It is used primarily by

17482: 17359: 17329: 17145: 17135: 17014: 16238: 16233: 15815: 15805: 15735: 15607: 15518: 15383: 14956: 14946: 14868: 14859: 14844: 14731: 14576: 14499: 14208: 14046: 13986: 13736: 13573: 13557: 13461:

Deep Time – A History of the Earth : Interactive Infographic

13372: 13096: 11133:

F. M. Gradstein; James G. Ogg; Mark D. Schmitz; Gabi Ogg (2020).

9667:"Ce que je désirerais ... dont il faut également les distinguer." 9375:"The Ediacaran Period: a new addition to the geologic time scale" 9372: 8396: 8384: 8284: 8175: 8159: 8138: 8089: 8066: 7976: 7927: 7897: 7790: 7786: 7776: 7740: 7716: 7708: 7680: 7630: 7606: 7586: 7459: 7449: 7424: 7343: 7307: 7263: 7069: 6877: 6869: 6825: 6779: 6674: 6630:, independently) with the former group very abundant (especially 6619: 6479: 6467: 6318: 6310: 6157: 6147: 6047: 5975: 5928: 5906: 5866: 5841: 5820: 5744: 5711: 5710:

become smaller and nocturnal, eventually becoming the first true

5511: 5499: 5476: 5460: 5448: 5420: 5356: 5170: 5075: 5060: 4981: 4927: 4810: 4786: 4731: 4647: 4611: 4550: 4518: 4496: 4403: 4080:

representation of the time scale, which is available through the

3933: 3269: 3005: 2830: 2037: 1750: 1647: 1597: 1489: 1482: 1319: 860: 749: 548: 466: 443: 89: 81: 14746: 12650:

Iizuka, Tsuyoshi; Komiya, Tsuyoshi; Maruyama, Shigenori (2007),

10450:

De'crostacei e degli altri marini corpi che si truovano su'monti

9563:

Head, Martin J.; Gibbard, Philip; Salvador, Amos (1 June 2008).

6622:

are all abundant in the oceans. First fully coiled cephalopods (

6114:

begins (c. 260–225 Ma), forming the New England Fold Belt.

3116:

who applied a two-fold terminology to mountains by identifying "

2119:) 'new', referring to the dawn of modern life during this epoch 17349: 17216: 17196: 15810: 15760: 15755: 15054: 14213: 14082: 13965: 13599: 11810: 11101:. Gabi Ogg, F. M. Gradstein. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. 8843: 8288: 8262: 8194: 8142: 8093: 8084:

overturn event. Insell Orogeny, 2,650 ± 150 Ma.

8077: 7964: 7744: 7674: 7655: 7651: 7539: 7535: 7251: 7248: 7207: 7202: 7152: 6849: 6769: 6685:

persists after forming in the Caledonian orogeny. Beginning of

6670: 6611: 6604: 6350: 6274: 6055: 5999: 5891: 5831: 5748: 5440: 5428: 5391:, become the dominant land vertebrates. Mammals diversify into 5286: 5276: 5159: 5083: 5072: 5056: 5022: 4977: 4969: 4806: 4766: 4752: 4711: 4659: 4422: 4288: 4252: 4207: 4088: 3801: 3797: 3718: 2998: 2884: 2652: 2627: 2339: 2095: 1725: 1688: 1303: 889: 439: 125: 15899: 10039: 9123: 8475: 8459: 8442: 8410: 6677:. Pressure from jawed fishes cause eurypterids to decline and 3955: 3952:

Current ICC pre-Cambrian timeline (v2023/09), shown to scale:

3947: 3800:, to reflect the growth of stable continental nuclei or proto- 3654: 3651:

Current ICC pre-Cambrian timeline (v2023/09), shown to scale:

3646: 3423: 3406: 3390: 3369: 3330: 3107: 3093:

Over the course of the 18th-century geologists realised that:

354:(GSSP) is an internationally agreed upon reference point on a 17537: 17314: 17296: 17066: 16439: 16178: 15790: 15602: 15501: 15456: 15064: 14813: 14504: 14452: 11309: 9686: 9457: 9455: 9453: 9451: 9449: 9235: 9119: 9117: 9115: 9113: 9111: 8734: 8732: 8730: 8728: 7893: 7814: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7125: 7037: 6574: 6475: 6290: 6002:

arise from earlier diapsids, and split into the ancestors of

5991: 5932: 5360: 4581: 3013: 2960: 2795: 2371:

of the American Southwest, ultimately from Arabic وَادِي ٱل (

1655: 1651: 1593: 1568: 1535: 1413: 1405: 1307: 914: 906: 69: 12862: 12202: 11538:(1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 141–146, 9040: 8371:

of Earth's Moon has been divided into a time scale based on

7124:

at the end of the period. First uncontroversial terrestrial

6904:

ends late in this period after starting in Late Ordovician.

6634:). Trilobites and ostracoderms decline, while jawed fishes ( 4890:

to 650 ppm, setting the stage for a long period of cooling.

3120:" for rock formed at the time of the 'Deluge', and younger " 1481:

in reference to a trio of formations widespread in southern

691:

Hundreds of thousands of years to tens of millions of years

17586: 17206: 16373: 16255: 15795: 15780: 15770: 15224: 15161: 14203: 14189: 14150: 13450:

Report of the Committee on the measurement of geologic time

13002:

Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Smith, Alan G. (2004).

11572: 9411: 8355:, do not comparably preserve their history. Apart from the 8348: 8292: 8219: 7834: 6411: 6249: 5783:

occurs around 234–232 Ma, allowing the first dinosaurs and

5444: 5368: 4973: 4802: 4794: 4790: 4643: 4639: 3691:

Era/Erathem (4567–4404 Ma) – the name alluding both to the

3303: 1921: 524:. There are 22 defined periods, with the current being the 394: 61: 15230:

International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service

12424:

Naranjo-Ortiz, Miguel A.; Gabaldón, Toni (25 April 2019).

12323: 11661: 11466: 11409: 11359: 10992: 10245:

Science in ancient China : researches and reflections

9743:

Brongniart, Alexandre (1770-1847) Auteur du texte (1829).

9446: 9108: 8725: 7550:, possibly caused by a large-scale oxidation event. First 7390:) levels (6000 ppm compared to today's 400 ppm) 7370:

tapers off (550–535 Ma). Ross Orogeny in Antarctica.

5706:(a group of sauropterygians) dominate large marine fauna. 3944:

Proposed pre-Cambrian timeline (GTS2012), shown to scale:

389:

The numeric values on the ICC are represented by the unit

189:

and Paleogene systems/periods. For divisions prior to the

16273: 15775: 12498: 12431:

Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society

12089: 11978:

Hoag, Colin; Svenning, Jens-Christian (17 October 2017).

8243: 7247:

as oxygen levels increase. Numerous fossils; most modern

5979: 5510:, with the latter also breaking into two main parts; the 5209:

oxygen and carbon dioxide levels similar to present day.

4923: 4651: 222:– All rock layers were originally deposited horizontally. 36:

The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a

17035: 13029: 12557: 10958:

F. M. Gradstein; James G. Ogg; A. Gilbert Smith (2004).

10085: 9513: 8714:

The dates and uncertainties quoted are according to the

7546:

flourish worldwide in seas, possibly appearing after an

6721:), and fish, including all placoderms and ostracoderms. 5803:, many marine reptiles (e.g. all sauropterygians except 528:

period. As an exception two subperiods are used for the

14158: 13460: 12953:"A Geologic Time scale 2004 – Why, How and Where Next!" 12750:. Professional Paper. United States Geological Survey. 12075:"NOVA, Aliens from Earth: Who's who in human evolution" 11628:(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 359–365. 9509: 9507: 8308: 7136:

at the end of this period, as well as a series of mass

5970:

remain common, with the latter probably giving rise to

5213:

disappear. Climate initially warm, but later it cools.

3659: 13304:(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press (Elsevier). 13283:(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press (Elsevier). 13262:(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press (Elsevier). 13241:(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press (Elsevier). 13220:(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press (Elsevier). 13199:(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press (Elsevier). 8992: 8990: 8988: 8254:

Orogeny in Antarctica, 4,000 ± 200 Ma.

3433: 3056: 2974:. Their work likely inspired that of the 11th-century 12690: 12423: 8986: 8984: 8982: 8980: 8978: 8976: 8974: 8972: 8970: 8968: 8922: 8614:

Timeline of the geologic history of the United States

8275:) c. 4,031 to 3,580 Ma. Possible first appearance of 5542:(last pseudosuchians) seek out an aquatic lifestyle. 3438: 3170:

in 1785. Hutton's theory would later become known as

3049:

doctrine was in some places unwise, scholars such as

2896: 12649: 10280:

The Birth and Development of the Geological Sciences

9504: 9366: 9067: 9065: 9063: 9061: 8484: 7625:. Beardmore Orogeny in Antarctica, 633–620 Ma. 7120:

fish appear, the latter probably giving rise to the

6301:

and Siberia-Kazakhstania, the latter of which forms

5819:), bivalves, brachiopods, corals and sponges. First 4722:). Major evolution and dispersal of modern types of 4476:. Cooling climate continues from the Miocene. First 2626:

Named for the Homolka a Přídolí nature reserve near

1452:

was the first to publish the term Jurassic in 1829.

16754:

Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)

12361:"A tectonically driven Ediacaran oxygenation event" 12358: 11566: 11523: 10585:. Gerstein - University of Toronto. London, Harper. 9562: 9285: 9283: 8999:"A Chronostratigraphic Division of the Precambrian" 8740:

Atmosphere of Earth#Evolution of Earth's atmosphere

8362: 8283:. End of the Early Bombardment Phase. Oldest known 8129:phototrophic bacteria, like cyanobacteria). Oldest 4642:down to around 100 ppmv during the Miocene. Modern 4448:). The last non-marsupial metatherians go extinct. 3454:been ratified by the ICS; however, in May 2019 the 1263:Time span and etymology of ICS system/period names 658:Several hundred million years to two billion years 15160: 13413:National Museum of Natural History – Geologic Time 12417: 12128:-forced climate thresholds during the Phanerozoic" 11909: 10531:Illustrations of the Huttonian theory of the earth 9316: 9314: 9312: 9281: 9279: 9277: 9275: 9273: 9271: 9269: 9267: 9265: 9263: 9074:Special Publications, Geological Society of London 8965: 7872:1,600 Ma, Mount Isa Block, Queensland. First 6498:, etc.) recover and become very common again, but 3463:Proposals for revisions to pre-Cryogenian timeline 1931:Time span and etymology of ICS series/epoch names 13354:(1st ed.). Forest Hills, NY: Callisto Reference. 13001: 11657: 11655: 11653: 10846: 10601:"Arthur Holmes' vision of a geological timescale" 10067:LISTSERV 16.0 - AUSTRALIAN-LINGUISTICS-L Archives 9851:Sedgwick, A.; Murchison, R. I. (1 January 1840). 9850: 9680: 9595: 9058: 8925:"The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart" 8825: 8823: 8821: 5459:diverse. Rhynchocephalians throughout the world. 940:Time span and etymology of ICS erathem/era names 165:The geologic time scale is a way of representing 17656: 13435:from Planck Time to the lifespan of the universe 13429:. Information model for the geologic time scale. 12816:Carr, Michael H.; Head, James W. (1 June 2010). 11403: 11252: 10715:Transactions of the Edinburgh Geological Society 10605:Geological Society, London, Special Publications 10195:Fischer, Alfred G.; Garrison, Robert E. (2009). 10190: 9857:Transactions of the Geological Society of London 9767: 9405: 8918: 8916: 8914: 8912: 8910: 8908: 8906: 8904: 8902: 8819: 8817: 8815: 8813: 8811: 8809: 8807: 8805: 8803: 8801: 8692: 8690: 7967:while more cyanobacterial stromatolites appear. 7601:, which by the end of the period breaks up into 4988:) and mammals (up to bear or small hippo size). 4634:, gradually lowering the level of atmospheric CO 4210:becomes a desert. End of Stone Age and start of 185:System/Period and thus the boundary between the 13509: 13402:British Geological Survey: Geological Timechart 12606: 11888: 11705:"Planetary accretion in the inner Solar System" 11181: 11056: 10194: 10188: 10186: 10184: 10182: 10180: 10178: 10176: 10174: 10172: 10170: 9348:"Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Points" 9309: 9260: 9200: 9198: 7378:. Some small terranes split off from Gondwana. 6418:, radiating significantly one last time. First 3215: 1995:Coined in the early 1830s from Greek πλεῖστος ( 680:Millions of years to tens of millions of years 143:, ages, and colour codes set forth by the ICS. 13448:Lane, Alfred C, and Marble, John Putman 1937. 13171:. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. 12739: 12352: 12265: 11804: 11745: 11650: 11623: 10470:Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 10120: 10118: 9891: 9810: 9773: 9736: 9642: 9565:"The Quaternary: its character and definition" 9556: 9461: 9220: 9218: 8879: 8877: 8875: 8836: 8429: 7032:cephalopods like the long lasting and diverse 5943:, among other mountain ranges (the superocean 1448:as 'Jura Kalkstein' (Jura limestone) in 1799. 169:based on events that have occurred throughout 17051: 16194: 15915: 15146: 14174: 13495: 13327:Stratigraphy of Geo- and Biodynamic Processes 13008:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 12856: 12600: 12117: 12115: 12113: 12111: 12068: 12066: 10964:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 10922: 10887: 10805: 10594: 10592: 10521: 10504: 9930: 9844: 9827: 9719: 8899: 8798: 8791: 8789: 8687: 8642: 6892:. Also continued into Devonian period as the 4730:, miacoids and condylarths go extinct. First 3833:Ma) – named for the inferred predominance of 3322:ratified by the ICS since the prior version. 2024:Coined in the early 1830s from Greek πλείων ( 566:. There are 96 formal and five informal ages. 420: 40:with some major events in Earth's history. A 13062:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 12950: 12762: 12643: 12492: 12259: 12022: 11977: 11303: 11175: 10555: 10538: 10371: 10340: 10305: 10167: 10054: 10050:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 9709:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 9195: 9180: 9178: 8720:Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point 8452:Martian time periods (millions of years ago) 8246:-based genes around 3800 Ma. The end of the 3985:Timeline of the evolutionary history of life 2794:) 'lotus', referring to the state symbol of 2053:Coined in the early 1830s from Greek μείων ( 628:the Silurian Series and they were deposited 438:. There are four formally defined eons: the 351:Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point 12684: 12317: 12266:Deconto, Robert M.; Pollard, David (2003). 12176: 11918:"SPARQL endpoint for CGI timescale service" 11532:"Toward a "natural" Precambrian time scale" 11258: 11052: 11050: 11048: 10702: 10572: 10457: 10423: 10408: 10365: 10235: 10115: 9774:Ogg, J.G.; Hinnov, L.A.; Huang, C. (2012), 9759:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 9215: 8872: 8680: 8678: 8524:Formation and evolution of the Solar System 6522:collides with a different small continent, 6034:. Cynodonts evolve from larger therapsids. 5714:, while other remaining synapsids die out. 3108:Formulation of a modern geologic time scale 3045:were not readily accepted and dissent from 27:System that relates geologic strata to time 17058: 17044: 16201: 16187: 15922: 15908: 15153: 15139: 14181: 14167: 13502: 13488: 13445:, Episodes, Vol. 27, no. 2 June 2004 (pdf) 13102:"A New Period for the Geologic Time Scale" 12809: 12551: 12196: 12108: 12063: 11984:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 11942: 11460: 11167:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 11128: 11126: 11090: 11088: 11046: 11044: 11042: 11040: 11038: 11036: 11034: 11032: 11030: 11028: 10894:. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. 10589: 10270: 9742: 9496:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9465:A dictionary of geology and earth sciences 9354:. International Commission on Stratigraphy 9328:. International Commission on Stratigraphy 9297:. International Commission on Stratigraphy 9041:"International Commission on Stratigraphy" 8887:. International Commission on Stratigraphy 8786: 2444:(forest) + -ia by analogy to Transylvania 2408:), referring to the western slopes of the 2342:, China, an anglicization of Mandarin 乐平 ( 2111:Coined in the early 1830s from Greek ἠώς ( 719: 193:, arbitrary numeric boundary definitions ( 134:International Union of Geological Sciences 13297: 13276: 13255: 13234: 13213: 13192: 13047: 12609:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 12575: 12534: 12516: 12467: 12400: 12102:Honors Projects in Science and Technology 12054: 11971: 11787: 11777: 11687: 11435: 11378: 11353: 11328: 10929:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10829: 10780: 10440: 10150: 10011: 9897: 9648: 9531: 9429: 9175: 9150: 9071: 8940: 8708: 8668: 8666: 8664: 8299:. Formation of Earth (4,543 to 4,540 Ma) 7022:Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event 4910:diverges from the rest of Eurasia. First 4710:and diversification of fauna, especially 4050:Learn how and when to remove this message 3960: 16749:Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA) 15684:International Commission on Stratigraphy 12815: 12745: 11936: 11702: 11617: 10811: 10527: 10318:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 10034: 9936: 9833: 9725: 9340: 8769: 8744:Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere 8716:International Commission on Stratigraphy 8675: 8651: 8351:. Dominantly fluid planets, such as the 8050:) increases oxygen. Sleaford Orogeny on 7330:are dominant and giant predators, while 5994:, ammonoids (including goniatites), and 5959:) become widespread and dominant, while 4964:survived) and many other invertebrates. 4866:Two transient events of global warming ( 3751:, one of the oldest preserved pieces of 3614:Ma) – respectively from Greek κλείσιμο ( 3304:Modern international geologic time scale 713:Thousands of years to millions of years 702:Thousands of years to millions of years 130:International Commission on Stratigraphy 31: 14151:Articles related to Geologic time scale 13083: 13070: 11529: 11123: 11085: 11025: 10986: 10951: 10916: 10749: 10346: 10311: 10060: 9993: 9322:"Chapter 3. Definitions and Procedures" 9033: 8699: 7024:occurs as plankton increase in number: 4734:(modern, fully aquatic whales) appear. 2082:Coined in the 1850s from Greek ὀλίγος ( 1691:'Yata Takarra' 'hard or stony ground'. 1687:. Ediacara is possibly a corruption of 1310:Basin that appeared to be younger than 520:is equivalent to a chronostratigraphic 44:(Ma) represents one million (10) years. 14: 17657: 13301:Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy 13084:Ialenti, Vincent (21 September 2014). 13071:Ialenti, Vincent (28 September 2014). 12768: 12095: 11876:. Paleontological Research Institution 11060:The geologic time scale 2012. Volume 2 10708: 10578: 10510: 10463: 10429: 10414: 10124: 9900:"VII. On the silurian system of rocks" 9291:"Chapter 9. Chronostratigraphic Units" 9204: 8661: 8439:and Amazonian (~3,000 Ma to present). 8174:) diversify rapidly, along with early 7844:in North America. Columbia breaks up. 7386:content roughly 15 times present-day ( 6816:and fully terrestrialised arthropods: 4358:Further cooling of the climate. Giant 3467: 669:Tens to hundreds of millions of years 405:units commonly used by geologists are 17039: 16182: 15903: 15134: 14162: 14149: 13483: 13455:Lessons for Children on Geologic Time 13338:(2nd ed.). Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell. 13238:Cyclostratigraphy and Astrochronology 13160: 13148:from the original on 15 December 2011 12951:Gradstein, F. M.; Ogg, J. G. (2004). 12121: 12072: 11996:10.1146/annurev-environ-102016-060653 11063:(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. 10881: 10653: 10598: 10561: 10544: 10453:(in Italian). Appresso Stefano Monti. 10372:Kardel, Troels; Maquet, Paul (2018), 10276: 10241: 9224: 9184: 8783:are official sub-systems/sub-periods. 8750:. Specific graphs of reconstructed CO 7998:2,005–1,920 Ma. Kimban Orogeny, 7930:with nuclei and endomembrane system. 4259:, and the Americas (mainland and the 3982:out into another article titled 3932:Ma) – named after the supercontinent 3124:formed later from the debris of the " 2940:over the land and at other times had 1505:Named after the historical region of 179:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 17610:Geology of solar terrestrial planets 15115: 13441:, Gradstein, Felix M. et al. (2004) 13259:Case Studies in Isotope Stratigraphy 10654:Soddy, Frederick (4 December 1913). 10446: 10353:. New York: Reynal & Hitchcock. 8309:Non-Earth based geologic time scales 5698:also arise from bipedal archosaurs. 5134:, who migrate to South America) and 4980:widespread. First large birds (e.g. 4789:diversify after returning to water. 4580:, decreasing shark diversity. First 4032:adding citations to reliable sources 4003: 3964: 3660:Van Kranendonk et al. 2012 (GTS2012) 14101:= kiloannum (thousands years ago); 12822:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 12035:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 11741:from the original on 19 April 2012. 11712:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 11094: 10812:Harrison, James M. (1 March 1978). 10568:. Vol. 3. London: John Murray. 10551:. Vol. 2. London: John Murray. 9994:Bassett, Michael G. (1 June 1979). 9231:. Vol. 1. London: John Murray. 9045:International Geological Time Scale 8756:File:Phanerozoic Carbon Dioxide.png 7695:, Western Australia. Deposition of 5795:occurs 201 Ma, wiping out all 5718:(archosaur relatives) also common. 3434:Major proposed revisions to the ICC 3057:Establishment of primary principles 822:) 'visible' or 'abundant' and ζωή ( 24: 16548:Adoption of the Gregorian calendar 14105:= megaannum (millions years ago); 13320:Integrated Quaternary Stratigraphy 12922: 11634:10.1016/B978-0-444-59425-9.00016-0 11587:10.1016/b978-0-12-824360-2.00016-4 11259:Subramanian, Meera (21 May 2019). 11098:A concise geologic time scale 2016 10350:The notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci 9898:Murchison, Roderick Impey (1835). 9788:10.1016/b978-0-444-59425-9.00026-3 9011:10.1016/b978-0-444-59425-9.00016-0 8738:For more information on this, see 8544:Graphical timeline of the universe 8133:. Humboldt Orogeny in Antarctica. 7554:(unknown affinity among animals), 6589:), first trees (the progymnosperm 5793:Triassic–Jurassic extinction event 4513:. Sahara desert formation begins. 4387:and unstable climate. Rise of the 3439:Proposed Anthropocene Series/Epoch 3312:Following on from Holmes, several 2984:(Ibn Sînâ, 980–1037) who wrote in 2897:History of the geologic time scale 1404:in reference to extensive beds of 1136:) 'former' or 'earlier', and ζωή ( 1103:) 'former' or 'earlier', and ζωή ( 1070:) 'former' or 'earlier', and ζωή ( 641:Chronostratigraphic unit (strata) 469:. There are ten defined eras: the 195:Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages 181:, marks the lower boundary of the 25: 17701: 15404:Discrete time and continuous time 14109:= gigaannum (billions years ago). 13466:Geology Buzz: Geologic Time Scale 13365: 13217:Advances in Sequence Stratigraphy 10995:"On the Geologic Time Scale 2008" 10757:"A Revised Geological Time-Scale" 10711:"A revised geological time-scale" 9996:"100 Years of Ordovician Geology" 9131:Journal of the Geological Society 8935:(3) (updated ed.): 199–204. 8842:The age of the oldest measurable 8831:Global Standard Stratigraphic Age 8230:around 4000 Ma, after which true 8145:, ends by roughly 2,696 Ma. 6896:, above (thus Euramerica forms). 6323:Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse 6044:Permian–Triassic extinction event 4992:in Europe and Asia begins. First 4894:collides with Eurasia and starts 4539:separating from gorilla ancestors 4214:. Humans finally expand into the 2833:, Mandarin for 'sprouting peaks' 851:) 'former' or 'earlier' and ζωή ( 364:Global Standard Stratigraphic Age 132:(ICS), a constituent body of the 17633: 17632: 16732: 15329: 15323: 15114: 15105: 15104: 14130: 14119: 13419:SeeGrid: Geological Time Systems 13073:"Embracing 'Deep Time' Thinking" 12748:The geologic history of the Moon 11011:10.1127/0078-0421/2008/0043-0005 10430:Werner, Abraham Gottlob (1787). 10221:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2008.01009.x 10103:from the original on 3 June 2011 9726:Humboldt, Alexander von (1799). 8853: 8764:File:Five Myr Climate Change.png 8722:has been internationally agreed. 8487: 8422:Millions of years before present 8363:Lunar (selenological) time scale 8002:in Australian continent begins. 7761:Neoproterozoic oxygenation event 7338:and molluscs diversify rapidly. 7314:, pentaradial echinoderms (e.g. 6281:continues to the Early Permian. 5122:coexist with pterosaurs. Modern 4874:) and warming climate until the 4702:extinction. Start of widespread 4509:with hypersaline lakes in empty 4008: 3969: 3788:Ma) – based on the names of the 3561:–2300 Ma) – from Greek σκουριά ( 3300:with his final version in 1960. 2911: 1165:) 'new' or 'young' and ἀρχαῖος ( 509:, with none from the Hadean eon. 409:(gigaannum, billion years), and 17340:Human impact on the environment 16430:English and British regnal year 15929: 13049:10.18814/epiiugs/2004/v27i2/002 12775:Journal of Geophysical Research 12564:Molecular Biology and Evolution 12440:Cambridge Philosophical Society 12338:10.1127/nova.hedwigia/65/1997/1 12135:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 12096:Gannon, Colin (26 April 2013). 11915: 11862: 11703:Chambers, John E. (July 2004). 11696: 11469:"Anthropocene: event or epoch?" 11226: 10647: 10419:(in Latin). London: G. Kettiby. 10028: 9987: 9823:. Print. by R. and J.E. Taylor. 9655:Annales des Sciences Naturelles 9581:10.18814/epiiugs/2008/v31i2/009 9431:10.18814/epiiugs/1996/v19i3/007 8942:10.18814/epiiugs/2013/v36i3/002 8594:New Zealand geologic time scale 8135:Blake River Megacaldera Complex 8022:glaciation. First hypothetical 7358:continue to present day. First 7326:), and numerous other animals. 5747:fish appear, as do many modern 5419:but mostly remain small. First 4650:become ubiquitous. Ancestor of 4019:needs additional citations for 3846:Ma) – named for the voluminous 3600:Neoproterozoic (1000–538.8 Ma) 3160:(1726–1797), in particular his 1534:Means 'coal-bearing', from the 17169:Climate variability and change 16208: 15477:History of timekeeping devices 13351:Sedimentology and Stratigraphy 13335:Sedimentology and Stratigraphy 11581:, Elsevier, pp. 481–493, 10831:10.18814/epiiugs/1978/v1i1/005 10436:(in German). Dresden: Walther. 10125:Holmes, Arthur (9 June 1911). 10013:10.18814/epiiugs/1979/v2i2/003 9782:, Elsevier, pp. 731–791, 9687:d'Halloy, d'O., J.-J. (1822). 9005:, Elsevier, pp. 299–392, 8760:File:65 Myr Climate Change.png 8137:begins to form in present-day 7629:forms. An increase in oceanic 6514:continues from Late Devonian. 5546:continues from late Triassic. 5086:all common. Many new types of 4543:chimpanzee and human ancestors 4087:project as a service and at a 4074:Resource Description Framework 3864:Paleoproterozoic Era/Erathem ( 3195:During the early 19th century 3024:in 1282. It was not until the 1621:Named after the Celtic tribe, 1066:) 'new' or 'young', πρότερος ( 255: 13: 1: 17605:Evolution of the Solar System 16543:Old Style and New Style dates 16015:creation of chemical elements 13548:Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma) 12662:10.1016/s0166-2635(07)15031-3 12073:Tyson, Peter (October 2009). 11874:Digital Atlas of Ancient Life 11664:"The Eons of Chaos and Hades" 10709:Holmes, A. (1 January 1959). 10625:10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.10 10099:. Commonwealth of Australia. 10061:Butcher, Andy (26 May 2004). 9608:Journal of Quaternary Science 9094:10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14 8866: 8850:, is dated to 3,600–3,800 Ma. 8076:Stabilization of most modern 7995: 7869: 7104:, and other taxa all common. 6232:radiate suddenly; some (esp. 5351:Climate becomes humid again. 4793:continue to diversify. First 4266:0.0117 ± 0.000099 3918:Mesoproterozoic Era/Erathem ( 3671:formation of the Solar System 3449:First suggested in 2000, the 3166:, first presented before the 175:4.54 ± 0.05 Ga 146: 17345:Evolutionary history of life 16495:Pre-Julian / Julian 11779:10.1371/journal.pone.0099438 11626:The geologic time scale 2012 11544:10.1017/cbo9780511536045.011 11380:10.18814/epiiugs/2021/021031 11330:10.18814/epiiugs/2021/021029 10599:Lewis, Cherry L. E. (2001). 10447:Moro, Anton Lazzaro (1740). 10386:10.1007/978-3-662-55047-2_38 10097:Australian Heritage Database 9533:10.18814/epiiugs/2021/021016 8569:List of geochronologic names 8519:Evolutionary history of life 8295:(4,510 Ma), probably from a 7946:. Oxygen levels drop again. 7860:expand. Barramundi Orogeny, 7658:fossils. First hypothetical 7332:many Ediacaran fauna die out 6599:(palaeoptera and neoptera). 5807:and all ichthyosaurs except 5779:ends, (c. 260–225 Ma). 5751:orders and suborders. First 4626:. Widespread forests slowly 4624:Southern Alps in New Zealand 4235:Climate stabilises. Current 3216:The advent of geochronometry 2375:) 'valley of the' and Latin 1479:Friedrich August von Alberti 927: 771:or pre-Cambrian (Supereon). 7: 17680:Evolution-related timelines 16728:Geological history of Earth 16598:Astronomical year numbering 15424:Gravitational time dilation 15260:Barycentric Coordinate Time 14919:Geological history of Earth 13511:Geological history of Earth 13415:(archived 11 November 2005) 13325:Montenari, Michael (2023). 13318:Montenari, Michael (2022). 13298:Montenari, Michael (2021). 13280:Carbon Isotope Stratigraphy 13277:Montenari, Michael (2020). 13256:Montenari, Michael (2019). 13235:Montenari, Michael (2018). 13214:Montenari, Michael (2017). 13196:Stratigraphy and Timescales 13193:Montenari, Michael (2016). 13092:. NPR Cosmos & Culture. 13079:. NPR Cosmos & Culture. 12769:Tanaka, Kenneth L. (1986). 11196:10.1007/978-3-030-82202-6_2 11184:"The 'Anthropocene' (2000)" 10999:Newsletters on Stratigraphy 10562:Lyell, Sir Charles (1834). 10545:Lyell, Sir Charles (1832). 9225:Lyell, Sir Charles (1832). 8624:Timeline of natural history 8619:Timeline of human evolution 8529:Geological history of Earth 8480: 8430:Martian geologic time scale 7876:(the first eukaryotes with 6697:of North America, also the 6102:in Europe/Asia tapers off. 5896:251.902 ± 0.024 4529:, the last non-crocodilian 4247:. Humans spread across the 4130: 3850:formed within its duration. 2966:-philosophers, notably the 1654:form of the Welsh name for 1364:Derived from Greek παλιός ( 644:Geochronologic unit (time) 318:) or relative means (e.g., 236:Cross-cutting relationships 161:Geological history of Earth 10: 17706: 15945:Chronology of the universe 15280:Geocentric Coordinate Time 15265:Barycentric Dynamical Time 15203:Coordinated Universal Time 14271:Orders of magnitude (time) 13784:Mississippian (323–359 Ma) 13779:Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma) 13543:Holocene (present–11.7 ka) 13398:(archived 20 January 2019) 13379:stratigraphy.org/timescale 13005:A Geologic Time Scale 2004 12842:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.06.042 12818:"Geologic history of Mars" 12771:"The stratigraphy of Mars" 12505:Frontiers in Plant Science 12385:10.1038/s41467-019-10286-x 12056:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.06.020 11732:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.04.031 11536:A Geologic Time Scale 2004 11493:10.1038/d41586-021-02448-z 11273:10.1038/d41586-019-01641-5 11139:. Amsterdam, Netherlands. 10961:A geologic time scale 2004 10926:A geologic time scale 1989 10312:Rudwick, M. J. S. (1985). 10283:. Williams & Wilkins. 9937:Lapworth, Charles (1879). 9468:(Fifth ed.). Oxford. 8885:"Statues & Guidelines" 8584:Martian geologic timescale 8436:geological history of Mars 8319:Martian geologic timescale 8312: 8271:of the oldest known rock ( 8030:. Kenorland disassembles. 7892:(giving rise to the first 7518: 7242: 7227: 7128:and fully terrestrialised 6462:are dominant and diverse; 6404:lycopodian primitive trees 6240:) of them as well as some 5900: 5544:Mesozoic marine revolution 5350: 5335: 5051: 5036: 5031: 4332:Mid-Pleistocene Transition 4135: 3857:Proterozoic Eon/Eonothem ( 3733:Paleoarchean Era/Erathem ( 3456:Anthropocene Working Group 3442: 3276:, and the developments in 3168:Royal Society of Edinburgh 3146:Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti 2900: 2432:Named for the US state of 2358:273.01 to 259.51 1412:. Ultimately derived from 915: 896:4,567.3 to 4,031 421:Divisions of geologic time 259: 150: 17628: 17595: 17579: 17536: 17481: 17423: 17358: 17305: 17235: 17187: 17144: 17091: 17073: 17065: 16982: 16966: 16950: 16908: 16900:Thermoluminescence dating 16818: 16807: 16795:Samarium–neodymium dating 16762: 16741: 16715: 16706: 16668: 16606: 16561: 16525: 16494: 16485: 16448: 16410: 16289: 16264: 16216: 16157: 16111: 16090: 15978: 15937: 15834: 15725: 15692: 15666: 15547: 15447: 15434:Time-translation symmetry 15364: 15338: 15321: 15245:International Atomic Time 15195: 15172: 15100: 15042: 14995: 14982:Time translation symmetry 14927: 14867: 14857: 14779: 14706: 14626: 14567: 14451: 14369: 14279: 14241: 14227: 14196: 14156: 14096: 14081: 14068:Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga) 14045: 14005: 13974: 13943: 13930: 13918:Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma) 13890: 13859: 13823: 13792: 13766: 13735: 13722: 13687: 13656: 13630: 13617: 13582: 13556: 13530: 13517: 13161:Levin, Harold L. (2010). 12980:10.1080/00241160410006483 12746:Wilhelms, Don E. (1987). 12155:10.1016/j.gca.2005.11.031 11957:10.1007/s12145-014-0170-6 11945:Earth Science Informatics 11575:"Precambrian (4.56–1 Ga)" 10517:. Vol. 2. Edinburgh. 10482:10.1017/S0080456800029227 9965:10.1017/S0016756800156560 9916:10.1080/14786443508648654 9869:10.1144/transgslb.5.3.633 9399:10.1080/00241160500409223 9211:. Vol. 1. Edinburgh. 8829:Defined by absolute age ( 8302:4567.3 ± 0.16 8266: 8217: 8157: 8120: 8075: 8065: 8042: 8014: 7985:Trans-Hudsonian Orogenies 7958: 7921: 7911: 7880:from cyanobacteria; e.g. 7856: 7829: 7793:forms, surrounded by the 7780: 7770: 7678: 7645: 7533: 7523: 7493: 7468: 7433: 7232: 7196: 7171: 7019: 7009: 7004: 6969: 6944: 6919: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6763: 6738: 6568: 6558: 6553: 6401: 6390: 6248:become very large. First 6228: 6217: 6211: 6197:293.52 ± 0.17 6166: 6162:273.01 ± 0.14 6142:264.28 ± 0.16 6131: 6127:259.51 ± 0.21 6117:254.14 ± 0.07 6040:End-Capitanian extinction 5920: 5910: 5905: 5875: 5850: 5682: 5672: 5667: 5622: 5577: 5534:taper off. Atmospheric CO 5340: 5270: 5041: 4947: 4937: 4763:Moderate, cooling climate 4761: 4751: 4698: 4688: 4683: 4610: 4578:middle Miocene disruption 4575: 4515:Moderate icehouse climate 4505: 4495: 4407: 4402: 4270: 4192:Holocene climatic optimum 4146: 4141: 3774:Mesoarchean Era/Erathem ( 3666:Geologic Time Scale 2012, 3618:) 'closure' and σύνδεση ( 2729: 2565: 2500: 2431: 2404:(before) + Russian Урал ( 2391:298.9 to 273.01 2329:259.51 to 251.9 2276: 2215: 2172: 2142:Wilhelm Philippe Schimper 1942:Duration (million years) 1335:Derived from Greek νέος ( 1302:in 1829 for sediments in 1274:Duration (million years) 951:Duration (million years) 794:Duration (million years) 393:(megaannum, for 'million 80:(the process of relating 60:) is a representation of 17615:Location in the Universe 17546:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 17245:List of sovereign states 16614:Chinese sexagenary cycle 14188: 14063:Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga) 13908:Miaolingian (497–509 Ma) 13753:Guadalupian (260–272 Ma) 13605:Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma) 13595:Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma) 13396:GSA: Geologic Time Scale 13392:(archived 18 April 2005) 13348:Williams, Aiden (2019). 12518:10.3389/fpls.2021.735020 11579:Geologic Time Scale 2020 11136:Geologic time scale 2020 11057:F. M. Gradstein (2012). 10727:10.1144/transed.17.3.183 10347:McCurdy, Edward (1938). 10277:Adams, Frank D. (1938). 9185:Steno, Nicolaus (1669). 8635: 8629:Timeline of paleontology 8604:Timeline of the Big Bang 8579:Lunar geologic timescale 8315:Lunar geologic timescale 8104:, and first terrestrial 8016:Bushveld Igneous Complex 7374:(c. 514–490 Ma) on 7362:from earlier chordates. 7278:) appear. Reef-building 6406:flourish and amphibious 6207:298.9 ± 0.15 6187:290.1 ± 0.26 6080:edrioasteroid crinozoans 5475:very common, along with 5106:) evolve on land, while 5000:(stem primates) appear. 4523:East Antarctic Ice Sheet 4521:and re-establishment of 4125:Start, million years ago 3842:Siderian Period/System ( 3819:Neoarchean Era/Erathem ( 3635:Ediacaran (635–538.8 Ma) 3589:Calymmian (1600–1400 Ma) 3571:Orosirian (2050–1800 Ma) 3292:during the early to mid- 2721:458.4 to 443.8 2696:443.8 to 433.4 2667:433.4 to 427.4 2599:419.2 to 393.3 2581:393.3 to 382.7 2557:382.7 to 358.9 2539:358.9 to 346.7 2521:346.7 to 330.9 2492:330.9 to 323.2 2474:323.2 to 315.2 2311:251.9 to 247.2 2250:201.4 to 174.7 2231:174.7 to 161.5 1907:2,500 to 2,300 1882:2,300 to 2,050 1857:2,050 to 1,800 1832:1,800 to 1,600 1807:1,600 to 1,400 1782:1,400 to 1,200 1757:1,200 to 1,000 1637:538.8 to 485.4 1612:485.4 to 443.8 1583:443.8 to 419.2 1558:419.2 to 358.9 1525:358.9 to 298.9 1496:298.9 to 251.9 1464:251.9 to 201.4 1372:) 'genesis' or 'birth'. 1343:) 'genesis' or 'birth'. 1239:4,031 to 3,600 1210:3,600 to 3,200 1194:) 'middle' and ἀρχαῖος ( 1181:3,200 to 2,800 1152:2,800 to 2,500 1119:2,500 to 1,600 1086:1,600 to 1,000 1053:1,000 to 538.8 1024:538.8 to 251.9 867:4,031 to 2,500 838:2,500 to 538.8 752:), or are tribal (e.g., 306:chronostratigraphic unit 88:(a scientific branch of 16828:Amino acid racemisation 16072:Agricultural Revolution 15694:Astronomical chronology 15667:Archaeology and geology 15374:Absolute space and time 15290:IERS Reference Meridian 15285:International Date Line 15196:International standards 14937:Absolute space and time 14588:Astronomical chronology 14058:Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga) 14023:Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga) 14018:Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga) 13961:Cryogenian (635–720 Ma) 13851:Llandovery (433–444 Ma) 13758:Cisuralian (272–299 Ma) 13569:Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma) 13457:(archived 14 July 2011) 13409:(archived 23 June 2004) 13123:10.1126/science.1098803 12889:10.1126/science.1122659 12834:2010E&PSL.294..185C 12795:10.1029/JB091iB13p0E139 12122:Royer, Dana L. (2006). 12047:2005E&PSL.237...33B 11870:"Geological time scale" 11724:2004E&PSL.223..241C 10579:Holmes, Arthur (1913). 10528:Playfair, John (1802). 10415:Burnet, Thomas (1681). 10047:Encyclopædia Britannica 9834:Phillips, John (1835). 9780:The Geologic Time Scale 9462:Michael Allaby (2020). 9003:The Geologic Time Scale 8559:History of paleontology 8086:Abitibi greenstone belt 7975:asteroid impacts. Much 7514:538.8 ± 0.2 7302:(unhinged lampshells), 7223:485.4 ± 1.9 7213:477.7 ± 1.4 7182:467.3 ± 1.1 7167:458.4 ± 0.9 7147:445.2 ± 1.4 7000:443.8 ± 1.5 6990:440.8 ± 1.2 6980:438.5 ± 1.1 6965:433.4 ± 0.8 6955:430.5 ± 0.7 6940:427.4 ± 0.5 6930:425.6 ± 0.9 6794:419.2 ± 3.2 6784:410.8 ± 2.8 6774:407.6 ± 2.6 6759:393.3 ± 1.2 6749:387.7 ± 0.8 6734:382.7 ± 1.6 6724:372.2 ± 1.6 6661:transform into digited 6549:358.9 ± 0.4 6539:346.7 ± 0.4 6152:266.9 ± 0.4 5990:brachiopods, bivalves, 5767:begins in New Zealand. 5663:201.4 ± 0.2 5653:199.5 ± 0.3 5643:192.9 ± 1.0 5633:184.2 ± 0.7 5618:174.7 ± 1.0 5608:170.9 ± 1.4 5598:168.2 ± 1.3 5563:154.8 ± 1.0 4908:Maritime Southeast Asia 4876:Eocene Climatic Optimum 4452:common in East Africa; 4334:occurs, high amplitude 3900:Columbian Period/System 3632:Cryogenian (720–635 Ma) 3592:Ectasian (1400-1200 Ma) 3568:Rhyacian (2300–2050 Ma) 3314:A Geological Time Scale 3286:Arthur Jeffrey Dempster 3205:Jean d'Omalius d'Halloy 3122:monticulos secundarios" 2952:was also recognised by 2907:History of paleontology 2073:33.9 to 23.03 2044:23.03 to 5.33 1986:2.58 to 0.012 1402:Jean d'Omalius d'Halloy 884:) 'beginning, origin'. 720:Naming of geologic time 581:. These correlate with 173:, a time span of about 16833:Archaeomagnetic dating 16345:Era of Caesar (Iberia) 14987:Time reversal symmetry 14291:Italian six-hour clock 14028:Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga) 13997:Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga) 13956:Ediacaran (539–635 Ma) 13903:Furongian (485–497 Ma) 13748:Lopingian (252–260 Ma) 13574:Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma) 13472:12 August 2021 at the 13385:stratigraphy.org/gssps 13373:stratigraphy.org/chart 13332:Nichols, Gary (2013). 13168:The Earth Through Time 11267:: d41586–019–01641–5. 11095:Ogg, James G. (2016). 10923:W. B. Harland (1990). 10888:W. B. Harland (1982). 10511:Hutton, James (1795). 10464:Hutton, James (1788). 10242:Sivin, Nathan (1995). 10152:10.1098/rspa.1911.0036 9649:Desnoyers, J. (1829). 9205:Hutton, James (1795). 8357:Late Heavy Bombardment 8248:Late Heavy Bombardment 8218:First uncontroversial 8197:on Earth (such as the 7922:First uncontroversial 7799:Sveconorwegian orogeny 7685:Sveconorwegian orogeny 7572:of possible worm-like 6890:Scandinavian Mountains 6844:, also roam the seas. 6529:330.9 ± 0.2 6376:315.2 ± 0.2 6177:283.5 ± 0.6 5588:165.3 ± 1.2 5573:161.5 ± 1.0 5553:149.2 ± 0.9 5246:89.8 ± 0.3 5236:86.3 ± 0.5 5226:83.6 ± 0.2 5216:72.1 ± 0.2 5063:fish begin to appear. 5004:migrate to Australia. 4385:Quaternary glaciations 4362:go extinct. Spread of 4162:Austronesian expansion 3961:Table of geologic time 3906:Ma) – named after the 3848:banded iron formations 3792:(Southern Africa) and 3765:Ma) – named after the 3747:Ma) – named after the 3726:Archean Eon/Eonothem ( 3595:Stenian (1200–1000 Ma) 3178:(1748–1819) and later 3130:Abraham Gottlob Werner 3083: 3039: 2930:Xenophanes of Colophon 2870:538.8 to 521 2781:497 to 485.4 2763:485.4 to 470 2745:470 to 458.4 2642:427.4 to 423 2617:423 to 419.2 2456:315.2 to 307 2423:307 to 298.9 2293:247.2 to 237 2268:237 to 201.4 2207:161.5 to 145 2188:145 to 100.5 2015:5.33 to 2.58 1970:) 'whole' and καινός ( 1732:1,000 to 720 1716:) 'cold' and γένεσις ( 1674:635 to 538.8 1446:Alexander von Humboldt 1431:201.4 to 145 1252:) 'dawn' and ἀρχαῖος ( 1099:) 'middle', πρότερος ( 320:stratigraphic position 45: 17325:Biogeochemical cycles 17250:dependent territories 16733:Geological time units 15653:Weekday determination 15539:Sundial markup schema 14752:Time and fate deities 14697:The Unreality of Time 14636:A series and B series 14033:Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga) 13992:Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga) 13913:Series 2 (509–521 Ma) 13600:Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma) 12629:10.1007/s004100050465 12577:10.1093/molbev/msh075 12365:Nature Communications 10891:A geologic time scale 10767:(4731): 27–28. 1960. 10656:"Intra-atomic Charge" 8609:Timeline of evolution 8279:. First hypothetical 8058:2,440–2,420 Ma. 8044:Great Oxidation Event 7707:. First hypothetical 7701:Centralian Superbasin 7192:470 ± 1.4 7157:453 ± 0.7 6915:423 ± 2.3 6695:Appalachian Mountains 6693:of North Africa, and 6446:. First five-digited 5781:Carnian pluvial event 5120:toothless avian birds 4954:K–Pg extinction event 4829:begins in Greece and 4630:massive amounts of CO 4389:Pleistocene megafauna 4310:. Humans expand into 4078:Web Ontology Language 3936:, stable environment. 3675:Great Oxidation Event 3298:geological time-scale 3282:Francis William Aston 3185:Principles of Geology 3067: 3034: 2505:, from Ojibwe ᒥᐦᓯᓰᐱ ( 2164:100.5 to 66 2115:) 'dawn' and καινός ( 2057:) 'less' and καινός ( 2028:) 'more' and καινός ( 1999:) 'most' and καινός ( 1866:From Greek ὀροσειρά ( 1841:From Greek σταθερός ( 1444:. Originally used by 1223:) 'old' and ἀρχαῖος ( 995:251.9 to 66 847:From Greek πρότερος ( 632:the Silurian Period. 356:stratigraphic section 328:stable isotope ratios 54:geological time scale 35: 17665:Geologic time scales 17373:Computer cartography 17106:Prebiotic atmosphere 16785:Law of superposition 16780:Isotope geochemistry 16124:Cynthia Stokes Brown 16029:formation of planets 15965:Goldilocks principle 15674:Chronological dating 15414:Theory of relativity 15275:Daylight saving time 15003:Chronological dating 14972:Theory of relativity 14316:Daylight saving time 14073:Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga) 13966:Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga) 13846:Wenlock (427–433 Ma) 13836:Pridoli (419–423 Ma) 13425:23 July 2008 at the 12164:on 27 September 2019 11437:10.1029/2020EF001896 10582:The age of the earth 9732:(in German). Vieweg. 9191:(in Latin). W. Junk. 8574:Logarithmic timeline 8564:List of fossil sites 8238:) evolve along with 8185:. Oldest definitive 8052:Australian continent 7993:Australian continent 7868:, and Isan Orogeny, 7833:continue to expand. 7705:Australian continent 7623:Australian continent 7376:Australian continent 7368:Australian continent 7298:worms, inarticulate 7284:Agronomic revolution 6910:Australian continent 6691:Anti-Atlas Mountains 6657:) proliferate. Some 6460:cartilaginous fishes 6366:307 ± 0.1 6112:Australian continent 6108:Hunter-Bowen Orogeny 5769:Hunter-Bowen Orogeny 5686:dominant on land as 4904:North Atlantic Ocean 4704:Antarctic glaciation 4545:gradually separate; 4446:a faunal interchange 4028:improve this article 3796:(Western Australia) 3767:Isua Greenstone Belt 3209:Alexandre Brongniart 2846:521 to 509 2809:509 to 497 2515:Middle Mississippian 2450:Middle Pennsylvanian 2148:) 'old' and καινός ( 2102:56 to 33.9 2086:) 'few' and καινός ( 1957:0.012 to 0 1916:From Greek σίδηρος ( 1895:) 'stream of lava'. 1870:) 'mountain range'. 1816:From Greek κάλυμμᾰ ( 1791:From Greek ἔκτᾰσῐς ( 1703:720 to 635 1450:Alexandre Brongniart 1298:First introduced by 1008:) 'middle' and ζωή ( 818:From Greek φανερός ( 809:538.8 to 0 744:(e.g., Cretaceous), 583:magnetostratigraphic 530:Carboniferous Period 74:chronological dating 72:. It is a system of 17516:Geologic time scale 17237:Culture and society 17101:Atmosphere of Earth 16918:Fluorine absorption 16895:Luminescence dating 16790:Luminescence dating 16698:Milankovitch cycles 16538:Proleptic Gregorian 16370:Hindu units of time 16098:Big History Project 16091:Web-based education 15938:Themes and subjects 15884:Time value of money 15679:Geologic time scale 15534:History of sundials 15399:Cosmological decade 15351:Greenwich Mean Time 15182:Orders of magnitude 14296:Thai six-hour clock 14128: • 14117: • 14115:Geologic time scale 13877:Middle (458–470 Ma) 13841:Ludlow (423–427 Ma) 13810:Middle (383–393 Ma) 13705:Middle (237–247 Ma) 13674:Middle (164–174 Ma) 13390:NASA: Geologic Time 12972:2004Letha..37..175G 12881:2006Sci...312..400B 12787:1986JGR....91E.139T 12621:1999CoMP..134....3B 12377:2019NatCo..10.2690W 12295:10.1038/nature01290 12287:2003Natur.421..245D 12229:10.1038/nature23456 12221:2017Natur.548..169N 12147:2006GeCoA..70.5665R 11840:10.1038/nature09166 11832:2010Natur.466..100A 11770:2014PLoSO...999438E 11689:10.5194/se-1-1-2010 11680:2010SolE....1....1G 11485:2021Natur.597..332B 11428:2021EaFut...901896Z 10814:"The Roots of IUGS" 10773:1960Natur.187T..27. 10672:1913Natur..92..399S 10617:2001GSLSP.190..121L 10514:Theory of the Earth 10213:2009Sedim..56....3F 10143:1911RSPSA..85..248H 9957:1879GeoM....6....1L 9944:Geological Magazine 9661:: 171–214, 402–491. 9620:2010JQS....25...96G 9391:2006Letha..39...13K 9208:Theory of the Earth 9152:10.1144/jgs2020-222 9143:2022JGSoc.179..222S 9086:2001GSLSP.190..205D 8028:Francevillian biota 7763:(NOE), 850-540 Ma. 7697:Adelaide Superbasin 7595:Pan-African Orogeny 7591:Indian subcontinent 6096:Innuitian orogenies 6062:survived), and all 6042:(260 Ma), and 5532:Cimmerian orogenies 4616:Northern Hemisphere 4511:Mediterranean Basin 4474:Mediterranean Basin 4419:Greenland ice sheet 4296:last glacial period 4241:Holocene extinction 3499:Paleoarchean (4000– 3468:Shields et al. 2021 3319:Geologic Time Scale 3182:(1797–1875) in his 3163:Theory of the Earth 3140:, was developed by 3051:Girolamo Fracastoro 3026:Italian Renaissance 2987:The Book of Healing 2533:Lower Mississippian 2486:Upper Mississippian 2468:Lower Pennsylvanian 2417:Upper Pennsylvanian 2379:'wolf' via Spanish 2369:Guadalupe Mountains 2346:) 'peaceful music' 1932: 1766:From Greek στενός ( 1387:145 to 66 1368:) 'old' and γενεά ( 1339:) 'new' and γενεά ( 1326:23 to 2.6 1264: 1219:From Greek παλιός ( 1132:) 'old', πρότερος ( 1128:From Greek παλιός ( 1033:From Greek παλιός ( 975:From Greek καινός ( 941: 784: 783:eonothem/eon names 736:(middle life), and 637: 336:geochronologic unit 274:Magnetostratigraphy 114:paleoclimatologists 50:geologic time scale 17511:Geological history 17385:Geodetic astronomy 17020:Terminus post quem 17000:Synchronoptic view 16967:Linguistic methods 16928:Obsidian hydration 16863:Radiometric dating 16848:Incremental dating 16770:Chronostratigraphy 15859:Mental chronometry 15487:Marine chronometer 15339:Obsolete standards 14826:Rosy retrospection 14804:Mental chronometry 14628:Philosophy of time 14126:Geology portal 13987:Stenian (1–1.2 Ga) 13882:Early (470–485 Ma) 13815:Early (393–419 Ma) 13710:Early (247–252 Ma) 13679:Early (174–201 Ma) 13648:Early (100–145 Ma) 13643:Late (66.0–100 Ma) 13163:"Time and Geology" 10073:on 23 October 2007 9137:(1): jgs2020–222. 8554:History of geology 7963:becomes much more 7866:Northern Australia 7679:Final assembly of 7582:in North America. 7372:Delamerian Orogeny 7245:Cambrian Explosion 7100:, etc.), branched 6886:Caledonian Orogeny 6655:cartilaginous fish 6442:insects and first 6098:in North America. 6050:plankton, corals ( 6036:Olson's Extinction 5773:Northern Australia 5759:in South America. 5739:extremely common. 5690:and in the air as 5526:in North America. 5397:australosphenidans 4900:biotic interchange 4825:in North America. 4537:go extinct. After 4245:Agriculture begins 4216:Arctic Archipelago 4188:8.2-kiloyear event 4158:4.2-kiloyear event 3693:mythological Chaos 3547:Paleoproterozoic ( 3012:who looked to the 2968:Brothers of Purity 2954:Chinese naturalist 2903:History of geology 2790:From Mandarin 芙蓉 ( 2131:66 to 56 1945:Etymology of name 1930: 1741:From Greek τόνος ( 1712:From Greek κρύος ( 1355:66 to 23 1289:2.6 to 0 1277:Etymology of name 1262: 954:Etymology of name 939: 797:Etymology of name 774: 635: 587:lithostratigraphic 316:radiometric dating 295:is the element of 292:Chronostratigraphy 266:Chronostratigraphy 226:Lateral continuity 78:chronostratigraphy 46: 17670:Geology timelines 17652: 17651: 17646: 17645: 17597:Planetary science 17580:Natural satellite 17501:Extremes on Earth 17468:Signal processing 17033: 17032: 16946: 16945: 16803: 16802: 16664: 16663: 16619:Geologic Calendar 16481: 16480: 16176: 16175: 16051:- development of 16043:evolution of life 16005:creation of stars 15897: 15896: 15707:Nuclear timescale 15389:Continuous signal 15128: 15127: 15038: 15037: 15013:Circadian rhythms 14831:Tense–aspect–mood 14686:Temporal finitism 14563: 14562: 14539:Grandfather clock 14143: 14142: 14041: 14040: 14007:Paleoproterozoic 13926: 13925: 13872:Late (444–458 Ma) 13805:Late (359–383 Ma) 13718: 13717: 13700:Late (201–237 Ma) 13669:Late (145–164 Ma) 13613: 13612: 13534:(present–2.58 Ma) 13522:(present–66.0 Ma) 13360:978-1-64116-075-9 13344:978-1-4051-3592-4 13311:978-0-12-824624-5 13290:978-0-12-820991-2 13269:978-0-12-817552-1 13248:978-0-12-815098-6 13227:978-0-12-813077-3 13206:978-0-12-811549-7 13178:978-0-470-38774-0 13117:(5684): 621–622. 13015:978-0-521-78142-8 12875:(5772): 400–404. 12703:(6817): 175–178. 12671:978-0-444-52810-0 12452:10.1111/brv.12510 12281:(6920): 245–249. 12215:(7666): 169–174. 12192:. 10 August 2017. 11916:Cox, Simon J. D. 11826:(7302): 100–104. 11643:978-0-44-459425-9 11596:978-0-12-824360-2 11553:978-0-521-78673-7 11205:978-3-030-82201-9 11146:978-0-12-824361-9 11108:978-0-444-59468-6 11070:978-0-444-59448-8 10666:(2301): 399–400. 10395:978-3-662-55046-5 9797:978-0-444-59425-9 9693:Annales des Mines 9475:978-0-19-187490-1 9020:978-0-444-59425-9 8848:continental crust 8453: 8423: 8306: 8305: 7989:Glenburgh Terrane 7842:Grenville Orogeny 7807:Central Australia 7795:Pan-African Ocean 7689:Grenville Orogeny 7660:terrestrial fungi 7619:Petermann Orogeny 7364:Petermann Orogeny 7138:extinction events 6490:and brachiopods ( 6454:. In the oceans, 6450:(amphibians) and 6414:-forming coastal 6238:Palaeodictyoptera 6106:orogeny in Asia. 5972:modern amphibians 5801:last parareptiles 5789:rhynchocephalians 5775:, Queensland and 5765:Rangitata Orogeny 5761:Cimmerian Orogeny 5455:ichthyosaurs and 5405:multituberculates 5152:terrestrial crabs 4896:Himalayan Orogeny 4886:levels from 3500 4470:Zanclean flooding 4444:, while allowing 4434:Isthmus of Panama 4060: 4059: 4052: 4002: 4001: 3997: 3753:continental crust 3576:Mesoproterozoic ( 3420: 3290:Alfred O. C. Nier 3278:mass spectrometry 3258:Ernest Rutherford 3241:radioactive decay 3239:The discovery of 3174:, popularised by 3172:uniformitarianism 3030:Leonardo da Vinci 2932:(c. 570–487 2894: 2893: 2872:million years ago 2848:million years ago 2839:Cambrian Series 2 2811:million years ago 2783:million years ago 2765:million years ago 2747:million years ago 2739:Middle Ordovician 2723:million years ago 2698:million years ago 2669:million years ago 2644:million years ago 2619:million years ago 2601:million years ago 2583:million years ago 2559:million years ago 2541:million years ago 2523:million years ago 2503:Mississippi River 2494:million years ago 2476:million years ago 2458:million years ago 2425:million years ago 2393:million years ago 2360:million years ago 2331:million years ago 2313:million years ago 2295:million years ago 2270:million years ago 2252:million years ago 2233:million years ago 2209:million years ago 2190:million years ago 2166:million years ago 2133:million years ago 2104:million years ago 2075:million years ago 2046:million years ago 2017:million years ago 1988:million years ago 1966:From Greek ὅλος ( 1959:million years ago 1928: 1927: 1909:million years ago 1891:From Greek ῥύαξ ( 1884:million years ago 1859:million years ago 1834:million years ago 1809:million years ago 1784:million years ago 1759:million years ago 1734:million years ago 1705:million years ago 1676:million years ago 1639:million years ago 1614:million years ago 1585:million years ago 1560:million years ago 1527:million years ago 1498:million years ago 1466:million years ago 1433:million years ago 1389:million years ago 1357:million years ago 1328:million years ago 1291:million years ago 1260: 1259: 1241:million years ago 1212:million years ago 1190:From Greek μέσο ( 1183:million years ago 1161:From Greek νέος ( 1154:million years ago 1121:million years ago 1095:From Greek μέσο ( 1088:million years ago 1062:From Greek νέος ( 1055:million years ago 1037:) 'old' and ζωή ( 1026:million years ago 1004:From Greek μέσο ( 997:million years ago 979:) 'new' and ζωή ( 968:million years ago 966:66 to 0 937: 936: 924: 898:million years ago 869:million years ago 840:million years ago 811:million years ago 717: 716: 278:Lithostratigraphy 247:Relationships of 16:(Redirected from 17697: 17636: 17635: 17528:History of Earth 17179:Paleoclimatology 17060: 17053: 17046: 17037: 17036: 17025:ASPRO chronology 16974:Glottochronology 16890:Tephrochronology 16838:Dendrochronology 16816: 16815: 16713: 16712: 16512:Proleptic Julian 16502:Pre-Julian Roman 16492: 16491: 16287: 16286: 16203: 16196: 16189: 16180: 16179: 15979:Eight thresholds 15950:Cosmic evolution 15924: 15917: 15910: 15901: 15900: 15598:Dominical letter 15529:Equation of time 15492:Marine sandglass 15333: 15327: 15305:Terrestrial Time 15162:Time measurement 15155: 15148: 15141: 15132: 15131: 15118: 15117: 15108: 15107: 15025:Glottochronology 14865: 14864: 14781:Human experience 14641:B-theory of time 14239: 14238: 14183: 14176: 14169: 14160: 14159: 14147: 14146: 14137:World portal 14135: 14134: 14124: 14123: 14086: 14050: 14010: 13979: 13976:Mesoproterozoic 13948: 13941: 13940: 13936: 13895: 13864: 13828: 13797: 13771: 13740: 13733: 13732: 13728: 13692: 13661: 13635: 13628: 13627: 13623: 13587: 13561: 13535: 13528: 13527: 13523: 13504: 13497: 13490: 13481: 13480: 13407:GeoWhen Database 13315: 13294: 13273: 13252: 13231: 13210: 13189: 13187: 13185: 13157: 13155: 13153: 13147: 13106: 13098:Knoll, Andrew H. 13093: 13080: 13067: 13061: 13053: 13051: 13026: 13024: 13022: 12998: 12996: 12994: 12989:on 17 April 2018 12988: 12982:. Archived from 12957: 12947: 12944:10.7916/D8DR35JQ 12917: 12916: 12860: 12854: 12853: 12813: 12807: 12806: 12766: 12760: 12759: 12743: 12737: 12736: 12709:10.1038/35051550 12688: 12682: 12681: 12680: 12678: 12647: 12641: 12640: 12604: 12598: 12597: 12579: 12555: 12549: 12548: 12538: 12520: 12496: 12490: 12489: 12471: 12421: 12415: 12414: 12404: 12356: 12350: 12349: 12346:10013/epic.12689 12321: 12315: 12314: 12272: 12263: 12257: 12256: 12200: 12194: 12193: 12180: 12174: 12173: 12171: 12169: 12163: 12157:. Archived from 12132: 12119: 12106: 12105: 12093: 12087: 12086: 12084: 12082: 12070: 12061: 12060: 12058: 12026: 12020: 12019: 12017: 12015: 12006:. Archived from 11975: 11969: 11968: 11940: 11934: 11933: 11931: 11929: 11924:on 6 August 2014 11920:. Archived from 11913: 11907: 11906: 11904: 11902: 11892: 11886: 11885: 11883: 11881: 11866: 11860: 11859: 11817: 11808: 11802: 11801: 11791: 11781: 11749: 11743: 11742: 11740: 11718:(3–4): 241–252. 11709: 11700: 11694: 11693: 11691: 11659: 11648: 11647: 11621: 11615: 11614: 11613: 11611: 11570: 11564: 11563: 11562: 11560: 11527: 11521: 11520: 11464: 11458: 11457: 11439: 11407: 11401: 11400: 11382: 11357: 11351: 11350: 11332: 11307: 11301: 11300: 11256: 11250: 11249: 11247: 11245: 11236:. Archived from 11230: 11224: 11223: 11222: 11220: 11179: 11173: 11172: 11166: 11158: 11130: 11121: 11120: 11092: 11083: 11082: 11054: 11023: 11022: 10990: 10984: 10983: 10955: 10949: 10948: 10920: 10914: 10913: 10885: 10879: 10878: 10850: 10844: 10843: 10833: 10809: 10803: 10802: 10784: 10782:10.1038/187027d0 10753: 10747: 10746: 10706: 10700: 10699: 10680:10.1038/092399c0 10651: 10645: 10644: 10596: 10587: 10586: 10576: 10570: 10569: 10559: 10553: 10552: 10542: 10536: 10535: 10525: 10519: 10518: 10508: 10502: 10501: 10461: 10455: 10454: 10444: 10438: 10437: 10427: 10421: 10420: 10412: 10406: 10405: 10404: 10402: 10369: 10363: 10362: 10344: 10338: 10337: 10309: 10303: 10302: 10274: 10268: 10267: 10239: 10233: 10232: 10192: 10165: 10164: 10154: 10137:(578): 248–256. 10122: 10113: 10112: 10110: 10108: 10089: 10083: 10082: 10080: 10078: 10069:. Archived from 10058: 10052: 10051: 10043: 10032: 10026: 10025: 10015: 9991: 9985: 9984: 9934: 9928: 9927: 9895: 9889: 9888: 9848: 9842: 9841: 9831: 9825: 9824: 9814: 9808: 9807: 9806: 9804: 9771: 9765: 9764: 9758: 9750: 9740: 9734: 9733: 9723: 9717: 9714: 9708: 9700: 9684: 9678: 9662: 9646: 9640: 9639: 9628:10.1002/jqs.1338 9599: 9593: 9592: 9560: 9554: 9553: 9535: 9511: 9502: 9501: 9495: 9487: 9459: 9444: 9443: 9433: 9409: 9403: 9402: 9370: 9364: 9363: 9361: 9359: 9352:stratigraphy.org 9344: 9338: 9337: 9335: 9333: 9326:stratigraphy.org 9318: 9307: 9306: 9304: 9302: 9295:stratigraphy.org 9287: 9258: 9257: 9255: 9253: 9247:stratigraphy.org 9239: 9233: 9232: 9222: 9213: 9212: 9202: 9193: 9192: 9182: 9173: 9172: 9154: 9121: 9106: 9105: 9069: 9056: 9055: 9053: 9051: 9037: 9031: 9030: 9029: 9027: 8994: 8963: 8962: 8944: 8920: 8897: 8896: 8894: 8892: 8881: 8860: 8857: 8851: 8840: 8834: 8827: 8796: 8793: 8784: 8773: 8767: 8736: 8723: 8712: 8706: 8703: 8697: 8694: 8685: 8682: 8673: 8670: 8659: 8655: 8649: 8646: 8599:Prehistoric life 8549:History of Earth 8504:Age of the Earth 8497: 8492: 8491: 8451: 8421: 8377:impact cratering 8375:markers, namely 8373:geomorphological 8369:geologic history 8347:and the Earth's 8323:Geology of Venus 8220:living organisms 8026:. Multicellular 7997: 7940:Gascoyne Complex 7913:Paleoproterozoic 7874:archaeplastidans 7871: 7693:Gascoyne Complex 7072:, many types of 7030:straight-shelled 6812:thickens. First 6679:some cephalopods 6659:lobe finned fish 6339:protorothyridids 6270:, etc.). Higher 6262:giant horsetails 5199:Sevier Orogenies 5191:Antarctic Oceans 5053:Flowering plants 4998:plesiadapiformes 4966:Climate tropical 4950:Chicxulub impact 4827:Hellenic Orogeny 4819:Sevier Orogenies 4783:Primitive whales 4724:flowering plants 4620:Kaikoura Orogeny 4517:, punctuated by 4450:Australopithecus 4212:recorded history 4094: 4093: 4055: 4048: 4044: 4041: 4035: 4012: 4004: 3993: 3973: 3972: 3965: 3701:planet formation 3681:Hadean Eon (4567 3418: 3262:Bertram Boltwood 3150:Giovanni Arduino 3148:(1712–1783) and 3022:Ristoro d'Arezzo 2959:(1031–1095) and 2873: 2849: 2828: 2812: 2784: 2766: 2757:Lower Ordovician 2748: 2724: 2715:Upper Ordovician 2699: 2670: 2645: 2620: 2602: 2584: 2560: 2542: 2524: 2509:) 'great river' 2495: 2477: 2459: 2426: 2394: 2361: 2332: 2314: 2296: 2271: 2253: 2234: 2210: 2191: 2182:Lower Cretaceous 2167: 2158:Upper Cretaceous 2134: 2105: 2076: 2047: 2018: 1989: 1960: 1933: 1929: 1910: 1885: 1860: 1835: 1810: 1785: 1760: 1735: 1706: 1677: 1640: 1615: 1592:Named after the 1586: 1561: 1528: 1499: 1467: 1440:Named after the 1434: 1400:used in 1822 by 1390: 1358: 1329: 1292: 1265: 1261: 1248:From Greek ἠώς ( 1242: 1213: 1184: 1155: 1122: 1113:Paleoproterozoic 1089: 1056: 1027: 998: 969: 942: 938: 932: 920: 918: 917: 899: 870: 841: 812: 785: 773: 638: 634: 591:biostratigraphic 575: 574: 560: 559: 541: 540: 518: 517: 487:Paleoproterozoic 463: 462: 432: 431: 157:History of Earth 124:properties, and 94:Earth scientists 21: 17705: 17704: 17700: 17699: 17698: 17696: 17695: 17694: 17675:Natural history 17655: 17654: 17653: 17648: 17647: 17642: 17624: 17591: 17575: 17532: 17523:Geologic record 17477: 17463:Plate tectonics 17453:Mineral physics 17433:Earth structure 17419: 17354: 17301: 17231: 17183: 17140: 17087: 17069: 17064: 17034: 17029: 16978: 16962: 16958:Molecular clock 16951:Genetic methods 16942: 16923:Nitrogen dating 16910:Relative dating 16904: 16873:Potassium–argon 16820:Absolute dating 16810: 16799: 16758: 16737: 16702: 16678:Cosmic Calendar 16670:Astronomic time 16660: 16602: 16557: 16521: 16507:Original Julian 16477: 16444: 16406: 16305:Ab urbe condita 16283: 16260: 16212: 16207: 16177: 16172: 16153: 16134:David Christian 16107: 16086: 15974: 15933: 15928: 15898: 15893: 15830: 15721: 15688: 15662: 15543: 15443: 15394:Coordinate time 15366:Time in physics 15360: 15334: 15328: 15319: 15191: 15168: 15159: 15129: 15124: 15096: 15087:Time immemorial 15034: 14991: 14952:Coordinate time 14923: 14877:Geological time 14853: 14836:Time management 14799:Generation time 14783: 14775: 14720: 14702: 14622: 14581: 14559: 14447: 14365: 14282: 14275: 14231: 14223: 14192: 14187: 14152: 14144: 14139: 14129: 14118: 14110: 14092: 14084: 14077: 14048: 14037: 14008: 14001: 13977: 13970: 13946: 13945:Neoproterozoic 13935:(539 Ma–2.5 Ga) 13934: 13933: 13932:Proterozoic Eon 13922: 13893: 13886: 13862: 13855: 13826: 13819: 13795: 13788: 13769: 13762: 13738: 13726: 13725: 13714: 13690: 13683: 13659: 13652: 13633: 13621: 13620: 13609: 13585: 13578: 13559: 13552: 13533: 13521: 13520: 13513: 13508: 13474:Wayback Machine 13427:Wayback Machine 13368: 13312: 13291: 13270: 13249: 13228: 13207: 13183: 13181: 13179: 13151: 13149: 13145: 13104: 13055: 13054: 13020: 13018: 13016: 12992: 12990: 12986: 12955: 12925: 12923:Further reading 12920: 12861: 12857: 12814: 12810: 12767: 12763: 12744: 12740: 12689: 12685: 12676: 12674: 12672: 12648: 12644: 12605: 12601: 12556: 12552: 12497: 12493: 12422: 12418: 12357: 12353: 12322: 12318: 12270: 12264: 12260: 12201: 12197: 12182: 12181: 12177: 12167: 12165: 12161: 12141:(23): 5665–75. 12130: 12127: 12120: 12109: 12094: 12090: 12080: 12078: 12071: 12064: 12027: 12023: 12013: 12011: 11976: 11972: 11941: 11937: 11927: 11925: 11914: 11910: 11900: 11898: 11894: 11893: 11889: 11879: 11877: 11868: 11867: 11863: 11815: 11809: 11805: 11750: 11746: 11738: 11707: 11701: 11697: 11660: 11651: 11644: 11622: 11618: 11609: 11607: 11597: 11571: 11567: 11558: 11556: 11554: 11528: 11524: 11465: 11461: 11408: 11404: 11358: 11354: 11308: 11304: 11257: 11253: 11243: 11241: 11240:on 7 April 2022 11232: 11231: 11227: 11218: 11216: 11206: 11180: 11176: 11160: 11159: 11147: 11131: 11124: 11109: 11093: 11086: 11071: 11055: 11026: 10991: 10987: 10972: 10956: 10952: 10937: 10921: 10917: 10902: 10886: 10882: 10867: 10851: 10847: 10810: 10806: 10755: 10754: 10750: 10707: 10703: 10652: 10648: 10597: 10590: 10577: 10573: 10560: 10556: 10543: 10539: 10526: 10522: 10509: 10505: 10462: 10458: 10445: 10441: 10428: 10424: 10413: 10409: 10400: 10398: 10396: 10370: 10366: 10345: 10341: 10326: 10310: 10306: 10291: 10275: 10271: 10256: 10240: 10236: 10193: 10168: 10123: 10116: 10106: 10104: 10091: 10090: 10086: 10076: 10074: 10063:"Re: Ediacaran" 10059: 10055: 10041:"Cambria" 10033: 10029: 9992: 9988: 9935: 9931: 9896: 9892: 9849: 9845: 9832: 9828: 9815: 9811: 9802: 9800: 9798: 9772: 9768: 9752: 9751: 9741: 9737: 9724: 9720: 9702: 9701: 9685: 9681: 9647: 9643: 9600: 9596: 9561: 9557: 9512: 9505: 9489: 9488: 9476: 9460: 9447: 9410: 9406: 9371: 9367: 9357: 9355: 9346: 9345: 9341: 9331: 9329: 9320: 9319: 9310: 9300: 9298: 9289: 9288: 9261: 9251: 9249: 9241: 9240: 9236: 9223: 9216: 9203: 9196: 9183: 9176: 9122: 9109: 9070: 9059: 9049: 9047: 9039: 9038: 9034: 9025: 9023: 9021: 8995: 8966: 8921: 8900: 8890: 8888: 8883: 8882: 8873: 8869: 8864: 8863: 8858: 8854: 8841: 8837: 8828: 8799: 8794: 8787: 8774: 8770: 8766:, respectively. 8753: 8737: 8726: 8713: 8709: 8704: 8700: 8695: 8688: 8683: 8676: 8671: 8662: 8656: 8652: 8647: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8589:Natural history 8534:Geology of Mars 8509:Cosmic calendar 8493: 8486: 8483: 8478: 8476: 8462: 8460: 8454: 8449: 8447: 8432: 8426: 8424: 8419: 8417: 8365: 8325: 8313:Main articles: 8311: 8277:plate tectonics 8228:RNA-based genes 8199:Canadian Shield 8088:in present-day 7944:South Australia 7858:Platform covers 7831:Platform covers 7772:Mesoproterozoic 7725:dinoflagellates 7593:. Beginning of 7580:Taconic Orogeny 7544:Ediacaran biota 7385: 7205: 7098:star-like forms 6906:Lachlan Orogeny 6902:Icehouse period 6898:Taconic Orogeny 6894:Acadian Orogeny 6814:vascular plants 6707:Tuhua orogenies 6687:Acadian Orogeny 6585:, from earlier 6394: 6307:Uralian orogeny 6221: 6215: 6100:Uralian orogeny 6038:(273 Ma), 6032:sauropterygians 5931:, creating the 5777:New South Wales 5540:Crocodylomorphs 5537: 5524:Nevadan orogeny 5425:lizards, snakes 5417:boreosphenidans 5203:Rocky Mountains 5116:Bonarelli Event 5002:Some marsupials 4885: 4823:Rocky Mountains 4637: 4633: 4531:crocodylomorphs 4507:Messinian Event 4431: 4426: 4172: 4139: 4126: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4056: 4045: 4039: 4036: 4025: 4013: 3998: 3995:(November 2023) 3974: 3970: 3963: 3958: 3956: 3950: 3948: 3928:Period/System ( 3888:Period/System ( 3874:Period/System ( 3829:Period/System ( 3810:Period/System ( 3784:Period/System ( 3743:Period/System ( 3662: 3657: 3655: 3649: 3647: 3622:) 'connection'. 3470: 3465: 3447: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3416: 3414: 3404: 3402: 3388: 3386: 3367: 3365: 3306: 3274:Frederick Soddy 3245:Henri Becquerel 3218: 3132:'s (1749–1817) 3118:montes primarii 3110: 3059: 3010:Medieval Europe 3002:Albertus Magnus 2914: 2909: 2899: 2868: 2844: 2822: 2807: 2779: 2761: 2743: 2719: 2694: 2665: 2640: 2615: 2597: 2579: 2575:Middle Devonian 2555: 2537: 2519: 2490: 2472: 2454: 2421: 2389: 2356: 2327: 2309: 2291: 2288: 2286:Middle Triassic 2266: 2248: 2245: 2229: 2225:Middle Jurassic 2205: 2202: 2186: 2162: 2129: 2100: 2071: 2042: 2013: 1984: 1955: 1905: 1880: 1855: 1830: 1805: 1795:) 'extension'. 1780: 1755: 1730: 1701: 1672: 1635: 1610: 1581: 1556: 1523: 1494: 1462: 1429: 1398:Terrain Crétacé 1385: 1353: 1324: 1300:Jules Desnoyers 1287: 1237: 1208: 1179: 1150: 1117: 1084: 1080:Mesoproterozoic 1051: 1022: 993: 964: 894: 865: 836: 807: 722: 572: 571: 557: 556: 538: 537: 515: 514: 491:Mesoproterozoic 460: 459: 429: 428: 423: 284: 270:Biostratigraphy 258: 171:Earth's history 163: 149: 102:paleontologists 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 17703: 17693: 17692: 17687: 17682: 17677: 17672: 17667: 17650: 17649: 17644: 17643: 17641: 17640: 17629: 17626: 17625: 17623: 17622: 17617: 17612: 17607: 17601: 17599: 17593: 17592: 17590: 17589: 17583: 17581: 17577: 17576: 17574: 17573: 17568: 17563: 17558: 17556:Atlantic Ocean 17553: 17548: 17542: 17540: 17534: 17533: 17531: 17530: 17525: 17520: 17519: 17518: 17508: 17503: 17498: 17493: 17487: 17485: 17479: 17478: 17476: 17475: 17470: 17465: 17460: 17455: 17450: 17445: 17440: 17438:Fluid dynamics 17435: 17429: 17427: 17421: 17420: 17418: 17417: 17412: 17410:Geopositioning 17407: 17405:Remote Sensing 17402: 17397: 17392: 17387: 17382: 17377: 17376: 17375: 17364: 17362: 17356: 17355: 17353: 17352: 17347: 17342: 17337: 17332: 17327: 17322: 17317: 17311: 17309: 17303: 17302: 17300: 17299: 17294: 17289: 17284: 17279: 17274: 17269: 17264: 17259: 17254: 17253: 17252: 17241: 17239: 17233: 17232: 17230: 17229: 17224: 17219: 17214: 17209: 17204: 17199: 17193: 17191: 17185: 17184: 17182: 17181: 17176: 17171: 17166: 17164:Climate change 17161: 17159:Energy balance 17156: 17154:Climate system 17150: 17148: 17142: 17141: 17139: 17138: 17133: 17128: 17123: 17118: 17113: 17108: 17103: 17097: 17095: 17089: 17088: 17086: 17085: 17080: 17074: 17071: 17070: 17063: 17062: 17055: 17048: 17040: 17031: 17030: 17028: 17027: 17022: 17017: 17012: 17007: 17002: 16997: 16995:New Chronology 16992: 16986: 16984: 16983:Related topics 16980: 16979: 16977: 16976: 16970: 16968: 16964: 16963: 16961: 16960: 16954: 16952: 16948: 16947: 16944: 16943: 16941: 16940: 16935: 16930: 16925: 16920: 16914: 16912: 16906: 16905: 16903: 16902: 16897: 16892: 16887: 16886: 16885: 16880: 16875: 16870: 16860: 16858:Paleomagnetism 16855: 16850: 16845: 16840: 16835: 16830: 16824: 16822: 16813: 16805: 16804: 16801: 16800: 16798: 16797: 16792: 16787: 16782: 16777: 16772: 16766: 16764: 16760: 16759: 16757: 16756: 16751: 16745: 16743: 16739: 16738: 16736: 16735: 16730: 16725: 16719: 16717: 16710: 16704: 16703: 16701: 16700: 16695: 16690: 16685: 16680: 16674: 16672: 16666: 16665: 16662: 16661: 16659: 16658: 16656:New Earth Time 16653: 16648: 16647: 16646: 16641: 16631: 16626: 16621: 16616: 16610: 16608: 16604: 16603: 16601: 16600: 16595: 16585: 16580: 16565: 16563: 16559: 16558: 16556: 16555: 16550: 16545: 16540: 16535: 16529: 16527: 16523: 16522: 16520: 16519: 16517:Revised Julian 16514: 16509: 16504: 16498: 16496: 16489: 16483: 16482: 16479: 16478: 16476: 16475: 16470: 16465: 16460: 16454: 16452: 16446: 16445: 16443: 16442: 16437: 16435:Lists of kings 16432: 16427: 16425:Canon of Kings 16422: 16416: 16414: 16408: 16407: 16405: 16404: 16403: 16402: 16397: 16392: 16387: 16377: 16367: 16362: 16357: 16352: 16350:Before present 16347: 16342: 16337: 16332: 16327: 16322: 16317: 16308: 16301: 16295: 16293: 16284: 16282: 16281: 16276: 16271: 16265: 16262: 16261: 16259: 16258: 16253: 16248: 16247: 16246: 16236: 16231: 16226: 16220: 16218: 16214: 16213: 16206: 16205: 16198: 16191: 16183: 16174: 16173: 16171: 16170: 16161: 16159: 16155: 16154: 16152: 16151: 16146: 16141: 16136: 16131: 16126: 16121: 16119:Walter Alvarez 16115: 16113: 16112:Notable people 16109: 16108: 16106: 16105: 16100: 16094: 16092: 16088: 16087: 16085: 16084: 16074: 16064: 16063: 16062: 16045: 16031: 16021: 16007: 15997: 15982: 15980: 15976: 15975: 15973: 15972: 15967: 15962: 15957: 15952: 15947: 15941: 15939: 15935: 15934: 15927: 15926: 15919: 15912: 15904: 15895: 15894: 15892: 15891: 15886: 15881: 15879:Time metrology 15876: 15871: 15866: 15861: 15856: 15855: 15854: 15844: 15838: 15836: 15835:Related topics 15832: 15831: 15829: 15828: 15823: 15818: 15813: 15808: 15803: 15798: 15793: 15788: 15783: 15778: 15773: 15768: 15763: 15758: 15753: 15748: 15743: 15738: 15732: 15730: 15723: 15722: 15720: 15719: 15714: 15709: 15704: 15698: 15696: 15690: 15689: 15687: 15686: 15681: 15676: 15670: 15668: 15664: 15663: 15661: 15660: 15655: 15650: 15645: 15640: 15635: 15630: 15625: 15620: 15615: 15610: 15605: 15600: 15595: 15590: 15585: 15580: 15574: 15569: 15564: 15559: 15553: 15551: 15545: 15544: 15542: 15541: 15536: 15531: 15526: 15524:Dialing scales 15521: 15516: 15511: 15510: 15509: 15499: 15494: 15489: 15484: 15479: 15474: 15469: 15464: 15459: 15453: 15451: 15445: 15444: 15442: 15441: 15436: 15431: 15426: 15421: 15416: 15411: 15406: 15401: 15396: 15391: 15386: 15381: 15376: 15370: 15368: 15362: 15361: 15359: 15358: 15356:Prime meridian 15353: 15348: 15346:Ephemeris time 15342: 15340: 15336: 15335: 15322: 15320: 15318: 15317: 15315:180th meridian 15312: 15307: 15302: 15297: 15292: 15287: 15282: 15277: 15272: 15267: 15262: 15257: 15252: 15247: 15242: 15237: 15232: 15227: 15222: 15217: 15212: 15211: 15210: 15199: 15197: 15193: 15192: 15190: 15189: 15184: 15179: 15173: 15170: 15169: 15158: 15157: 15150: 15143: 15135: 15126: 15125: 15123: 15122: 15112: 15101: 15098: 15097: 15095: 15094: 15089: 15084: 15079: 15072: 15067: 15062: 15057: 15052: 15046: 15044: 15040: 15039: 15036: 15035: 15033: 15032: 15030:Time geography 15027: 15022: 15020:Clock reaction 15017: 15016: 15015: 15005: 14999: 14997: 14993: 14992: 14990: 14989: 14984: 14979: 14974: 14969: 14964: 14959: 14954: 14949: 14944: 14939: 14933: 14931: 14925: 14924: 14922: 14921: 14916: 14911: 14910: 14909: 14904: 14899: 14894: 14889: 14884: 14873: 14871: 14862: 14855: 14854: 14852: 14851: 14838: 14833: 14828: 14823: 14822: 14821: 14819:time signature 14816: 14806: 14801: 14796: 14790: 14788: 14777: 14776: 14774: 14773: 14772: 14771: 14761: 14760: 14759: 14749: 14744: 14739: 14734: 14729: 14723: 14721: 14719: 14718: 14713: 14707: 14704: 14703: 14701: 14700: 14693: 14691:Temporal parts 14688: 14683: 14678: 14673: 14668: 14663: 14661:Eternal return 14658: 14653: 14648: 14646:Chronocentrism 14643: 14638: 14632: 14630: 14624: 14623: 14621: 14620: 14615: 14610: 14605: 14600: 14595: 14590: 14584: 14582: 14580: 14579: 14574: 14568: 14565: 14564: 14561: 14560: 14558: 14557: 14556: 14555: 14541: 14536: 14531: 14526: 14525: 14524: 14519: 14518: 14517: 14512: 14502: 14497: 14492: 14487: 14486: 14485: 14475: 14474: 14473: 14457: 14455: 14449: 14448: 14446: 14445: 14438: 14433: 14431:Hindu Panchang 14428: 14423: 14418: 14413: 14408: 14403: 14398: 14397: 14396: 14391: 14386: 14375: 14373: 14367: 14366: 14364: 14363: 14358: 14353: 14348: 14343: 14338: 14333: 14328: 14323: 14318: 14313: 14308: 14303: 14298: 14293: 14287: 14285: 14277: 14276: 14274: 14273: 14268: 14263: 14258: 14253: 14247: 14245: 14236: 14225: 14224: 14222: 14221: 14216: 14211: 14206: 14200: 14198: 14194: 14193: 14186: 14185: 14178: 14171: 14163: 14157: 14154: 14153: 14141: 14140: 14097: 14094: 14093: 14090: 14088: 14079: 14078: 14076: 14075: 14070: 14065: 14060: 14054: 14052: 14043: 14042: 14039: 14038: 14036: 14035: 14030: 14025: 14020: 14014: 14012: 14003: 14002: 14000: 13999: 13994: 13989: 13983: 13981: 13972: 13971: 13969: 13968: 13963: 13958: 13952: 13950: 13938: 13928: 13927: 13924: 13923: 13921: 13920: 13915: 13910: 13905: 13899: 13897: 13888: 13887: 13885: 13884: 13879: 13874: 13868: 13866: 13857: 13856: 13854: 13853: 13848: 13843: 13838: 13832: 13830: 13821: 13820: 13818: 13817: 13812: 13807: 13801: 13799: 13790: 13789: 13787: 13786: 13781: 13775: 13773: 13768:Carboniferous 13764: 13763: 13761: 13760: 13755: 13750: 13744: 13742: 13730: 13720: 13719: 13716: 13715: 13713: 13712: 13707: 13702: 13696: 13694: 13685: 13684: 13682: 13681: 13676: 13671: 13665: 13663: 13654: 13653: 13651: 13650: 13645: 13639: 13637: 13625: 13615: 13614: 13611: 13610: 13608: 13607: 13602: 13597: 13591: 13589: 13586:(23.0–66.0 Ma) 13580: 13579: 13577: 13576: 13571: 13565: 13563: 13560:(2.58–23.0 Ma) 13554: 13553: 13551: 13550: 13545: 13539: 13537: 13525: 13515: 13514: 13507: 13506: 13499: 13492: 13484: 13478: 13477: 13463: 13458: 13452: 13446: 13436: 13433:Exploring Time 13430: 13416: 13410: 13404: 13399: 13393: 13387: 13381: 13375: 13367: 13366:External links 13364: 13363: 13362: 13346: 13330: 13323: 13316: 13310: 13295: 13289: 13274: 13268: 13253: 13247: 13232: 13226: 13211: 13205: 13190: 13177: 13158: 13094: 13081: 13068: 13027: 13014: 12999: 12966:(2): 175–181. 12948: 12938:(2): 100–105. 12924: 12921: 12919: 12918: 12855: 12828:(3): 185–203. 12808: 12761: 12756:10.3133/pp1348 12738: 12683: 12670: 12642: 12599: 12570:(5): 809–818. 12550: 12491: 12446:): 1443–1476. 12416: 12351: 12316: 12258: 12195: 12175: 12125: 12107: 12088: 12062: 12041:(1–2): 33–44. 12021: 11970: 11935: 11908: 11887: 11861: 11803: 11744: 11695: 11649: 11642: 11616: 11595: 11565: 11552: 11522: 11459: 11416:Earth's Future 11402: 11373:(4): 359–376. 11352: 11323:(4): 349–357. 11302: 11251: 11225: 11204: 11174: 11145: 11122: 11107: 11084: 11069: 11024: 10985: 10970: 10950: 10935: 10915: 10900: 10880: 10865: 10845: 10804: 10748: 10721:(3): 183–216. 10701: 10646: 10611:(1): 121–138. 10588: 10571: 10554: 10537: 10520: 10503: 10476:(2): 209–304. 10456: 10439: 10422: 10407: 10394: 10378:Nicolaus Steno 10364: 10339: 10324: 10304: 10289: 10269: 10254: 10234: 10166: 10114: 10084: 10053: 10038:, ed. (1911). 10036:Chisholm, Hugh 10027: 9986: 9929: 9890: 9863:(3): 633–703. 9843: 9826: 9809: 9796: 9766: 9735: 9718: 9679: 9641: 9594: 9575:(2): 234–238. 9555: 9503: 9474: 9445: 9404: 9365: 9339: 9308: 9259: 9234: 9214: 9194: 9174: 9107: 9080:(1): 205–221. 9057: 9032: 9019: 8964: 8898: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8862: 8861: 8852: 8835: 8797: 8785: 8768: 8751: 8748:climate change 8724: 8707: 8698: 8686: 8674: 8660: 8650: 8640: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8539:Geon (geology) 8536: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8500: 8499: 8498: 8495:Geology portal 8482: 8479: 8474: 8458: 8450: 8441: 8431: 8428: 8420: 8409: 8364: 8361: 8310: 8307: 8304: 8303: 8300: 8265: 8259: 8258: 8255: 8216: 8210: 8209: 8206: 8203:Pilbara Craton 8191:microbial mats 8178:. First known 8156: 8150: 8149: 8146: 8119: 8113: 8112: 8109: 8098:supercontinent 8074: 8069: 8063: 8062: 8059: 8041: 8035: 8034: 8031: 8013: 8007: 8006: 8003: 7957: 7951: 7950: 7947: 7936:Yilgarn craton 7920: 7915: 7909: 7908: 7905: 7862:McArthur Basin 7855: 7849: 7848: 7845: 7828: 7822: 7821: 7818: 7803:Musgrave Block 7781:Narrow highly 7779: 7774: 7768: 7767: 7764: 7749:biomineralised 7677: 7671: 7670: 7667: 7648:Snowball Earth 7644: 7638: 7637: 7634: 7584:Aravalli Range 7532: 7527: 7525:Neoproterozoic 7522: 7516: 7515: 7512: 7506: 7505: 7502: 7497: 7491: 7490: 7487: 7481: 7480: 7477: 7472: 7466: 7465: 7462: 7456: 7455: 7452: 7446: 7445: 7442: 7437: 7431: 7430: 7427: 7421: 7420: 7417: 7411: 7410: 7407: 7383: 7324:eleutherozoans 7280:archaeocyathan 7241: 7236: 7231: 7225: 7224: 7221: 7215: 7214: 7211: 7200: 7194: 7193: 7190: 7184: 7183: 7180: 7175: 7169: 7168: 7165: 7159: 7158: 7155: 7149: 7148: 7145: 7112:appear. First 7060:(nautiloids), 7018: 7013: 7008: 7002: 7001: 6998: 6992: 6991: 6988: 6982: 6981: 6978: 6973: 6967: 6966: 6963: 6957: 6956: 6953: 6948: 6942: 6941: 6938: 6932: 6931: 6928: 6923: 6917: 6916: 6913: 6872:all abundant. 6862:Rhynchonellida 6807: 6802: 6796: 6795: 6792: 6786: 6785: 6782: 6776: 6775: 6772: 6767: 6761: 6760: 6757: 6751: 6750: 6747: 6742: 6736: 6735: 6732: 6726: 6725: 6722: 6597:winged insects 6587:progymnosperms 6567: 6562: 6557: 6551: 6550: 6547: 6541: 6540: 6537: 6531: 6530: 6527: 6440:ephemeropteran 6424:holometabolous 6400: 6395: 6388: 6387: 6384: 6378: 6377: 6374: 6368: 6367: 6364: 6358: 6357: 6354: 6297:collides with 6230:Winged insects 6227: 6222: 6216: 6209: 6208: 6205: 6199: 6198: 6195: 6189: 6188: 6185: 6179: 6178: 6175: 6170: 6164: 6163: 6160: 6154: 6153: 6150: 6144: 6143: 6140: 6135: 6129: 6128: 6125: 6119: 6118: 6115: 6008:kuehneosaurids 6000:Crown reptiles 5998:all abundant. 5926:supercontinent 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5898: 5897: 5894: 5888: 5887: 5884: 5879: 5873: 5872: 5869: 5863: 5862: 5859: 5854: 5848: 5847: 5844: 5838: 5837: 5834: 5828: 5827: 5824: 5791:) to radiate. 5757:Andean Orogeny 5688:pseudosuchians 5681: 5676: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5661: 5655: 5654: 5651: 5645: 5644: 5641: 5635: 5634: 5631: 5626: 5620: 5619: 5616: 5610: 5609: 5606: 5600: 5599: 5596: 5590: 5589: 5586: 5581: 5575: 5574: 5571: 5565: 5564: 5561: 5555: 5554: 5551: 5535: 5401:eutriconodonts 5349: 5344: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5319: 5313: 5312: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5289: 5283: 5282: 5279: 5274: 5268: 5267: 5264: 5258: 5257: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5234: 5228: 5227: 5224: 5218: 5217: 5214: 5183:South Atlantic 5118:. Toothed and 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5025: 5019: 5018: 5015: 5009: 5008: 5005: 4990:Alpine orogeny 4946: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4931: 4883: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4844: 4838: 4837: 4834: 4760: 4755: 4749: 4748: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4735: 4700:Grande Coupure 4697: 4692: 4687: 4681: 4680: 4677: 4671: 4670: 4667: 4635: 4631: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4589: 4584:. Ancestor of 4574: 4568: 4567: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4554: 4547:Sahelanthropus 4504: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4489: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4457: 4442:South Americas 4429: 4424: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4396: 4381: 4375: 4374: 4371: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4346: 4339:glacial cycles 4329: 4323: 4322: 4319: 4298:, ending with 4286: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4264: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4223: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4175: 4170: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4123: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4058: 4057: 4016: 4014: 4007: 4000: 3999: 3977: 3975: 3968: 3962: 3959: 3954: 3946: 3942: 3941: 3940: 3939: 3938: 3937: 3916: 3915: 3914: 3908:supercontinent 3897: 3879: 3855: 3854: 3853: 3852: 3851: 3840: 3835:methanotrophic 3817: 3816: 3815: 3805: 3772: 3771: 3770: 3756: 3724: 3723: 3722: 3704: 3661: 3658: 3653: 3645: 3641: 3640: 3639: 3638: 3637: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3623: 3598: 3597: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3586:(1800–1600 Ma) 3574: 3573: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3541: 3540: 3539: 3538: 3537: 3536: 3535: 3528: 3511: 3504: 3492:Archean (4000– 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3443:Main article: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3422: 3405: 3389: 3368: 3329: 3328: 3305: 3302: 3226:thermodynamics 3217: 3214: 3201:Georges Cuvier 3109: 3106: 3105: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3082: 3081: 3078: 3074: 3071: 3065:Steno states: 3058: 3055: 2926:Ancient Greece 2913: 2910: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2891: 2877: 2874: 2866: 2860: 2859: 2853: 2850: 2842: 2835: 2834: 2818:Named for the 2816: 2813: 2805: 2799: 2798: 2788: 2785: 2777: 2771: 2770: 2767: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2749: 2741: 2735: 2734: 2728: 2725: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2703: 2700: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2676:Named for the 2674: 2671: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2649: 2646: 2638: 2632: 2631: 2624: 2621: 2613: 2607: 2606: 2603: 2595: 2593:Lower Devonian 2589: 2588: 2585: 2577: 2571: 2570: 2564: 2561: 2553: 2551:Upper Devonian 2547: 2546: 2543: 2535: 2529: 2528: 2525: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2501:Named for the 2499: 2496: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2478: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2460: 2452: 2446: 2445: 2430: 2427: 2419: 2413: 2412: 2410:Ural Mountains 2398: 2395: 2387: 2381: 2380: 2367:Named for the 2365: 2362: 2354: 2348: 2347: 2336: 2333: 2325: 2319: 2318: 2315: 2307: 2305:Lower Triassic 2301: 2300: 2297: 2289: 2282: 2281: 2275: 2272: 2264: 2262:Upper Triassic 2258: 2257: 2254: 2246: 2243:Lower Jurassic 2239: 2238: 2235: 2227: 2221: 2220: 2214: 2211: 2203: 2200:Upper Jurassic 2196: 2195: 2192: 2184: 2178: 2177: 2171: 2168: 2160: 2154: 2153: 2138: 2135: 2127: 2121: 2120: 2109: 2106: 2098: 2092: 2091: 2080: 2077: 2069: 2063: 2062: 2051: 2048: 2040: 2034: 2033: 2022: 2019: 2011: 2005: 2004: 1993: 1990: 1982: 1976: 1975: 1964: 1961: 1953: 1947: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1926: 1925: 1914: 1911: 1903: 1897: 1896: 1889: 1886: 1878: 1872: 1871: 1864: 1861: 1853: 1847: 1846: 1839: 1836: 1828: 1822: 1821: 1814: 1811: 1803: 1797: 1796: 1789: 1786: 1778: 1772: 1771: 1764: 1761: 1753: 1747: 1746: 1739: 1736: 1728: 1722: 1721: 1710: 1707: 1699: 1693: 1692: 1685:Ediacara Hills 1683:Named for the 1681: 1678: 1670: 1664: 1663: 1644: 1641: 1633: 1627: 1626: 1619: 1616: 1608: 1602: 1601: 1590: 1587: 1579: 1573: 1572: 1565: 1562: 1554: 1548: 1547: 1544:to bear, carry 1532: 1529: 1521: 1515: 1514: 1511:Russian Empire 1503: 1500: 1492: 1486: 1485: 1471: 1468: 1460: 1454: 1453: 1442:Jura Mountains 1438: 1435: 1427: 1421: 1420: 1394: 1391: 1380: 1374: 1373: 1362: 1359: 1351: 1345: 1344: 1333: 1330: 1322: 1316: 1315: 1296: 1293: 1285: 1279: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1258: 1257: 1246: 1243: 1235: 1229: 1228: 1217: 1214: 1206: 1200: 1199: 1188: 1185: 1177: 1171: 1170: 1159: 1156: 1148: 1142: 1141: 1126: 1123: 1115: 1109: 1108: 1093: 1090: 1082: 1076: 1075: 1060: 1057: 1049: 1047:Neoproterozoic 1043: 1042: 1031: 1028: 1020: 1014: 1013: 1002: 999: 991: 985: 984: 973: 970: 962: 956: 955: 952: 949: 946: 935: 934: 903: 900: 892: 886: 885: 874: 871: 863: 857: 856: 845: 842: 834: 828: 827: 816: 813: 805: 799: 798: 795: 792: 789: 775:Time span and 721: 718: 715: 714: 711: 708: 704: 703: 700: 697: 693: 692: 689: 686: 682: 681: 678: 675: 671: 670: 667: 664: 660: 659: 656: 653: 649: 648: 645: 642: 631: 627: 613:, e.g., Early 612: 608: 604: 600: 595: 594: 567: 552: 533: 510: 495:Neoproterozoic 455: 422: 419: 415:before present 366: 353: 344: 342:Geochronometry 337: 324:paleomagnetism 313: 307: 294: 257: 254: 253: 252: 249:unconformities 245: 239: 233: 229: 223: 217: 148: 145: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17702: 17691: 17688: 17686: 17685:Geochronology 17683: 17681: 17678: 17676: 17673: 17671: 17668: 17666: 17663: 17662: 17660: 17639: 17631: 17630: 17627: 17621: 17618: 17616: 17613: 17611: 17608: 17606: 17603: 17602: 17600: 17598: 17594: 17588: 17585: 17584: 17582: 17578: 17572: 17569: 17567: 17566:Pacific Ocean 17564: 17562: 17559: 17557: 17554: 17552: 17549: 17547: 17544: 17543: 17541: 17539: 17535: 17529: 17526: 17524: 17521: 17517: 17514: 17513: 17512: 17509: 17507: 17504: 17502: 17499: 17497: 17496:Earth science 17494: 17492: 17489: 17488: 17486: 17484: 17480: 17474: 17471: 17469: 17466: 17464: 17461: 17459: 17456: 17454: 17451: 17449: 17448:Magnetosphere 17446: 17444: 17441: 17439: 17436: 17434: 17431: 17430: 17428: 17426: 17422: 17416: 17415:Virtual globe 17413: 17411: 17408: 17406: 17403: 17401: 17398: 17396: 17393: 17391: 17388: 17386: 17383: 17381: 17380:Earth's orbit 17378: 17374: 17371: 17370: 17369: 17366: 17365: 17363: 17361: 17357: 17351: 17348: 17346: 17343: 17341: 17338: 17336: 17333: 17331: 17328: 17326: 17323: 17321: 17318: 17316: 17313: 17312: 17310: 17308: 17304: 17298: 17295: 17293: 17290: 17288: 17287:World history 17285: 17283: 17280: 17278: 17277:World economy 17275: 17273: 17270: 17268: 17265: 17263: 17260: 17258: 17255: 17251: 17248: 17247: 17246: 17243: 17242: 17240: 17238: 17234: 17228: 17227:South America 17225: 17223: 17222:North America 17220: 17218: 17215: 17213: 17210: 17208: 17205: 17203: 17200: 17198: 17195: 17194: 17192: 17190: 17186: 17180: 17177: 17175: 17172: 17170: 17167: 17165: 17162: 17160: 17157: 17155: 17152: 17151: 17149: 17147: 17143: 17137: 17134: 17132: 17129: 17127: 17124: 17122: 17119: 17117: 17114: 17112: 17109: 17107: 17104: 17102: 17099: 17098: 17096: 17094: 17090: 17084: 17081: 17079: 17076: 17075: 17072: 17068: 17061: 17056: 17054: 17049: 17047: 17042: 17041: 17038: 17026: 17023: 17021: 17018: 17016: 17013: 17011: 17008: 17006: 17003: 17001: 16998: 16996: 16993: 16991: 16988: 16987: 16985: 16981: 16975: 16972: 16971: 16969: 16965: 16959: 16956: 16955: 16953: 16949: 16939: 16936: 16934: 16931: 16929: 16926: 16924: 16921: 16919: 16916: 16915: 16913: 16911: 16907: 16901: 16898: 16896: 16893: 16891: 16888: 16884: 16881: 16879: 16876: 16874: 16871: 16869: 16866: 16865: 16864: 16861: 16859: 16856: 16854: 16851: 16849: 16846: 16844: 16841: 16839: 16836: 16834: 16831: 16829: 16826: 16825: 16823: 16821: 16817: 16814: 16812: 16809:Chronological 16806: 16796: 16793: 16791: 16788: 16786: 16783: 16781: 16778: 16776: 16775:Geochronology 16773: 16771: 16768: 16767: 16765: 16761: 16755: 16752: 16750: 16747: 16746: 16744: 16740: 16734: 16731: 16729: 16726: 16724: 16721: 16720: 16718: 16714: 16711: 16709: 16708:Geologic time 16705: 16699: 16696: 16694: 16693:Metonic cycle 16691: 16689: 16688:Galactic year 16686: 16684: 16681: 16679: 16676: 16675: 16673: 16671: 16667: 16657: 16654: 16652: 16649: 16645: 16642: 16640: 16637: 16636: 16635: 16632: 16630: 16629:ISO week date 16627: 16625: 16622: 16620: 16617: 16615: 16612: 16611: 16609: 16605: 16599: 16596: 16593: 16589: 16586: 16584: 16581: 16578: 16574: 16570: 16567: 16566: 16564: 16560: 16554: 16551: 16549: 16546: 16544: 16541: 16539: 16536: 16534: 16531: 16530: 16528: 16524: 16518: 16515: 16513: 16510: 16508: 16505: 16503: 16500: 16499: 16497: 16493: 16490: 16488: 16484: 16474: 16471: 16469: 16466: 16464: 16461: 16459: 16456: 16455: 16453: 16451: 16447: 16441: 16438: 16436: 16433: 16431: 16428: 16426: 16423: 16421: 16418: 16417: 16415: 16413: 16409: 16401: 16398: 16396: 16393: 16391: 16388: 16386: 16383: 16382: 16381: 16378: 16375: 16371: 16368: 16366: 16363: 16361: 16358: 16356: 16353: 16351: 16348: 16346: 16343: 16341: 16338: 16336: 16335:Byzantine era 16333: 16331: 16328: 16326: 16323: 16321: 16318: 16316: 16312: 16309: 16307: 16306: 16302: 16300: 16297: 16296: 16294: 16292: 16291:Calendar eras 16288: 16285: 16280: 16277: 16275: 16272: 16270: 16267: 16266: 16263: 16257: 16254: 16252: 16249: 16245: 16242: 16241: 16240: 16237: 16235: 16232: 16230: 16227: 16225: 16222: 16221: 16219: 16215: 16211: 16204: 16199: 16197: 16192: 16190: 16185: 16184: 16181: 16169:(2013 series) 16168: 16167: 16163: 16162: 16160: 16156: 16150: 16149:Graeme Snooks 16147: 16145: 16142: 16140: 16137: 16135: 16132: 16130: 16129:Eric Chaisson 16127: 16125: 16122: 16120: 16117: 16116: 16114: 16110: 16104: 16101: 16099: 16096: 16095: 16093: 16089: 16083: 16079: 16075: 16073: 16069: 16065: 16061: 16058: 16057: 16056: 16055: 16050: 16046: 16044: 16040: 16036: 16032: 16030: 16026: 16022: 16020: 16016: 16012: 16008: 16006: 16002: 15998: 15996: 15992: 15988: 15984: 15983: 15981: 15977: 15971: 15968: 15966: 15963: 15961: 15958: 15956: 15953: 15951: 15948: 15946: 15943: 15942: 15940: 15936: 15932: 15925: 15920: 15918: 15913: 15911: 15906: 15905: 15902: 15890: 15887: 15885: 15882: 15880: 15877: 15875: 15872: 15870: 15867: 15865: 15862: 15860: 15857: 15853: 15850: 15849: 15848: 15845: 15843: 15840: 15839: 15837: 15833: 15827: 15824: 15822: 15819: 15817: 15814: 15812: 15809: 15807: 15804: 15802: 15799: 15797: 15794: 15792: 15789: 15787: 15784: 15782: 15779: 15777: 15774: 15772: 15769: 15767: 15764: 15762: 15759: 15757: 15754: 15752: 15749: 15747: 15744: 15742: 15739: 15737: 15734: 15733: 15731: 15729: 15728:units of time 15724: 15718: 15717:Sidereal time 15715: 15713: 15710: 15708: 15705: 15703: 15702:Galactic year 15700: 15699: 15697: 15695: 15691: 15685: 15682: 15680: 15677: 15675: 15672: 15671: 15669: 15665: 15659: 15658:Weekday names 15656: 15654: 15651: 15649: 15648:Tropical year 15646: 15644: 15641: 15639: 15636: 15634: 15631: 15629: 15626: 15624: 15621: 15619: 15616: 15614: 15613:Intercalation 15611: 15609: 15606: 15604: 15601: 15599: 15596: 15594: 15591: 15589: 15586: 15584: 15581: 15579:(lunar Hijri) 15578: 15575: 15573: 15570: 15568: 15565: 15563: 15560: 15558: 15555: 15554: 15552: 15550: 15546: 15540: 15537: 15535: 15532: 15530: 15527: 15525: 15522: 15520: 15517: 15515: 15512: 15508: 15505: 15504: 15503: 15500: 15498: 15495: 15493: 15490: 15488: 15485: 15483: 15480: 15478: 15475: 15473: 15470: 15468: 15465: 15463: 15460: 15458: 15455: 15454: 15452: 15450: 15446: 15440: 15437: 15435: 15432: 15430: 15427: 15425: 15422: 15420: 15419:Time dilation 15417: 15415: 15412: 15410: 15407: 15405: 15402: 15400: 15397: 15395: 15392: 15390: 15387: 15385: 15382: 15380: 15377: 15375: 15372: 15371: 15369: 15367: 15363: 15357: 15354: 15352: 15349: 15347: 15344: 15343: 15341: 15337: 15332: 15326: 15316: 15313: 15311: 15308: 15306: 15303: 15301: 15298: 15296: 15293: 15291: 15288: 15286: 15283: 15281: 15278: 15276: 15273: 15271: 15268: 15266: 15263: 15261: 15258: 15256: 15255:24-hour clock 15253: 15251: 15250:12-hour clock 15248: 15246: 15243: 15241: 15238: 15236: 15233: 15231: 15228: 15226: 15223: 15221: 15218: 15216: 15213: 15209: 15206: 15205: 15204: 15201: 15200: 15198: 15194: 15188: 15185: 15183: 15180: 15178: 15175: 15174: 15171: 15167: 15163: 15156: 15151: 15149: 15144: 15142: 15137: 15136: 15133: 15121: 15113: 15111: 15103: 15102: 15099: 15093: 15090: 15088: 15085: 15083: 15080: 15078: 15077: 15073: 15071: 15068: 15066: 15063: 15061: 15058: 15056: 15053: 15051: 15048: 15047: 15045: 15041: 15031: 15028: 15026: 15023: 15021: 15018: 15014: 15011: 15010: 15009: 15008:Chronobiology 15006: 15004: 15001: 15000: 14998: 14994: 14988: 14985: 14983: 14980: 14978: 14975: 14973: 14970: 14968: 14965: 14963: 14960: 14958: 14955: 14953: 14950: 14948: 14945: 14943: 14942:Arrow of time 14940: 14938: 14935: 14934: 14932: 14930: 14926: 14920: 14917: 14915: 14914:Geochronology 14912: 14908: 14905: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14895: 14893: 14890: 14888: 14885: 14883: 14880: 14879: 14878: 14875: 14874: 14872: 14870: 14866: 14863: 14861: 14856: 14850: 14846: 14842: 14839: 14837: 14834: 14832: 14829: 14827: 14824: 14820: 14817: 14815: 14812: 14811: 14810: 14807: 14805: 14802: 14800: 14797: 14795: 14792: 14791: 14789: 14787: 14782: 14778: 14770: 14767: 14766: 14765: 14764:Wheel of time 14762: 14758: 14755: 14754: 14753: 14750: 14748: 14745: 14743: 14740: 14738: 14735: 14733: 14730: 14728: 14725: 14724: 14722: 14717: 14714: 14712: 14709: 14708: 14705: 14699: 14698: 14694: 14692: 14689: 14687: 14684: 14682: 14679: 14677: 14674: 14672: 14669: 14667: 14664: 14662: 14659: 14657: 14654: 14652: 14649: 14647: 14644: 14642: 14639: 14637: 14634: 14633: 14631: 14629: 14625: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14609: 14608:Periodization 14606: 14604: 14601: 14599: 14596: 14594: 14591: 14589: 14586: 14585: 14583: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14570: 14569: 14566: 14554: 14553: 14549: 14548: 14547: 14546: 14542: 14540: 14537: 14535: 14534:Digital clock 14532: 14530: 14527: 14523: 14520: 14516: 14513: 14511: 14508: 14507: 14506: 14503: 14501: 14498: 14496: 14493: 14491: 14488: 14484: 14481: 14480: 14479: 14476: 14472: 14469: 14468: 14467: 14464: 14463: 14462: 14459: 14458: 14456: 14454: 14450: 14444: 14443: 14439: 14437: 14434: 14432: 14429: 14427: 14424: 14422: 14419: 14417: 14414: 14412: 14409: 14407: 14404: 14402: 14399: 14395: 14392: 14390: 14387: 14385: 14382: 14381: 14380: 14377: 14376: 14374: 14372: 14368: 14362: 14359: 14357: 14354: 14352: 14349: 14347: 14344: 14342: 14339: 14337: 14334: 14332: 14329: 14327: 14324: 14322: 14319: 14317: 14314: 14312: 14311:Relative hour 14309: 14307: 14306:24-hour clock 14304: 14302: 14301:12-hour clock 14299: 14297: 14294: 14292: 14289: 14288: 14286: 14284: 14278: 14272: 14269: 14267: 14264: 14262: 14259: 14257: 14254: 14252: 14249: 14248: 14246: 14244: 14240: 14237: 14235: 14230: 14226: 14220: 14217: 14215: 14212: 14210: 14207: 14205: 14202: 14201: 14199: 14195: 14191: 14184: 14179: 14177: 14172: 14170: 14165: 14164: 14161: 14155: 14148: 14138: 14133: 14127: 14122: 14116: 14113: 14108: 14104: 14100: 14095: 14089: 14087: 14080: 14074: 14071: 14069: 14066: 14064: 14061: 14059: 14056: 14055: 14053: 14051: 14044: 14034: 14031: 14029: 14026: 14024: 14021: 14019: 14016: 14015: 14013: 14011: 14004: 13998: 13995: 13993: 13990: 13988: 13985: 13984: 13982: 13980: 13973: 13967: 13964: 13962: 13959: 13957: 13954: 13953: 13951: 13949: 13947:(539 Ma–1 Ga) 13942: 13939: 13937: 13929: 13919: 13916: 13914: 13911: 13909: 13906: 13904: 13901: 13900: 13898: 13896: 13889: 13883: 13880: 13878: 13875: 13873: 13870: 13869: 13867: 13865: 13858: 13852: 13849: 13847: 13844: 13842: 13839: 13837: 13834: 13833: 13831: 13829: 13822: 13816: 13813: 13811: 13808: 13806: 13803: 13802: 13800: 13798: 13791: 13785: 13782: 13780: 13777: 13776: 13774: 13772: 13765: 13759: 13756: 13754: 13751: 13749: 13746: 13745: 13743: 13741: 13734: 13731: 13729: 13724:Paleozoic Era 13721: 13711: 13708: 13706: 13703: 13701: 13698: 13697: 13695: 13693: 13686: 13680: 13677: 13675: 13672: 13670: 13667: 13666: 13664: 13662: 13655: 13649: 13646: 13644: 13641: 13640: 13638: 13636: 13634:(66.0–145 Ma) 13629: 13626: 13624: 13622:(66.0–252 Ma) 13616: 13606: 13603: 13601: 13598: 13596: 13593: 13592: 13590: 13588: 13581: 13575: 13572: 13570: 13567: 13566: 13564: 13562: 13555: 13549: 13546: 13544: 13541: 13540: 13538: 13536: 13529: 13526: 13524: 13516: 13512: 13505: 13500: 13498: 13493: 13491: 13486: 13485: 13482: 13475: 13471: 13467: 13464: 13462: 13459: 13456: 13453: 13451: 13447: 13444: 13440: 13437: 13434: 13431: 13428: 13424: 13420: 13417: 13414: 13411: 13408: 13405: 13403: 13400: 13397: 13394: 13391: 13388: 13386: 13382: 13380: 13376: 13374: 13370: 13369: 13361: 13357: 13353: 13352: 13347: 13345: 13341: 13337: 13336: 13331: 13328: 13324: 13321: 13317: 13313: 13307: 13303: 13302: 13296: 13292: 13286: 13282: 13281: 13275: 13271: 13265: 13261: 13260: 13254: 13250: 13244: 13240: 13239: 13233: 13229: 13223: 13219: 13218: 13212: 13208: 13202: 13198: 13197: 13191: 13180: 13174: 13170: 13169: 13164: 13159: 13144: 13140: 13136: 13132: 13128: 13124: 13120: 13116: 13112: 13111: 13103: 13099: 13095: 13091: 13087: 13082: 13078: 13074: 13069: 13065: 13059: 13050: 13045: 13042:(2): 83–100. 13041: 13037: 13033: 13028: 13017: 13011: 13007: 13006: 13000: 12985: 12981: 12977: 12973: 12969: 12965: 12961: 12954: 12949: 12945: 12941: 12937: 12933: 12927: 12926: 12914: 12910: 12906: 12902: 12898: 12894: 12890: 12886: 12882: 12878: 12874: 12870: 12866: 12859: 12851: 12847: 12843: 12839: 12835: 12831: 12827: 12823: 12819: 12812: 12804: 12800: 12796: 12792: 12788: 12784: 12781:(B13): E139. 12780: 12776: 12772: 12765: 12757: 12753: 12749: 12742: 12734: 12730: 12726: 12722: 12718: 12714: 12710: 12706: 12702: 12698: 12694: 12687: 12673: 12667: 12663: 12659: 12655: 12654: 12646: 12638: 12634: 12630: 12626: 12622: 12618: 12614: 12610: 12603: 12595: 12591: 12587: 12583: 12578: 12573: 12569: 12565: 12561: 12554: 12546: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12528: 12524: 12519: 12514: 12510: 12506: 12502: 12495: 12487: 12483: 12479: 12475: 12470: 12465: 12461: 12457: 12453: 12449: 12445: 12441: 12437: 12433: 12432: 12427: 12420: 12412: 12408: 12403: 12398: 12394: 12390: 12386: 12382: 12378: 12374: 12370: 12366: 12362: 12355: 12347: 12343: 12339: 12335: 12332:(1–4): 1–11. 12331: 12327: 12326:Nova Hedwigia 12320: 12312: 12308: 12304: 12300: 12296: 12292: 12288: 12284: 12280: 12276: 12269: 12262: 12254: 12250: 12246: 12242: 12238: 12234: 12230: 12226: 12222: 12218: 12214: 12210: 12206: 12199: 12191: 12190: 12185: 12179: 12160: 12156: 12152: 12148: 12144: 12140: 12136: 12129: 12118: 12116: 12114: 12112: 12103: 12099: 12092: 12076: 12069: 12067: 12057: 12052: 12048: 12044: 12040: 12036: 12032: 12025: 12010:on 1 May 2022 12009: 12005: 12001: 11997: 11993: 11989: 11985: 11981: 11974: 11966: 11962: 11958: 11954: 11950: 11946: 11939: 11923: 11919: 11912: 11897: 11891: 11875: 11871: 11865: 11857: 11853: 11849: 11845: 11841: 11837: 11833: 11829: 11825: 11821: 11814: 11807: 11799: 11795: 11790: 11785: 11780: 11775: 11771: 11767: 11764:(6): e99438. 11763: 11759: 11755: 11748: 11737: 11733: 11729: 11725: 11721: 11717: 11713: 11706: 11699: 11690: 11685: 11681: 11677: 11673: 11669: 11665: 11658: 11656: 11654: 11645: 11639: 11635: 11631: 11627: 11620: 11606: 11602: 11598: 11592: 11588: 11584: 11580: 11576: 11569: 11555: 11549: 11545: 11541: 11537: 11533: 11526: 11518: 11514: 11510: 11506: 11502: 11498: 11494: 11490: 11486: 11482: 11479:(7876): 332. 11478: 11474: 11470: 11463: 11455: 11451: 11447: 11443: 11438: 11433: 11429: 11425: 11421: 11417: 11413: 11406: 11398: 11394: 11390: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11372: 11368: 11364: 11356: 11348: 11344: 11340: 11336: 11331: 11326: 11322: 11318: 11314: 11306: 11298: 11294: 11290: 11286: 11282: 11278: 11274: 11270: 11266: 11262: 11255: 11239: 11235: 11229: 11215: 11211: 11207: 11201: 11197: 11193: 11189: 11185: 11178: 11170: 11164: 11156: 11152: 11148: 11142: 11138: 11137: 11129: 11127: 11118: 11114: 11110: 11104: 11100: 11099: 11091: 11089: 11080: 11076: 11072: 11066: 11062: 11061: 11053: 11051: 11049: 11047: 11045: 11043: 11041: 11039: 11037: 11035: 11033: 11031: 11029: 11020: 11016: 11012: 11008: 11004: 11000: 10996: 10989: 10981: 10977: 10973: 10971:0-511-08201-0 10967: 10963: 10962: 10954: 10946: 10942: 10938: 10936:0-521-38361-7 10932: 10928: 10927: 10919: 10911: 10907: 10903: 10901:0-521-24728-4 10897: 10893: 10892: 10884: 10876: 10872: 10868: 10866:3-924500-19-3 10862: 10858: 10857: 10849: 10841: 10837: 10832: 10827: 10823: 10819: 10815: 10808: 10800: 10796: 10792: 10788: 10783: 10778: 10774: 10770: 10766: 10762: 10758: 10752: 10744: 10740: 10736: 10732: 10728: 10724: 10720: 10716: 10712: 10705: 10697: 10693: 10689: 10685: 10681: 10677: 10673: 10669: 10665: 10661: 10657: 10650: 10642: 10638: 10634: 10630: 10626: 10622: 10618: 10614: 10610: 10606: 10602: 10595: 10593: 10584: 10583: 10575: 10567: 10566: 10558: 10550: 10549: 10541: 10533: 10532: 10524: 10516: 10515: 10507: 10499: 10495: 10491: 10487: 10483: 10479: 10475: 10471: 10467: 10460: 10452: 10451: 10443: 10435: 10434: 10426: 10418: 10411: 10397: 10391: 10387: 10383: 10379: 10375: 10368: 10360: 10356: 10352: 10351: 10343: 10335: 10331: 10327: 10325:0-226-73103-0 10321: 10317: 10316: 10308: 10300: 10296: 10292: 10290:0-486-26372-X 10286: 10282: 10281: 10273: 10265: 10261: 10257: 10255:0-86078-492-4 10251: 10247: 10246: 10238: 10230: 10226: 10222: 10218: 10214: 10210: 10206: 10202: 10201:Sedimentology 10198: 10191: 10189: 10187: 10185: 10183: 10181: 10179: 10177: 10175: 10173: 10171: 10162: 10158: 10153: 10148: 10144: 10140: 10136: 10132: 10128: 10121: 10119: 10102: 10098: 10094: 10088: 10072: 10068: 10064: 10057: 10049: 10048: 10042: 10037: 10031: 10023: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10005: 10001: 9997: 9990: 9982: 9978: 9974: 9970: 9966: 9962: 9958: 9954: 9950: 9946: 9945: 9940: 9933: 9925: 9921: 9917: 9913: 9910:(37): 46–52. 9909: 9905: 9901: 9894: 9886: 9882: 9878: 9874: 9870: 9866: 9862: 9858: 9854: 9847: 9839: 9838: 9830: 9822: 9821: 9813: 9799: 9793: 9789: 9785: 9781: 9777: 9770: 9762: 9756: 9748: 9747: 9739: 9731: 9730: 9722: 9712: 9706: 9698: 9694: 9690: 9683: 9676: 9672: 9668: 9665: 9660: 9657:(in French). 9656: 9652: 9645: 9637: 9633: 9629: 9625: 9621: 9617: 9614:(2): 96–102. 9613: 9609: 9605: 9598: 9590: 9586: 9582: 9578: 9574: 9570: 9566: 9559: 9551: 9547: 9543: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9525: 9521: 9517: 9510: 9508: 9499: 9493: 9485: 9481: 9477: 9471: 9467: 9466: 9458: 9456: 9454: 9452: 9450: 9441: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9423: 9419: 9415: 9408: 9400: 9396: 9392: 9388: 9384: 9380: 9376: 9369: 9353: 9349: 9343: 9327: 9323: 9317: 9315: 9313: 9296: 9292: 9286: 9284: 9282: 9280: 9278: 9276: 9274: 9272: 9270: 9268: 9266: 9264: 9248: 9244: 9238: 9230: 9229: 9221: 9219: 9210: 9209: 9201: 9199: 9190: 9189: 9181: 9179: 9170: 9166: 9162: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9144: 9140: 9136: 9132: 9128: 9120: 9118: 9116: 9114: 9112: 9103: 9099: 9095: 9091: 9087: 9083: 9079: 9075: 9068: 9066: 9064: 9062: 9046: 9042: 9036: 9022: 9016: 9012: 9008: 9004: 9000: 8993: 8991: 8989: 8987: 8985: 8983: 8981: 8979: 8977: 8975: 8973: 8971: 8969: 8960: 8956: 8952: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8934: 8930: 8926: 8919: 8917: 8915: 8913: 8911: 8909: 8907: 8905: 8903: 8886: 8880: 8878: 8876: 8871: 8856: 8849: 8845: 8839: 8832: 8826: 8824: 8822: 8820: 8818: 8816: 8814: 8812: 8810: 8808: 8806: 8804: 8802: 8792: 8790: 8782: 8781:Pennsylvanian 8778: 8777:Mississippian 8772: 8765: 8761: 8757: 8749: 8745: 8741: 8735: 8733: 8731: 8729: 8721: 8717: 8711: 8702: 8693: 8691: 8681: 8679: 8669: 8667: 8665: 8654: 8645: 8641: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8501: 8496: 8490: 8485: 8473: 8471: 8468:on board the 8467: 8457: 8440: 8437: 8427: 8408: 8406: 8402: 8401:Eratosthenian 8398: 8394: 8390: 8389:Pre-Nectarian 8386: 8382: 8378: 8374: 8370: 8360: 8358: 8354: 8353:giant planets 8350: 8346: 8342: 8338: 8334: 8330: 8324: 8320: 8316: 8301: 8298: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8273:Acasta Gneiss 8270: 8267:Formation of 8264: 8261: 8260: 8256: 8253: 8249: 8245: 8241: 8237: 8233: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8215: 8212: 8211: 8207: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8188: 8184: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8172:cyanobacteria 8169: 8165: 8161: 8155: 8152: 8151: 8147: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8124: 8123:stromatolites 8118: 8115: 8114: 8110: 8107: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8057: 8056:Gawler Craton 8053: 8049: 8048:cyanobacteria 8045: 8040: 8037: 8036: 8032: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8012: 8009: 8008: 8004: 8001: 8000:Gawler craton 7994: 7990: 7986: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7973:Sudbury Basin 7970: 7966: 7962: 7956: 7953: 7952: 7948: 7945: 7941: 7937: 7933: 7929: 7925: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7879: 7875: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7854: 7851: 7850: 7846: 7843: 7840:in the seas. 7839: 7836: 7832: 7827: 7824: 7823: 7819: 7817:proliferate. 7816: 7812: 7811:Stromatolites 7808: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7785:belts due to 7784: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7769: 7765: 7762: 7758: 7754: 7753:Trace fossils 7750: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7690: 7686: 7682: 7676: 7673: 7672: 7668: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7643: 7640: 7639: 7635: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7576: 7571: 7570:trace fossils 7567: 7566: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7538:of primitive 7537: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7507: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7482: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7467: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7457: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7447: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7432: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7422: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7412: 7408: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7329: 7328:Anomalocarids 7325: 7321: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7272:hemichordates 7269: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7250: 7246: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7216: 7212: 7209: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7185: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7160: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7150: 7146: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7110:tentaculitans 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7094:sea cucumbers 7091: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7050:Strophomenida 7047: 7043: 7040:, articulate 7039: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7026:invertebrates 7023: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6993: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6983: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6958: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6933: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6840:, along with 6839: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6787: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6777: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6752: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6727: 6723: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6595:), and first 6594: 6593: 6592:Archaeopteris 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6542: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6532: 6528: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6516:Tuhua Orogeny 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6484:orthoceridans 6481: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6436:odonatopteran 6433: 6432:polyneopteran 6429: 6428:paraneopteran 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6399: 6396: 6393: 6392:Mississippian 6389: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6379: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6369: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6359: 6355: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6293:proliferate. 6292: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6273: 6269: 6268: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6226: 6223: 6220: 6219:Pennsylvanian 6214: 6213:Carboniferous 6210: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6200: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6190: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6180: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6155: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6145: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6124: 6123:Wuchiapingian 6121: 6120: 6116: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6028:thalattosaurs 6025: 6021: 6020:testudinatans 6017: 6013: 6012:choristoderes 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5996:orthoceridans 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5927: 5923: 5918: 5917:Changhsingian 5915: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5889: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5864: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5839: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5829: 5825: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5809:parvipelvians 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5741:Modern corals 5738: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5726: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5642: 5640: 5639:Pliensbachian 5637: 5636: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5611: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5552: 5549: 5548:Tentaculitans 5545: 5541: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5516:Arctic Oceans 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5498:. Breakup of 5497: 5494: 5493:rhynchonellid 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5409:symmetrodonts 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5314: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5284: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5249: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5239: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5215: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5179:Greater India 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5161: 5157: 5156:South America 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5049: 5048:Maastrichtian 5046: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5006: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4994:proboscideans 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4892:Greater India 4889: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4859: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4849: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4839: 4835: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4740: 4736: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4672: 4668: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4608: 4605: 4604: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4594: 4590: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4559: 4555: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4527:Choristoderes 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4462: 4458: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4427: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4376: 4372: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4351: 4347: 4344: 4340: 4337: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4324: 4320: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4304:Toba eruption 4301: 4300:Younger Dryas 4297: 4293: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4262: 4258: 4257:Extreme North 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4228: 4224: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4183:Northgrippian 4181: 4180: 4176: 4173: 4167: 4164:, increasing 4163: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4144: 4138: 4133: 4129: 4124: 4122:Major events 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4086: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4069: 4066: 4054: 4051: 4043: 4040:November 2023 4033: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4017:This section 4015: 4011: 4006: 4005: 3996: 3991: 3987: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3967: 3966: 3953: 3945: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3898: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3873: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3856: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3780: 3779: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3750: 3749:Acasta Gneiss 3746: 3742: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3732: 3731: 3729: 3725: 3720: 3716: 3713:Era/Erathem ( 3712: 3708: 3707:Jack Hillsian 3705: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3687: 3686: 3684: 3680: 3679: 3678: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3652: 3644: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3624: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3575: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3553: 3552: 3550: 3546: 3545: 3542: 3533: 3529: 3527:) 'strength'. 3526: 3522: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3512: 3509: 3506:Mesoarchean ( 3505: 3502: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3491: 3490: 3487: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3479: 3476: 3460: 3457: 3452: 3446: 3421: 3327: 3323: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3301: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3280:pioneered by 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3266:Robert Strutt 3263: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3235: 3234:Clarence King 3231: 3227: 3223: 3213: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3197:William Smith 3193: 3191: 3187: 3186: 3181: 3180:Charles Lyell 3177: 3176:John Playfair 3173: 3169: 3165: 3164: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3114:Thomas Burnet 3102: 3099: 3096: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3079: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3054: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3038: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3020:', including 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2993: 2992:Nicolas Steno 2989: 2988: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2962: 2958: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2918:Arthur Holmes 2912:Early history 2908: 2904: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2861: 2858: 2854: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2829:mountains of 2826: 2821: 2817: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2800: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2736: 2733: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2572: 2569: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2414: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2280: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2219: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2176: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1948: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1745:) 'stretch'. 1744: 1740: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1520: 1519:Carboniferous 1517: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1396:Derived from 1395: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1256:) 'ancient'. 1255: 1251: 1247: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1227:) 'ancient'. 1226: 1222: 1218: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1198:) 'ancient'. 1197: 1193: 1189: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1169:) 'ancient'. 1168: 1164: 1160: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 1000: 996: 992: 990: 987: 986: 982: 978: 974: 971: 967: 963: 961: 958: 957: 953: 950: 947: 944: 943: 931: 930: 923: 912: 908: 904: 901: 897: 893: 891: 888: 887: 883: 879: 875: 872: 868: 864: 862: 859: 858: 854: 850: 846: 843: 839: 835: 833: 830: 829: 825: 821: 817: 814: 810: 806: 804: 801: 800: 796: 793: 790: 787: 786: 782: 778: 772: 770: 765: 763: 762:type locality 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 712: 709: 706: 705: 701: 698: 695: 694: 690: 687: 684: 683: 679: 676: 673: 672: 668: 665: 662: 661: 657: 654: 651: 650: 646: 643: 640: 639: 633: 629: 625: 623: 618: 616: 610: 606: 602: 598: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 568: 565: 561: 553: 550: 546: 542: 534: 531: 527: 523: 519: 511: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 456: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 425: 424: 418: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 387: 385: 381: 378: 374: 368: 365: 362: 359: 357: 352: 349: 346: 343: 340: 338: 335: 331: 329: 325: 321: 317: 312:Geochronology 311: 308: 305: 301: 298: 293: 290: 288: 283: 282:Geochronology 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 250: 246: 243: 240: 237: 234: 230: 227: 224: 221: 220:Horizontality 218: 215: 214:Superposition 212: 211: 210: 207: 204: 198: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 162: 158: 154: 144: 142: 137: 135: 131: 127: 123: 122:paleomagnetic 119: 115: 111: 107: 106:geophysicists 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 86:geochronology 84:to time) and 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 64:based on the 63: 59: 55: 51: 43: 39: 34: 30: 19: 18:Era (geology) 17620:Solar System 17571:Oceanography 17561:Indian Ocean 17551:Arctic Ocean 17515: 17491:Age of Earth 17443:Geomagnetism 17126:Thermosphere 17116:Stratosphere 16938:Stratigraphy 16883:Uranium–lead 16853:Lichenometry 16707: 16651:Winter count 16634:Mesoamerican 16562:Astronomical 16380:Mesoamerican 16365:Sothic cycle 16340:Seleucid era 16325:Bosporan era 16313: / 16303: 16251:Paleontology 16164: 16077: 16067: 16054:Homo sapiens 16052: 16048: 16034: 16024: 16010: 16000: 15986: 15959: 15864:Decimal time 15678: 15593:Astronomical 15472:Complication 15467:Atomic clock 15082:Time capsule 15076:Tempus fugit 15074: 14996:Other fields 14876: 14695: 14676:Perdurantism 14598:Calendar era 14550: 14543: 14529:Cuckoo clock 14466:astronomical 14440: 14266:Unit of time 14197:Key concepts 14114: 14111: 14047:Archean Eon 14009:(1.6–2.5 Ga) 13894:(485–539 Ma) 13863:(444–485 Ma) 13827:(419–444 Ma) 13796:(359–419 Ma) 13770:(299–359 Ma) 13739:(252–299 Ma) 13727:(252–539 Ma) 13691:(201–252 Ma) 13660:(145–201 Ma) 13619:Mesozoic Era 13519:Cenozoic Era 13442: 13349: 13333: 13300: 13279: 13258: 13237: 13216: 13195: 13182:. Retrieved 13167: 13150:. Retrieved 13114: 13108: 13089: 13076: 13058:cite journal 13039: 13035: 13019:. Retrieved 13004: 12991:. Retrieved 12984:the original 12963: 12959: 12935: 12932:Stratigraphy 12931: 12872: 12868: 12858: 12825: 12821: 12811: 12778: 12774: 12764: 12747: 12741: 12700: 12696: 12686: 12675:, retrieved 12652: 12645: 12612: 12608: 12602: 12567: 12563: 12553: 12508: 12504: 12494: 12435: 12429: 12419: 12368: 12364: 12354: 12329: 12325: 12319: 12278: 12274: 12261: 12212: 12208: 12198: 12189:Live Science 12187: 12178: 12166:. Retrieved 12159:the original 12138: 12134: 12101: 12091: 12079:. Retrieved 12038: 12034: 12024: 12012:. Retrieved 12008:the original 11990:(1): 27–54. 11987: 11983: 11973: 11948: 11944: 11938: 11926:. Retrieved 11922:the original 11911: 11899:. Retrieved 11890: 11878:. Retrieved 11873: 11864: 11823: 11819: 11806: 11761: 11757: 11747: 11715: 11711: 11698: 11671: 11667: 11625: 11619: 11608:, retrieved 11578: 11568: 11557:, retrieved 11535: 11525: 11476: 11472: 11462: 11419: 11415: 11405: 11370: 11366: 11355: 11320: 11316: 11305: 11264: 11254: 11242:. Retrieved 11238:the original 11228: 11217:, retrieved 11187: 11177: 11135: 11097: 11059: 11002: 10998: 10988: 10960: 10953: 10925: 10918: 10890: 10883: 10855: 10848: 10824:(1): 20–23. 10821: 10817: 10807: 10764: 10760: 10751: 10718: 10714: 10704: 10663: 10659: 10649: 10608: 10604: 10581: 10574: 10564: 10557: 10547: 10540: 10530: 10523: 10513: 10506: 10473: 10469: 10459: 10449: 10442: 10432: 10425: 10416: 10410: 10399:, retrieved 10377: 10367: 10349: 10342: 10314: 10307: 10279: 10272: 10248:. Variorum. 10244: 10237: 10204: 10200: 10134: 10130: 10105:. Retrieved 10096: 10087: 10075:. Retrieved 10071:the original 10066: 10056: 10045: 10030: 10006:(2): 18–21. 10003: 9999: 9989: 9948: 9942: 9932: 9907: 9903: 9893: 9860: 9856: 9846: 9836: 9829: 9819: 9812: 9801:, retrieved 9779: 9769: 9749:(in French). 9745: 9738: 9728: 9721: 9705:cite journal 9696: 9692: 9682: 9674: 9670: 9666: 9664:From p. 193: 9658: 9654: 9644: 9611: 9607: 9597: 9572: 9568: 9558: 9526:(1): 97–99. 9523: 9519: 9464: 9424:(3): 77–81. 9421: 9417: 9407: 9385:(1): 13–30. 9382: 9378: 9368: 9356:. Retrieved 9351: 9342: 9330:. Retrieved 9325: 9299:. Retrieved 9294: 9250:. Retrieved 9246: 9237: 9227: 9207: 9187: 9134: 9130: 9077: 9073: 9048:. Retrieved 9044: 9035: 9024:, retrieved 9002: 8932: 8928: 8889:. Retrieved 8855: 8838: 8771: 8710: 8701: 8653: 8644: 8470:Mars Express 8466:spectrometer 8463: 8455: 8433: 8425: 8366: 8337:Solar System 8326: 8297:giant impact 8187:microfossils 8180:phototrophic 8158:Prokaryotic 8154:Paleoarchean 8131:macrofossils 7890:opisthokonts 7759:eukaryotes. 7757:multi-celled 7664:streptophyta 7575:Trichophycus 7573: 7563: 7495:Terreneuvian 7415:Jiangshanian 7396:streptophyta 7049: 7045: 6961:Sheinwoodian 6912:tapers off. 6900:tapers off. 6857: 6842:ostracoderms 6838:jawed fishes 6651:acanthodians 6618:corals, and 6601:Strophomenid 6590: 6524:Kazakhstania 6474:) abundant. 6466:(especially 6398:Serpukhovian 6331:parareptiles 6265: 6088:acanthodians 6024:ichthyosaurs 5965:temnospondyl 5961:parareptiles 5941:Appalachians 5732:amphibians. 5730:temnospondyl 5723: 5716:Rhynchosaurs 5700:Ichthyosaurs 5559:Kimmeridgian 5520:Tethys Ocean 5489:terebratulid 5453:Parvipelvian 5393:shuotheriids 5389:coelurosaurs 5375:, including 5355:(especially 5144:leptictidans 5108:crocodilians 5092:tyrannosaurs 4986:terror birds 4948:Starts with 4898:(allowing a 4882:decreased CO 4880:Azolla event 4799:diprotodonts 4714:(e.g. first 4572:Serravallian 4486:Ardipithecus 4482:elephantines 4393:Homo habilis 4368:Afro-Eurasia 4364:Homo erectus 4360:terror birds 4343:Homo sapiens 4312:Near Oceania 4292:interglacial 4279: 4237:interglacial 4231:Greenlandian 4198:flooding of 4070: 4061: 4046: 4037: 4026:Please help 4021:verification 4018: 3994: 3983: 3951: 3943: 3929: 3925: 3919: 3903: 3899: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3875: 3871: 3865: 3858: 3843: 3830: 3826: 3820: 3811: 3807: 3785: 3781: 3775: 3762: 3758: 3744: 3740: 3734: 3727: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3682: 3665: 3663: 3650: 3642: 3626: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3583: 3577: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3548: 3531: 3530:Siderian (?– 3524: 3520: 3514: 3513:Neoarchean ( 3507: 3500: 3493: 3481: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3451:Anthropocene 3450: 3448: 3445:Anthropocene 3417: 3324: 3318: 3313: 3311: 3307: 3297: 3294:20th century 3253:Pierre Curie 3238: 3219: 3194: 3190:James Ussher 3183: 3161: 3158:James Hutton 3154:19th century 3125: 3121: 3117: 3111: 3092: 3084: 3062: 3060: 3040: 3035: 2985: 2938:transgressed 2922:philosophers 2915: 2889:Newfoundland 2864:Terreneuvian 2791: 2705:Named after 2678:Wenlock Edge 2651:Named after 2506: 2441: 2438:William Penn 2434:Pennsylvania 2405: 2401: 2376: 2372: 2343: 2149: 2145: 2116: 2112: 2087: 2083: 2058: 2054: 2029: 2025: 2000: 1996: 1971: 1967: 1917: 1892: 1867: 1845:) 'stable'. 1842: 1817: 1792: 1770:) 'narrow'. 1767: 1742: 1717: 1713: 1659: 1567:Named after 1543: 1542:) and ferō ( 1539: 1474: 1416: 1397: 1369: 1365: 1340: 1336: 1253: 1249: 1224: 1220: 1204:Paleoarchean 1195: 1191: 1166: 1162: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1038: 1034: 1009: 1005: 980: 976: 928: 881: 852: 848: 823: 819: 766: 732:(old life), 723: 619: 596: 570: 555: 536: 513: 475:Paleoarchean 458: 427: 388: 371:between the 369: 360: 347: 334: 332: 304: 302: 297:stratigraphy 289: 285: 262:Stratigraphy 208: 199: 164: 153:Age of Earth 141:nomenclature 138: 57: 53: 49: 47: 29: 17368:Cartography 17307:Environment 17174:Climatology 17111:Troposphere 16878:Radiocarbon 16553:Dual dating 16412:Regnal year 16390:Short Count 16330:Bostran era 16311:Anno Domini 16244:Big History 16224:Archaeology 16166:Big History 16068:Agriculture 16039:abiogenesis 16019:dying stars 15960:Time scales 15931:Big History 15874:System time 15869:Metric time 15588:Solar Hijri 15514:Water clock 15497:Radio clock 15429:Time domain 15409:Proper time 15295:Leap second 15177:Chronometry 15092:Time travel 15070:System time 14977:Time domain 14962:Proper time 14786:use of time 14757:Father Time 14737:Immortality 14727:Ages of Man 14656:Endurantism 14613:Regnal year 14593:Big History 14522:water-based 14421:Solar Hijri 14331:Hexadecimal 14281:Measurement 14243:Chronometry 14229:Measurement 14083:Hadean Eon 13861:Ordovician 13632:Cretaceous 13532:Quaternary 13184:18 November 13152:18 November 13021:18 November 12993:30 November 12371:(1): 2690. 11668:Solid Earth 11005:(1): 5–13. 10207:(1): 3–41. 9951:(1): 1–15. 8327:Some other 8236:prokaryotes 8222:: at first 8164:methanogens 8117:Mesoarchean 8106:prokaryotes 8080:; possible 7886:green algae 7813:decline as 7783:metamorphic 7729:cryptophyta 7721:brown algae 7627:Ozone layer 7565:Dickinsonia 7560:bilaterians 7520:Proterozoic 7435:Miaolingian 7380:Atmospheric 7360:vertebrates 7340:Prokaryotes 7336:Crustaceans 7316:blastozoans 7312:graptolites 7300:brachiopods 7290:(including 7268:echinoderms 7254:(including 7219:Tremadocian 7198:Lower/Early 7178:Darriwilian 7118:ostracoderm 7114:eurypterids 7102:graptolites 7090:sea urchins 7074:echinoderms 7058:cephalopods 7042:brachiopods 7034:Orthocerida 6882:graptolites 6858:Pentamerida 6854:brachiopods 6834:Eurypterids 6824:(including 6810:Ozone layer 6765:Lower/Early 6640:lobe-finned 6608:brachiopods 6579:seed plants 6545:Tournaisian 6496:Spiriferida 6464:echinoderms 6452:land snails 6420:gymnosperms 6408:eurypterids 6335:cotylosaurs 6272:atmospheric 6254:scale trees 6234:Protodonata 6133:Guadalupian 6072:graptolites 6064:eurypterids 6060:articulates 6004:lepidosaurs 5953:pelycosaurs 5945:Panthalassa 5924:unite into 5877:Lower/Early 5813:crocopodans 5805:plesiosaurs 5787:(including 5785:lepidosaurs 5734:Ceratitidan 5624:Lower/Early 5550:disappear. 5496:brachiopods 5473:Sea urchins 5457:plesiosaurs 5433:brown algae 5413:dryolestids 5353:Gymnosperms 5317:Valanginian 5307:Hauterivian 5272:Lower/Early 5207:Atmospheric 5148:cimolestans 5138:(including 5130:(including 5128:metatherian 5104:ceratopsids 5096:titanosaurs 5080:sea urchins 4779:condylarths 4728:Cimolestans 4656:Alpide Belt 4618:. Start of 4607:Burdigalian 4553:in Africa. 4488:in Africa. 4272:Pleistocene 4132:Phanerozoic 4091:end-point. 4065:Phanerozoic 3861:–538.8 Ma) 3838:prokaryotes 3272:in 1913 by 3249:Marie Curie 3230:Lord Kelvin 2883:, a French 2881:Terre-Neuve 2841:(informal) 2823: [ 2803:Miaolingian 2400:From Latin 2352:Guadalupian 1980:Pleistocene 1820:) 'cover'. 1720:) 'birth'. 1596:tribe, the 1571:, England. 1410:Paris Basin 1408:within the 1175:Mesoarchean 876:From Greek 832:Proterozoic 803:Phanerozoic 769:Precambrian 479:Mesoarchean 452:Phanerozoic 448:Proterozoic 256:Terminology 232:continuous. 118:lithologies 110:geochemists 96:(including 66:rock record 17659:Categories 17473:Tomography 17458:Seismology 17425:Geophysics 17400:Navigation 17292:Time zones 17257:In culture 17202:Antarctica 17189:Continents 17121:Mesosphere 17093:Atmosphere 16473:Vietnamese 16385:Long Count 16320:Anno Mundi 16315:Common Era 16217:Key topics 16210:Chronology 16144:Fred Spier 16139:Carl Sagan 16103:ChronoZoom 16082:modern era 15889:Timekeeper 15842:Chronology 15826:Millennium 15712:Precession 15618:Julian day 15439:T-symmetry 15300:Solar time 15270:Civil time 14794:Chronemics 14769:Kalachakra 14681:Presentism 14666:Eternalism 14572:Chronology 14510:mechanical 14461:Main types 14379:Main types 14085:(4–4.6 Ga) 14049:(2.5–4 Ga) 13978:(1–1.6 Ga) 13584:Paleogene 12511:: 735020. 11880:17 January 11674:(1): 1–3. 11155:1224105111 9840:J. Murray. 9776:"Jurassic" 9716:terrain".) 9699:: 353–376. 9671:Quaternary 9484:1137380460 8867:References 8405:Copernican 8333:satellites 8281:life forms 8224:protocells 8125:(probably 8072:Neoarchean 8024:eukaryotes 7961:atmosphere 7924:eukaryotes 7918:Statherian 7902:Acritarchs 7755:of simple 7733:haptophyta 7713:ochrophyta 7703:begins on 7650:" period. 7646:Possible " 7642:Cryogenian 7568:). Simple 7556:cnidarians 7552:vendozoans 7440:Guzhangian 7392:Arthropods 7320:crinozoans 7292:trilobites 7256:arthropods 7206:(formerly 7122:jawed fish 7106:Acritarchs 7062:trilobites 7016:Hirnantian 7011:Upper/Late 7006:Ordovician 6996:Rhuddanian 6971:Llandovery 6926:Ludfordian 6874:Trilobites 6790:Lochkovian 6715:Hangenberg 6711:Kellwasser 6683:Euramerica 6653:and early 6644:ray-finned 6636:placoderms 6632:goniatites 6624:Ammonoidea 6583:seed ferns 6560:Upper/Late 6508:Glaciation 6504:nautiloids 6500:trilobites 6492:Productida 6488:goniatites 6410:live amid 6382:Bashkirian 6362:Kasimovian 6347:Rhizodonts 6315:Amphibians 6295:Euramerica 6289:. Testate 6283:Goniatites 6258:club trees 6242:millipedes 6183:Artinskian 6168:Cisuralian 6138:Capitanian 6068:trilobites 6016:archosaurs 5988:spiriferid 5968:amphibians 5957:therapsids 5922:Landmasses 5817:Ceratitida 5725:Dicroidium 5720:Seed ferns 5704:nothosaurs 5692:pterosaurs 5684:Archosaurs 5674:Upper/Late 5659:Hettangian 5649:Sinemurian 5471:abundant. 5469:belemnites 5385:stegosaurs 5381:carnosaurs 5365:cycadeoids 5342:Upper/Late 5327:Berriasian 5301:~125.77 5262:Cenomanian 5211:Acritarchs 5181:, and the 5175:Madagascar 5167:Antarctica 5140:placentals 5132:marsupials 5124:monotremes 5100:hadrosaurs 5069:belemnites 5043:Upper/Late 5038:Cretaceous 4958:Nautilidae 4912:passerines 4831:Aegean Sea 4765:. Archaic 4758:Priabonian 4675:Aquitanian 4586:great apes 4436:joins the 4414:Piacenzian 4341:. Rise of 4277:Upper/Late 4249:wet Sahara 4200:Doggerland 4166:industrial 4153:Meghalayan 4143:Quaternary 3894:eukaryotes 3664:The book, 3584:Statherian 3580:–1000 Ma) 3222:denudation 3142:Anton Moro 2901:See also: 2879:Named for 2732:Ordovician 2707:Llandovery 2690:Llandovery 2684:, England 2682:Shropshire 2655:, England 2630:, Czechia 2507:misi-ziibi 2385:Cisuralian 2338:Named for 2175:Cretaceous 2140:Coined by 1939:Time span 1826:Statherian 1697:Cryogenian 1646:Named for 1606:Ordovician 1378:Cretaceous 1283:Quaternary 1271:Time span 1146:Neoarchean 1140:) 'life'. 1107:) 'life'. 1074:) 'life'. 1041:) 'life'. 1012:) 'life'. 983:) 'life'. 948:Time span 855:) 'life'. 826:) 'life'. 791:Time span 758:stratotype 754:Ordovician 696:Subseries 647:Time span 579:chronozone 526:Quaternary 483:Neoarchean 260:See also: 191:Cryogenian 187:Cretaceous 151:See also: 147:Principles 98:geologists 76:that uses 38:log-spiral 17390:Geomatics 17335:Ecosystem 17320:Biosphere 17282:Etymology 17262:Earth Day 17212:Australia 17131:Exosphere 17010:Year zero 16990:Chronicle 16933:Seriation 16868:Lead–lead 16742:Standards 16723:Deep time 16683:Ephemeris 16569:Lunisolar 16533:Gregorian 16526:Gregorian 16487:Calendars 16450:Era names 16420:Anka year 16299:Human Era 16229:Astronomy 16078:Modernity 16060:Stone Age 15995:cosmogony 15970:Modernity 15955:Deep time 15786:Fortnight 15633:Lunisolar 15623:Leap year 15557:Gregorian 15507:stopwatch 15482:Hourglass 15462:Astrarium 15379:Spacetime 15310:Time zone 15187:Metrology 15166:standards 15050:Leap year 14967:Spacetime 14841:Yesterday 14742:Dreamtime 14716:Mythology 14603:Deep time 14515:stopwatch 14490:hourglass 14471:astrarium 14401:Gregorian 14394:Lunisolar 14371:Calendars 14361:Time zone 14234:standards 14112:See also: 13892:Cambrian 13825:Silurian 13794:Devonian 13689:Triassic 13658:Jurassic 12897:0036-8075 12850:0012-821X 12803:0148-0227 12717:0028-0836 12637:128376754 12586:1537-1719 12527:1664-462X 12486:131775942 12460:1464-7931 12393:2041-1723 12237:0028-0836 12081:8 October 12004:1543-5938 11605:229513433 11517:237515330 11501:0028-0836 11454:233816527 11446:2328-4277 11397:244145710 11389:0705-3797 11347:244165877 11339:0705-3797 11297:182238145 11281:0028-0836 11214:245639062 11163:cite book 11117:949988705 11079:808340848 11019:0078-0421 10840:0705-3797 10791:0028-0836 10743:129166282 10735:0371-6260 10688:0028-0836 10641:128686640 10633:0305-8719 10498:251578886 10490:0080-4568 10299:165626104 10264:956775994 10229:128604255 10161:0950-1207 10022:0705-3797 9981:129165105 9973:0016-7568 9924:1941-5966 9885:128475487 9877:2042-5295 9755:cite book 9636:0267-8179 9589:0705-3797 9550:240772165 9542:0705-3797 9492:cite book 9440:0705-3797 9169:236285974 9161:0016-7649 9102:130092094 8951:0705-3797 8514:Deep time 8393:Nectarian 8381:volcanism 8269:protolith 8214:Eoarchean 8193:. Oldest 8102:Kenorland 7969:Vredefort 7955:Orosirian 7898:holozoans 7853:Calymmian 7741:retarians 7737:euglenids 7621:forms on 7603:Laurentia 7548:explosion 7530:Ediacaran 7510:Fortunian 7454:~504.5 7444:~500.5 7308:bryozoans 7296:priapulid 7288:artiopods 7276:chordates 7234:Furongian 7188:Dapingian 7142:conodonts 7078:blastoids 7070:bryozoans 7066:ostracods 7052:, etc.), 7036:). Early 6976:Telychian 6880:diverse; 6864:, etc.), 6830:arachnids 6818:myriapods 6663:fishapods 6647:bony fish 6628:Nautilida 6565:Famennian 6506:decline. 6480:bryozoans 6472:blastoids 6448:tetrapods 6444:barnacles 6372:Moscovian 6327:synapsids 6267:Cordaites 6256:, ferns, 6252:forests ( 6246:scorpions 6193:Sakmarian 6173:Kungurian 6084:blastoids 5984:productid 5949:Synapsids 5937:Ouachitas 5912:Lopingian 5902:Paleozoic 5882:Olenekian 5797:conodonts 5763:in Asia. 5737:ammonoids 5708:Cynodonts 5696:Dinosaurs 5594:Bathonian 5584:Callovian 5569:Oxfordian 5528:Rangitata 5465:ammonoids 5377:sauropods 5373:Dinosaurs 5347:Tithonian 5311:~132.6 5297:Barremian 5242:Coniacian 5232:Santonian 5222:Campanian 5136:eutherian 5112:mosasaurs 5088:dinosaurs 5065:Ammonoids 5013:Selandian 4962:Coleoidea 4944:Thanetian 4939:Paleocene 4926:and true 4920:pangolins 4916:ruminants 4842:Bartonian 4813:; End of 4771:creodonts 4716:macropods 4708:evolution 4690:Oligocene 4685:Paleogene 4664:West Asia 4638:from 650 4562:Tortonian 4535:creodonts 4502:Messinian 4454:Stone Age 4383:Start of 4354:Calabrian 4327:Chibanian 4282:Tarantian 4261:Caribbean 4225:0.0082 4220:Greenland 4204:Sundaland 4196:Sea level 4177:0.0042 4097:Eonothem/ 3904:2060–1780 3890:2250–2060 3886:Eukaryian 3876:2420–2250 3872:Oxygenian 3866:2420–1780 3844:2630–2420 3831:2780–2630 3827:Methanian 3821:2780–2420 3812:3020–2780 3786:3490–3020 3782:Vaalbaran 3776:3490–2780 3761:Period (3 3745:4030–3810 3735:4030–3490 3728:4030–2420 3715:4404–4030 3711:Zirconian 3699:phase of 3565:) 'rust'. 3549:2450–1800 3515:3000–2450 3508:3500–3000 3138:Plutonism 3134:Neptunism 3126:primarii" 3047:religious 2996:Dominican 2972:treatises 2964:scientist 2950:deep time 2946:Aristotle 2942:regressed 2820:Miao Ling 2775:Furongian 2323:Lopingian 2125:Paleocene 2067:Oligocene 1851:Orosirian 1843:statherós 1801:Calymmian 1668:Ediacaran 1652:latinised 1623:Ordovices 1473:From the 1419:'chalk'. 1349:Paleogene 1233:Eoarchean 1018:Paleozoic 922:translit. 777:etymology 746:geography 742:lithology 730:Paleozoic 699:Subepoch 652:Eonothem 499:Paleozoic 471:Eoarchean 403:SI prefix 373:Ediacaran 242:Inclusion 183:Paleogene 167:deep time 42:megaannus 17638:Category 17005:Timeline 16843:Ice core 16716:Concepts 16463:Japanese 16395:Tzolk'in 16360:Egyptian 16011:Elements 15991:Big Bang 15987:Creation 15847:Duration 15821:Saeculum 15801:Olympiad 15643:Solstice 15572:Holocene 15549:Calendar 15449:Horology 15240:ISO 8601 15235:ISO 31-1 15110:Category 14858:Time in 14849:Tomorrow 14711:Religion 14651:Duration 14618:Timeline 14552:Timeline 14351:Sidereal 14219:Eternity 13737:Permian 13558:Neogene 13470:Archived 13439:Episodes 13423:Archived 13143:Archived 13139:32763298 13131:15286353 13036:Episodes 12913:13968348 12905:16627738 12725:11196637 12615:(1): 3. 12594:14963099 12545:35154170 12478:31021528 12411:31217418 12303:12529638 12245:28796200 12168:6 August 11965:42345393 11951:: 5–19. 11928:3 August 11901:3 August 11848:20596019 11798:24963687 11758:PLOS ONE 11736:Archived 11509:34522014 11367:Episodes 11317:Episodes 11289:32433629 11244:17 April 11219:15 April 10980:60770922 10945:20930970 10875:14352783 10818:Episodes 10401:20 April 10334:11574066 10101:Archived 10000:Episodes 9569:Episodes 9520:Episodes 9418:Episodes 9252:16 April 8959:51819600 8929:Episodes 8481:See also 8456:Epochs: 8240:proteins 8201:and the 8189:. First 8183:bacteria 8168:bacteria 8127:colonial 8046:(due to 8039:Siderian 8020:Huronian 8011:Rhyacian 7981:Penokean 7965:oxygenic 7932:Columbia 7928:protists 7878:plastids 7838:colonies 7826:Ectasian 7633:levels. 7615:Gondwana 7599:Pannotia 7470:Series 2 7388:Holocene 7344:protists 7304:hyoliths 7264:annelids 7260:molluscs 7239:Stage 10 7229:Cambrian 7163:Sandbian 7086:crinoids 7082:cystoids 7054:bivalves 6986:Aeronian 6951:Homerian 6936:Gorstian 6878:molluscs 6870:crinoids 6866:cystoids 6852:corals, 6846:Tabulate 6822:hexapods 6800:Silurian 6755:Eifelian 6745:Givetian 6730:Frasnian 6719:cystoids 6703:Variscan 6667:decapods 6620:crinoids 6616:tabulate 6571:lycopods 6555:Devonian 6512:Gondwana 6510:in East 6468:crinoids 6422:. First 6386:323.2 6343:diapsids 6319:amniotes 6305:and the 6303:Laurasia 6299:Gondwana 6287:woodlice 6277:levels. 6225:Gzhelian 6203:Asselian 6092:Ouachita 6076:hyoliths 6052:Tabulata 6048:retarian 5857:Ladinian 5799:and the 5753:starfish 5679:Rhaetian 5669:Triassic 5629:Toarcian 5614:Aalenian 5604:Bajocian 5508:Gondwana 5504:Laurasia 5481:starfish 5477:crinoids 5461:Bivalves 5449:lobsters 5431:. First 5371:common. 5357:conifers 5337:Jurassic 5266:100.5 5252:Turonian 5195:Laramide 5076:bivalves 5033:Mesozoic 4952:and the 4928:primates 4862:Ypresian 4852:Lutetian 4836:37.71 4815:Laramide 4787:sea cows 4775:miacoids 4743:Rupelian 4737:27.82 4732:neocetes 4706:. Rapid 4695:Chattian 4679:23.03 4622:forming 4601:15.98 4597:Langhian 4591:13.82 4566:11.63 4556:7.246 4519:ice ages 4491:5.333 4465:Zanclean 4456:begins. 4409:Pliocene 4379:Gelasian 4316:Americas 4314:and the 4243:begins. 4148:Holocene 4137:Cenozoic 4102:Erathem/ 4085:GeoSciML 3930:1780–850 3926:Rodinian 3920:1780–850 3911:Columbia 3882:Jatulian 3808:Pongolan 3804:kernels. 3802:cratonic 3790:Kaapvaal 3763:810–3490 3695:and the 3689:Chaotian 3673:and the 3629:–720 Ma) 3625:Tonian ( 3616:kleísimo 3612:1000–800 3604:Kleisian 3555:Skourian 3270:isotopes 3088:Creation 3006:scholars 2982:Avicenna 2979:polymath 2957:Shen Kuo 2857:Cambrian 2709:, Wales 2568:Devonian 2442:silvanus 2440:+ Latin 2279:Triassic 2218:Jurassic 2152:) 'new' 2090:) 'new' 2061:) 'new' 2032:) 'new' 2009:Pliocene 2003:) 'new' 1997:pleîstos 1974:) 'new' 1951:Holocene 1901:Siderian 1876:Rhyacian 1868:oroseirá 1776:Ectasian 1631:Cambrian 1577:Silurian 1552:Devonian 1458:Triassic 1425:Jurassic 1312:Tertiary 1254:arkhaîos 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