Ediacaran biota - Knowledge

2361:, the Ediacaran biota is not found in a restricted environment subject to unusual local conditions: they are global. The processes that were operating must therefore have been systemic and worldwide. Something about the Ediacaran Period permitted these delicate creatures to be left behind; the fossils may have been preserved by virtue of rapid covering by ash or sand, trapping them against the mud or microbial mats on which they lived. Their preservation was possibly enhanced by the high concentration of silica in the oceans before silica-secreting organisms such as sponges and diatoms became prevalent. Ash beds provide more detail and can readily be dated to the nearest million years or better using 2982: 2543: 2525: 3044: 2449: 56: 4213:. An analysis of one of the White Sea fossil beds, where the layers cycle from continental seabed to inter-tidal to estuarine and back again a few times, found that a specific set of Ediacaran organisms was associated with each environment. However, while there is some delineation in organisms adapted to different environments, the three assemblages are more distinct temporally than paleoenvironmentally. Because of this, the three assemblages are often separated by temporal boundaries rather than environmental ones (timeline at right). 2175: 2568: 2284: 2492: 3195: 4139:. It is marked by extreme biotic turnover, with rates of extinction exceeding rates of origination for the whole period. Three-dimensional preservation is most common, with organisms preserved in sandy beds containing internal bedding. Dima Grazhdankin believes that these fossils represent burrowing organisms, while Guy Narbonne maintains they were surface dwellers. These beds are sandwiched between units comprising interbedded sandstones, siltstones and 3390:. Oxygen seems to have accumulated in two pulses; the rise of small, sessile (stationary) organisms seems to correlate with an early oxygenation event, with larger and mobile organisms appearing around the second pulse of oxygenation. However, the assumptions underlying the reconstruction of atmospheric composition have attracted some criticism, with widespread anoxia having little effect on life where it occurs in the Early Cambrian and the Cretaceous. 3346: 2475: 11259: 2423: 2340: 29: 3105: 3487: 3529: 3449:, immediately before the start of the Cambrian. They found that, while the White Sea assemblage had the most species, there was no significant difference in disparity between the three groups, and concluded that before the beginning of the Avalon timespan these organisms must have gone through their own evolutionary "explosion", which may have been similar to the famous 572:) in the Linnaean hierarchy for the Ediacaran biota. If these enigmatic organisms left no descendants, their strange forms might be seen as a "failed experiment" in multicellular life, with later multicellular life evolving independently from unrelated single-celled organisms. A 2018 study confirmed that one of the period's most-prominent and iconic fossils, 2244:, led to a plethora of different names for the biota. In 1960 the French name "Ediacarien" – after the Ediacara Hills – was added to the competing terms "Sinian" and "Vendian" for terminal-Precambrian rocks, and these names were also applied to the life-forms. "Ediacaran" and "Ediacarian" were subsequently applied to the epoch or period of 4279:"In April 1957, I went rock-climbing in Charnwood Forest with two friends, Richard Allen and Richard Blachford ('Blach'), fellow students at Wyggeston Grammar School, Leicester. I was already interested in geology and knew that the rocks of the Charnian Supergroup were Precambrian although I had not heard of the Australian fossils. 2302:

are areas of sediment stabilised by the presence of colonies of microbes that secrete sticky fluids or otherwise bind the sediment particles. They appear to migrate upwards when covered by a thin layer of sediment but this is an illusion caused by the colony's growth; individuals do not, themselves,

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Richard Allen and I agree that Blach (who died in the early 1960s) drew my attention to the leaf-like fossil holotype now on display in Leicester City Museum. I took a rubbing and showed it to my father, who was Minister of the Great Meeting Unitarian Chapel in East Bond Street, taught part-time at

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The link between frond-like Ediacarans and sea pens has been thrown into doubt by multiple lines of evidence; chiefly the derived nature of the most frond-like pennatulacean octocorals, their absence from the fossil record before the Tertiary, and the apparent cohesion between segments in Ediacaran

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The rate of cementation of the overlying substrate relative to the rate of decomposition of the organism determines whether the top or bottom surface of an organism is preserved. Most disc-shaped fossils decomposed before the overlying sediment was cemented, whereupon ash or sand slumped in to fill

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The paucity of Ediacaran fossils after the Cambrian could simply be due to conditions that no longer favoured the fossilisation of Ediacaran organisms, which may have continued to thrive unpreserved. However, if they were common, more than the occasional specimen might be expected in exceptionally

2628:– just 3 million years after the end of the Cryogenian glaciations – may represent embryonic 'resting stages' in the life cycle of the earliest known animals. An alternative proposal is that these structures represent adult stages of the multicellular organisms of this period. Microfossils of 2940:

The burrows observed imply simple behaviour, and the complex efficient feeding traces common from the start of the Cambrian are absent. Some Ediacaran fossils, especially discs, have been interpreted tentatively as trace fossils but this hypothesis has not gained widespread acceptance. As well as

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may have been made by animals that fed on the undersides of microbial mats, which would have shielded them from a chemically unpleasant ocean; however their uneven width and tapering ends make a biological origin so difficult to defend that even the original proponent no longer believes they are

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specimens, both living and in various stages of decay. A recent discovery of comparable Ediacaran fossil embryos from the Portfjeld Formation in Greenland has significantly expanded the paleogeograpical occurrence of Doushantuo-type fossil "embryos" with similar biotic forms now reported from

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It could be that no special explanation is required: the slow process of evolution simply required 4 billion years to accumulate the necessary adaptations. Indeed, there does seem to be a slow increase in the maximum level of complexity seen over this time, with more and more

3086:. However, more recent discoveries have established that many of the circular forms formerly considered "cnidarian medusa" are actually holdfasts – sand-filled vesicles occurring at the base of the stem of upright frond-like Ediacarans. A notable example is the form known as 2748:. Lacking any mouth, gut, reproductive organs, or indeed any evidence of internal anatomy, their lifestyle was somewhat peculiar by modern standards; the most widely accepted hypothesis holds that they sucked nutrients out of the surrounding seawater by osmotrophy or 2263:

The term "Ediacaran biota" and similar ("Ediacara" / "Ediacaran" / "Ediacarian" / "Vendian" and "fauna" / "biota") has, at various times, been used in a geographic, stratigraphic, taphonomic, or biological sense, with the latter the most common in modern literature.

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the only Ediacaran burrows are horizontal, lying on or just below the surface of the seafloor. Such burrows have been taken to imply the presence of motile organisms with heads, which would probably have had a bilateral symmetry. This could place them in the

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established the genus Charnia and aroused worldwide interest. ... I was able to report the discovery because of my father's encouragement and the enquiring approach fostered by my science teachers. Tina Negus saw the frond before I did but no one took her

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are occupied. It has been estimated that of 92 potentially possible modes of life – combinations of feeding style, tiering and motility — no more than a dozen are occupied by the end of the Ediacaran. Just four are represented in the Avalon assemblage.

3478:. Although no reports of Ediacara-type organisms in the Cambrian period are widely accepted at present, a few disputed reports have been made, as well as unpublished observations of 'vendobiont' fossils from 535 Ma Orsten-type deposits in China. 2602:

in China. Some finds generated intense media excitement though some have claimed they are instead inorganic structures formed by the precipitation of minerals on the inside of a hole. Other "embryos" have been interpreted as the remains of the giant

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formed by high-energy bottom-scraping ocean currents. Soft-bodied organisms today rarely fossilize during such events, but the presence of widespread microbial mats probably aided preservation by stabilising their impressions in the sediment below.

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Bartley, J.K.; Pope, M.; Knoll, A.H.; Semikhatov, M. A.; Petrov, P.Y.U. (1998). "A Vendian-Cambrian boundary succession from the northwestern margin of the Siberian Platform: stratigraphy, palaeontology, chemostratigraphy and correlation".

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assemblage in Newfoundland changed all this as the delicate detail preserved by the fine ash allowed the description of features that were previously undiscernible. It was also the first discovery of Ediacarans in deep water sediments.

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Some Ediacaran strata with the texture characteristics of microbial mats contain fossils, and Ediacaran fossils are almost always found in beds that contain these microbial mats. Although microbial mats were once widespread before the

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suggests the flourishing of the organisms coincided with conditions of low overall productivity with a very high percentage produced by bacteria, which may have led to high concentrations of dissolved organic material in the oceans.

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Williams, G.C. (1997). "Preliminary assessment of the phylogenetics of pennatulacean octocorals, with a reevaluation of Ediacaran frond-like fossils, and a synthesis of the history of evolutionary thought regarding the sea pens".

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move. If too thick a layer of sediment is deposited before they can grow or reproduce through it, parts of the colony will die leaving behind fossils with a characteristically wrinkled ("elephant skin") and tubercular texture.

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and named after typical localities. Each assemblage tends to occupy its own time period and region of morphospace, and after an initial burst of diversification (or extinction) changes little for the rest of its existence.

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detected records of the first significant quantities of atmospheric oxygen just before the first Ediacaran fossils appeared – and the presence of atmospheric oxygen was soon heralded as a possible trigger for the Ediacaran

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Increased competition due to the evolution of key innovations among other groups, perhaps as a response to predation, may have driven the Ediacaran biota from their niches. However, the supposed "competitive exclusion" of

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rather than the Ediacaran. For macroorganisms, the Cambrian biota appears to have almost completely replaced the organisms that dominated the Ediacaran fossil record, although relationships are still a matter of debate.

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finally, in 1959, made the connection between this and the earlier finds and with a combination of improved dating of existing specimens and an injection of vigour into the search many more instances were recognised.

2664:, which include jellyfish and corals. Further examination has provided alternative interpretations of all disc-shaped fossils: not one is now confidently recognised as a jellyfish. Alternate explanations include 2817:

a shelly tube-like fossil that often shows evidence of predatory boring, suggesting that, while predation may not have been common in the Ediacaran Period, it was at least present. Organic microfossils known as

2672:; the patterns displayed where two meet have led to many 'individuals' being identified as microbial colonies, and yet others may represent scratch marks formed as stalked organisms spun around their holdfasts. 4528: 4285:

University College (soon to be Leicester University) and thus knew Trevor Ford. We took Trevor to visit the fossil site and convinced him that it was a genuine fossil. His publication of the discovery in the

2901:(SOBs). Fungus-like filaments found in the Doushantuo Formation have been interpreted as eukaryotes and possibly fungi, providing possible evidence for the evolution and terrestrialization of fungi ~635 Ma. 2714:. Sometimes these quilts would be torn or ruptured prior to preservation: Such damaged specimens provide valuable clues in the reconstruction process. For example, the three (or more) petaloid fronds of 11249: 10721:

Retallack G. J. (2012). Criteria for distinguishing microbial mats and earths (Report). Special Paper. Vol. 101. Tulsa: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists. pp. 136–152.

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Kontorovich, A.E.; Varlamov, A.I.; Grazhdankin, D.V.; Karlova, G.A.; Klets, A.G.; Kontorovich, V.A.; Saraev, S.V.; Terleev, A.A.; Belyaev, S.Yu.; Varaksina, I.V.; Efimov, A.S. (1 December 2008).

2613:, a view that, while it had enjoyed a notable gain of supporters as of 2007, has since suffered following further research comparing the potential Doushantuo embryos' morphologies with those of 7697:

Becker-Kerber, Bruno; de Barros, Gabriel Eduardo Baréa; Paim, Paulo Sergio Gomes; Prado, Gustavo M. E. M.; da Rosa, Ana Lucia Zucatti; El Albani, Abderrazak; Laflamme, Marc (13 January 2021).

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Meert, J.G.; Gibsher, A.S.; Levashova, N.M.; Grice, W.C.; Kamenov, G.D.; Rybanin, A. (2010). "Glaciation and ~770 Ma Ediacara (?) Fossils from the Lesser Karatau Microcontinent, Kazakhstan".

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Tarhan, Lidya G.; Hood, Ashleigh v.S.; Droser, Mary L.; Gehling, James G.; Briggs, Derek E.G. (2016). "Exceptional preservation of soft-bodied Ediacara Biota promoted by silica-rich oceans".

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caused the microbial mats to largely disappear. If these grazers first appeared as the Ediacaran biota started to decline, then it may suggest that they destabilised the microbial mats in a "

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was claimed to represent one of the oldest organisms with anterior and posterior differentiation. Later examples are almost universally accepted as bilaterians and include the mollusc-like

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the cementation of the overlying sediment; hence their upper surfaces are preserved. Their more resistant nature is reflected in the fact that, in rare occasions, quilted fossils are found

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distinct from later life-forms: they resemble discs, tubes, mud-filled bags or quilted mattresses. Due to the difficulty of deducing evolutionary relationships among these organisms, some

365:. The term "Ediacara biota" has received criticism from some scientists due to its alleged inconsistency, arbitrary exclusion of certain fossils, and inability to be precisely defined. 8512: 2721:

could only be recognised in a posthumously damaged specimen – usually multiple fronds were hidden as burial squashed the organisms flat. These organisms appear to form two groups: the

4062:. These fine-grained ash beds also preserve exquisite detail. Constituents of this biota appear to survive through until the extinction of all Ediacarans at the base of the Cambrian. 3621: 11247: 3563:, rising sea levels (creating shallow, "life-friendly" seas), a nutrient crisis, fluctuations in atmospheric composition, including oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, and changes in 2353:

The preservation of Ediacaran fossils is of interest, since as soft-bodied organisms they would normally not fossilize. Further, unlike later soft-bodied fossil biota such as the

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It took almost 4 billion years from the formation of the Earth for Ediacaran fossils to first appear, 655 million years ago. While putative fossils are reported from

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Evans, Scott D.; Tu, Chenyi; Rizzo, Adriana; Surprenant, Rachel L.; Boan, Phillip C.; McCandless, Heather; Marshall, Nathan; Xiao, Shuhai; Droser, Mary L. (15 November 2022).

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of Canada, the oldest locality with a large quantity of Ediacaran fossils. The assemblage is easily dated because it contains many fine ash-beds, which are a good source of

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Boag, Thomas H.; Darroch, Simon A.F.; Laflamme, Marc (2016). "Ediacaran distributions in space and time: testing assemblage concepts of earliest macroscopic body fossils".

4083:(without post-mortem transportation), although this point is not universally accepted. The assemblage, while less diverse than the White Sea or Nama assemblages, resembles 2584:

were present. These organisms differed from earlier, mainly microbial, fossils in having an organised, differentiated multicellular construction and centimetre-plus sizes.

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and is marked by much higher diversity than the Avalon or Nama assemblages. In Australia, they are typically found in red gypsiferous and calcareous paleosols formed on

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characteristics. Size ranged from millimetres to metres; complexity from "blob-like" to intricate; rigidity from sturdy and resistant to jelly-soft. Almost all forms of

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Lowenstein, T.K.; Timofeeff, M.N.; Brennan, S.T.; Hardie, L.A.; Demicco, R.V. (2001). "Oscillations in Phanerozoic Seawater Chemistry: Evidence from Fluid Inclusions".

8133:, the Vendian mollusc-like organism (White sea region, Russia): palaeoecological and evolutionary implications", in Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Komarower, Patricia (eds.), 2448: 5576: 11248: 4201:– geographical boundaries do not appear to be a factor; the same fossils are found at all palaeolatitudes (the latitude where the fossil was created, accounting for 2524: 5720:

Burns, B.P.; Goh, F.; Allen, M.; Neilan, B.A. (2004). "Microbial diversity of extant stromatolites in the hypersaline marine environment of Shark Bay, Australia".

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are all easily recognisable with some pre-dating the Ediacaran by nearly three billion years. Possible arthropods have also been described. Surface trails left by

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Bailey, J. V.; Joye, S. B.; Kalanetra, K. M.; Flood, B. E.; Corsetti, F. A. (January 2007). "Evidence of giant sulphur bacteria in Neoproterozoic phosphorites".

2702:. The organism is in the shape of a flattened torus, with the long axis of its toroidal body running through the approximate center of the presumed gut cavity. 3514:

Alternatively, skeletonized animals could have fed directly on the relatively undefended Ediacaran biota. However, if the interpretation of the Ediacaran age

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first by a 15 year-old girl in 1956 (Tina Negus, who was not believed) and then the next year by a group of three schoolboys including 15 year-old

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Hofmann, H. J.; Grey, K.; Hickman, A. H.; Thorpe, R. I. (1 August 1999). "Origin of 3.45 Ga coniform stromatolites in Warrawoona Group, Western Australia".

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Canfield, D.E.; Teske, A. (July 1996). "Late Proterozoic rise in atmospheric oxygen concentration inferred from phylogenetic and sulphur-isotope studies".

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In early 2008, a team analysed the range of basic body structures ("disparity") of Ediacaran organisms from three different fossil beds: Avalon in Canada,

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Bailey, J. V.; Joye, S. B.; Kalanetra, K. M.; Flood, B. E.; Corsetti, F. A. (2007). "Palaeontology: Undressing and redressing Ediacaran embryos (Reply)".

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from the Nama Group, Namibia, has been interpreted as a dorso-ventrally compressed stem-group metazoan, with a large gut cavity and a transversely ridged

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preserved within sediment layers resemble "mud-filled bags". The scientific community is a long way from reaching a consensus on their interpretation.

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but they could also have been made by simpler organisms feeding as they slowly rolled along the sea floor. Putative "burrows" dating as far back as

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Seilacher has suggested that the Ediacaran organisms represented a unique and extinct grouping of related forms descended from a common ancestor (

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frond-like organisms. Some researchers have suggested that an analysis of "growth poles" discredits the pennatulacean nature of Ediacaran fronds.

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Greg Retallack's analysis of thin sections and substrates of a variety of Ediacaran fossils. His findings have been disputed by other scientists.

1837: 10071:; Pflüger, F. (1994). "From biomats to benthic agriculture: A biohistoric revolution". In Krumbein, W. E.; Peterson, D. M.; Stal, L. J. (eds.). 10785: 6736: 3216:

The suggestion has been disputed by other scientists; some have described the evidence as ambiguous and unconvincing, for instance noting that

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saw such feeding strategies as characteristic for the entire biota, and referred to the marine biota of this period as a "Garden of Ediacara".

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Early fossils with guts, segmented bodies and other sophisticated features reveal a revolution in animal life – before the Cambrian explosion.

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Bekker, Andrey; Sokur, Tetyana; Shumlyanskyy, Leonid; Christopher K. Junium; Podkovyrov, Victor; Kuznetsov, Anton; et al. (4 May 2018).

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and flood deposits in an arid cool temperate paleoclimate. Most fossils are preserved as imprints in microbial beds, but a few are preserved

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Hua, H.; Pratt, B.R.; Zhang, L.U.Y.I. (2003). "Borings in Cloudina Shells: Complex Predator-Prey Dynamics in the Terminal Neoproterozoic".

5828: 1100: 7926:; Bose, P.K.; Pflüger, F. (2 October 1998). "Triploblastic animals more than 1 billion years ago: Trace fossil evidence from India". 5254: 4959:

Bobrovskiy, Ilya; Hope, Janet M.; Ivantsov, Andrey; Nettersheim, Benjamin J.; Hallmann, Christian; Brocks, Jochen J. (21 September 2018).

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n. gen., n. sp.: implications for the evolution of sex, multicellularity, and the Mesoproterozoic/Neoproterozoic radiation of eukaryotes"

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members of modern phyla, but were unfamiliar because they had yet to evolve the characteristic features we use in modern classification.

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Sprigg, R. C. (1947). "Early Cambrian "jellyfishes" of Ediacara, South Australia and Mount John, Kimberly District, Western Australia".

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storm beds as the high-energy sedimentation did not destroy them as it would have the less-resistant discs. Further, in some cases, the

8889: 6424:"Experimental taphonomy of giant sulphur bacteria: implications for the interpretation of the embryo-like Ediacaran Doushantuo fossils" 3228:

back from around 900 mya to between 1500 mya and 2000 mya, contradicting much other evidence. Matthew Nelsen, examining phylogenies of

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could not have been caused by needle ice as Retallack has proposed. Ben Waggoner notes that the suggestion would place the root of the

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The organisms considered in Seilacher's revised definition of the Vendobionta share a "quilted" appearance and resembled an inflatable

2249: 7346: 5517: 5292: 4928: 11166: 8561:(1984). "Late Precambrian and early Cambrian metazoa: Preservational or real extinctions?". In Holland, H.D.; Trendall, A.F. (eds.). 2832:

also survived well into the Cambrian. Representatives of modern taxa existed in the Ediacaran, some of which are recognisable today.

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Shen, B.; Dong, L.; Xiao, S.; Kowalewski, M. (4 January 2008). "The Avalon Explosion: Evolution of Ediacara Morphospace". Science.

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feeding but the precise method of formation of these disconnected and overlapping fossils largely remains a mystery. The potential

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but of unknown taxonomic placement, had been noted to have similarities with the Ediacaran fauna. It has since been found to be a

11150: 11067:(June 2019). "The rise of animals: New fossils and analyses of ancient ocean chemistry reveal the surprisingly deep roots of the 6957:

Xiao, S.; Laflamme, M. (January 2009). "On the eve of animal radiation: phylogeny, ecology and evolution of the Ediacara biota".

3170:. This absence precludes the current cnidarian method of feeding, so Seilacher suggested that the organisms may have survived by 1130: 10591:

Shi, Wei; Li, Chao; Luo, Genming; Huang, Junhua; Algeo, Thomas J.; Jin, Chengsheng; Zhang, Zihu; Cheng, Meng (24 January 2018).

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Archer, C.; Vance, D. (1 March 2006). "Coupled Fe and S isotope evidence for Archean microbial Fe (III) and sulfate reduction".

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Classification of the Ediacarans is difficult, and hence a variety of theories exist as to their placement on the tree of life.

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Schiffbauer, J.F. (2016). "The Latest Ediacaran Wormworld Fauna: Setting the Ecological Stage for the Cambrian Explosion".

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Droser, M.L.; Gehling, J.G. (21 March 2008). "Synchronous aggregate growth in an abundant new Ediacaran tubular organism".

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Shen, Bing; Dong, Lin; Xiao, Shuhai; Kowalewski, Michał (2008). "The Avalon explosion: Evolution of Ediacara morphospace".

3213:-like wisps of ferruginized clay, and that Ediacaran fossils have been found in strata that he interprets as desert soils. 2151:. No similar structures elsewhere in the world were then known and the one-sided debate soon fell into obscurity. In 1933, 4216:

As the Ediacaran biota represent an early stage in multicellular life's history, it is unsurprising that not all possible

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have suggested that these represent completely extinct lineages that do not resemble any living organism. Palaeontologist

11214: 9279: 9101:: Testing The Evolutionary Relationships Of Ediacaran And Paleozoic Problematic Fossils Using Molecular Divergence Dates" 6904:

Narbonne, Guy M.; Saylor, Beverly Z.; Grotzinger, John P. (1997). "The Youngest Ediacaran Fossils from Southern Africa".

5077: 9096: 8104:. International Geological Congress. HPF-17 Trace fossils : Ichnological concepts and methods. Oslo. Archived from 5953: 3092:, a circular impression later found to be attached to the long 'stem' of a frond-like organism that now bears the name. 8099: 6538:

Leiming, Y.; Zhu, M.; Knoll, A.; et al. (5 April 2007). "Doushantuo embryos preserved inside diapause egg cysts".

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Gehling, J.G. (1987). "Earliest known echinoderm – A new Ediacaran fossil from the Pound Subgroup of South Australia".

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Hofmann, H.J.; Narbonne, G.M.; Aitken, J.D. (1990). "Ediacaran remains from intertillite beds in northwestern Canada".

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have also been suggested as a barrier to the evolution of multicellular life. The earliest known embryos, from China's

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outgrowths. A study of Brazilian Ediacaran fossils found filamentous microfossils, suggested to be eukaryotes or large

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In 2018 analysis of ancient sterols was taken as evidence that one of the period's most-prominent and iconic fossils,

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Recent discoveries of Precambrian multicellular life have been dominated by reports of embryos, particularly from the

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Waggoner, Ben (1999). "Biogeographic analyses of the Ediacara biota: A conflict with paleotectonic reconstructions".

10080: 5954:"Framboidal pyrite shroud confirms the 'death mask' model for moldic preservation of Ediacaran soft-bodied organisms" 4618: 2311:, the evolution of grazing organisms vastly reduced their numbers. These communities are now limited to inhospitable 2139:

that was then thought to contain the very first signs of animal life, a proposal four years after their discovery by

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Butterfield, N.J. (December 2006). "Hooking some stem-group "worms": Fossil lophotrochozoans in the Burgess Shale".

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Cunningham, J.A.; Thomas, C.-W.; Bengtson, S.; Marone, F.; Stampanoni, M.; Turner, F.R.; et al. (7 May 2012).

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Great changes were happening at the end of the Precambrian and the start of the Early Cambrian. The breakup of the

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has proven challenging; it is not even established that most of them were animals, with suggestions that they were

436:, when the characteristic communities of fossils vanished. A diverse Ediacaran community was discovered in 1995 in 269: 11133: 4729:

Pflug (1973). "Zur fauna der Nama-Schichten in Südwest-Afrika. IV. Mikroscopische anatomie der petalo-organisme".

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algae (components of lichens), calibrated for time, finds no support for the hypothesis that lichens predated the

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Fedonkin, M. A. (1980). "New representatives of the Precambrian coelenterates in the northern Russian platform".

6959: 2986: 2440:) were originally believed to have been Medusoids, although recent research suggests that they were holdfasts of 11202: 10761: 10664: 9537: 9467: 9119: 8349: 7450: 5137: 2981: 512:

colonies, or hypothetical intermediates between plants and animals. The morphology and habit of some taxa (e.g.

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Chen, J-Y; Bottjer, DJ; Oliveri, P; Dornbos, SQ; Gao, F; Ruffins, S; Chi, H; Li, CW; Davidson, EH (July 2004).

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Runnegar, B.N.; Fedonkin, M.A. (1992). "Proterozoic metazoan body fossils". In Schopf, W.J.; Klein; C. (eds.).

5495: 2744:, the group is both the most iconic of the Ediacaran biota and the most difficult to place within the existing 1897: 1695: 11170: 11154: 10831: 10707: 10039: 6116: 5513: 4416: 3504: 2312: 2308: 970: 476:

and competition from other life-forms. A sampling, reported in 2018, of late Ediacaran strata across Baltica

216: 10649:"Paleoecology of the oldest known animal communities: Ediacaran assemblages at Mistaken Point, Newfoundland" 9382:

Gough, Myles (7 June 2016). "Origin of mystery deep-sea mushroom revealed". BBC News. Retrieved 7 June 2016.

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Gan, Tian; Luo, Taiyi; Pang, Ke; Zhou, Chuanming; Zhou, Guanghong; Wan, Bin; et al. (28 January 2021).

11025:— Excellent further reading for the keen – includes many interesting chapters with macroevolutionary theme. 10478:"Environmental drivers of the first major animal extinction across the Ediacaran White Sea-Nama transition" 7480:

Bengtson, S.; Zhao, Y. (17 July 1992). "Predatorial Borings in Late Precambrian Mineralized Exoskeletons".

2128: 1755: 440:, Mexico, and is approximately 555 million years in age, roughly coeval with Ediacaran fossils of the 3520:

as a grazer is correct then this suggests that the biota had already had limited exposure to "predation".

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Xiao, S.; Zhou, C.; Yuan, X. (April 2007). "Palaeontology: undressing and redressing Ediacaran embryos".

2273: 1371: 1123: 8513:"Small subunit ribosomal DNA suggests that the xenophyophorean Syringammina corbicula isa Foraminiferan" 4663:"Ediacara biota flourished in oligotrophic and bacterially dominated marine environments across Baltica" 3220:

fossils have been found on rippled surfaces (suggesting a marine environment), while trace fossils like

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fossils in Newfoundland have been observed to have developed filamentous bedding planes, inferred to be

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of minerals formed a "death mask", ultimately leaving a positive, cast-like impression of the organism.

2143:

that these simple forms represented fauna was dismissed by his peers. Instead, they were interpreted as

11295: 5356: 5333: 4143:—with microbial mats, where present, usually containing the fossils. The environment is interpreted as 3508: 7813:

Fedonkin, M.A. (1985). "Paleoichnology of Vendian Metazoa". In Sokolov, B.S.; Iwanowski, A.B. (eds.).

4391: 1459: 11327: 11283: 10648: 9009:

Retallack, G. J. (2012). "Were Ediacaran siliciclastics of South Australia coastal or deep marine?".

8322:

Laflamme, M.; Narbonne, G. M.; Anderson, M. M. (2004). "Morphometric analysis of the Ediacaran frond

7600: 7111: 6660: 5989: 3404:, suggesting that ice cover and cold oceans may have prevented the emergence of multicellular life. 2819: 2395: 2209: 1998: 1715: 20: 10816: 10593:"Sulfur isotope evidence for transient marine-shelf oxidation during the Ediacaran Shuram Excursion" 10075:. Bibliotheks-und Informationssystem der Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg. pp. 97–105. 8340: 7601:"A section of Vendian in the east of West Siberian Plate (based on data from the Borehole Vostok 3)" 6812: 4795:

Dunn, F.S.; Kenchington, C.G.; Parry, L.A.; Clark, J.W.; Kendall, R.S.; Wilby, P.R. (25 July 2022).

10325:

Brasier, M.D. (1992). "Global ocean-atmosphere change across the Precambrian-Cambrian transition".

10201:

McKerrow, W.S.; Scotese, C.R.; Brasier, M.D. (1992). "Early Cambrian continental reconstructions".

9847: 9394:"Early Archean (3.3-billion to 3.5-billion-year-old) microfossils from Warrawoona Group, Australia" 7299: 7128:"Response to Comment on "Small Bilaterian Fossils from 40 to 55 Million Years Before the Cambrian"" 6742: 4240: 3919: 3873: 3026:, meaning that "the path toward intelligent life was embarked upon more than once on this planet". 2491: 1675: 1339: 461: 144: 10774:(Source of data for Timeline synthesis, p. 218. Further citations available in caption to Fig. 8.) 9920:

Jensen, S.R.; Gehling, J.G.; Droser, M. L. (1998). "Ediacara-type fossils in Cambrian sediments".

5599: 4933:. Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering. Queen's University. Archived from 2365:. However, it is more common to find Ediacaran fossils under sandy beds deposited by storms or in 11317: 11264: 11064: 9733: 7354: 6906: 5761: 5262: 4446: 3319: 2201: 10740: 9968: 8081: 6634:"The Early Ediacaran Caveasphaera Foreshadows the Evolutionary Origin of Animal-like Embryology" 5854: 4881: 4361: 3579:

Late Ediacaran macrofossils are recognized globally in at least 52 formations and a variety of

3507:", leading to displacement or detachment of the biota; or that the destruction of the microbial 10935: 10890: 10748: 8335: 8008: 7581:. The Second International Palaeontological Congress (abstract). Beijing, China. Archived from 7533:"Cochleatina: An enigmatic Ediacaran–Cambrian survivor among small carbonaceous fossils (SCFs)" 6807: 3896: 2517: 2513: 2109: 1735: 1403: 1116: 485: 369: 362: 5267: 3248:

Several classifications have been used to accommodate the Ediacaran biota at some point, from

9669: 9393: 3378: 2132: 2084: 1796: 10741:"Patterns of distribution in the Ediacaran biotas: facies versus biogeography and evolution" 8928: 7829: 6135:"Comment on "Small bilaterian fossils from 40 to 55 million years before the Cambrian"" 4961:"Ancient steroids establish the Ediacaran fossil Dickinsonia as one of the earliest animals" 339:

period classification that consists of all life forms that were present on Earth during the

11279: 11209: 11186: 11029: 10812: 10800: 10695: 10489: 10429: 10377: 10334: 10291: 10256: 10210: 10109: 9980: 9929: 9878: 9796: 9745: 9681: 9626: 9591: 9490: 9455: 9405: 9337: 9154: 9018: 8967: 8904: 8771: 8683: 8671: 8400: 7937: 7759: 7612: 7489: 7438: 7403: 7363: 7286: 7250: 7180: 7088: 7029: 6994: 6876: 6792: 6696: 6549: 6339: 6291: 6230: 6186: 6025: 5968: 5918: 5801: 5483: 5445: 5401: 5125: 5028:

Gold, D.A. (2018). "The slow rise of complex life as revealed through biomarker genetics".

4974: 4934: 4893: 4753: 4674: 4583: 4537: 4519: 4477: 4325: 4100: 3836: 3580: 3397: 3183: 3011: 2898: 2599: 2577: 1355: 551: 262: 235: 87: 11174: 10098:"An ecological theory for the sudden origin of multicellular life in the Late Precambrian" 9787:

Butterfield, N.J. (2009). "Oxygen, animals and oceanic ventilation: An alternative view".

8259:

Donovan, Stephen K.; Lewis, David N. (2001). "Fossils explained 35. The Ediacaran biota".

5299: 4845: 2941:

burrows, some trace fossils have been found directly associated with an Ediacaran fossil.

8: 11124: 11073: 9964: 5698: 5440: 4642:(1993). "Ediacaran-like fossils in Cambrian Burgess Shale–type faunas of North America". 4639: 4255: 2808: 2474: 2358: 2245: 2241: 1857: 1816: 354: 10804: 10699: 10493: 10433: 10381: 10338: 10295: 10268: 10260: 10214: 10113: 9984: 9933: 9882: 9800: 9749: 9685: 9630: 9595: 9494: 9459: 9409: 9341: 9158: 9022: 8971: 8908: 8775: 8687: 8404: 7941: 7763: 7616: 7582: 7493: 7442: 7407: 7254: 7184: 7092: 7033: 6553: 6343: 6295: 6234: 6190: 6029: 5972: 5922: 5805: 5487: 5449: 5405: 5129: 4978: 4897: 4757: 4678: 4541: 4481: 4329: 2889:

Filament-shaped structures in Precambrian fossils have been observed on many occasions.

11322: 11068: 10915: 10907: 10870: 10765: 10668: 10573: 10520: 10477: 10453: 10401: 10350: 10307: 10226: 10183: 10175: 10004: 9945: 9902: 9820: 9769: 9707: 9650: 9541: 9360: 9317: 9240: 9123: 9077: 9069: 9034: 8991: 8920: 8863: 8737: 8699: 8653: 8645: 8610: 8540: 8528: 8457: 8416: 8353: 8276: 8224: 8204: 8047: 8000: 7988: 7905: 7790: 7747: 7723: 7698: 7531:

Slater, Ben J.; Harvey, Thomas H. P.; Bekker, Andrey; Butterfield, Nicholas J. (2020).

7513: 7462: 7268: 7211: 7168: 7052: 7017: 6939: 6923: 6673: 6573: 6515: 6480: 6456: 6423: 6399: 6374: 6355: 6315: 6254: 6210: 6051: 5994: 5934: 5417: 5210: 5053: 4909: 4821: 4796: 4777: 4703: 4662: 4501: 4421: 4230: 4059: 3475: 3450: 3387: 3126:

are giant single-celled protozoans found throughout the world's oceans, largely on the

2957:

of trace fossils matching their shape; these fossils are thought to be associated with

2665: 2362: 1978: 1877: 1775: 543: 396: 361:

of these organisms have been found worldwide, and represent the earliest known complex

336: 184: 77: 47: 10132: 10097: 8388: 5616:

MacGabhann, Breandán Anraoi (2014). "There is no such thing as the 'Ediacara Biota'".

5457: 3209:. He argues that thin sections of Ediacaran fossils show lichen-like compartments and 11158: 11090: 11047: 11037: 11016: 11006: 10980: 10963: 10919: 10769: 10627: 10577: 10565: 10561: 10525: 10507: 10457: 10445: 10393: 10354: 10311: 10230: 10187: 10155: 10137: 10076: 10022: 9996: 9949: 9906: 9894: 9812: 9808: 9761: 9699: 9642: 9564: 9517: 9421: 9365: 9298: 9244: 9236: 9172: 9038: 9030: 8995: 8983: 8924: 8867: 8825: 8741: 8576: 8566: 8532: 8452: 8435: 8420: 8280: 8272: 8241: 8231: 8196: 8188: 8156: 8146: 8137:, Special publications, vol. 286, London: Geological Society, pp. 157–179, 8051: 7992: 7953: 7928: 7897: 7889: 7837: 7795: 7777: 7728: 7679: 7671: 7628: 7554: 7505: 7466: 7454: 7216: 7198: 7149: 7057: 6976: 6931: 6884: 6777: 6714: 6704: 6677: 6665: 6614: 6565: 6520: 6502: 6461: 6443: 6404: 6307: 6246: 6202: 6158: 6139: 6110: 6055: 6043: 5998: 5846: 5836: 5774: 5737: 5733: 5690: 5680: 5653: 5643: 5536: 5471: 5421: 5214: 5178: 5157: 5116: 5096: 5045: 5010: 5002: 4965: 4913: 4826: 4769: 4708: 4690: 4614:

The Gaskiers glaciation as a significant divide in Ediacaran history and stratigraphy

4591: 4565: 4560: 4523: 4505: 4493: 4468: 4343: 4210: 4202: 4041: 3823: 3584: 3568: 3147: 2588: 2328: 2225: 469: 10874: 10672: 10646: 9824: 9711: 9545: 9081: 8657: 8544: 8461: 8357: 8208: 8004: 7167:

Evans, Scott D.; Hughes, Ian V.; Gehling, James G.; Droser, Mary L. (7 April 2020).

6943: 6359: 6329: 6258: 5057: 4781: 4425: 3018:

stage, and thus could not be animals. He believed that they independently evolved a

2538:-type trace fossils are commonly preserved on the top surfaces of sandstone strata. 55: 11095: 10975: 10944: 10899: 10860: 10852: 10808: 10757: 10703: 10660: 10604: 10557: 10515: 10497: 10437: 10405: 10385: 10342: 10299: 10264: 10218: 10167: 10127: 10117: 10008: 9988: 9937: 9886: 9840:"Life after Snowball: The Mistaken Point biota and the origin of animal ecosystems" 9804: 9773: 9753: 9689: 9654: 9634: 9599: 9533: 9498: 9463: 9413: 9355: 9345: 9288: 9232: 9203: 9162: 9143:"No support for the emergence of lichens prior to the evolution of vascular plants" 9127: 9115: 9061: 9026: 8975: 8912: 8855: 8815: 8779: 8729: 8691: 8637: 8606: 8524: 8491: 8447: 8408: 8345: 8303: 8268: 8180: 8138: 8039: 7984: 7945: 7909: 7879: 7785: 7767: 7718: 7710: 7661: 7620: 7544: 7517: 7497: 7446: 7411: 7344: 7272: 7258: 7206: 7188: 7139: 7106: 7096: 7047: 7037: 6968: 6915: 6856: 6817: 6773: 6655: 6645: 6604: 6577: 6557: 6540: 6510: 6492: 6451: 6435: 6394: 6386: 6347: 6319: 6299: 6238: 6214: 6194: 6148: 6033: 5984: 5976: 5926: 5885: 5809: 5762:"The Ediacara biota: A terminal Neoproterozoic experiment in the evolution of life" 5729: 5591: 5491: 5453: 5435: 5409: 5389: 5202: 5173: 5133: 5086: 5037: 4992: 4982: 4901: 4816: 4808: 4761: 4698: 4682: 4555: 4545: 4485: 4411: 4403: 4333: 4316: 4051: 4005: 3963: 3941: 3179: 3159: 2996: 2785: 2253: 2213: 2197: 2140: 992: 514: 373: 289: 11183:"Earth's oldest animal ecosystem held in fossils at Nilpena Station in SA outback" 10367: 8733: 6479:

Willman, Sebastian; Peel, John S.; Ineson, Jon R.; et al. (6 November 2020).

3043: 2240:

Poor communication, combined with the difficulty in correlating globally distinct

468:. Multiple hypotheses exist to explain the disappearance of this biota, including 10158:; Calloway, C.B. (1980). "Clams and brachiopods – ships that pass in the night". 10068: 9445: 9350: 9262:. 29th International Geological Congress. Vol. 2. Kyoto, Japan. p. 339. 8625: 8594: 8558: 8475: 7923: 7870: 7652: 7501: 7389: 7077:"Remarkable insights into the paleoecology of the Avalonian Ediacaran macrobiota" 6840: 4877: 4217: 4186: 4130: 3849: 3564: 3382: 3115: 2954: 2168: 559: 555: 457: 456:. While rare fossils that may represent survivors have been found as late as the 445: 255: 7949: 7347:"Some problematic fossils from the Vendian of the southeastern White Sea region" 5556:

Termier, H.; Termier, G. (1960). "L'Édiacarien, premier étage paléontologique".

5193:

Gürich, G. (1933). "Die Kuibis-Fossilien der Nama-Formation von Südwestafrika".

2152: 10244: 7772: 7699:"In situ filamentous communities from the Ediacaran (approx. 563 Ma) of Brazil" 6972: 6821: 6632:

Yin, Zongjun; Vargas, Kelly; Cunningham, John; et al. (16 December 2019).

6497: 4812: 4686: 4529:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4338: 4311: 4206: 4173:) in these sandstones form a very different assemblage from vermiform fossils ( 4110: 4047: 3991: 3720: 3583:

conditions. Each formation is commonly grouped into three main types, known as

3401: 3393: 3370: 3324: 3278: 3237: 3202: 3175: 3130:. Genomic evidence suggests that the xenophyophores are a specialised group of 3109: 3019: 2863: 2775: 2729: 2380: 2288: 2257: 2233: 2174: 2164: 1039: 929: 907: 441: 388: 136: 10903: 10346: 10171: 9846:. Seattle Annual Meeting of the GSA. Vol. 35. p. 516. Archived from 9065: 8916: 8859: 8641: 8412: 7884: 7865: 7666: 7647: 7624: 7575:

New find of Cambrian type arthropoda from the Vendian of the White Sea, Russia

7239:"The Late Precambrian fossil Kimberella is a mollusc-like bilaterian organism" 6919: 6650: 6633: 5906:"Microbial mats in terminal Proterozoic siliciclastics; Ediacaran death masks" 5889: 5595: 4447:"Two explosive evolutionary events shaped early history Of multicellular life" 4407: 2224:

that prevented preservation of fine details, making interpretation difficult.

11311: 11056:— A popular science account of these fossils, with a particular focus on the 10548:

Erwin, Douglas H. (May 2008). "Wonderful Ediacarans, Wonderful Cnidarians?".

10511: 10441: 10303: 10222: 9731: 9603: 9568: 9417: 8192: 8160: 7893: 7781: 7675: 7632: 7558: 7458: 7202: 7101: 7076: 6837:(a) The only current description, far from universal acceptance, appears as: 6718: 6506: 6447: 5778: 5100: 5006: 4905: 4882:"Vendobionta and Psammocorallia: lost constructions of Precambrian evolution" 4694: 4451: 4250: 4088: 4084: 3500: 3471: 3127: 3123: 3088: 2609: 2414:

The earliest discovered potential embryo, preserved within an acanthomorphic

2354: 2345: 2316: 2299: 2212:, there was no doubt these fossils sat in Precambrian rocks. Palaeontologist 2039: 1044: 176: 82: 72: 11291: 11020: 10502: 10389: 9992: 9890: 9694: 8580: 8105: 8043: 7864:

Matz, V.; Frank, M.; Marshall, J.; Widder, A.; Johnsen, S. (December 2008).

7817:(in Russian). Vol. 1 Paleontology. Moscow, RU: Nauka. pp. 112–116. 7193: 7144: 7127: 7042: 6861: 6844: 6372: 6153: 6134: 6038: 6013: 5850: 5694: 5657: 5370:

Sprigg, R. C. (1991). "Martin F Glaessner: Palaeontologist extraordinaire".

4987: 4960: 4765: 4660: 4622: 4550: 4489: 2634:

are thought to foreshadow the evolutionary origin of animal-like embryology.

2418:. The term 'acritarch' describes a range of unclassified cell-like fossils. 11051: 10998: 10786:"The Ediacara biota: Neoproterozoic origin of animals and their ecosystems" 10569: 10529: 10449: 10418: 10397: 10141: 10122: 10031: 10000: 9898: 9816: 9765: 9732:

Fike, D.A.; Grotzinger, J. P.; Pratt, L.M.; Summons, R.E. (December 2006).

9703: 9646: 9425: 9369: 9302: 9293: 9274: 9208: 9191: 9176: 8987: 8829: 8536: 8245: 8200: 7996: 7901: 7799: 7732: 7714: 7683: 7509: 7220: 7153: 7061: 6980: 6935: 6669: 6618: 6569: 6524: 6465: 6439: 6408: 6390: 6311: 6250: 6206: 6162: 6047: 5741: 5091: 5072: 5049: 5014: 4830: 4773: 4712: 4569: 4497: 4347: 4181: 4152: 3551:

was eventually deemed to be a coincidental result of two unrelated trends.

3467: 3282: 3273: 3131: 2906: 2877: 2859: 2803: 2767: 2745: 2630: 2283: 2229: 2205: 1917: 1655: 528: 501: 392: 358: 191: 127: 11267:

was created from a revision of this article dated 29 August 2009

10024:

Dwarfed vendobionts from the Cambrian Kuanchuanpu Formation in South China

8597:(1989). "Vendozoa: Organismic construction in the Proterozoic biosphere". 8480:"Ediacaran biota: The dawn of animal life in the shadow of giant protists" 8307: 7957: 7415: 7169:"Discovery of the oldest bilaterian from the Ediacaran of South Australia" 6609: 6592: 6014:"Small Bilaterian Fossils from 40 to 55 Million Years Before the Cambrian" 5980: 3499:

It has been suggested that by the Early Cambrian, organisms higher in the

10624:

Trace fossils, small shelly fossils and the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary

8479: 8374:

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference of Coelenterate Biology

7075:

Liu, Alexander G.; Kenchington, Charlotte G.; Mitchell, Emily G. (2015).

5041: 4259: 4245: 4197:

Since they are globally distributed – described on all continents except

4163: 4148: 4066: 3233: 3061: 3031: 3004: 2949: 2850: 2824: 2740: 2725: 2716: 2682: 2656: 2650: 2483: 2441: 2435: 2189: 1601: 1563: 1068: 1048: 579: 574: 568: 547: 241: 113: 10948: 10856: 9757: 9670:"Late-Neoproterozoic Deep-Ocean Oxygenation and the Rise of Animal Life" 8979: 8820: 8803: 8128: 6561: 6351: 6303: 6242: 6198: 3353:

might have delayed or prevented the establishment of multicellular life.

3194: 2807:

whose affinities are currently debated. A suite of fossils known as the

2520:, rejects any such classification despite some superficial resemblance. 2349:

is barely distinguishable from the "elephant skin" texture on this cast.

2178:

Palaeontologist Guy Narbonne examining Ediacaran fossils in Newfoundland

11141: 10911: 10179: 9272: 9073: 8703: 8649: 8496: 8184: 7748:"Cryptic terrestrial fungus-like fossils of the early Ediacaran Period" 7549: 7532: 6927: 5938: 5413: 5293:"Leicester's fossil celebrity: Charnia and the evolution of early life" 5206: 4997: 4198: 4091:

as the assemblage is often found in water too deep for photosynthesis.

3544: 3516: 3491: 3374: 3309: 3302: 3295: 3253: 3229: 3163: 3065: 2929: 2855: 2791: 2763: 2623: 2160: 2148: 1937: 1063: 932: 780: 534: 431: 384: 230: 163: 120: 10865: 9969:"Lower Cambrian Vendobionts from China and Early Diploblast Evolution" 9868: 9326:) – with similarities to some medusoids from the Precambrian Ediacara" 9167: 9142: 5474:(1969). "Late Precambrian(?) fossils from southeastern Newfoundland". 3345: 2779:

claimed by some, however, to represent the infilling of an egg-sac or

2487:

displays the characteristic quilted appearance of Ediacaran enigmata.

10847: 10686:

Clapham, M.E.; Narbonne, G.M. (2002). "Ediacaran epifaunal tiering".

10608: 9962: 9638: 9502: 8784: 8759: 8142: 7973:"A critical reappraisal of the fossil record of the bilaterian phyla" 7598: 5813: 5769: 5575:

Knoll, Andy H.; Walter, M.; Narbonne, G.; Christie-Blick, N. (2006).

4106: 3773: 3759: 3463: 3444: 3437: 3430: 3423: 3416: 3409: 3350: 3337: 3330: 3322:

as time progresses, with traces of earlier semi-complex life such as

3171: 3167: 3079: 2917: 2912: 2813: 2797: 2780: 2644: 2509: 2500: 2415: 2366: 2324: 2292: 2221: 2122: 1447: 1387: 1005: 791: 509: 473: 465: 449: 421: 400: 378: 340: 158: 8695: 8628:(1994). "The phylum Vendobionta: A sister group of the Eumetazoa?". 8030:

Jensen, S. (2008). "Paleontology: Reading Behavior from the Rocks".

7815:

Vendian System: Historical–Geological and Paleontological Foundation

6764:

Grazhdankin, D.; Gerdes, G. (2007). "Ediacaran microbial colonies".

6070: 5930: 4797:"A crown-group cnidarian from the Ediacaran of Charnwood Forest, UK" 3268:

colonies, to hypothetical intermediates between plants and animals.

11057: 9667: 8474: 8294:

Ford, T.D. (1958). "The Pre-cambrian fossils of Charnwood Forest".

8064: 6791:

Jensen, S.; Gehling, J. G.; Droser, M. L.; Grant, S. W. F. (2002).

6590: 6537: 4853: 4175: 4157: 4144: 3784: 3548: 3261: 3225: 3078:, the first attempt to categorise these fossils designated them as 2890: 2845: 2711: 2699: 2661: 2551: 2392: 2331:, where the salt levels can be twice those of the surrounding sea. 2144: 2136: 2019: 1468: 1450: 1084:

References: Waggoner (1998), Hofmann, Narbonne, & Aitken (1990)

802: 523: 519: 497: 427: 412: 169: 152: 10200: 10037: 9941: 8511:

Pawlowski, J.; Holzmann, M.; Fahrni, J.; Richardson, S.L. (2003).

8258: 8129:

Fedonkin, M.A.; Simonetta, A; Ivantsov, A.Y. (2007), "New data on

7922: 7263: 7238: 6593:"Before programs: The physical origination of multicellular forms" 5156:

Gehling, James G.; Narbonne, Guy M.; Anderson, Michael M. (2000).

3486: 3118:

has suggested that in the Ediacaran, animals take over from giant

2379:

the void, leaving a cast of the organism's underside. Conversely,

10964:"Autecology and the filling of Ecospace: Key metazoan radiations" 10647:

Clapham, Matthew E.; Narbonne, Guy M.; Gehling, James G. (2003).

9223:

Ford, T.D. (1958). "Pre-Cambrian fossils from Charnwood Forest".

8510: 7428: 6428:

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences

5577:"The Ediacaran period: A new addition to the geologic time scale" 5574: 4958: 4136: 4076: 4071: 3560: 3362: 3265: 3155: 3151: 3119: 3083: 3075: 3070: 3053: 3048: 2962: 2868: 2841: 2749: 2734: 2722: 2669: 2505: 2467: 2458: 2184: 2156: 2131:, found them useful aids for correlating the age of rocks around 1535: 1502: 539: 489: 9668:

Canfield, D.E.; Poulton, S.W.; Narbonne, G.M. (5 January 2007).

9192:"Interpreting the earliest metazoan fossils: What can we learn?" 7345:

Ivantsov, A.Y.; Malakhovskaya, Y.E.; Serezhnikova, E.A. (2004).

6373:

Knoll, A. H.; Javaux, E. J.; Hewitt, D.; Cohen, P. (June 2006).

5073:"Interpreting the earliest Metazoan fossils: What can we learn?" 3104: 2339: 32:

Life in the Ediacaran Period as imagined by researchers in 1980.

28: 10038:

Bottjer, D.J.; Hagadorn, J.W.; Dornbos, S.Q. (September 2000).

7696: 4169: 4055: 3534: 3206: 3015: 2969: 2958: 2943: 2924: 2894: 2833: 2770: 2604: 2558: 2135:. However, since they lay below the "Primordial Strata" of the 1512: 1484: 453: 437: 408: 404: 11091:"These bizarre ancient species are rewriting animal evolution" 10282:

Brasier, M.D. (1992). "Background to the Cambrian explosion".

8848:"Controversial claim puts life on land 65 million years early" 8720:

Retallack, G. J. (2016). "Ediacaran fossils in thin section".

7473: 7422: 7325:– an arthropod from the late Precambrian of South Australia". 6997:(1993). "Osmotrophy in fossil protoctists and early animals". 6421: 6221:

Donoghue, P.C.J. (January 2007). "Embryonic identity crisis".

4312:"These bizarre ancient species are rewriting animal evolution" 4105:

The White Sea or Ediacaran assemblage is named after Russia's

2822:

are found in Ediacaran sediments, including the spiral-shaped

313: 295: 7530: 5679:. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. pp. 216–237. 4140: 4114: 3400:, appear just a million years after the Earth emerged from a 3366: 3257: 3249: 3210: 3143: 3023: 2920: 2193: 2064: 1419: 505: 493: 10961: 7236: 6838: 3538:

might have competed with, or fed upon, Ediacaran life-forms.

2120:

The first Ediacaran fossils discovered were the disc-shaped

419:

The organisms of the Ediacaran Period first appeared around

391:. This biota largely disappeared with the rapid increase in 10762:

10.1666/0094-8373(2004)030<0203:PODITE>2.0.CO;2

10685: 10665:

10.1666/0094-8373(2003)029<0527:POTOKA>2.0.CO;2

9538:

10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0386:BPNGNS>2.0.CO;2

9468:

10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<1256:OOGCSI>2.3.CO;2

9120:

10.1666/0022-3360(2004)078<0051:RAATTE>2.0.CO;2

8350:

10.1666/0022-3360(2004)078<0827:MAOTEF>2.0.CO;2

7451:

10.1669/0883-1351(2003)018<0454:BICSCP>2.0.CO;2

6793:"A scratch circle origin for the medusoid fossil Kullingia" 6631: 5512:. The Miller Museum of Geology. Kingston, Ontario, Canada: 5138:

10.1130/0091-7613(1990)018<1199:ERFIBI>2.3.CO;2

3358: 2837: 2220:

All specimens discovered until 1967 were in coarse-grained

1493: 316: 301: 11034:

The Garden of Ediacara: Discovering the first complex life

10997: 9581: 9391: 8565:. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag. pp. 159–168. 8436:"Charnia At 50: Developmental Models For Ediacaran Fronds" 5496:

10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[2133:LPFFSN]2.0.CO;2

4588:

Deep Time Analysis: A Coherent View of the History of Life

3381:), and all the other reactive elements had been oxidised. 2660:

led to the initial identification of Ediacaran fossils as

2556:, chain of trace platforms and the imprint of the body of 11301: 11112:— Ediacaran biota review article, with nice illustrations 9052:

Waggoner, B. M. (1995). "Ediacaran Lichens: A Critique".

6763: 6481:"Ediacaran Doushantuo-type biota discovered in Laurentia" 6478: 6011: 4794: 3528: 2587:

These disparate morphologies can be broadly grouped into

2101: 2060: 582:, suggesting affinities to animals, fungi, or red algae. 353:). These were enigmatic tubular and frond-shaped, mostly 349: 307: 10708:

10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0627:EET>2.0.CO;2

9515: 8321: 7866:"Giant deep-sea protist produces bilaterian-like traces" 7166: 6903: 6790: 6176: 4954: 4952: 4065:

One interpretation of the biota is as deep-sea-dwelling

2252:

ended the inconsistency by formally naming the terminal

2171:, which were at the time believed to be Early Cambrian. 8433: 8386: 7863: 7703:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

7390:"New shelly fossils from Nama Group, South West Africa" 6833: 6831: 5791: 5670: 5392:(1959). "The oldest fossil faunas of South Australia". 5155: 3373:

organisms. Oxygen would not be able to build up in the

3369:

form that would react with any free oxygen produced by

3300:, the first uncontroversial evidence for life is found 10475: 7074: 7015: 4465: 3051:, a modern cnidarian bearing a passing resemblance to 2968:

is associated with scratch marks, perhaps formed by a

2563:(right), which created these traces on microbial mat. 11005:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science. pp. Chapter 1. 9844:

Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs

9275:"A fungal analog for Newfoundland Ediacaran fossils?" 7970: 5673:"Evolution of shallow-water level-bottom communities" 5113: 4949: 3554: 2182:

It was not until the British discovery of the iconic

462:

disappear from the record at the end of the Ediacaran

319: 310: 292: 11129:— Thorough, though slightly out-of-date, description 9315: 9273:

Peterson, K.J.; Waggoner B.; Hagadorn, J.W. (2003).

7646:

Liu, Alexander G.; Dunn, Frances S. (6 April 2020).

7479: 6828: 5671:

Burzin, M.B.; Debrenne, F.; Zhuravlev, A.Y. (2001).

5233:

Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia

3285:, possibly even sections of a more complex species. 2976: 2512:. However, lack of known limbs, and glide reflected 298: 10932: 10734: 10732: 10730: 10728: 10154: 9919: 9480: 8958:Retallack, G. J. (2013). "Ediacaran life on land". 7830:"Vendian faunas and the early evolution of Metazoa" 7298:. Seattle Annual Meeting of the GSA. Archived from 6128: 6126: 5719: 3590: 2811:are represented in the Ediacaran, most famously by 2462:, the first accepted complex Precambrian organism. 2159:but assigned them to the Cambrian Period. In 1946, 1095: 584: 542:, and other organisms have been thought to possess 460:(510–500 Mya), the earlier fossil communities 304: 8715: 8713: 8326:from the Mistaken Point Formation, Newfoundland". 8223: 7648:"Filamentous Connections between Ediacaran Fronds" 5904: 5248: 5246: 4846:"Ancient fossil is earliest known animal predator" 4634: 4632: 4087:suspension-feeding communities, which may suggest 3277:, which at the time of discovery appeared to be a 3003:(1984) that the Ediacaran biota were recognizable 2192:was seriously considered as containing life. This 11028: 10738: 10547: 9616: 8953: 8951: 8949: 6875: 6741:. GSA Annual Meeting. p. 177. Archived from 6738:Microbial origin of some of the Ediacaran fossils 6379:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 4417:20.500.11820/23ba9403-9b3f-484e-8a0f-21587c6baf67 3511:destabilized the ecosystem, causing extinctions. 484:Determining where Ediacaran organisms fit in the 11309: 10725: 10067: 9837: 9780: 9509: 9316:Just, J.; Kristensen, R. M.; Olesen, J. (2014). 8957: 8221: 7237:Fedonkin, M.A.; Waggoner, B.M. (November 1997). 7119: 6691: 6689: 6687: 6591:Newman, S.A.; Forgacs, G.; Müller, G.B. (2006). 6123: 5642:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 369–388. 5637: 4872: 4870: 4392:"There is no such thing as the 'Ediacara Biota'" 3980: 3495:might have had a predatory or grazing lifestyle. 2248:and its corresponding rocks. In March 2004, the 1029: 464:leaving only curious fragments of once-thriving 10962:Bambach, R.K.; Bush, A.M.; Erwin, D.H. (2007). 10720: 10482:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 10361: 9558: 9225:Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 9094: 8841: 8839: 8710: 8296:Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 7320: 7232: 7230: 7173:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 7022:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 7016:Laflamme, M.; Xiao, S.; Kowalewski, M. (2009). 6881:Paleotorus: The Laws of Morphogenetic Evolution 6757: 6734: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5633: 5631: 5558:Revue générale des sciences pures et appliquées 5243: 5151: 5149: 5147: 4629: 3357:On the early Earth, reactive elements, such as 3162:"Vendobionta", which he described as "quilted" 2985:A reconstruction of the Ediacaran biota at the 2867:are known from the latest Ediacaran of western 383:. This was after the Earth had thawed from the 10061: 8946: 8753: 8751: 8587: 8226:The Dawn of Animal Life: A Biohistorical Study 8065:Ivantsov, A. Y.; Malakhovskaya, Y. E. (2002). 7827: 7745: 7571: 5555: 5535:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 55. 4354: 4192: 2576:The Ediacaran biota exhibited a vast range of 2127:in 1868. Their discoverer, Scottish geologist 562:proposed a separate subkingdom level category 11227:— ABC TV show on Ediacaran fossils at Nilpena 10793:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 10590: 10543: 10541: 10539: 10471: 10469: 10467: 10318: 10281: 10275: 10249:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 9661: 9610: 9552: 9448:Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 9189: 9183: 9088: 9045: 8797: 8795: 8623: 8427: 8215: 7916: 7806: 7387: 7279: 6993: 6684: 6366: 6088: 5875: 5826: 5664: 5444:. Vol. 204, no. 3. pp. 72–78. 5226: 5224: 5064: 4876: 4867: 4743: 4638: 4079:growth pattern. They were probably preserved 3615: 3307:, and cells with nuclei certainly existed by 3154:era. He later excluded fossils identified as 2828:which spans the Ediacaran–Cambrian boundary. 1124: 263: 11077:. Vol. 320, no. 6. pp. 24–31. 10955: 10851:. Vol. 26, no. 11. pp. 4–11. 10247:(1984). "Pre-Quaternary sea-level changes". 10089: 9439: 9392:Schopf, J. W.; Packer, B. M. (3 July 1987). 9095:Waggoner, Ben M.; Collins, Allen G. (2004). 8836: 8120: 8058: 7565: 7227: 7009: 6956: 6375:"Eukaryotic organisms in Proterozoic oceans" 6281: 6265: 6132: 6097:. Archived from the original on 28 June 2011 5896: 5748: 5628: 5144: 4390:MacGabhann, Breandán Anraoi (January 2014). 4024:subdivisions and Ediacaran biotic assmblages 3335:Twitya formation, and older rocks dating to 3068:, and the first recognized Ediacaran fossil 10844: 9786: 9474: 9385: 9260:Were Vend-Ediacaran multicellulars metazoa? 8748: 8170: 7125: 6730: 6728: 6703:. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. 6531: 6133:Bengtson, S.; Budd, G. (19 November 2004). 5549: 4303: 4287:Journal of the Yorkshire Geological Society 4135:The Nama assemblage is best represented in 3205:has proposed that Ediacaran organisms were 10536: 10464: 10243: 9575: 9222: 8792: 8029: 7018:"Osmotrophy in modular Ediacara organisms" 6784: 6584: 6169: 5675:. In Zhuravlev, A. Y.; Riding, R. (eds.). 5615: 5221: 5186: 4389: 4027:Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago 3622: 3608: 2466:was once interpreted as a relative of the 2250:International Union of Geological Sciences 1131: 1117: 270: 256: 10979: 10864: 10519: 10501: 10284:Journal of the Geological Society, London 10203:Journal of the Geological Society, London 10131: 10121: 9725: 9693: 9359: 9349: 9292: 9207: 9166: 9008: 8887: 8819: 8783: 8719: 8670: 8593: 8557: 8495: 8451: 8434:Antcliffe, J. B.; Brasier, M. D. (2007). 8387:Antcliffe, J. B.; Brasier, M. D. (2007). 8339: 8091: 7883: 7834:Origin and early evolution of the Metazoa 7789: 7771: 7722: 7665: 7548: 7381: 7285: 7262: 7210: 7192: 7143: 7112:1983/ef181134-4023-4747-8137-ed9da7a97771 7110: 7100: 7051: 7041: 6999:Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 6860: 6811: 6695: 6661:1983/13fb76e4-5d57-4e39-b222-14f8a8fae303 6659: 6649: 6608: 6514: 6496: 6455: 6398: 6152: 6037: 5990:1983/535d288a-68ee-4481-8553-6b7d2e45dacb 5988: 5773:. Vol. 8, no. 2. pp. 1–6. 5568: 5434: 5388: 5177: 5090: 4996: 4986: 4930:The Origin and Early Evolution of Animals 4886:Journal of the Geological Society, London 4820: 4702: 4582: 4559: 4549: 4518: 4415: 4337: 3377:until all the iron had rusted (producing 3064:—multi-cellular animals with tissues—are 11275:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 11258: 10887: 10783: 10049:. Vol. 10, no. 9. pp. 1–9 9257: 9051: 8370: 8135:The Rise and Fall of the Ediacaran Biota 8097: 7964: 7857: 7812: 6950: 6725: 6220: 6071:"Fossil may be ancestor of most animals" 6005: 5759: 5530: 5323: 5158:"The First Named Ediacaran Body Fossil, 5070: 4926: 4724: 4722: 4610: 3527: 3485: 3481: 3344: 3243: 3193: 3103: 3042: 2980: 2373: 2338: 2282: 2173: 472:, a changing environment, the advent of 27: 11036:. New York: Columbia University Press. 10324: 10095: 8478:; Grazhdankin, D.; Legouta, A. (2003). 8101:Feeding traces of the Ediacaran animals 7832:. In Lipps, J.H.; Signor, P.W. (eds.). 7645: 5902: 5394:International Journal of Earth Sciences 5346: 4590:. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Geology. 4094: 3271:A new extant genus discovered in 2014, 3150:Vendozoa, named after the now-obsolete 2911:With the exception of some very simple 2732:. Including such fossils as the iconic 546:, although this is controversial. Most 368:The Ediacaran biota may have undergone 11310: 11088: 10813:10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122519 9140: 8845: 8389:"Charnia and sea pens are poles apart" 6845:"Underground Vendobionta from Namibia" 6091:"Earliest Bilateral Fossil Discovered" 5369: 5230: 5192: 4369:International Stratigraphic Commission 4309: 4236:Large ornamented Ediacaran microfossil 4016: 3122:as the dominant life form. The modern 3014:claimed Ediacarans did not possess an 2196:-shaped fossil was found in England's 2097: 1080: 11207:(TV program audio & transcript). 10621: 8890:"Were the Ediacaran fossils lichens?" 8757: 8563:Patterns of Change in Earth Evolution 6735:Grazhdankin, D. (5–8 November 2001). 5677:The Ecology of the Cambrian Radiation 5470: 5252: 4728: 4719: 4524:"Ediacaran biota from Sonora, Mexico" 4185:) of Ediacaran "wormworld" in marine 3979: 3600: 3108:A single-celled xenophyophore in the 2752:. However, others argue against this. 1109: 1028: 426:and flourished until the cusp of the 11063: 9967:; Han, J; et al. (5 May 2006). 9956: 9309: 8801: 8293: 5827:Bowring, S.A.; Martin, M.W. (2001). 5027: 4843: 4046:The Avalon assemblage is defined at 4035: 3951: 3929: 3906: 3883: 3860: 3593: 3456: 3189: 2073: 2049: 2028: 2008: 1987: 1967: 1947: 1926: 1906: 1886: 1866: 1846: 1826: 1805: 1785: 1764: 1744: 1724: 1704: 1684: 1664: 1644: 1098: 981: 959: 941: 917: 896: 878: 860: 587: 11215:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 11151:"The oldest complex animal fossils" 10269:10.1146/annurev.ea.12.050184.001225 10040:"The Cambrian substrate revolution" 9838:Narbonne, Guy M. (September 2003). 9280:Integrative and Comparative Biology 9196:Integrative and Comparative Biology 5951: 5078:Integrative and Comparative Biology 4058:used in the uranium-lead method of 13: 11245: 10991: 9734:"Oxidation of the Ediacaran ocean" 8846:Switek, Brian (12 December 2012). 8674:(1986). "The Garden of Ediacara". 8611:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1989.tb01332.x 8529:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00275.x 8517:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 8168:For a more cynical perspective see 7989:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1999.tb00046.x 7572:Ivantsov A.Yu. (17–21 July 2006). 5903:Gehling, J. G. (1 February 1999). 5829:"Calibration of the Fossil Record" 5510:"Mistaken Point fossil assemblage" 4124: 3555:Change in environmental conditions 2321:Hamelin Pool Marine Nature Reserve 54: 14: 11339: 11089:Watson, Traci (28 October 2020). 11082: 9516:Butterfield, Nicholas J. (2000). 8760:"Soil or sea for ancient fossils" 8393:Journal of the Geological Society 8067:"Giant Traces of Vendian Animals" 5458:10.1038/scientificamerican0361-72 5255:"The discovery of Charnia masoni" 4621:. Abstracts. Oslo. Archived from 4619:International Geological Congress 4310:Watson, Traci (28 October 2020). 2977:Classification and interpretation 2801:(pictured) and the shield-shaped 2278: 399:. Most of the currently existing 11257: 10981:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00611.x 10926: 10881: 10838: 10777: 10714: 10679: 10640: 10615: 10584: 10562:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2008.00234.x 10412: 10237: 10194: 10148: 10015: 9913: 9862: 9831: 9809:10.1111/j.1472-4669.2009.00188.x 9376: 9266: 9251: 9237:10.1046/j.1365-2451.1999.00007.x 9216: 9134: 9031:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2011.01302.x 9002: 8881: 8664: 8617: 8551: 8504: 8468: 8453:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00738.x 8273:10.1046/j.0266-6979.2001.00285.x 7971:Budd, G. E.; Jensen, S. (2000). 7126:Chen, J.-Y. (19 November 2004). 6778:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2007.00025.x 5734:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2004.00651.x 5349:"An account of the discovery of 5179:10.1111/j.0031-0239.2000.00134.x 5030:Emerging Topics in Life Sciences 3571:) could all have played a part. 2566: 2541: 2523: 2490: 2473: 2447: 2421: 2334: 288: 11001:; Peter Crowther, eds. (2001). 8758:Jones, Nicola (February 2013). 8380: 8364: 8314: 8287: 8252: 8023: 7821: 7739: 7690: 7639: 7592: 7524: 7337: 7314: 7160: 7068: 6987: 6960:Trends in Ecology and Evolution 6897: 6869: 6625: 6472: 6415: 6062: 5945: 5869: 5820: 5785: 5713: 5609: 5524: 5502: 5464: 5438:(1961). "Precambrian animals". 5428: 5382: 5363: 5340: 5317: 5285: 5107: 5021: 4920: 4844:Amos, Jonathan (25 July 2022). 4837: 4788: 4737: 4654: 4273: 2267: 2260:after the Australian locality. 372:in a proposed event called the 8230:. Cambridge University Press. 7605:Russian Geology and Geophysics 7388:Germs, G.J.B. (October 1972). 5835:. Blackwell publishing group. 5831:. In Briggs; Crowther (eds.). 4801:Nature Ecology & Evolution 4604: 4576: 4512: 4459: 4455:(Press release). January 2008. 4439: 4383: 3859: 3574: 3523: 3320:complex forms of life evolving 2953:are often found at the end of 2858:. Fossils of the hard-shelled 2504:was originally interpreted as 2291:-algal mat, salty lake on the 2228:'s discovery of fossiliferous 1643: 859: 1: 11167:"Ediacaran fossils of Canada" 11134:"Database of Ediacaran biota" 10626:. Vol. 463. p. 81. 10073:Biostabilization of Sediments 8734:10.1080/03115518.2016.1159412 6089:Leslie Mullen (5 June 2004). 4297: 4262:possibly pluricellular biota. 4155:. Mattress-like vendobionts ( 3505:Cambrian substrate revolution 3137: 3099: 3038: 2401: 2309:Cambrian substrate revolution 2163:noticed "jellyfishes" in the 589:The Ediacara biota in context 344: 217:Cambrian substrate revolution 11003:Palæobiology II: A synthesis 9351:10.1371/journal.pone.0102976 8080:(6): 618–622. Archived from 7502:10.1126/science.257.5068.367 7343:For a reinterpretation, see 5833:Palæobiology II: A synthesis 5195:Paläontologische Zeitschrift 4733:(in German) (B144): 166–202. 2854:bear similarities to modern 16:Life of the Ediacaran period 7: 11140:. July 2010. Archived from 10550:Evolution & Development 9561:Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal 9141:Nelsen, Matthew P. (2019). 7950:10.1126/science.282.5386.80 7836:. Plenum. pp. 87–129. 7395:American Journal of Science 7295:is a Trilobitoid Ecdysozoan 4927:Narbonne, Guy (June 2006). 4224: 4193:Significance of assemblages 4020:Stratigraphic scale of the 4017: 3714: 2607:-reducing bacteria akin to 2274:Ediacaran type preservation 2098: 1858:Earliest multicellular life 1328: 1081: 761: 518:) suggest relationships to 10: 11344: 11146:— compilation up to 7/2010 11117:"The Ediacaran assemblage" 10832:Queen's University, Canada 10739:Grazhdankin, Dima (2004). 7773:10.1038/s41467-021-20975-1 6973:10.1016/j.tree.2008.07.015 6822:10.1080/002411602320790616 6498:10.1038/s42003-020-01381-7 5952:Liu, Alexander G. (2016). 5722:Environmental Microbiology 4813:10.1038/s41559-022-01807-x 4687:10.1038/s41467-018-04195-8 4339:10.1038/d41586-020-02985-z 4128: 4098: 4039: 3595:Late Ediacaran Assemblages 2820:small carbonaceous fossils 2642:Circular fossils, such as 2409:Forms of Ediacaran fossil 2271: 1091: 1082:Axis scale: million years 952:First Ediacaran megafossil 871:Last Ediacaran communities 18: 10904:10.1017/S0094837300020315 10784:Narbonne, Guy M. (2005). 10347:10.1017/S0016756800008256 10172:10.1017/s0094837300003572 9066:10.1017/S0094837300013373 8917:10.1017/S0094837300012975 8888:Retallack, G. J. (1994). 8860:10.1038/nature.2012.12017 8642:10.1017/S0094837300011088 8413:10.1144/0016-76492006-080 8222:Glaessner, M. F. (1984). 7885:10.1016/j.cub.2008.10.028 7667:10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.052 7625:10.1016/j.rgg.2008.06.012 7327:Ann. Nat. Hist. Mus. Wien 7321:Glaessner, M.F. (1980). " 6920:10.1017/s0022336000035940 6651:10.1016/j.cub.2019.10.057 6279:.'s original paper : 6115:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5890:10.1080/03115518708619143 5760:Narbonne, Guy M. (1998). 5640:The Proterozoic Biosphere 5596:10.1080/00241160500409223 4408:10.1016/j.gsf.2013.08.001 4147:formed at the mouth of a 3532:Cambrian animals such as 3288: 3060:Since the most primitive 2899:sulfur-oxidizing-bacteria 2621:Microfossils dating from 2618:differing paleolatitudes. 2408: 2210:British Geological Survey 538:may show a similarity to 492:(fungus-alga symbionts), 10442:10.1144/gsjgs.155.6.0957 10304:10.1144/gsjgs.149.4.0585 10223:10.1144/gsjgs.149.4.0599 9604:10.1016/j.gr.2010.11.008 9418:10.1126/science.11539686 8802:Xiao, Shuhai H. (2013). 8484:Paleontological Research 8098:Ivantsov, A.Yu. (2008). 7362:(1): 1–9. Archived from 7102:10.1016/j.gr.2014.11.002 4906:10.1144/gsjgs.149.4.0607 4362:Stratigraphic chart 2022 4266: 4258:, another, much earlier 4241:List of Ediacaran genera 3920:end-Ediacaran extinction 3874:end-Ediacaran extinction 3632: 2155:discovered specimens in 2147:structures or inorganic 1284:−1000 — 1264:−1500 — 1244:−2000 — 1224:−2500 — 1204:−3000 — 1184:−3500 — 1164:−4000 — 1144:−4500 — 1141: 594: 10503:10.1073/pnas.2207475119 10390:10.1126/science.1064280 10096:Stanley, S. M. (1973). 9993:10.1126/science.1124565 9891:10.1126/science.1150279 9695:10.1126/science.1135013 9108:Journal of Paleontology 8328:Journal of Paleontology 8320:Discussed at length in 8044:10.1126/science.1166220 7828:Fedonkin, M.A. (1992). 7355:Paleontological Journal 7194:10.1073/pnas.2001045117 7145:10.1126/science.1102328 7043:10.1073/pnas.0904836106 6907:Journal of Paleontology 6862:10.1111/1475-4983.00227 6275:.'s response to Bailey 6154:10.1126/science.1101338 6039:10.1126/science.1099213 5531:Narbonne, G.M. (2007). 5263:University of Leicester 4988:10.1126/science.aat7228 4766:10.1126/science.1152595 4551:10.1073/pnas.93.10.4990 4490:10.1126/science.1150279 4075:, all of which share a 3705:−540 — 3695:−545 — 3685:−550 — 3675:−555 — 3665:−560 — 3655:−565 — 3645:−570 — 3635:−575 — 3466:assemblages (Konservat- 3447: million years ago 3440: million years ago 3435:; and Nama in Namibia, 3433: million years ago 3426: million years ago 3421:; White Sea in Russia, 3419: million years ago 3412: million years ago 3394:Periods of intense cold 3340: million years ago 3312: million years ago 3305: million years ago 3298: million years ago 3074:looks very much like a 3035:, was an early animal. 3001:The Dawn of Animal Life 2696:Vendoglossa tuberculata 2626: million years ago 1304:−500 — 889:Last putative Ediacaran 757:−490 — 747:−500 — 737:−510 — 727:−520 — 717:−530 — 707:−540 — 697:−550 — 687:−560 — 677:−570 — 667:−580 — 657:−590 — 647:−600 — 637:−610 — 627:−620 — 617:−630 — 607:−640 — 597:−650 — 434: million years ago 424: million years ago 381: million years ago 363:multicellular organisms 11253: 11233:Listen to this article 11173:. 2007. Archived from 11157:. 2007. Archived from 11123:. 2010. Archived from 10123:10.1073/pnas.70.5.1486 9520:Bangiomorpha pubescens 9190:Waggoner, Ben (1998). 8074:Doklady Earth Sciences 7715:10.1098/rspb.2020.2618 6701:The Garden of Ediacara 6485:Communications Biology 6440:10.1098/rspb.2011.2064 6391:10.1098/rstb.2006.1843 5071:Waggoner, Ben (1998). 4611:Narbonne, Guy (2008). 3897:Baykonurian glaciation 3539: 3496: 3379:banded iron formations 3354: 3199: 3112: 3057: 2990: 2350: 2296: 2204:. Due to the detailed 2179: 407:first appeared in the 370:evolutionary radiation 59: 33: 11304:, 2009, radio program 11252: 11169:. Kingston, Ontario: 11153:. Kingston, Ontario: 8804:"Muddying the waters" 8308:10.1144/pygs.31.3.211 7752:Nature Communications 7416:10.2475/ajs.272.8.752 6610:10.1387/ijdb.052049sn 6095:Astrobiology Magazine 5981:10.2110/palo.2015.095 5618:Geosciences Frontiers 5372:Mem. Geol. Soc. India 5253:Mason, Roger (2007). 5160:Aspidella terranovica 4667:Nature Communications 3531: 3489: 3482:Predation and grazing 3348: 3244:Other interpretations 3197: 3107: 3046: 2984: 2374:Scale of preservation 2342: 2286: 2177: 204:Evolutionary concepts 58: 31: 11284:More spoken articles 9563:(in Russian): 7–15. 9294:10.1093/icb/43.1.127 9209:10.1093/icb/38.6.975 9099:Reductio Ad Absurdum 8672:McMenamin, Mark A.S. 8011:on 15 September 2019 7588:on 25 February 2009. 6745:on 11 September 2014 6644:(24): 4307–4314.e2. 5857:on 29 September 2007 5605:on 21 February 2007. 5436:Glaessner, Martin F. 5092:10.1093/icb/38.6.975 5042:10.1042/etls20170150 4640:Conway Morris, Simon 4396:Geoscience Frontiers 4205:- an application of 4101:White Sea assemblage 4095:White Sea assemblage 3872:Second pulse of the 3398:Doushantuo Formation 2809:small shelly fossils 2600:Doushantuo Formation 2383:tended to decompose 389:extensive glaciation 236:Convergent evolution 19:For other uses, see 11127:on 10 October 2010. 11074:Scientific American 10949:10.1017/pab.2016.20 10857:10.1130/GSATG265A.1 10822:on 21 February 2007 10805:2005AREPS..33..421N 10700:2002Geo....30..627C 10494:2022PNAS..11907475E 10488:(46): e2207475119. 10434:1998JGSoc.155..957P 10422:Geological Magazine 10382:2001Sci...294.1086L 10376:(5544): 1086–1089. 10339:1992GeoM..129..161B 10327:Geological Magazine 10296:1992JGSoc.149..585B 10261:1984AREPS..12..205H 10215:1992JGSoc.149..599M 10114:1973PNAS...70.1486S 9985:2006Sci...312..731S 9934:1998Natur.393..567J 9883:2008Sci...319...81S 9801:2009Gbio....7....1B 9758:10.1038/nature05345 9750:2006Natur.444..744F 9686:2007Sci...315...92C 9631:1996Natur.382..127C 9596:2011GondR..19..867M 9495:2006Geo....34..153A 9460:1999GSAB..111.1256H 9410:1987Sci...237...70S 9342:2014PLoSO...9j2976J 9159:2020Gbio...18....3N 9023:2012Sedim..59.1208R 8980:10.1038/nature11777 8972:2013Natur.493...89R 8934:on 25 February 2009 8909:1994Pbio...20..523R 8821:10.1038/nature11765 8776:2013NatGe...6...84J 8688:1986Palai...1..178M 8405:2007JGSoc.164...49A 8038:(5904): 1051–1052. 7942:1998Sci...282...80S 7764:2021NatCo..12..641G 7660:(7): 1322–1328.e3. 7617:2008RuGG...49..932K 7494:1992Sci...257..367B 7443:2003Palai..18..454H 7408:1972AmJS..272..752G 7255:1997Natur.388..868F 7185:2020PNAS..117.7845E 7093:2015GondR..27.1355L 7034:2009PNAS..10614438L 7028:(34): 14438–14443. 6562:10.1038/nature05682 6554:2007Natur.446..661Y 6434:(1734): 1857–1864. 6385:(1470): 1023–1038. 6352:10.1038/nature05754 6344:2007Natur.446...10B 6304:10.1038/nature05753 6296:2007Natur.446....9X 6243:10.1038/nature05520 6235:2007Natur.445..155D 6199:10.1038/nature05457 6191:2007Natur.445..198B 6030:2004Sci...305..218C 5973:2016Palai..31..259L 5923:1999Palai..14...40G 5806:2016Geo....44..951T 5701:on 18 November 2007 5533:The Rise of Animals 5520:on 15 January 2013. 5488:1969GSAB...80.2133M 5476:Geol. Soc. Am. Bull 5450:1961SciAm.204c..72G 5441:Scientific American 5406:1959GeoRu..47..522G 5130:1990Geo....18.1199H 4979:2018Sci...361.1246B 4973:(6408): 1246–1249. 4898:1992JGSoc.149..607S 4758:2008Sci...319.1660D 4752:(5870): 1660–1662. 4679:2018NatCo...9.1807P 4650:(31–0239): 593–635. 4625:on 13 October 2013. 4542:1996PNAS...93.4990M 4482:2008Sci...319...81S 4330:2020Natur.586..662W 4256:Francevillian biota 3918:First pulse of the 3158:and relaunched the 2359:Solnhofen Limestone 1838:Sexual reproduction 1817:Huronian glaciation 548:macroscopic fossils 40:Part of a series on 11254: 11171:Queen's University 11155:Queen's University 11069:Cambrian explosion 10622:Benus (May 1988). 9850:on 6 February 2012 8497:10.2517/prpsj.7.43 8185:10.1002/bies.20507 8108:on 18 January 2020 7977:Biological Reviews 7709:(1942): 20202618. 7550:10.1111/pala.12484 5514:Queen's University 5414:10.1007/BF01800671 5326:"The discovery of 5207:10.1007/bf03041648 4231:Cambrian explosion 4211:sedimentary basins 4209:) and in separate 4060:radiometric dating 3540: 3497: 3451:Cambrian explosion 3355: 3200: 3146:) and created the 3113: 3058: 2991: 2932:million years 2871:, coexisting with 2363:radiometric dating 2351: 2297: 2206:geological mapping 2180: 2085:Quaternary ice age 2020:Earliest tetrapods 1979:Cambrian explosion 1938:Cryogenian ice age 1797:Atmospheric oxygen 1776:Pongola glaciation 1404:Multicellular life 1356:Single-celled life 1067:(first era of the 544:bilateral symmetry 397:Cambrian explosion 185:Small shelly fauna 60: 48:Cambrian explosion 34: 11250: 11043:978-0-231-10558-3 11030:McMenamin, M.A.S. 11012:978-0-632-05147-2 10633:978-1-55557-178-8 10156:Gould, Stephen J. 9965:Conway Morris, S. 9928:(6685): 567–569. 9625:(6587): 127–132. 9584:Gondwana Research 9258:Zhuralev (1992). 9168:10.1111/gbi.12369 8764:Nature Geoscience 8572:978-0-387-12749-1 8237:978-0-521-31216-5 8179:(12): 1161–1166. 8152:978-1-86239-233-5 7878:(23): 1849–1854. 7843:978-0-306-44067-0 7302:on 30 August 2008 7287:McMenamin, M.A.S. 7249:(6645): 868–871. 7179:(14): 7845–7850. 7081:Gondwana Research 6890:978-1-893882-18-8 6877:McMenamin, M.A.S. 6839:Grazhdankin, D.; 6710:978-0-231-10559-0 6597:Int. J. Dev. Biol 6548:(7136): 661–663. 6338:(7136): E10–E11. 6229:(7124): 155–156. 6185:(7124): 198–201. 6024:(5681): 218–222. 5842:978-0-632-05149-6 5728:(10): 1096–1101. 5686:978-0-231-50516-1 5649:978-0-521-36615-1 5542:978-0-8018-8679-9 5482:(11): 2133–2140. 5305:on 6 October 2022 5124:(12): 1199–1202. 4731:Palaeontographica 4597:978-3-319-74255-7 4584:McMenamin, M.A.S. 4536:(10): 4990–4993. 4520:McMenamin, M.A.S. 4324:(7831): 662–665. 4203:continental drift 4042:Avalon assemblage 4036:Avalon assemblage 4033: 4032: 4012: 4011: 3973: 3972: 3950: 3949: 3928: 3927: 3905: 3904: 3882: 3881: 3569:biomineralisation 3457:Preservation bias 3402:global glaciation 3371:photosynthesising 3190:Lichen hypothesis 2707:Quilted organisms 2574: 2573: 2329:Western Australia 2118: 2117: 2102:million years ago 2093: 2092: 2072: 2071: 2048: 2047: 2027: 2026: 2007: 2006: 1999:Andean glaciation 1986: 1985: 1966: 1965: 1946: 1945: 1925: 1924: 1905: 1904: 1885: 1884: 1865: 1864: 1845: 1844: 1825: 1824: 1804: 1803: 1784: 1783: 1763: 1762: 1743: 1742: 1723: 1722: 1703: 1702: 1683: 1682: 1663: 1662: 1089: 1088: 1076: 1075: 1000: 999: 980: 979: 958: 957: 940: 939: 916: 915: 895: 894: 877: 876: 470:preservation bias 348: 635–538.8 280: 279: 67:Fossil localities 11335: 11328:Proterozoic life 11274: 11272: 11261: 11260: 11251: 11241: 11239: 11234: 11226: 11224: 11222: 11204:Meet the fossils 11198: 11196: 11194: 11178: 11177:on 5 April 2007. 11162: 11145: 11144:on 25 July 2011. 11138:complex-life.org 11128: 11121:peripatus.gen.nz 11111: 11106: 11104: 11078: 11055: 11024: 10986: 10985: 10983: 10959: 10953: 10952: 10930: 10924: 10923: 10885: 10879: 10878: 10868: 10842: 10836: 10835: 10829: 10827: 10821: 10815:. Archived from 10790: 10781: 10775: 10773: 10745: 10736: 10723: 10722: 10718: 10712: 10711: 10683: 10677: 10676: 10644: 10638: 10637: 10619: 10613: 10612: 10609:10.1130/G39663.1 10588: 10582: 10581: 10545: 10534: 10533: 10523: 10505: 10473: 10462: 10461: 10416: 10410: 10409: 10365: 10359: 10358: 10322: 10316: 10315: 10279: 10273: 10272: 10241: 10235: 10234: 10198: 10192: 10191: 10152: 10146: 10145: 10135: 10125: 10108:(5): 1486–1489. 10093: 10087: 10086: 10069:Seilacher, Adolf 10065: 10059: 10058: 10056: 10054: 10044: 10035: 10029: 10028: 10019: 10013: 10012: 9960: 9954: 9953: 9917: 9911: 9910: 9866: 9860: 9859: 9857: 9855: 9835: 9829: 9828: 9784: 9778: 9777: 9729: 9723: 9722: 9720: 9718: 9697: 9665: 9659: 9658: 9639:10.1038/382127a0 9614: 9608: 9607: 9579: 9573: 9572: 9556: 9550: 9549: 9513: 9507: 9506: 9503:10.1130/G22067.1 9478: 9472: 9471: 9454:(8): 1256–1262. 9443: 9437: 9436: 9434: 9432: 9389: 9383: 9380: 9374: 9373: 9363: 9353: 9313: 9307: 9306: 9296: 9270: 9264: 9263: 9255: 9249: 9248: 9220: 9214: 9213: 9211: 9187: 9181: 9180: 9170: 9138: 9132: 9131: 9105: 9092: 9086: 9085: 9049: 9043: 9042: 9017:(4): 1208–1236. 9006: 9000: 8999: 8955: 8944: 8943: 8941: 8939: 8933: 8927:. Archived from 8894: 8885: 8879: 8878: 8876: 8874: 8843: 8834: 8833: 8823: 8799: 8790: 8789: 8787: 8785:10.1038/ngeo1713 8755: 8746: 8745: 8717: 8708: 8707: 8668: 8662: 8661: 8626:Seilacher, Adolf 8621: 8615: 8614: 8595:Seilacher, Adolf 8591: 8585: 8584: 8559:Seilacher, Adolf 8555: 8549: 8548: 8508: 8502: 8501: 8499: 8476:Seilacher, Adolf 8472: 8466: 8465: 8455: 8431: 8425: 8424: 8384: 8378: 8377: 8368: 8362: 8361: 8343: 8318: 8312: 8311: 8291: 8285: 8284: 8256: 8250: 8249: 8229: 8219: 8213: 8212: 8163: 8143:10.1144/SP286.12 8124: 8118: 8117: 8115: 8113: 8095: 8089: 8088: 8086: 8071: 8062: 8056: 8055: 8027: 8021: 8020: 8018: 8016: 8007:. Archived from 7968: 7962: 7961: 7920: 7914: 7913: 7887: 7861: 7855: 7854: 7852: 7850: 7825: 7819: 7818: 7810: 7804: 7803: 7793: 7775: 7743: 7737: 7736: 7726: 7694: 7688: 7687: 7669: 7643: 7637: 7636: 7596: 7590: 7589: 7587: 7580: 7569: 7563: 7562: 7552: 7528: 7522: 7521: 7477: 7471: 7470: 7426: 7420: 7419: 7385: 7379: 7378: 7376: 7374: 7368: 7351: 7341: 7335: 7334: 7318: 7312: 7311: 7309: 7307: 7283: 7277: 7276: 7266: 7234: 7225: 7224: 7214: 7196: 7164: 7158: 7157: 7147: 7123: 7117: 7116: 7114: 7104: 7087:(4): 1355–1380. 7072: 7066: 7065: 7055: 7045: 7013: 7007: 7006: 6991: 6985: 6984: 6954: 6948: 6947: 6901: 6895: 6894: 6883:. Meanma Press. 6873: 6867: 6866: 6864: 6835: 6826: 6825: 6815: 6797: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6761: 6755: 6754: 6752: 6750: 6732: 6723: 6722: 6693: 6682: 6681: 6663: 6653: 6629: 6623: 6622: 6612: 6603:(2–3): 289–299. 6588: 6582: 6581: 6535: 6529: 6528: 6518: 6500: 6476: 6470: 6469: 6459: 6419: 6413: 6412: 6402: 6370: 6364: 6363: 6323: 6290:(7136): E9–E10. 6269: 6263: 6262: 6219:, summarised by 6218: 6173: 6167: 6166: 6156: 6130: 6121: 6120: 6114: 6106: 6104: 6102: 6086: 6084: 6082: 6066: 6060: 6059: 6041: 6009: 6003: 6002: 5992: 5958: 5949: 5943: 5942: 5908: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5873: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5853:. Archived from 5824: 5818: 5817: 5814:10.1130/G38542.1 5789: 5783: 5782: 5766: 5757: 5746: 5745: 5717: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5697:. Archived from 5668: 5662: 5661: 5635: 5626: 5625: 5613: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5598:. Archived from 5581: 5572: 5566: 5565: 5553: 5547: 5546: 5528: 5522: 5521: 5516:. Archived from 5506: 5500: 5499: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5432: 5426: 5425: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5367: 5361: 5360: 5359:on 23 July 2011. 5355:. Archived from 5344: 5338: 5337: 5336:on 23 July 2011. 5332:. Archived from 5321: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5304: 5298:. Archived from 5297: 5289: 5283: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5272: 5266:. Archived from 5259: 5250: 5241: 5240: 5228: 5219: 5218: 5201:(2–3): 137–155. 5190: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5153: 5142: 5141: 5111: 5105: 5104: 5094: 5068: 5062: 5061: 5025: 5019: 5018: 5000: 4990: 4956: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4874: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4841: 4835: 4834: 4824: 4807:(8): 1095–1104. 4792: 4786: 4785: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4726: 4717: 4716: 4706: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4636: 4627: 4626: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4563: 4553: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4463: 4457: 4456: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4419: 4387: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4366: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4341: 4307: 4291: 4277: 4052:Avalon Peninsula 4028: 4006:Shuram excursion 4001: 3986: 3981: 3967: 3966:reaches its peak 3964:Shuram excursion 3957: 3952: 3944: 3942:Avalon Explosion 3935: 3930: 3922: 3912: 3907: 3899: 3889: 3884: 3876: 3866: 3861: 3854: 3841: 3828: 3765: 3750: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3624: 3617: 3610: 3604: 3591: 3549:bivalve molluscs 3464:preserved fossil 3448: 3441: 3434: 3427: 3420: 3413: 3342:in Kazakhstan. 3341: 3334: 3333:million year old 3313: 3306: 3299: 3180:chemoautotrophic 2997:Martin Glaessner 2933: 2913:vertical burrows 2836:, red and green 2786:Ikaria wariootia 2728:and the simpler 2680:Fossils such as 2627: 2570: 2545: 2527: 2516:instead of true 2494: 2477: 2451: 2425: 2406: 2405: 2214:Martin Glaessner 2198:Charnwood Forest 2141:Elkanah Billings 2129:Alexander Murray 2079: 2074: 2055: 2050: 2034: 2029: 2014: 2009: 1993: 1988: 1973: 1968: 1953: 1948: 1932: 1927: 1918:Earliest animals 1912: 1907: 1892: 1887: 1872: 1867: 1852: 1847: 1832: 1827: 1811: 1806: 1791: 1786: 1770: 1765: 1750: 1745: 1730: 1725: 1716:Earliest fossils 1710: 1705: 1690: 1685: 1670: 1665: 1650: 1645: 1624: 1593: 1555: 1553: 1527: 1525: 1432: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1133: 1126: 1119: 1113: 1103: 1096: 1059: 1035: 1030: 993:Avalon explosion 987: 982: 965: 960: 947: 942: 923: 918: 902: 897: 884: 879: 866: 861: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 585: 556:palaeontologists 515:Funisia dorothea 479: 452:on the coast of 435: 425: 382: 374:Avalon explosion 352: 346: 326: 325: 322: 321: 318: 315: 312: 309: 306: 303: 300: 297: 294: 272: 265: 258: 36: 35: 11343: 11342: 11338: 11337: 11336: 11334: 11333: 11332: 11308: 11307: 11288: 11287: 11276: 11270: 11268: 11265:This audio file 11262: 11255: 11246: 11243: 11237: 11236: 11232: 11220: 11218: 11217:. 3 August 2013 11201: 11192: 11190: 11189:. 5 August 2013 11181: 11165: 11161:on 28 May 2007. 11149: 11132: 11115: 11102: 11100: 11085: 11044: 11013: 10994: 10992:Further reading 10989: 10960: 10956: 10931: 10927: 10886: 10882: 10843: 10839: 10825: 10823: 10819: 10788: 10782: 10778: 10743: 10737: 10726: 10719: 10715: 10684: 10680: 10645: 10641: 10634: 10620: 10616: 10589: 10585: 10546: 10537: 10474: 10465: 10417: 10413: 10366: 10362: 10323: 10319: 10280: 10276: 10242: 10238: 10199: 10195: 10153: 10149: 10094: 10090: 10083: 10066: 10062: 10052: 10050: 10042: 10036: 10032: 10021: 10020: 10016: 9979:(5774): 731–4. 9961: 9957: 9918: 9914: 9877:(5859): 81–84. 9867: 9863: 9853: 9851: 9836: 9832: 9785: 9781: 9744:(7120): 744–7. 9730: 9726: 9716: 9714: 9680:(5808): 92–95. 9666: 9662: 9615: 9611: 9580: 9576: 9557: 9553: 9514: 9510: 9479: 9475: 9444: 9440: 9430: 9428: 9404:(4810): 70–73. 9390: 9386: 9381: 9377: 9314: 9310: 9271: 9267: 9256: 9252: 9221: 9217: 9188: 9184: 9139: 9135: 9103: 9093: 9089: 9050: 9046: 9007: 9003: 8966:(7430): 89–92. 8956: 8947: 8937: 8935: 8931: 8892: 8886: 8882: 8872: 8870: 8844: 8837: 8814:(7430): 28–29. 8800: 8793: 8756: 8749: 8718: 8711: 8696:10.2307/3514512 8669: 8665: 8622: 8618: 8592: 8588: 8573: 8556: 8552: 8509: 8505: 8473: 8469: 8432: 8428: 8385: 8381: 8369: 8365: 8341:10.1.1.544.5084 8319: 8315: 8292: 8288: 8257: 8253: 8238: 8220: 8216: 8169: 8153: 8127: 8125: 8121: 8111: 8109: 8096: 8092: 8087:on 4 July 2007. 8084: 8069: 8063: 8059: 8028: 8024: 8014: 8012: 7969: 7965: 7936:(5386): 80–83. 7921: 7917: 7871:Current Biology 7862: 7858: 7848: 7846: 7844: 7826: 7822: 7811: 7807: 7744: 7740: 7695: 7691: 7653:Current Biology 7644: 7640: 7611:(12): 932–939. 7597: 7593: 7585: 7578: 7570: 7566: 7529: 7525: 7488:(5068): 367–9. 7478: 7474: 7427: 7423: 7386: 7382: 7372: 7370: 7366: 7349: 7342: 7338: 7319: 7315: 7305: 7303: 7284: 7280: 7235: 7228: 7165: 7161: 7124: 7120: 7073: 7069: 7014: 7010: 7005:(1–3): 301–304. 6992: 6988: 6955: 6951: 6902: 6898: 6891: 6874: 6870: 6836: 6829: 6813:10.1.1.535.2625 6795: 6789: 6785: 6762: 6758: 6748: 6746: 6733: 6726: 6711: 6694: 6685: 6638:Current Biology 6630: 6626: 6589: 6585: 6536: 6532: 6477: 6473: 6420: 6416: 6371: 6367: 6280: 6270: 6266: 6174: 6170: 6131: 6124: 6108: 6107: 6100: 6098: 6080: 6078: 6069: 6067: 6063: 6010: 6006: 5956: 5950: 5946: 5931:10.2307/3515360 5901: 5897: 5874: 5870: 5860: 5858: 5843: 5825: 5821: 5790: 5786: 5764: 5758: 5749: 5718: 5714: 5704: 5702: 5687: 5669: 5665: 5650: 5636: 5629: 5614: 5610: 5602: 5579: 5573: 5569: 5564:(3–4): 175–192. 5554: 5550: 5543: 5529: 5525: 5508: 5507: 5503: 5469: 5465: 5433: 5429: 5390:Glaessner, M.F. 5387: 5383: 5368: 5364: 5345: 5341: 5322: 5318: 5308: 5306: 5302: 5295: 5291: 5290: 5286: 5276: 5274: 5273:on 8 March 2021 5270: 5257: 5251: 5244: 5229: 5222: 5191: 5187: 5154: 5145: 5112: 5108: 5069: 5065: 5026: 5022: 4957: 4950: 4940: 4938: 4937:on 24 July 2015 4925: 4921: 4875: 4868: 4858: 4856: 4842: 4838: 4793: 4789: 4742: 4738: 4727: 4720: 4659: 4655: 4637: 4630: 4609: 4605: 4598: 4581: 4577: 4522:(14 May 1996). 4517: 4513: 4476:(5859): 81–84. 4464: 4460: 4445: 4444: 4440: 4430: 4428: 4388: 4384: 4374: 4372: 4371:. February 2022 4364: 4360: 4359: 4355: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4295: 4294: 4278: 4274: 4269: 4227: 4195: 4133: 4131:Nama assemblage 4127: 4125:Nama assemblage 4109:or Australia's 4103: 4097: 4044: 4038: 4029: 4026: 4018: 4008: 3999: 3994: 3984: 3969: 3968: 3962: 3955: 3946: 3945: 3940: 3933: 3924: 3923: 3917: 3910: 3901: 3900: 3894: 3887: 3878: 3877: 3871: 3864: 3857: 3856: 3855: 3851: 3848: 3844: 3843: 3842: 3838: 3835: 3831: 3830: 3829: 3825: 3822: 3818: 3817: 3816: 3811: 3810: 3809: 3804: 3803: 3802: 3797: 3796: 3795: 3790: 3789: 3788: 3779: 3778: 3777: 3768: 3767: 3766: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3752: 3751: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3718: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3628: 3602: 3596: 3577: 3565:ocean chemistry 3561:supercontinents 3557: 3526: 3484: 3459: 3443: 3436: 3429: 3422: 3415: 3408: 3383:Donald Canfield 3365:, existed in a 3336: 3329: 3328:, found in the 3308: 3301: 3294: 3291: 3246: 3238:vascular plants 3192: 3140: 3116:Adolf Seilacher 3102: 3041: 2979: 2928: 2757:Non-Vendobionts 2622: 2532:Late Ediacaran 2431:Tateana inflata 2404: 2381:quilted fossils 2376: 2337: 2281: 2276: 2270: 2246:geological time 2169:Flinders Ranges 2167:of Australia's 2114: 2113: 2105: 2089: 2088: 2077: 2068: 2067: 2053: 2044: 2043: 2032: 2023: 2022: 2012: 2003: 2002: 1991: 1982: 1981: 1971: 1962: 1961: 1959:Ediacaran biota 1951: 1942: 1941: 1930: 1921: 1920: 1910: 1901: 1900: 1898:Earliest plants 1890: 1881: 1880: 1870: 1861: 1860: 1850: 1841: 1840: 1830: 1821: 1820: 1809: 1800: 1799: 1789: 1780: 1779: 1768: 1759: 1758: 1756:Earliest oxygen 1748: 1739: 1738: 1728: 1719: 1718: 1708: 1699: 1698: 1688: 1679: 1678: 1668: 1659: 1658: 1648: 1641: 1640: 1639: 1634: 1633: 1632: 1627: 1626: 1625: 1621: 1619: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1596: 1595: 1594: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1584: 1582: 1580: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1567: 1566: 1565: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1551: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1538: 1537: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1506: 1505: 1498: 1497: 1496: 1489: 1488: 1487: 1480: 1479: 1478: 1473: 1472: 1471: 1464: 1463: 1462: 1455: 1454: 1453: 1443: 1442: 1441: 1436: 1435: 1434: 1430: 1428: 1426: 1424: 1422: 1420: 1415: 1414: 1413: 1408: 1407: 1406: 1399: 1398: 1397: 1392: 1391: 1390: 1383: 1382: 1381: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1367: 1366: 1365: 1360: 1359: 1358: 1351: 1350: 1349: 1344: 1343: 1342: 1335: 1334: 1333: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1137: 1111: 1105: 1101: 1094: 1085: 1083: 1072: 1066: 1057: 1052: 1042: 1033: 1022: 1021: 1020: 1013: 1012: 1011: 1009: 996: 995: 985: 976: 975: 972: 963: 954: 953: 945: 936: 935: 921: 912: 911: 900: 891: 890: 882: 873: 872: 864: 857: 856: 855: 850: 849: 848: 843: 842: 841: 836: 835: 834: 829: 828: 827: 822: 821: 820: 815: 814: 813: 808: 807: 806: 797: 796: 795: 786: 785: 784: 775: 774: 773: 768: 767: 766: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 590: 560:Adolf Seilacher 552:morphologically 477: 458:Middle Cambrian 446:South Australia 430: 420: 377: 347: 291: 287: 276: 247: 246: 205: 197: 196: 106:Ediacaran biota 101: 93: 92: 68: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11341: 11331: 11330: 11325: 11320: 11318:Ediacaran life 11306: 11305: 11292:Ediacara Biota 11277: 11263: 11256: 11244: 11231: 11230: 11229: 11228: 11199: 11179: 11163: 11147: 11130: 11113: 11084: 11083:External links 11081: 11080: 11079: 11061: 11042: 11026: 11011: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10987: 10954: 10943:(4): 574–594. 10925: 10898:(4): 440–458. 10880: 10837: 10776: 10756:(2): 203–221. 10724: 10713: 10694:(7): 627–630. 10678: 10659:(4): 527–544. 10639: 10632: 10614: 10603:(3): 267–270. 10583: 10556:(3): 263–264. 10535: 10463: 10428:(4): 473–494. 10411: 10360: 10333:(2): 161–168. 10317: 10290:(4): 585–587. 10274: 10236: 10209:(4): 599–606. 10193: 10166:(4): 383–396. 10147: 10088: 10081: 10060: 10030: 10014: 9955: 9912: 9861: 9830: 9779: 9724: 9660: 9609: 9590:(4): 867–880. 9574: 9551: 9532:(3): 386–404. 9508: 9489:(3): 153–156. 9473: 9438: 9384: 9375: 9336:(9): e102976. 9324:incertae sedis 9308: 9287:(1): 127–136. 9265: 9250: 9231:(6): 211–217. 9215: 9202:(6): 975–982. 9182: 9133: 9087: 9060:(3): 393–397. 9044: 9001: 8945: 8903:(4): 523–544. 8880: 8835: 8791: 8747: 8728:(4): 583–600. 8709: 8682:(2): 178–182. 8663: 8616: 8605:(3): 229–239. 8586: 8571: 8550: 8523:(6): 483–487. 8503: 8467: 8426: 8379: 8363: 8334:(5): 827–837. 8313: 8302:(3): 211–217. 8286: 8267:(3): 115–120. 8251: 8236: 8214: 8167: 8166: 8151: 8119: 8090: 8076:(in Russian). 8057: 8022: 7983:(2): 253–295. 7963: 7915: 7856: 7842: 7820: 7805: 7738: 7689: 7638: 7591: 7564: 7543:(5): 733–752. 7523: 7472: 7421: 7402:(8): 752–761. 7380: 7369:on 4 July 2007 7336: 7313: 7278: 7226: 7159: 7138:(5700): 1291. 7118: 7067: 7008: 6986: 6949: 6914:(6): 953–967. 6896: 6889: 6868: 6827: 6806:(4): 291–299. 6783: 6772:(3): 201–210. 6756: 6724: 6709: 6683: 6624: 6583: 6530: 6471: 6414: 6365: 6264: 6168: 6147:(5700): 1291. 6122: 6061: 6004: 5967:(5): 259–274. 5944: 5895: 5884:(4): 337–345. 5868: 5841: 5819: 5784: 5747: 5712: 5685: 5663: 5648: 5627: 5608: 5567: 5548: 5541: 5523: 5501: 5463: 5427: 5400:(2): 522–531. 5381: 5362: 5339: 5324:Ford, Trevor. 5316: 5284: 5242: 5220: 5185: 5143: 5106: 5085:(6): 975–982. 5063: 5036:(2): 191–199. 5020: 4948: 4919: 4892:(4): 607–613. 4866: 4836: 4787: 4736: 4718: 4653: 4628: 4603: 4596: 4575: 4511: 4458: 4438: 4382: 4353: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4293: 4292: 4283: 4282: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4263: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4226: 4223: 4207:paleomagnetism 4194: 4191: 4153:distributaries 4129:Main article: 4126: 4123: 4111:Ediacara Hills 4099:Main article: 4096: 4093: 4089:filter feeding 4048:Mistaken Point 4040:Main article: 4037: 4034: 4031: 4030: 4014: 4013: 4010: 4009: 4004: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3992:Glacial period 3989: 3987: 3977: 3975: 3974: 3971: 3970: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3948: 3947: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3926: 3925: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3903: 3902: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3880: 3879: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3858: 3847: 3846: 3845: 3834: 3833: 3832: 3821: 3820: 3819: 3814: 3813: 3812: 3807: 3806: 3805: 3800: 3799: 3798: 3793: 3792: 3791: 3782: 3781: 3780: 3771: 3770: 3769: 3756: 3755: 3754: 3717: 3716: 3715: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3630: 3629: 3627: 3626: 3619: 3612: 3601: 3598: 3597: 3594: 3576: 3573: 3556: 3553: 3525: 3522: 3483: 3480: 3470:) such as the 3458: 3455: 3290: 3287: 3279:basal metazoan 3245: 3242: 3203:Greg Retallack 3191: 3188: 3184:Mark McMenamin 3176:photosynthetic 3168:stinging cells 3139: 3136: 3124:xenophyophores 3110:Galapagos Rift 3101: 3098: 3040: 3037: 3020:nervous system 3012:Mark McMenamin 2978: 2975: 2974: 2973: 2937: 2936: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2887: 2883: 2882: 2864:Platysolenites 2776:Vernanimalcula 2759: 2758: 2754: 2753: 2730:erniettomorphs 2708: 2704: 2703: 2692: 2688: 2687: 2678: 2674: 2673: 2640: 2636: 2635: 2619: 2596: 2572: 2571: 2564: 2547: 2546: 2539: 2529: 2528: 2521: 2496: 2495: 2488: 2479: 2478: 2471: 2453: 2452: 2445: 2427: 2426: 2419: 2411: 2410: 2403: 2400: 2375: 2372: 2336: 2333: 2315:, such as the 2300:Microbial mats 2289:cyanobacterial 2280: 2279:Microbial mats 2277: 2272:Main article: 2269: 2266: 2258:Neoproterozoic 2234:Mistaken Point 2165:Ediacara Hills 2116: 2115: 2106: 2099: 2095: 2094: 2091: 2090: 2083: 2082: 2080: 2070: 2069: 2059: 2058: 2056: 2046: 2045: 2038: 2037: 2035: 2025: 2024: 2018: 2017: 2015: 2005: 2004: 1997: 1996: 1994: 1984: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1974: 1964: 1963: 1957: 1956: 1954: 1944: 1943: 1936: 1935: 1933: 1923: 1922: 1916: 1915: 1913: 1903: 1902: 1896: 1895: 1893: 1883: 1882: 1878:Earliest fungi 1876: 1875: 1873: 1863: 1862: 1856: 1855: 1853: 1843: 1842: 1836: 1835: 1833: 1823: 1822: 1815: 1814: 1812: 1802: 1801: 1795: 1794: 1792: 1782: 1781: 1774: 1773: 1771: 1761: 1760: 1754: 1753: 1751: 1741: 1740: 1736:LHB meteorites 1734: 1733: 1731: 1721: 1720: 1714: 1713: 1711: 1701: 1700: 1694: 1693: 1691: 1681: 1680: 1676:Earliest water 1674: 1673: 1671: 1661: 1660: 1654: 1653: 1651: 1642: 1637: 1636: 1635: 1630: 1629: 1628: 1599: 1598: 1597: 1561: 1560: 1559: 1533: 1532: 1531: 1510: 1509: 1508: 1501: 1500: 1499: 1492: 1491: 1490: 1483: 1482: 1481: 1476: 1475: 1474: 1467: 1466: 1465: 1458: 1457: 1456: 1446: 1445: 1444: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1411: 1410: 1409: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1395: 1394: 1393: 1386: 1385: 1384: 1379: 1378: 1377: 1372:Photosynthesis 1370: 1369: 1368: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1354: 1353: 1352: 1347: 1346: 1345: 1338: 1337: 1336: 1331: 1330: 1329: 1327: 1324:0 — 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1136: 1135: 1128: 1121: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1099: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1078: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1062: 1060: 1054: 1053: 1040:Neoproterozoic 1038: 1036: 1026: 1024: 1023: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1003: 1002: 1001: 998: 997: 991: 990: 988: 978: 977: 969: 968: 966: 956: 955: 951: 950: 948: 938: 937: 927: 926: 924: 914: 913: 906: 905: 903: 893: 892: 888: 887: 885: 875: 874: 870: 869: 867: 858: 853: 852: 851: 846: 845: 844: 839: 838: 837: 832: 831: 830: 825: 824: 823: 818: 817: 816: 811: 810: 809: 800: 799: 798: 789: 788: 787: 778: 777: 776: 771: 770: 769: 764: 763: 762: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 592: 591: 588: 478:(< 560 Mya) 442:Ediacara Hills 278: 277: 275: 274: 267: 260: 252: 249: 248: 245: 244: 238: 233: 227: 226: 224: 220: 219: 213: 212: 210: 206: 203: 202: 199: 198: 195: 194: 188: 187: 181: 180: 173: 166: 161: 156: 148: 147: 141: 140: 137:Vernanimalcula 133: 132: 131: 117: 109: 108: 102: 99: 98: 95: 94: 91: 90: 85: 80: 75: 69: 66: 65: 62: 61: 51: 50: 43: 42: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11340: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11315: 11313: 11303: 11299: 11298: 11293: 11290: 11289: 11285: 11281: 11266: 11216: 11212: 11211: 11206: 11205: 11200: 11188: 11184: 11180: 11176: 11172: 11168: 11164: 11160: 11156: 11152: 11148: 11143: 11139: 11135: 11131: 11126: 11122: 11118: 11114: 11110: 11098: 11097: 11092: 11087: 11086: 11076: 11075: 11070: 11066: 11062: 11059: 11053: 11049: 11045: 11039: 11035: 11031: 11027: 11022: 11018: 11014: 11008: 11004: 11000: 10996: 10995: 10982: 10977: 10973: 10969: 10965: 10958: 10950: 10946: 10942: 10938: 10937: 10929: 10921: 10917: 10913: 10909: 10905: 10901: 10897: 10893: 10892: 10884: 10876: 10872: 10867: 10862: 10858: 10854: 10850: 10849: 10841: 10833: 10818: 10814: 10810: 10806: 10802: 10798: 10794: 10787: 10780: 10771: 10767: 10763: 10759: 10755: 10751: 10750: 10742: 10735: 10733: 10731: 10729: 10717: 10709: 10705: 10701: 10697: 10693: 10689: 10682: 10674: 10670: 10666: 10662: 10658: 10654: 10650: 10643: 10635: 10629: 10625: 10618: 10610: 10606: 10602: 10598: 10594: 10587: 10579: 10575: 10571: 10567: 10563: 10559: 10555: 10551: 10544: 10542: 10540: 10531: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10513: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10495: 10491: 10487: 10483: 10479: 10472: 10470: 10468: 10459: 10455: 10451: 10447: 10443: 10439: 10435: 10431: 10427: 10423: 10415: 10407: 10403: 10399: 10395: 10391: 10387: 10383: 10379: 10375: 10371: 10364: 10356: 10352: 10348: 10344: 10340: 10336: 10332: 10328: 10321: 10313: 10309: 10305: 10301: 10297: 10293: 10289: 10285: 10278: 10270: 10266: 10262: 10258: 10254: 10250: 10246: 10240: 10232: 10228: 10224: 10220: 10216: 10212: 10208: 10204: 10197: 10189: 10185: 10181: 10177: 10173: 10169: 10165: 10161: 10157: 10151: 10143: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10115: 10111: 10107: 10103: 10099: 10092: 10084: 10082:3-8142-0483-2 10078: 10074: 10070: 10064: 10048: 10041: 10034: 10026: 10025: 10018: 10010: 10006: 10002: 9998: 9994: 9990: 9986: 9982: 9978: 9974: 9970: 9966: 9959: 9951: 9947: 9943: 9942:10.1038/31215 9939: 9935: 9931: 9927: 9923: 9916: 9908: 9904: 9900: 9896: 9892: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9876: 9872: 9865: 9849: 9845: 9841: 9834: 9826: 9822: 9818: 9814: 9810: 9806: 9802: 9798: 9794: 9790: 9783: 9775: 9771: 9767: 9763: 9759: 9755: 9751: 9747: 9743: 9739: 9735: 9728: 9713: 9709: 9705: 9701: 9696: 9691: 9687: 9683: 9679: 9675: 9671: 9664: 9656: 9652: 9648: 9644: 9640: 9636: 9632: 9628: 9624: 9620: 9613: 9605: 9601: 9597: 9593: 9589: 9585: 9578: 9570: 9566: 9562: 9555: 9547: 9543: 9539: 9535: 9531: 9527: 9523: 9521: 9512: 9504: 9500: 9496: 9492: 9488: 9484: 9477: 9469: 9465: 9461: 9457: 9453: 9449: 9442: 9427: 9423: 9419: 9415: 9411: 9407: 9403: 9399: 9395: 9388: 9379: 9371: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9343: 9339: 9335: 9331: 9327: 9325: 9321: 9312: 9304: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9286: 9282: 9281: 9276: 9269: 9261: 9254: 9246: 9242: 9238: 9234: 9230: 9226: 9219: 9210: 9205: 9201: 9197: 9193: 9186: 9178: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9160: 9156: 9152: 9148: 9144: 9137: 9129: 9125: 9121: 9117: 9113: 9109: 9102: 9100: 9091: 9083: 9079: 9075: 9071: 9067: 9063: 9059: 9055: 9048: 9040: 9036: 9032: 9028: 9024: 9020: 9016: 9012: 9011:Sedimentology 9005: 8997: 8993: 8989: 8985: 8981: 8977: 8973: 8969: 8965: 8961: 8954: 8952: 8950: 8930: 8926: 8922: 8918: 8914: 8910: 8906: 8902: 8898: 8891: 8884: 8869: 8865: 8861: 8857: 8853: 8849: 8842: 8840: 8831: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8813: 8809: 8805: 8798: 8796: 8786: 8781: 8777: 8773: 8769: 8765: 8761: 8754: 8752: 8743: 8739: 8735: 8731: 8727: 8723: 8716: 8714: 8705: 8701: 8697: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8673: 8667: 8659: 8655: 8651: 8647: 8643: 8639: 8635: 8631: 8627: 8620: 8612: 8608: 8604: 8600: 8596: 8590: 8582: 8578: 8574: 8568: 8564: 8560: 8554: 8546: 8542: 8538: 8534: 8530: 8526: 8522: 8518: 8514: 8507: 8498: 8493: 8489: 8485: 8481: 8477: 8471: 8463: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8445: 8441: 8440:Palaeontology 8437: 8430: 8422: 8418: 8414: 8410: 8406: 8402: 8398: 8394: 8390: 8383: 8375: 8367: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8324:Charniodiscus 8317: 8309: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8290: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8261:Geology Today 8255: 8247: 8243: 8239: 8233: 8228: 8227: 8218: 8210: 8206: 8202: 8198: 8194: 8190: 8186: 8182: 8178: 8174: 8165: 8164: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8123: 8107: 8103: 8102: 8094: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8068: 8061: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8026: 8010: 8006: 8002: 7998: 7994: 7990: 7986: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7967: 7959: 7955: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7930: 7925: 7924:Seilacher, A. 7919: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7877: 7873: 7872: 7867: 7860: 7845: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7824: 7816: 7809: 7801: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7742: 7734: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7693: 7685: 7681: 7677: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7654: 7649: 7642: 7634: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7595: 7584: 7577: 7576: 7568: 7560: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7537:Palaeontology 7534: 7527: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7483: 7476: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7432: 7425: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7396: 7391: 7384: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7356: 7348: 7340: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7317: 7301: 7297: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7282: 7274: 7270: 7265: 7264:10.1038/42242 7260: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7233: 7231: 7222: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7163: 7155: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7122: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7071: 7063: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7012: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6995:McMenamin, M. 6990: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6961: 6953: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6908: 6900: 6892: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6872: 6863: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6849:Palaeontology 6846: 6842: 6841:Seilacher, A. 6834: 6832: 6823: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6794: 6787: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6760: 6744: 6740: 6739: 6731: 6729: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6697:McMenamin, M. 6692: 6690: 6688: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6628: 6620: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6587: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6542: 6534: 6526: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6475: 6467: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6418: 6410: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6369: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6327: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6278: 6274: 6268: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6172: 6164: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6141: 6136: 6129: 6127: 6118: 6112: 6096: 6092: 6077:. 3 June 2004 6076: 6072: 6068:For example, 6065: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6008: 6000: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5955: 5948: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5907: 5899: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5872: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5823: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5788: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5771: 5763: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5716: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5667: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5645: 5641: 5634: 5632: 5623: 5619: 5612: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5578: 5571: 5563: 5560:(in French). 5559: 5552: 5544: 5538: 5534: 5527: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5505: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5467: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5442: 5437: 5431: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5385: 5377: 5373: 5366: 5358: 5354: 5352: 5347:Negus, Tina. 5343: 5335: 5331: 5329: 5320: 5301: 5294: 5288: 5269: 5265: 5264: 5256: 5249: 5247: 5238: 5234: 5227: 5225: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5197:(in German). 5196: 5189: 5180: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5166:Palaeontology 5163: 5161: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5118: 5110: 5102: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5079: 5074: 5067: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5024: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4967: 4962: 4955: 4953: 4936: 4932: 4931: 4923: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4878:Seilacher, A. 4873: 4871: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4840: 4832: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4791: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4740: 4732: 4725: 4723: 4714: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4657: 4649: 4645: 4644:Palaeontology 4641: 4635: 4633: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4615: 4607: 4599: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4579: 4571: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4530: 4525: 4521: 4515: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4470: 4462: 4454: 4453: 4452:Science Daily 4448: 4442: 4427: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4386: 4370: 4363: 4357: 4349: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4318: 4313: 4306: 4302: 4288: 4281: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4261: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4251:Huainan biota 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4228: 4222: 4219: 4218:modes of life 4214: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4190: 4188: 4184: 4183: 4178: 4177: 4172: 4171: 4166: 4165: 4160: 4159: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4132: 4122: 4121:sandy units. 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4102: 4092: 4090: 4086: 4085:Carboniferous 4082: 4078: 4074: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4043: 4025: 4023: 4015: 4007: 4003: 3998: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3982: 3978: 3976: 3965: 3959: 3954: 3953: 3943: 3937: 3932: 3931: 3921: 3914: 3909: 3908: 3898: 3891: 3886: 3885: 3875: 3868: 3863: 3862: 3853: 3840: 3827: 3787: 3786: 3776: 3775: 3764: 3763: 3749: 3748: 3631: 3625: 3620: 3618: 3613: 3611: 3606: 3605: 3599: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3582: 3572: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3552: 3550: 3546: 3537: 3536: 3530: 3521: 3519: 3518: 3512: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3494: 3493: 3488: 3479: 3477: 3473: 3472:Burgess Shale 3469: 3465: 3454: 3452: 3446: 3439: 3432: 3425: 3418: 3411: 3405: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3389: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3352: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3332: 3327: 3326: 3321: 3315: 3311: 3304: 3297: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3275: 3269: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3196: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3135: 3133: 3129: 3128:abyssal plain 3125: 3121: 3117: 3111: 3106: 3097: 3093: 3091: 3090: 3089:Charniodiscus 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3056: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3036: 3034: 3033: 3027: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2988: 2983: 2971: 2967: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2955:long pathways 2952: 2951: 2946: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2931: 2926: 2922: 2919: 2914: 2910: 2908: 2907:Trace fossils 2905: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2885: 2884: 2880: 2879: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2852: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2815: 2810: 2806: 2805: 2800: 2799: 2794: 2793: 2788: 2787: 2782: 2778: 2777: 2772: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2760: 2756: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2742: 2737: 2736: 2731: 2727: 2724: 2720: 2718: 2713: 2709: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2690: 2689: 2685: 2684: 2679: 2676: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2658: 2653: 2652: 2647: 2646: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2633: 2632: 2625: 2620: 2616: 2615:Thiomargarita 2612: 2611: 2610:Thiomargarita 2606: 2601: 2597: 2594: 2593: 2592: 2590: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2578:morphological 2569: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2537: 2536: 2531: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2502: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2486: 2485: 2481: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2460: 2455: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2443: 2439: 2437: 2432: 2429: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2417: 2413: 2412: 2407: 2399: 2397: 2396:precipitation 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2355:Burgess Shale 2348: 2347: 2346:Charniodiscus 2341: 2335:Fossilization 2332: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2317:stromatolites 2314: 2310: 2304: 2301: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2275: 2265: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2238: 2235: 2232:-beds at the 2231: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2186: 2176: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2124: 2112: 2111: 2103: 2096: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2075: 2066: 2062: 2061:Earliest apes 2057: 2052: 2051: 2041: 2040:Karoo ice age 2036: 2031: 2030: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2010: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1989: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1969: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1949: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1928: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1908: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1888: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1868: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1848: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1828: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1807: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1787: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1766: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1746: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1726: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1706: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1686: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1666: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1646: 1623: 1592: 1554: 1526: 1504: 1495: 1486: 1470: 1461: 1452: 1449: 1433: 1405: 1389: 1373: 1357: 1341: 1140: 1134: 1129: 1127: 1122: 1120: 1115: 1114: 1108: 1104: 1102:Life timeline 1097: 1079: 1070: 1065: 1061: 1056: 1055: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1037: 1032: 1031: 1027: 1025: 1019: 1008: 1007: 994: 989: 984: 983: 974: 967: 962: 961: 949: 944: 943: 934: 931: 925: 920: 919: 909: 904: 899: 898: 886: 881: 880: 868: 863: 862: 805: 804: 794: 793: 783: 782: 593: 586: 583: 581: 577: 576: 571: 570: 566:(now renamed 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 536: 531: 530: 525: 521: 517: 516: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 482: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 433: 429: 423: 417: 414: 410: 409:fossil record 406: 402: 398: 395:known as the 394: 390: 386: 380: 375: 371: 366: 364: 360: 359:Trace fossils 357:, organisms. 356: 351: 342: 338: 334: 330: 324: 285: 273: 268: 266: 261: 259: 254: 253: 251: 250: 243: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 228: 225: 222: 221: 218: 215: 214: 211: 208: 207: 201: 200: 193: 192:Helcionellids 190: 189: 186: 183: 182: 179: 178: 177:Odontogriphus 174: 172: 171: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 154: 150: 149: 146: 143: 142: 139: 138: 134: 130: 129: 125: 124: 123: 122: 118: 116: 115: 111: 110: 107: 104: 103: 100:Key organisms 97: 96: 89: 86: 84: 83:Sirius Passet 81: 79: 76: 74: 73:Burgess Shale 71: 70: 64: 63: 57: 53: 52: 49: 45: 44: 41: 38: 37: 30: 26: 22: 11296: 11219:. Retrieved 11208: 11203: 11191:. Retrieved 11175:the original 11159:the original 11142:the original 11137: 11125:the original 11120: 11108: 11101:. Retrieved 11094: 11072: 11033: 11002: 10999:Derek Briggs 10971: 10968:Palæontology 10967: 10957: 10940: 10936:Paleobiology 10934: 10928: 10895: 10891:Paleobiology 10889: 10883: 10846: 10840: 10830:– via 10824:. Retrieved 10817:the original 10796: 10792: 10779: 10753: 10749:Paleobiology 10747: 10716: 10691: 10687: 10681: 10656: 10653:Paleobiology 10652: 10642: 10623: 10617: 10600: 10596: 10586: 10553: 10549: 10485: 10481: 10425: 10421: 10414: 10373: 10369: 10363: 10330: 10326: 10320: 10287: 10283: 10277: 10252: 10248: 10239: 10206: 10202: 10196: 10163: 10160:Paleobiology 10159: 10150: 10105: 10101: 10091: 10072: 10063: 10051:. Retrieved 10046: 10033: 10023: 10017: 9976: 9972: 9958: 9925: 9921: 9915: 9874: 9870: 9864: 9852:. Retrieved 9848:the original 9843: 9833: 9792: 9788: 9782: 9741: 9737: 9727: 9715:. Retrieved 9677: 9673: 9663: 9622: 9618: 9612: 9587: 9583: 9577: 9560: 9554: 9529: 9526:Paleobiology 9525: 9519: 9511: 9486: 9482: 9476: 9451: 9447: 9441: 9429:. Retrieved 9401: 9397: 9387: 9378: 9333: 9329: 9323: 9320:Dendrogramma 9319: 9311: 9284: 9278: 9268: 9259: 9253: 9228: 9224: 9218: 9199: 9195: 9185: 9150: 9146: 9136: 9114:(1): 51–61. 9111: 9107: 9098: 9090: 9057: 9054:Paleobiology 9053: 9047: 9014: 9010: 9004: 8963: 8959: 8936:. Retrieved 8929:the original 8900: 8897:Paleobiology 8896: 8883: 8871:. Retrieved 8851: 8811: 8807: 8767: 8763: 8725: 8721: 8679: 8675: 8666: 8633: 8630:Paleobiology 8629: 8624:Buss, L.W.; 8619: 8602: 8598: 8589: 8562: 8553: 8520: 8516: 8506: 8490:(1): 43–54. 8487: 8483: 8470: 8446:(1): 11–26. 8443: 8439: 8429: 8399:(1): 49–51. 8396: 8392: 8382: 8373: 8366: 8331: 8327: 8323: 8316: 8299: 8295: 8289: 8264: 8260: 8254: 8225: 8217: 8176: 8172: 8134: 8130: 8126:According to 8122: 8110:. 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