303:
22:
695:
154:
319:
666:. By the late 1880s and early 1900s, the trend extended both north and south across east-central Ohio and included several counties in western New York where gas was discovered in lower Silurian Medina Group sandstones. About 1900, large oil reserves were discovered in Silurian and Devonian carbonate reservoirs in east-central Kentucky. Important gas discoveries from the lower Devonian Oriskany Sandstone in
288:
711:
mainly of a core of moderate-to high-rank crystalline metamorphic or igneous rocks which, because of their superior resistance to weathering and erosion, commonly rise above the adjacent areas of low-grade metamorphic and sedimentary rock. The province is bounded on the north and west by the
Paleozoic strata of the Appalachian Basin and on the south by Cretaceous and younger sedimentary rocks of the
1194:
1100:
1066:
980:
710:
strata extends eastward for tens of miles, buried beneath these subhorizontal crystalline thrust sheets. At the surface, the Blue Ridge consists of a mountainous to hilly region, the main component of which are the Blue Ridge
Mountains that extend from Georgia to Pennsylvania. Surface rocks consist
503:
and the
Geologic Survey of Canada using the science of physiography. The US uses the term Appalachian Highlands, and Canada uses the term Appalachian Uplands, to define contiguous regions that have similar geology, topography, history, and native plant and animal communities. (The Appalachian
490:
so rapidly that they cut right across the resistant folded rocks of the mountain core, carving canyons across rock layers and geologic structures. The ridges of the
Appalachian Mountain core represent erosion-resistant rock that remained after the rock above and beside it was eroded away.
580:
as far as the United States–Canada border. The province covers an area of about 185,500 square miles (480,000 km) and is 1,075 miles (1,730 km) long from northeast to southwest and between 20 and 310 miles (30 and 500 km) wide from northwest to southeast.
383:, coincident with the initiation of subduction. Thrust faulting uplifted and warped older sedimentary rock laid down on the passive margin. As mountains rose, erosion began to wear them down. Streams carried rock debris downslope to be deposited in nearby lowlands.
761:
The foundations of the
Appalachian-Ouachita orogen were laid when the assembly of supercontinent Rodinia was completed. The collisional events were accompanied by high-grade metamorphism and magmatism during the Grenville orogeny in the time span of 1300–950
705:
The Blue Ridge Thrust Belt
Province underlies parts of eight states from central Alabama to southern Pennsylvania. Along its western margin, the Blue Ridge is thrust over the folded and faulted margin of the Appalachian basin, so that a broad segment of
730:
to rocks in the Blue Ridge and
Piedmont Provinces to the south. The uplifted, nearly-circular Adirondack Mountains consist of a core of ancient Precambrian rocks that are surrounded by upturned Cambrian and Ordovician sedimentary rocks.
244:. This is the same process by which limestone forms in modern oceans. The weathering of limestone exposed at the land surface produces the lime-rich soils that are so prevalent in the fertile farmland of the Valley and Ridge province.
469:
apart a new passive tectonic margin was born, and the forces that created the
Appalachian, Ouachita, and Marathon Mountains were stilled. Weathering and erosion prevailed, and the mountains began to wear away.
485:
the streams, which rapidly responded by cutting downward into the ancient bedrock. Some streams flowed along weak layers that define the folds and faults created many millions of years earlier. Other streams
247:
During this continental break-up, around 600 million to 560 million years ago, volcanic activity was present along the tectonic margins. There is evidence of this activity in today's Blue Ridge
Mountains.
224:
was formed. Seawater filled the basin. Rivers from the surrounding countryside carried clay, silt, sand, and gravel to the basin, much as rivers today carry sediment from the midcontinent region to the
702:
The Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Adirondack, and New
England Provinces are collectively known as the Crystalline Appalachians because they consist of Precambrian and Cambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks.
25:
The Appalachian Mountains, as defined by physiographic classification. This includes the Canadian classification of the Appalachian Uplands and the US classification of the Appalachian Highlands.
1021:
Poag, C. Wylie; Sevon, William D. (September 1989). "A record of Appalachian denudation in postrift Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary deposits of the U.S. Middle Atlantic continental margin".
229:. The sediment spread out in layers on the basin floor. The basin continued to subside, and over a long period of time, probably millions of years, a great thickness of sediment accumulated.
678:, in 1936 opened a major gas-producing trend across parts of New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, West Virginia, Kentucky, and Virginia. Another drilling boom occurred in the 1960s in
217:, and other natural processes, resulting in the leveling of the landscape. The eroded sediments from these mountains contributed to the formation of sedimentary basins and valleys.
185:
occurred along the boundaries of the cratons. The present Appalachian Mountains have at least two areas which are made from rock formations that were formed during this orogeny: the
628:
uses. Economically important coal beds were deposited primarily during Pennsylvanian time in a southeastward-thickening foreland basin. Coal and associated rocks form a
240:
formed over millions of years, in the Iapetus. Shells and other hard parts of ancient marine plants and animals accumulated to form limey deposits that later became
643:, marked the beginning of the oil and gas industry in the Appalachian Basin. The discovery well opened a prolific trend of oil and gas fields, producing from upper
601:
604:
that bounds the eastern part of the Appalachian Basin Province were thrust westward more than 150 miles (240 km) over lower Paleozoic sedimentary rocks.
1163:
Harris, L.D.; Harris, A.G.; de Witt, Jr., W.; Bayer, K.C. (1981). "Evaluation of the southern eastern overthrust belt beneath Blue Ridge-Piedmont thrust".
499:
The geographic boundaries of the Appalachian Mountains follow a definition that accounts for all the land mass in the United States and Canada used by the
1206:
Blue Ridge Thrust Belt (068), Piedmont Province (069), Atlantic Coastal Plain Province (070), Adirondack Province (071), and New England Province (072)
805:
161:
The first mountain-building tectonic plate collision that initiated the construction of what are today the Appalachian Mountains occurred during the
354:
were deposited on the shallow sea bottom when the region was submerged. When seas receded, terrestrial sedimentary deposits and erosion dominated.
1375:
1133:
895:
The volcanogenic Mount Rogers Formation and the overlying glaciogenic Konnarock Formation: Two late Proterozoic units in southwestern Virginia
1380:
775:
655:
reservoirs that extend from southern New York, across western Pennsylvania, central West Virginia, and eastern Ohio, to eastern Kentucky.
437:
area of Texas. Continental collisions raised the Appalachian-Ouachita chain to a lofty mountain range on the scale of the present-day
1112:
Executive Summary—Coal Resource Assessment of Selected Coal Beds and Zones in the Northern and Central Appalachian Basin Coal Regions
989:
1227:
Goodge, J. W.; Vervoort, J. D.; Fanning, C. M.; Brecke, D. M.; Farmer, G. L.; Williams, I. S.; Myrow, P. M.; DePaolo, D. J. (2008).
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has been mined throughout the last three centuries. Currently, the coal primarily is used within the eastern U.S. or exported for
658:
A second major trend of oil and gas production in the Appalachian Basin began with the discovery in 1885 of oil and gas in lower
473:
By the end of the Mesozoic, the Appalachian Mountains had been eroded to an almost-flat plain. It was not until the region was
257:
361:(about 458-470 million years ago), a change in plate motions set the stage for the first Paleozoic mountain building event (
365:) in North America. The once quiet Appalachian passive margin changed to a very active plate boundary when a neighboring
350:
province. During this interval, the region was periodically submerged beneath shallow seas. Thick layers of sediment and
85:
mountains (now in Morocco) near the center. These mountain ranges likely once reached elevations similar to those of the
1370:
854:
414:, smaller bits of crust too small to be called continents, were swept in one by one to be welded to the growing mass.
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wedge that thickens from north to south, from Pennsylvania into southeast West Virginia and southwestern Virginia.
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1405:
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995:
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369:, the Iapetus, collided with and began sinking beneath the North American craton. With the creation of this new
1365:
1296:
Loewy, S. L.; Dalziel, I. W. D.; Pisarevsky, S.; Connelly, J. N.; Tait, J.; Hanson, R. E.; Bullen, D. (2011).
675:
237:
809:
640:
310:
volcanic rocks that became a barrier and forced the mountains to push up around it. 2012 image from NASA's
260:
are all the result of volcanic activity that occurred around this time. Evidence of subsurface activity (
596:(Appalachian Fold and Thrust Belt or Eastern Overthrust Belt), formed at the end of the Paleozoic by the
276:
1420:
1400:
1385:
1345:
287:
751:
Thomas, William A.; Hatcher, Jr., Robert D. (2021). "Southern-Central Appalachians-Ouachitas Orogen".
449:) plowed into the continental agglomeration, with the Appalachian-Ouachita mountains near the middle.
306:
The "Pennsylvania Salient" in the Appalachians appears to have been formed by a large, dense block of
671:
81:
plate collisions that culminated in the construction of Pangea with the Appalachians and neighboring
1204:
1141:
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716:
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reversed, and Rodinia began to break up. The mountains formed during the Grenvillian era underwent
474:
648:
418:
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783:
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1229:"A positive test of East Antarctica–Laurentia juxtaposition within the Rodinia supercontinent"
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107:
50:
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The Fries Fault near Riner, Virginia: an example of a polydeformed, ductile deformation zone
1311:
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Eventually, the tectonic forces pulling the two continents apart became so strong that the
190:
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8:
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21:
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663:
600:, characterizes the eastern flank of the basin. Metamorphic and igneous rocks of the
268:
253:
202:
182:
115:
110:
formed through a series of mountain-building events over the last 1.2 billion years:
1281:
722:
The Adirondack and New England Provinces include sedimentary, meta-sedimentary, and
386:
Mountain building continued periodically throughout the next 250 million years (the
1319:
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1038:
898:
533:
521:
407:
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395:
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62:
441:. The massive bulk of Pangea was completed near the end of the Paleozoic era (the
173:. All the other cratons of the Earth also collided at about this time to form the
45:, 500 million years prior to the development of the range during the formation of
683:
617:
589:
434:
391:
362:
322:
Generalized east-to-west cross section through the central Hudson Valley region.
295:
291:
162:
129:
122:
90:
74:
34:
876:
Birth of the Mountains: The Geologic Story of the Southern Appalachian Mountains
425:
was approaching the North American craton. The collisional belt spread into the
727:
723:
517:
351:
347:
343:
265:
261:
226:
214:
174:
54:
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rocks have been found along the Fries Fault in the central Blue Ridge area of
1359:
1298:"Coats Land crustal block, East Antarctica: A tectonic tracer for Laurentia?"
1265:
545:
366:
335:
271:
into the overlying rock) is present in the Blue Ridge as well. For instance,
233:
66:
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58:
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165:
at least one billion years ago when the pre-North-American craton called
715:. It is bounded on the east by metamorphic and sedimentary rocks of the
572:. The northern end of the Appalachian Basin extends offshore into Lakes
236:
formed off the eastern coast of the Laurentian margin. The rocks of the
991:
Geologic Provinces of the United States: Appalachian Highlands Province
940:
636:
625:
370:
358:
210:
82:
1323:
707:
652:
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producing regions in the U.S. and one of the largest in the world.
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458:
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Pangea began to break up about 220 million years ago, in the early
446:
318:
153:
118:
began 1250 million years ago (Ma) and lasted for 270 million years.
902:
682:, where oil was discovered in the Upper Cambrian part of the Knox
481:
era that the distinctive topography of the present formed. Uplift
593:
569:
532:
age. From north to south, the Appalachian Basin province crosses
529:
442:
411:
376:
339:
206:
178:
77:. The birth of the Appalachian ranges marks the first of several
46:
42:
508:, which is one of the provinces of the Appalachian Highlands).
426:
422:
38:
1295:
726:
igneous rocks, mainly of Cambrian and Ordovician age, similar
410:
onto the North American craton as Pangea began to take shape.
1162:
307:
294:
reconstruction showing the Appalachian Basin area during the
272:
220:
For example, in what is now the southern United States, the
1226:
613:
541:
466:
86:
933:"Paleogeography and Geologic Evolution of North America"
73:—strong evidences that these rocks were deformed during
847:
The Last Billion Years: A Geologic History of Tennessee
698:
Geological map of the southern Crystalline Appalachians
1165:
American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin
406:
orogenies). Continent after continent was thrust and
157:
Land added to Laurentia during the Grenville orogeny
612:The Appalachian Basin is one of the most important
750:
201:After the Grenville orogeny, the direction of the
169:collided with other continental segments, notably
832:"Geologic Events Affecting Eastern North America"
16:Geologic description of the Appalachian Mountains
1357:
607:
584:The northwestern flank of the basin is a broad
33:dates back more than 1.2 billion years to the
1108:
939:. Northern Arizona University. Archived from
746:
744:
125:began 450 Ma and lasted for 10 million years.
1202:
1188:
1186:
1177:10.1306/03b599ef-16d1-11d7-8645000102c1865d
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1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
882:. United States Geologic Survey. p. 4.
689:
773:
741:
494:
1183:
1020:
937:Global Plate Tectonics and Paleogeography
452:
139:began 325 Ma and lasted 65 million years.
132:began 375 Ma and lasted 50 million years.
1049:
693:
592:. A complexly thrust faulted and folded
373:zone, the early Appalachians were born.
334:, the continent that would later become
317:
301:
286:
152:
20:
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972:
970:
968:
966:
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960:
958:
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866:
734:
588:that dips gently southeastward off the
181:. Mountain-building referred to as the
1358:
1074:
892:
844:
806:"Geology of the Great Smoky Mountains"
504:Mountains are not synonymous with the
1376:Regional geology of the United States
915:
872:
774:Berardelli, Phil (November 2, 2009).
759:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
196:
96:
1381:Geology of Newfoundland and Labrador
1092:
955:
863:
798:
776:"The Mountains That Froze the World"
511:
417:By about 300 million years ago (the
148:
41:collided to form the supercontinent
1126:
767:
13:
930:
924:
143:
14:
1432:
1339:
849:. University of Tennessee Press.
624:, but some of it is suitable for
177:Rodinia, which was surrounded by
1197: This article incorporates
1192:
1103: This article incorporates
1098:
1078:Appalachian Basin Province (067)
1069: This article incorporates
1064:
983: This article incorporates
978:
662:Clinton sandstone reservoirs in
635:Discovery of oil in 1859 in the
330:During the earliest part of the
282:
1214:United States Geological Survey
1156:
1120:United States Geological Survey
1086:United States Geological Survey
1014:
996:United States Geological Survey
342:. The Appalachian region was a
49:. The rocks exposed in today's
1134:"The Sedimentary Appalachians"
909:
886:
838:
824:
1:
676:Kanawha County, West Virginia
608:Coal, oil, and gas production
1043:10.1016/0169-555X(89)90009-3
873:Clark, Sandra H. B. (1996).
641:Venango County, Pennsylvania
7:
622:electrical power generation
516:The Appalachian Basin is a
277:Montgomery County, Virginia
101:
31:geology of the Appalachians
10:
1437:
916:Kaygi, Patti Boyd (1994).
1371:Geology by mountain range
893:Rankin, James W. (1993).
672:Schuyler County, New York
238:Valley and Ridge province
93:before they were eroded.
53:reveal elongate belts of
37:era when two continental
1416:Ordovician United States
1396:Geology of New Brunswick
690:Crystalline Appalachians
1258:10.1126/science.1159189
845:Byerly, Don W. (2013).
753:Encyclopedia of Geology
495:Physiographic provinces
433:region and through the
1406:Cenozoic United States
1391:Geology of Nova Scotia
1199:public domain material
1105:public domain material
1071:public domain material
985:public domain material
834:. Columbia University.
808:. USGS. Archived from
782:. AAAS. Archived from
699:
602:Blue Ridge Thrust Belt
453:Mesozoic era and later
348:Atlantic Coastal Plain
327:
315:
299:
158:
26:
1366:Appalachian Mountains
697:
668:Guernsey County, Ohio
520:containing Paleozoic
445:period) when Africa (
346:, not unlike today's
321:
305:
290:
156:
108:Appalachian Mountains
51:Appalachian Mountains
24:
1138:NYC Regional Geology
735:Notes and references
651:, and Pennsylvanian
501:US Geological Survey
344:passive plate margin
187:Blue Ridge Mountains
1316:2011Geo....39..859L
1250:2008Sci...321..235G
1109:Leslie F. Ruppert.
1035:1989Geomo...2..119P
1002:on January 14, 2008
812:on January 17, 2013
786:on January 20, 2013
680:Morrow County, Ohio
598:Alleghanian orogeny
568:, and northeastern
506:Appalachian Plateau
465:period). As Pangea
163:Mesoproterozoic era
137:Alleghanian orogeny
71:ancient ocean floor
1346:USGS.gov: Tapestry
1203:Robert C. Milici.
713:Gulf Coastal Plain
700:
435:Marathon Mountains
381:continental margin
357:During the middle
328:
316:
300:
197:Breakup of Rodinia
159:
97:Geological history
27:
1421:Ordovician Canada
1401:Allegheny Plateau
1386:Geology of Quebec
1244:(5886): 235–240.
1171:(12): 2497–2505.
717:Piedmont Province
664:Knox County, Ohio
522:sedimentary rocks
512:Appalachian Basin
254:Whitetop Mountain
203:continental drift
183:Grenville orogeny
149:Grenville orogeny
116:Grenville orogeny
79:mountain building
69:, and slivers of
63:sedimentary rocks
1428:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1324:10.1130/G32029.1
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1211:
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1140:. Archived from
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1096:
1090:
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1083:
1068:
1067:
1062:
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1029:(1–3): 119–157.
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1007:
998:. Archived from
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952:
950:
948:
943:on June 21, 2008
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179:one single ocean
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1144:on May 16, 2011
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674:, in 1930; and
618:Bituminous coal
610:
590:Cincinnati Arch
564:, northwestern
514:
497:
455:
379:grew along the
363:Taconic orogeny
296:Middle Devonian
292:Paleogeographic
285:
199:
151:
146:
144:Proterozoic era
130:Acadian orogeny
123:Taconic orogeny
104:
99:
91:Rocky Mountains
75:plate collision
35:Mesoproterozoic
17:
12:
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1340:External links
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1310:(9): 859–862.
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728:lithologically
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528:through early
518:foreland basin
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454:
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352:carbonate rock
338:straddled the
312:Aqua satellite
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227:Gulf of Mexico
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175:supercontinent
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67:volcanic rocks
59:thrust faulted
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283:Paleozoic era
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258:Pine Mountain
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1142:the original
1137:
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1075:R.T. Ryder.
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1329:January 24,
1287:February 4,
920:. VT Works.
670:, in 1924;
483:rejuvenated
477:during the
412:Microplates
404:Alleghanian
222:Ocoee basin
191:Adirondacks
1360:Categories
637:Drake Well
560:, eastern
556:, western
552:, eastern
548:, western
540:, eastern
388:Caledonian
371:subduction
359:Ordovician
215:glaciation
211:weathering
83:Anti-Atlas
1266:0036-8075
708:Paleozoic
653:sandstone
586:homocline
562:Tennessee
524:of early
439:Himalayas
421:period),
400:Hercynian
377:Volcanoes
332:Paleozoic
269:intruding
242:limestone
167:Laurentia
1282:11799613
1274:18621666
897:. USGS.
816:April 4,
790:April 4,
724:plutonic
684:Dolomite
660:Silurian
645:Devonian
558:Virginia
554:Kentucky
550:Maryland
534:New York
526:Cambrian
479:Cenozoic
475:uplifted
463:Triassic
459:Mesozoic
447:Gondwana
431:Ouachita
396:Ouachita
189:and the
171:Amazonia
102:Overview
89:and the
1312:Bibcode
1303:Geology
1246:Bibcode
1237:Science
1148:May 20,
1031:Bibcode
947:July 4,
630:clastic
594:terrane
578:Ontario
570:Alabama
566:Georgia
530:Permian
488:downcut
443:Permian
408:sutured
392:Acadian
340:equator
298:period.
207:erosion
61:marine
43:Rodinia
39:cratons
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467:rifted
461:(late
423:Africa
402:, and
326:image.
256:, and
55:folded
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1278:S2CID
1232:(PDF)
1210:(PDF)
1201:from
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1107:from
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1073:from
987:from
880:(PDF)
427:Ozark
308:mafic
273:mafic
266:sills
262:dikes
209:from
1331:2016
1289:2016
1270:PMID
1262:ISSN
1150:2010
1008:2007
949:2008
851:ISBN
818:2012
792:2012
614:coal
576:and
574:Erie
542:Ohio
324:USGS
264:and
135:The
128:The
121:The
114:The
106:The
87:Alps
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1254:doi
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