39:
69:
27:
105:
1479:
417:
280:, it forms a ramp within the stronger layer. With continued displacement on the thrust, higher stresses are developed in the footwall of the ramp due to the bend on the fault. This may cause renewed propagation along the floor thrust until it again cuts up to join the roof thrust. Further displacement then takes place via the newly created ramp. This process may repeat many times, forming a series of fault-bounded thrust slices known as
121:
93:
318:
113:
255:
Fault-propagation folds form at the tip of a thrust fault where propagation along the decollement has ceased, but displacement on the thrust behind the fault tip continues. The formation of an asymmetric anticline-syncline fold pair accommodates the continuing displacement. As displacement continues,
486:
By a system of reversed faults, a group of strata is made to cover a great breadth of ground and actually to overlie higher members of the same series. The most extraordinary dislocations, however, are those to which for distinction we have given the name of Thrust-planes. They are strictly reversed
396:
Foreland basin thrusts also usually observe the ramp-flat geometry, with thrusts propagating within units at very low angle "flats" (at 1–5 degrees) and then moving up-section in steeper ramps (at 5–20 degrees) where they offset stratigraphic units. Thrusts have also been detected in cratonic
235:. If the effectiveness of the decollement becomes reduced, the thrust will tend to cut up the section to a higher stratigraphic level until it reaches another effective decollement where it can continue as bedding parallel flat. The part of the thrust linking the two flats is known as a
291:
Most duplexes have only small displacements on the bounding faults between the horses, which dip away from the foreland. Occasionally, the displacement on the individual horses is more significant, such that each horse lies more or less vertically above the other; this is known as an
408:
margin of subduction zones, where oceanic sediments are scraped off the subducted plate and accumulate. Here, the accretionary wedge must thicken by up to 200%, and this is achieved by stacking thrust fault upon thrust fault in a
381:, marginal to orogenic belts. Here, compression does not result in appreciable mountain building, which is mostly accommodated by folding and stacking of thrusts. Instead, thrust faults generally cause a thickening of the
162:) – when the underlying block is exposed only in a relatively small area. When erosion removes most of the overlying block, leaving island-like remnants resting on the lower block, the remnants are called
473:
in the
Canadian Rockies. The realisation that older strata could, via faulting, be found above younger strata was arrived at more or less independently by geologists in all these areas during the 1880s.
260:. Eventually, the propagating thrust tip may reach another effective decollement layer, and a composite fold structure will develop with fault-bending and fault-propagation folds' characteristics.
144:
If the angle of the fault plane is lower (often less than 15 degrees from the horizontal) and the displacement of the overlying block is large (often in the kilometer range) the fault is called an
413:
of disrupted rock, often with chaotic folding. Here, ramp flat geometries are not usually observed because the compressional force is at a steep angle to the sedimentary layering.
201:, thrusts are also difficult to appreciate in mapping, where lithological offsets are generally subtle and stratigraphic repetition is difficult to detect, especially in
239:
and typically forms at an angle of about 15°–30° to the bedding. Continued displacement on a thrust over a ramp produces a characteristic fold geometry known as a
641:
Martins-Ferreira, Marco
Antonio Caçador (April 2019). "Effects of initial rift inversion over fold-and-thrust development in a cratonic far-foreland setting".
303:
Duplexing is a very efficient mechanism of accommodating the shortening of the crust by thickening the section rather than by folding and deformation.
470:
268:
Duplexes occur where two decollement levels are close to each other within a sedimentary sequence, such as the top and base of a relatively strong
816:
780:
541:
272:
layer bounded by two relatively weak mudstone layers. When a thrust that has propagated along the lower detachment, known as the
333:
is repeated, with one example in the foreground and another at a higher level to the upper right corner and top of the picture.
288:, each with the geometry of a fault-bend fold of small displacement. The final result is typically a lozenge-shaped duplex.
190:
fault. Because of the lack of surface evidence, blind thrust faults are difficult to detect until rupture. The destructive
1059:
487:
faults, but with so low a hade that the rocks on their upthrown side have been, as it were, pushed horizontally forward.
809:
844:
214:
603:"Structural Plays in Ellesmerian Sequence and Correlative Strata of the National Petroleum Reserve, Alaska"
1508:
1482:
802:
430:
191:
96:
Diagram of the evolution of a fault-bend fold or 'ramp anticline' above a thrust ramp, the ramp links
1144:
438:
256:
the thrust tip starts to propagate along the axis of the syncline. Such structures are also known as
1503:
1149:
925:
789:
716:
564:
322:
1413:
466:
221:
geometry. Thrusts mainly propagate along zones of weakness within a sedimentary sequence, such as
915:
849:
181:
134:
777:
504:
38:
1426:
1230:
1119:
989:
969:
869:
839:
382:
1403:
1287:
1004:
959:
747:
650:
84:
is a break in the Earth's crust, across which older rocks are pushed above younger rocks.
8:
1513:
1436:
1312:
1297:
1274:
1270:
1049:
974:
874:
859:
390:
751:
685:
654:
124:
Antiformal stack of thrust imbricates proved by drilling, Brooks Range
Foothills, Alaska
1385:
1282:
1164:
1069:
984:
949:
879:
825:
689:(Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Scotland). His Majesty's Stationery Office, Glasgow.
666:
462:
401:
337:
Large overthrust faults occur in areas that have undergone great compressional forces.
602:
1421:
1355:
1307:
1302:
1182:
1172:
1114:
889:
670:
458:
397:
settings, where "far-foreland" deformation has advanced into intracontinental areas.
345:
330:
300:. If the individual displacements are still greater, the horses have a foreland dip.
20:
534:"How are reverse faults different than thrust faults? In what way are they similar?"
186:
If the fault plane terminates before it reaches the Earth's surface, it is called a
1225:
1220:
1154:
1129:
1124:
1099:
1039:
999:
854:
755:
658:
613:
475:
446:
374:
are prominent examples of compressional orogenies with numerous overthrust faults.
312:
158:
54:
51:
533:
1464:
1360:
1260:
1235:
1207:
1192:
1094:
1044:
1034:
1029:
905:
784:
590:(5th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. p. 462.
352:
348:
285:
662:
34:, China. The older (left, blue, and red) thrust over the younger (right, brown).
1365:
1342:
1327:
1197:
1177:
1089:
1014:
1009:
964:
930:
920:
864:
378:
198:
138:
979:
1497:
1255:
442:
68:
683:
Peach, B. N., Horne, J., Gunn, W., Clough, C. T. & Hinxman, L. W. 1907.
910:
884:
405:
371:
26:
1431:
1317:
1292:
1245:
1240:
1215:
1104:
1024:
994:
434:
231:
104:
97:
73:
31:
19:"Overthrust" redirects here. For the death metal band from Botswana, see
1459:
1446:
954:
454:
416:
1064:
700:
Report on the geological structure of a portion of the Rocky
Mountains
410:
1395:
1375:
1370:
1350:
1332:
1322:
1134:
1079:
941:
794:
760:
735:
617:
450:
393:
of the buried paleo-rifts can induce the nucleation of thrust ramps.
363:
269:
226:
202:
61:
116:
Development of thrust duplex by progressive failure of ramp footwall
1454:
1380:
586:
Neuendorf, K. K. E.; Mehl Jr., J. P.; Jackson, J. A., eds. (2005).
359:
222:
120:
76:, Somerset, England; displacement of about two metres (6.6 ft)
58:
1187:
1139:
1084:
341:
326:
47:
686:
The
Geological Structure of the North-west Highlands of Scotland
92:
1054:
1019:
168:
43:
194:, was caused by a previously undiscovered blind thrust fault.
1074:
385:. When thrusts are developed in orogens formed in previously
152:. Erosion can remove part of the overlying block, creating a
1109:
512:
386:
367:
317:
112:
46:
in
Scotland. The irregular grey mass of rock is formed of
16:
Type of reverse fault that has a dip of 45 degrees or less
585:
565:"High Angle Dips at Erosional Edge of Overthrust Faults"
192:
1994 earthquake in
Northridge, Los Angeles, California
108:
Diagram of the evolution of a fault propagation fold
87:
636:
634:
482:to describe this special set of faults. He wrote:
429:Thrust faults were unrecognised until the work of
736:"The Crystalline Rocks of the Scottish Highlands"
601:Moore, Thomas E.; Potter, Christopher J. (2003).
1495:
733:
640:
276:, cuts up to the upper detachment, known as the
631:
213:Thrust faults, particularly those involved in
810:
562:
229:layers; these parts of the thrust are called
778:Appalachian folding, thrusting and duplexing
600:
579:
358:The resultant compressional forces produce
817:
803:
250:
759:
556:
100:at the top of the green and yellow layers
497:
415:
316:
119:
111:
103:
91:
67:
37:
25:
610:U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report
542:University of California, Santa Barbara
400:Thrusts and duplexes are also found in
306:
217:style of deformation, have a so-called
1496:
824:
734:Archibald Geikie (November 13, 1884).
569:Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology
175:
798:
42:The Glencoul Thrust at Aird da Loch,
469:in the Scandinavian Caledonides and
72:Small thrust fault in the cliffs at
64:, along the top of the younger unit.
1060:List of tectonic plate interactions
526:
208:
13:
702:: Geol. Surv. Canada Summ. Rept.,
14:
1525:
771:
128:
1478:
1477:
263:
88:Thrust geometry and nomenclature
790:Rob Butler's webpage on thrusts
727:
709:
692:
677:
594:
340:These conditions exist in the
1:
491:
612:. Open-File Report. 03–253.
344:that result from either two
133:A thrust fault is a type of
7:
663:10.1016/j.tecto.2019.03.009
441:in the Alps working on the
431:Arnold Escher von der Linth
377:Thrust faults occur in the
10:
1530:
424:
310:
179:
18:
1473:
1445:
1412:
1394:
1341:
1269:
1206:
1163:
1145:Thick-skinned deformation
939:
898:
832:
439:Marcel Alexandre Bertrand
243:or, more generally, as a
1150:Thin-skinned deformation
926:Stereographic projection
698:McConnell, R. G. (1887)
478:in 1884 coined the term
457:working on parts of the
323:thin-skinned deformation
57:thrust over well-bedded
916:Orthographic projection
899:Measurement conventions
845:Lamé's stress ellipsoid
329:. Note that the white
251:Fault-propagation folds
182:Blind thrust earthquake
141:of 45 degrees or less.
563:Crosby, G. W. (1967).
489:
421:
334:
125:
117:
109:
101:
77:
65:
35:
1427:Paleostress inversion
1120:Strike-slip tectonics
990:Extensional tectonics
970:Continental collision
840:Deformation mechanism
484:
467:Alfred Elis Törnebohm
419:
383:stratigraphic section
320:
197:Because of their low
123:
115:
107:
95:
71:
41:
29:
1005:Fold and thrust belt
420:Thrust Fault Outcrop
307:Tectonic environment
30:Thrust fault in the
1437:Section restoration
1313:Rock microstructure
975:Convergent boundary
875:Strain partitioning
860:Overburden pressure
850:Mohr–Coulomb theory
752:1884Natur..31...29G
721:www.see.leeds.ac.uk
655:2019Tectp.757...88M
588:Glossary of Geology
509:Earthquake Glossary
402:accretionary wedges
351:collisions or from
176:Blind thrust faults
1509:Structural geology
1414:Kinematic analysis
1070:Mountain formation
985:Divergent boundary
950:Accretionary wedge
826:Structural geology
783:2010-01-12 at the
717:"Thrust Tectonics"
544:. 13 February 2012
463:Scottish Highlands
422:
335:
126:
118:
110:
102:
78:
66:
36:
1491:
1490:
1422:3D fold evolution
1308:Pressure solution
1303:Oblique foliation
1183:Exfoliation joint
1173:Columnar jointing
833:Underlying theory
538:UCSB Science Line
331:Madison Limestone
55:Lewisian gneisses
21:Overthrust (band)
1521:
1481:
1480:
1226:Detachment fault
1221:Cataclastic rock
1155:Thrust tectonics
1125:Structural basin
1100:Pull-apart basin
1040:Horst and graben
819:
812:
805:
796:
795:
766:
765:
763:
761:10.1038/031029d0
731:
725:
724:
713:
707:
696:
690:
681:
675:
674:
638:
629:
628:
626:
624:
618:10.3133/ofr03253
607:
598:
592:
591:
583:
577:
576:
560:
554:
553:
551:
549:
530:
524:
523:
521:
519:
501:
447:Charles Lapworth
313:Thrust tectonics
294:antiformal stack
209:Fault-bend folds
150:overthrust fault
52:Paleoproterozoic
1529:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1504:Plate tectonics
1494:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1469:
1441:
1408:
1390:
1361:Detachment fold
1337:
1265:
1261:Transform fault
1236:Fault mechanics
1202:
1159:
1095:Plate tectonics
1045:Intra-arc basin
935:
906:Brunton compass
894:
828:
823:
785:Wayback Machine
774:
769:
732:
728:
715:
714:
710:
697:
693:
682:
678:
639:
632:
622:
620:
605:
599:
595:
584:
580:
561:
557:
547:
545:
532:
531:
527:
517:
515:
503:
502:
498:
494:
471:R. G. McConnell
427:
353:subduction zone
325:(thrusting) in
315:
309:
298:imbricate stack
266:
253:
245:fault-bend fold
211:
184:
178:
131:
90:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1527:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1451:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1418:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1400:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1347:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1328:Tectonic phase
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1212:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1169:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1090:Passive margin
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1015:Foreland basin
1012:
1010:Fold mountains
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
965:Back-arc basin
962:
957:
952:
946:
944:
937:
936:
934:
933:
931:Strike and dip
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
902:
900:
896:
895:
893:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
865:Rock mechanics
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
836:
834:
830:
829:
822:
821:
814:
807:
799:
793:
792:
787:
773:
772:External links
770:
768:
767:
746:(785): 29–31.
726:
708:
691:
676:
643:Tectonophysics
630:
593:
578:
555:
525:
495:
493:
490:
426:
423:
379:foreland basin
342:orogenic belts
321:An example of
311:Main article:
308:
305:
265:
262:
258:tip-line folds
252:
249:
241:ramp anticline
210:
207:
180:Main article:
177:
174:
130:
129:Reverse faults
127:
89:
86:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1526:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1484:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1256:Transfer zone
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
947:
945:
943:
938:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
903:
901:
897:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
855:Mohr's circle
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
837:
835:
831:
827:
820:
815:
813:
808:
806:
801:
800:
797:
791:
788:
786:
782:
779:
776:
775:
762:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
730:
722:
718:
712:
705:
701:
695:
688:
687:
680:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
637:
635:
619:
615:
611:
604:
597:
589:
582:
575:(3): 219–229.
574:
570:
566:
559:
543:
539:
535:
529:
514:
510:
506:
500:
496:
488:
483:
481:
477:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
443:Glarus Thrust
440:
436:
432:
418:
414:
412:
407:
403:
398:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
356:
354:
350:
347:
343:
338:
332:
328:
324:
319:
314:
304:
301:
299:
295:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
264:Thrust duplex
261:
259:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
233:
228:
224:
220:
216:
206:
204:
200:
195:
193:
189:
183:
173:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
147:
142:
140:
136:
135:reverse fault
122:
114:
106:
99:
94:
85:
83:
75:
70:
63:
60:
56:
53:
49:
45:
40:
33:
28:
22:
1251:Thrust fault
1250:
940:Large-scale
911:Inclinometer
885:Stress field
743:
739:
729:
720:
711:
703:
699:
694:
684:
679:
646:
642:
621:. Retrieved
609:
596:
587:
581:
572:
568:
558:
546:. Retrieved
537:
528:
516:. Retrieved
508:
499:
485:
480:thrust-plane
479:
459:Moine Thrust
428:
406:ocean trench
399:
395:
376:
372:Appalachians
362:ranges. The
357:
339:
336:
302:
297:
293:
290:
281:
277:
274:floor thrust
273:
267:
257:
254:
244:
240:
236:
232:decollements
230:
218:
215:thin-skinned
212:
196:
188:blind thrust
187:
185:
167:
163:
157:
153:
149:
145:
143:
132:
98:decollements
82:thrust fault
81:
79:
74:Lilstock Bay
1432:Paleostress
1318:Slickenside
1293:Crenulation
1246:Fault trace
1241:Fault scarp
1231:Disturbance
1216:Cataclasite
1105:Rift valley
1025:Half-graben
995:Fault block
980:DĂ©collement
435:Albert Heim
355:accretion.
346:continental
278:roof thrust
137:that has a
32:Qilian Shan
1514:Seismology
1498:Categories
1460:Pure shear
1447:Shear zone
1404:Competence
1288:Compaction
1165:Fracturing
960:Autochthon
955:Allochthon
649:: 88–107.
548:5 December
518:5 December
505:"dip slip"
492:References
455:John Horne
370:, and the
282:imbricates
166:(singular
146:overthrust
1396:Boudinage
1376:Monocline
1371:Homocline
1351:Anticline
1333:Tectonite
1323:Stylolite
1298:Fissility
1275:lineation
1271:Foliation
1135:Syneclise
1080:Obduction
1050:Inversion
942:tectonics
671:135346440
451:Ben Peach
391:inversion
389:margins,
364:Himalayas
270:sandstone
223:mudstones
219:ramp-flat
203:peneplain
62:quartzite
1483:Category
1455:Mylonite
1386:Vergence
1381:Syncline
1283:Cleavage
1208:Faulting
781:Archived
706:, p. 41.
360:mountain
349:tectonic
59:Cambrian
48:Archaean
1356:Chevron
1343:Folding
1188:Fissure
1140:Terrane
1085:Orogeny
1065:MĂ©lange
1000:Fenster
890:Tension
748:Bibcode
651:Bibcode
461:in the
425:History
411:melange
404:in the
327:Montana
205:areas.
164:klippen
154:fenster
1130:Suture
1115:Saddle
1055:Klippe
1020:Graben
880:Stress
870:Strain
740:Nature
669:
623:5 July
476:Geikie
387:rifted
366:, the
286:horses
227:halite
169:klippe
159:window
44:Assynt
1465:Shear
1193:Joint
1075:Nappe
1035:Horst
1030:Horse
667:S2CID
606:(PDF)
1366:Dome
1273:and
1198:Vein
1178:Dike
1110:Rift
921:Rake
625:2022
550:2017
520:2017
513:USGS
453:and
437:and
368:Alps
237:ramp
156:(or
756:doi
659:doi
647:757
614:doi
296:or
284:or
225:or
199:dip
172:).
148:or
139:dip
50:or
1500::
754:.
744:31
742:.
738:.
719:.
665:.
657:.
645:.
633:^
608:.
573:15
571:.
567:.
540:.
536:.
511:.
507:.
465:;
449:,
445:;
433:,
247:.
80:A
818:e
811:t
804:v
764:.
758::
750::
723:.
704:2
673:.
661::
653::
627:.
616::
552:.
522:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
