20:
231:
281:) that have been thrust over the older rocks. Much of the Caledonian rocks have been eroded since they were put in place meaning that they were once thicker and more contiguous. It is also implied from the erosion that the nappes of Caledonian rock originally reached further east than they do today. The erosion has left remaining massifs of Caledonian rocks and
332:
Despite occurring in roughly the same area, the ancient
Scandinavian Caledonian Mountains and the modern Scandinavian Mountains are not synonymous. The overlap between the Scandinavian Caledonides and the Scandinavian Mountains has led to various suggestions that the modern Scandinavian Mountains are
337:
of the surviving "mountain roots" of the
Caledonian orogen. This concept has been criticized because there is only a tiny "mountain root" beneath the southern Scandinavian Mountains and no "root" at all in the north. Further, the Caledonian Mountains in Scandinavia are known to have undergone
346:. Another problem with this model is that it does not explain why other former mountains dating back to the Caledonian orogeny are eroded and buried in sediments and not uplifted by their "roots". Others claim that molten magma exists below the Caledonides of Norway, causing the uplift.
1350:
Slagstad, Trond; Pin, Christian; Roberts, David; Kirkland, Christopher L.; Grenne, Tor; Dunning, Greg; Sauer, Simone; Andersen, Tom (2013). "Tectonomagmatic evolution of the Early
Ordovician suprasubduction-zone ophiolites of the Trondheim Region, Mid-Norwegian Caledonides".
1394:
Corfu, F.; Torsvik, T.H.; Andersen, T.B.; Ashwal, L.D.; Ramsay, D.M.; Roberts, R.J. (2006). "Early
Silurian mafic-ultramafic and granitic plutonism in contemporaneous flysch, Mageroy, northern Norway: U-Pb ages and regional significance".
465:
Torsvik, Trond; Smethurst, M.; Meert, J.; Van der Voo, Rob; McKerrow, W.; Brasier, M.; Sturt, Brian A.; Walderhaug, H. (1996). "Continental break-up and collision in the
Neoproterozoic and Palaeozoic — A tale of Baltica and Laurentia".
1037:
Gabrielsen, Roy H.; Faleide, Jan Inge; Pascal, Christophe; Braathen, Alvar; Nystuen, Johan Petter; Etzelmuller, Bernd; O'Donnel, Sejal (2010). "Latest
Caledonian to Present tectonomorphological development of southern Norway".
161:
of
Laurentia with Baltica, i.e. the Scandian phase of the Caledonian orogeny. The time of the continental collision is estimated by the cessation of subduction-related magmatism and a common apparent polar wander path
1652:
Schiffer, Christian; Balling, Neils; Ebbing, Jörg; Holm
Jacobsen, Bo; Nielsen, Søren Bom (2016). "Geophysical-petrological modelling of the East Greenland Caledonides – Isostatic support from crust and upper mantle".
101:. The size of the Scandinavian Caledonides at the time of their formation can be compared with the size of the Himalayas. The area east of the Scandinavian Caledonides, including parts of Finland, developed into a
1743:
31:). Present day coastlines are indicated in gray for reference. Note, that the North-German–Polish Caledonides were not formed during the Scandian orogeny but during the "soft docking" of East
947:
Murrell, G.R.; Andriessen, P.A.M. (2004). "Unravelling a long-term multi-event thermal record in the cratonic interior of southern
Finland through apatite fission track thermochronology".
1122:
Meert, Joseph G.; Torsvik, Trond H.; Eide, Elizabeth A.; Dahlgren, Sven (1998). "Tectonic
Significance of the Fen Province, S. Norway: Constraints From Geochronology and Paleomagnetism".
670:
Torsvik, Trond H.; Van der Voo, Rob; Preeden, Ulla; Mac Niocaill, Conall; Steinberger, Bernhard; Doubrovine, Pavel V.; van Hinsbergen, Douwe J.J.; Domeier, Mathew; Gaina, Carmen (2012).
1682:
Chalmers, J.A.; Green, P.; Japsen, P.; Rasmussen, E.S. (2010). "The Scandinavian mountains have not persisted since the Caledonian orogeny. A comment on Nielsen et al. (2009a)".
727:
Mosar, Jon; Eide, Elizabeth A.; Osmundsen, Per Terje; Sommaruga, Anna; Torsvik, Trond H. (2002). "Greenland-Norway separation: A geodynamic model for the North Atlantic".
1299:
Dunning, G. R.; Pedersen, R. B. (1988). "U/Pb ages of ophiolites and arc-related plutons of the Norwegian Caledonides: implications for the development of Iapetus".
1173:
Bingen, B.; Demaiffe, D.; Breemen, O. van (1998). "The 616 Ma Old Egersund Basaltic Dike Swarm, Sw Norway, and Late Neoproterozoic Opening of the Iapetus Ocean".
1512:
Dewey, J.F.; Ryan, P.D.; Andersen, T.B. (1993). "Orogenic uplift and collapse, crustal thickness, fabrics and metamorphic phase changes: the role of eclogites".
897:"Initiation of crustal-scale thrusts triggered by metamorphic reactions at depth: Insights from a comparison between the Himalayas and Scandinavian Caledonides"
333:
a remnant of the Caledonide mountains. A version of this argument was put forward in 2009 with the claim that the uplift of the mountains was attained by
746:
Gaina, Carmen; Gernigon, L.; Ball, P. (2009). "Palaeocene–Recent plate boundaries in the NE Atlantic and the formation of the Jan Mayen microcontinent".
1983:
1224:
Svenningsen, O (2001). "Onset of seafloor spreading in the Iapetus Ocean at 608 Ma: precise age of the Sarek Dyke Swarm, northern Swedish Caledonides".
1750:
2140:
1598:
Stephens, M. B.; Gee, David G. (1985). "A tectonic model for the evolution of the eugeoclinal terranes in the central Scandinavian Caledonides".
1963:
844:
Corfu, F.; Andersen, T. B.; Gasser, D. (2014). "The Scandinavian Caledonides: main features, conceptual advances and critical questions".
1613:
Corfu, F.; Andersen, T.B.; Gasser, D. (2014). "The Scandinavian Caledonides: main features, conceptual advances and critical questions".
797:
Seton, Maria; MĂĽller, R.D.; Zahirovic, S.; Gaina, Carmen; Torsvik, Trond H.; Shephard, Grace; Talsma, A.; Gurnis, M.; Turner, M. (2012).
389:
Corfu and coworkers assess the scheme as a "useful basis for further exploration" but regard it also as "too rigid and simplistic" since
157:
and Laurentian margins starting between 500 and 488 Ma ago. Subduction of Iapteus crust continued until about 430 Ma ago until the final
511:"A plate tectonic model for the Paleozoic and Mesozoic constrained by dynamic plate boundaries and restored synthetic oceanic isochrons"
1001:
105:
where old rocks and surfaces were covered by sediments. Today, the Scandinavian Caledonides underlay most of the western and northern
558:
Matte, P. (2001). "The Variscan collage and orogeny (480-290 Ma) and the tectonic definition of the Armorica microplate: a review".
1582:
997:"Stratigraphic landscape analysis, thermochronology and the episodic development of elevated, passive continental margins"
242:
in northernmost Sweden. Each nappe is shown with a different colour. Arrows show the relative movement of each nappe. The
2184:
1284:
1107:
197:
the Baltican margin. Peak metamorphism in the allochthons is estimated to have occurred somewhat earlier than in the
1736:
182:
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1875:
1850:
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896:
2296:
1562:
1040:
2326:
2311:
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1810:
1805:
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Andersen, Torgeir B. (1998). "Extensional tectonics in the Caledonides of southern Norway, an overview".
355:
2336:
2331:
2321:
2240:
2194:
2135:
1988:
59:
1800:
360:
2316:
1968:
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992:
895:
Labrousse, Loïc; Hetényi, György; Raimbourg, Hugues; Jolivet, Laurent; Andersen, Torgeir B. (2010).
113:
can be traced into West and Central Europe as well as parts of Greenland and eastern North America.
2346:
2341:
1655:
1478:
2145:
2090:
235:
624:
Torsvik, Trond H.; Rehnström, Emma F. (2003). "The Tornquist Sea and Baltica–Avalonia docking".
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2199:
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1473:
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263:
255:
106:
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2155:
225:
186:
158:
82:
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among the nappes: an Uppermost, an Upper, a Middle and a Lower one. The last one is made up
2255:
1993:
1901:
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110:
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2059:
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1487:
1245:
645:
535:
510:
422:
Domeier, Mathew (2016). "A plate tectonic scenario for the Iapetus and Rheic oceans".
177:. The time of the maximal burial of the Baltican margin is estimated at 410 Ma ago by
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2024:
1638:
1578:
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1380:
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1280:
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1103:
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Torsvik, Trond H.; Cocks, L. Robin M. (2016), "Earth's Origins and the Precambrian",
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1953:
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146:
1617:. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. Vol. 390. pp. 9–43.
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213:
204:
Following the subduction of the Baltican continental margin and thrusting of the
36:
24:
2179:
1973:
1865:
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246:
is shown as black dented line. Note the general movement towards the southeast.
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2014:
1978:
1958:
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1780:
798:
671:
390:
293:
209:
174:
102:
94:
55:
51:
2150:
1921:
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613:. Shell Internationale Petroleum Maatschappij BV/Geological Society of London.
243:
2290:
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2019:
1906:
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opened and the different parts of the orogenic belt moved apart. See also
2189:
2130:
2110:
2054:
2044:
1880:
924:
286:
230:
292:
While there are some disagreements, geologists generally recognize four
2115:
2100:
1945:
1815:
1320:
704:
309:
190:
150:
138:
16:
Remains of an orogenic belt formed during the Silurian–Devonian period
2069:
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1364:
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297:
90:
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1615:
New Perspectives on the Caledonides of Scandinavia and Related Areas
1194:
1143:
343:
334:
313:
305:
154:
79:
75:
40:
32:
28:
1651:
324:
rocks are in some places also incorporated into the Lower nappes.
2039:
1911:
1842:
1557:
799:"Global continental and ocean basin reconstructions since 200 Ma"
301:
251:
130:
86:
71:
43:
19:
990:
894:
464:
208:
over the Baltican basement, the orogen began to collapse in the
2125:
2009:
1036:
1075:
Haller, J. (1985). "The East Greenland Caledonides—reviewed".
995:; Japsen, Peter; Bonow, Johan M.; Chalmers, James A. (2013).
270:
205:
1681:
1267:
Torsvik, Trond H.; Cocks, L. Robin M. (2016), "Ordovician",
216:
motion between the Laurentian and Baltican tectonic plates.
726:
126:
1393:
1349:
796:
1121:
672:"Phanerozoic polar wander, palaeogeography and dynamics"
327:
212:, which was associated with extensional tectonics and
1172:
23:
Location of the different branches of the Caledonian/
1553:
1551:
70:
are the vestiges of an ancient, today deeply eroded
1612:
1600:
The Caledonide Orogen—Scandinavia and Related Areas
1077:
The Caledonide Orogen—Scandinavia and Related Areas
1002:
Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin
843:
258:. Caledonian rocks overlie rocks of the much older
39:
resulted from the prolonged collision of the "peri-
1030:
27:belts at the end of the Caledonian orogeny (Early
1569:; Calner, Mikael; Sivhed, Ulf (2011). "Fjällen".
1548:
1511:
946:
745:
189:(WGR). Also during the collision, the Caledonian
2288:
1675:
1645:
1514:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
1507:
1505:
1353:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
1271:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 101–123,
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
846:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
623:
250:The Caledonian orogeny put in place most of the
1298:
949:Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C
1094:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 77–84,
611:Geological Atlas of Western and Central Europe
1744:
1502:
975:
665:
663:
508:
1266:
1089:
141:) ago. The Iapetus was at its widest in the
1758:
1597:
1223:
173:was deeply subducted beneath Laurentia and
46:" with the Laurentian autochthon. Later in
1751:
1737:
660:
1477:
1416:
1301:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
1014:
923:
703:
534:
116:
1455:
229:
18:
1571:Sveriges Geologi: FrĂĄn urtid till nutid
608:
421:
219:
2289:
1074:
183:ultra-high pressure (UHP) metamorphism
1732:
557:
417:
415:
413:
411:
409:
328:Present-day topography of Scandinavia
238:of the Scandinavian Caledonides near
1573:(in Swedish) (3rd ed.). Spain:
361:Origin of the Scandinavian Mountains
356:Caledonian rocks of northern Finland
515:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
169:During the collision, the Baltican
13:
509:Stampfli, G.M; Borel, G.D (2002).
406:
342:for a long period starting in the
269:. The Caledonian rocks form large
14:
2358:
1397:Journal of the Geological Society
1269:Earth History and Palaeogeography
1092:Earth History and Palaeogeography
748:Journal of the Geological Society
580:10.1046/j.1365-3121.2001.00327.x
35:to Baltica at about 443 Ma. The
2185:Central SkĂĄne Volcanic Province
1712:
1606:
1591:
1449:
1387:
1343:
1292:
1260:
1217:
1166:
1115:
1083:
1068:
1062:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.06.004
940:
888:
837:
823:10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.03.002
790:
696:10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.06.007
383:
2266:Transscandinavian Igneous Belt
1720:"The lost volcanoes of Norway"
739:
720:
617:
602:
551:
502:
458:
93:, which is referred to as the
1:
1534:10.1144/gsl.sp.1993.076.01.16
1488:10.1016/s0040-1951(97)00277-1
1246:10.1016/s0301-9268(01)00189-9
646:10.1016/s0040-1951(02)00631-5
536:10.1016/s0012-821x(01)00588-x
400:
166:) for Laurentia and Baltica.
109:, whereas other parts of the
1041:Marine and Petroleum Geology
729:Norwegian Journal of Geology
488:10.1016/0012-8252(96)00008-6
234:A conceptual NW-SE oriented
149:before it began to close by
7:
1669:10.1016/j.tecto.2016.06.023
349:
153:of Iapetus crust along the
10:
2363:
2241:Blekinge-Bornholm Province
2195:Kattsund-Koster dyke swarm
1851:Billingen terminal moraine
223:
60:Trans-European Suture Zone
2228:
2168:
2083:
2002:
1989:Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone
1969:Nordfjord-Sogn Detachment
1943:
1934:
1894:
1841:
1834:
1826:Sub-Mesozoic hilly relief
1766:
1706:10.1016/j.jog.2010.02.001
1277:10.1017/9781316225523.007
1100:10.1017/9781316225523.005
969:10.1016/j.pce.2004.03.007
768:10.1144/0016-76492008-112
2251:Scandinavian Caledonides
1994:South Finland Shear Zone
1912:Jotnian sedimentary rock
444:10.1016/j.gr.2015.08.003
376:
320:. Pieces of Precambrian
68:Scandinavian Caledonides
2261:Sveconorwegian Province
2091:Central Swedish lowland
1876:Skövde terminal moraine
1801:South SmĂĄland peneplain
1760:Geology of Fennoscandia
1427:10.1144/0016-764905-014
1016:10.34194/geusb.v30.4673
993:Lidmar-Bergström, Karna
609:Ziegler, P. A. (1990).
527:2002E&PSL.196...17S
133:and the opening of the
2215:Särna Alkaline Complex
2200:Kola Alkaline Province
2136:Scandinavian Mountains
1821:Sub-Cambrian peneplain
1685:Journal of Geodynamics
1175:The Journal of Geology
1124:The Journal of Geology
393:is poorly represented.
371:Weichselian glaciation
278:
256:Scandinavian Mountains
247:
179:radiometric age dating
117:Plate-tectonic history
107:Scandinavian Peninsula
63:
2276:Western Gneiss Region
2256:Svecofennian Province
2229:Provinces and orogens
2220:Satakunta dyke swarms
2156:White Sea Rift System
803:Earth-Science Reviews
676:Earth-Science Reviews
468:Earth-Science Reviews
233:
226:Western Gneiss Region
201:at about 420 Ma ago.
187:Western Gneiss Region
159:continental collision
83:continental collision
22:
2302:Ordovician orogenies
2096:Gulf of Bothnia rift
2003:Large impact craters
1902:Alum Shale Formation
1577:. pp. 323–340.
1226:Precambrian Research
925:10.1029/2009tc002602
220:Disposition of rocks
127:continental break-up
52:North Atlantic Ocean
2297:Orogenies of Europe
2236:Belomorian Province
1796:Ostrobothnian Plain
1698:2010JGeo...50...94C
1623:2014GSLSP.390....9C
1526:1993GSLSP..76..325D
1470:1998Tectp.285..333A
1409:2006JGSoc.163..291C
1313:1988CoMP...98...13D
1238:2001PreR..110..241S
1187:1998JG....106..565B
1136:1998JG....106..553M
1054:2010MarPG..27..709G
961:2004PCE....29..695M
916:2010Tecto..29.5002L
858:2014GSLSP.390....9C
815:2012ESRv..113..212S
760:2009JGSoc.166..601G
688:2012ESRv..114..325T
638:2003Tectp.362...67T
572:2001TeNov..13..122M
480:1996ESRv...40..229T
436:2016GondR..36..275D
125:commenced with the
2327:Geology of Finland
2312:Devonian orogenies
2307:Silurian orogenies
2146:South Swedish Dome
2106:Lake Ladoga graben
1567:Lindström, Maurits
1321:10.1007/bf00371904
248:
171:continental margin
137:about 616–583 Ma (
99:Caledonian orogeny
74:formed during the
64:
48:geological history
2337:Ordovician Norway
2332:Geology of Sweden
2322:Geology of Norway
2284:
2283:
2210:Rapakivi granites
2164:
2163:
2101:Lake Inari graben
2025:Hummeln structure
1930:
1929:
1835:Sedimentary cover
1584:978-91-44-05847-4
1575:Studentlitteratur
1563:Lundqvist, Thomas
424:Gondwana Research
340:orogenic collapse
318:sedimentary rocks
244:décollement plane
2354:
2317:Paleozoic Europe
2121:Norrland terrain
1941:
1940:
1917:Reusch's Moraine
1895:Sedimentary rock
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1722:. 11 April 2018.
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1464:(3–4): 333–351.
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1365:10.1144/sp390.11
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1232:(1–4): 241–254.
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866:10.1144/sp390.25
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809:(3–4): 212–270.
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682:(3–4): 325–368.
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474:(3–4): 229–258.
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254:now seen in the
147:Early Ordovician
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2347:Devonian Norway
2342:Silurian Norway
2287:
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2271:Timanide Orogen
2224:
2160:
2084:Morphostrucures
2079:
1998:
1926:
1890:
1871:Sevetti moraine
1830:
1811:200 m peneplain
1806:300 m peneplain
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1218:
1171:
1167:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1088:
1084:
1073:
1069:
1035:
1031:
1021:
1019:
989:
976:
955:(10): 695–706.
945:
941:
899:
893:
889:
842:
838:
795:
791:
744:
740:
725:
721:
668:
661:
622:
618:
607:
603:
556:
552:
507:
503:
463:
459:
420:
407:
403:
398:
397:
388:
384:
379:
366:Timanide Orogen
352:
330:
228:
222:
121:The Caledonian
119:
37:Acadian orogeny
17:
12:
11:
5:
2360:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2151:Vättern graben
2148:
2143:
2141:Scanian horsts
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2050:Ritland crater
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2015:Gardnos crater
2012:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1984:Röjnoret Fault
1981:
1979:Protogine Zone
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1959:Iapetus Suture
1956:
1954:Burträsk Fault
1950:
1948:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1922:Visingsö Group
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1847:
1845:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1791:Paleic surface
1788:
1783:
1781:Hardangervidda
1778:
1772:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1756:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1733:
1726:
1725:
1711:
1674:
1656:Tectonophysics
1644:
1605:
1590:
1583:
1559:Lundqvist, Jan
1547:
1520:(1): 325–343.
1501:
1458:Tectonophysics
1448:
1403:(2): 291–301.
1386:
1359:(1): 541–561.
1342:
1291:
1285:
1259:
1216:
1195:10.1086/516042
1181:(5): 565–574.
1165:
1144:10.1086/516041
1130:(5): 553–564.
1114:
1108:
1082:
1067:
1048:(3): 709–723.
1029:
974:
939:
887:
836:
789:
754:(4): 601–616.
738:
719:
659:
632:(1–4): 67–82.
626:Tectonophysics
616:
601:
566:(2): 122–128.
550:
521:(1–2): 17–33.
501:
457:
404:
402:
399:
396:
395:
391:paleogeography
381:
380:
378:
375:
374:
373:
368:
363:
358:
351:
348:
329:
326:
264:Sveconorwegian
221:
218:
210:Early Devonian
118:
115:
103:foreland basin
95:Scandian phase
56:Iapetus Suture
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2359:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2246:Kola Province
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2167:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2111:Lofoten horst
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2035:Lockne crater
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2020:Granby crater
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1907:Hedmark Group
1905:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1886:Veiki moraine
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1861:Rogen moraine
1859:
1857:
1856:Pulju moraine
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1786:Muddus plains
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1776:Borsu surface
1774:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1768:Paleosurfaces
1765:
1761:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1742:
1740:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1721:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1692:(2): 94–101.
1691:
1687:
1686:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1648:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1601:
1594:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1552:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1508:
1506:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1479:10.1.1.571.80
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1288:
1286:9781316225523
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1109:9781316225523
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1078:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1033:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1003:
998:
994:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
943:
935:
931:
926:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
898:
891:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
840:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
793:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
742:
734:
730:
723:
715:
711:
706:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
666:
664:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
620:
612:
605:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
554:
546:
542:
537:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
505:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
461:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
418:
416:
414:
412:
410:
405:
392:
386:
382:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
353:
347:
345:
341:
336:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
265:
261:
260:Svecokarelian
257:
253:
245:
241:
237:
236:cross section
232:
227:
217:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
167:
165:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
143:Late Cambrian
140:
136:
135:Iapetus ocean
132:
128:
124:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
81:
77:
73:
72:orogenic belt
69:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
21:
2250:
2180:Alnö Complex
2126:Omberg horst
2116:Muhos Graben
2065:Söderfjärden
1974:Pärvie Fault
1964:Lainio Fault
1866:Salpausselkä
1714:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1660:
1654:
1647:
1614:
1608:
1599:
1593:
1570:
1517:
1513:
1461:
1457:
1451:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1307:(1): 13–23.
1304:
1300:
1294:
1268:
1262:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1127:
1123:
1117:
1091:
1085:
1079:: 1031–1046.
1076:
1070:
1045:
1039:
1032:
1020:. Retrieved
1006:
1000:
952:
948:
942:
907:
903:
890:
849:
845:
839:
806:
802:
792:
751:
747:
741:
732:
728:
722:
679:
675:
629:
625:
619:
610:
604:
563:
559:
553:
518:
514:
504:
471:
467:
460:
427:
423:
385:
331:
291:
289:-aged rock.
249:
203:
168:
123:Wilson cycle
120:
67:
65:
2190:Fen Complex
2131:Oslo Graben
2055:Siljan Ring
1946:shear zones
1944:Faults and
1881:Trollgarden
852:(1): 9–43.
705:10852/62957
430:: 275–295.
287:Precambrian
195:thrust over
191:allochthons
175:eclogitized
111:Caledonides
2291:Categories
2205:Norra Kärr
2060:Sääksjärvi
2030:Lappajärvi
1936:Structures
1816:Strandflat
1602:: 954–978.
910:(5): n/a.
735:: 281–298.
560:Terra Nova
401:References
310:Ordovician
240:Torneträsk
224:See also:
199:autochthon
155:Gondawanan
151:subduction
139:mega-annum
2173:provinces
2070:Suvasvesi
1663:: 44–57.
1639:128630362
1496:0040-1951
1474:CiteSeerX
1435:0016-7649
1413:CiteSeerX
1381:129082705
1373:0305-8719
1337:129115454
1329:0010-7999
1254:0301-9268
1203:0022-1376
1160:129740587
1152:0022-1376
934:0278-7407
904:Tectonics
882:128630362
874:0305-8719
831:0012-8252
784:128700588
776:0016-7649
714:0012-8252
654:0040-1951
596:129727506
588:0954-4879
545:0012-821X
496:0012-8252
452:1342-937X
298:Ediacaran
267:provinces
214:sinistral
91:Laurentia
41:Gondwanan
1843:Moraines
1542:55985869
1443:19071114
1211:59043758
1022:30 April
350:See also
344:Devonian
335:buoyancy
314:Silurian
306:Cambrian
80:Devonian
76:Silurian
44:terranes
33:Avalonia
29:Devonian
2171:igneous
2169:Lesser
2040:Lumparn
1694:Bibcode
1619:Bibcode
1522:Bibcode
1466:Bibcode
1405:Bibcode
1309:Bibcode
1234:Bibcode
1183:Bibcode
1132:Bibcode
1050:Bibcode
957:Bibcode
912:Bibcode
854:Bibcode
811:Bibcode
756:Bibcode
684:Bibcode
634:Bibcode
568:Bibcode
523:Bibcode
476:Bibcode
432:Bibcode
302:Vendian
283:windows
279:skollor
275:Swedish
252:bedrock
185:in the
181:of the
131:Rodinia
97:of the
87:Baltica
25:Acadian
2075:Tvären
2010:Dellen
1637:
1581:
1540:
1494:
1476:
1441:
1433:
1415:
1379:
1371:
1335:
1327:
1283:
1252:
1209:
1201:
1158:
1150:
1106:
1009:: 18.
932:
880:
872:
829:
782:
774:
712:
652:
594:
586:
543:
494:
450:
322:shield
316:-aged
271:nappes
206:nappes
50:, the
1635:S2CID
1538:S2CID
1439:S2CID
1377:S2CID
1333:S2CID
1207:S2CID
1156:S2CID
900:(PDF)
878:S2CID
780:S2CID
592:S2CID
377:Notes
294:units
193:were
2045:Mien
1579:ISBN
1492:ISSN
1431:ISSN
1369:ISSN
1325:ISSN
1281:ISBN
1250:ISSN
1199:ISSN
1148:ISSN
1104:ISBN
1024:2015
930:ISSN
870:ISSN
827:ISSN
772:ISSN
710:ISSN
650:ISSN
584:ISSN
541:ISSN
492:ISSN
448:ISSN
312:and
262:and
164:APWP
89:and
66:The
58:and
1702:doi
1665:doi
1661:692
1627:doi
1530:doi
1484:doi
1462:285
1423:doi
1401:163
1361:doi
1357:390
1317:doi
1273:doi
1242:doi
1230:110
1191:doi
1179:106
1140:doi
1128:106
1096:doi
1058:doi
1011:doi
965:doi
920:doi
862:doi
850:390
819:doi
807:113
764:doi
752:166
700:hdl
692:doi
680:114
642:doi
630:362
576:doi
531:doi
519:196
484:doi
440:doi
304:),
285:of
129:of
85:of
2293::
1700:.
1690:50
1688:.
1659:.
1633:.
1625:.
1565:;
1561:;
1550:^
1536:.
1528:.
1518:76
1516:.
1504:^
1490:.
1482:.
1472:.
1460:.
1437:.
1429:.
1421:.
1411:.
1399:.
1375:.
1367:.
1355:.
1331:.
1323:.
1315:.
1305:98
1303:.
1279:,
1248:.
1240:.
1228:.
1205:.
1197:.
1189:.
1177:.
1154:.
1146:.
1138:.
1126:.
1102:,
1056:.
1046:27
1044:.
1007:30
1005:.
999:.
977:^
963:.
953:29
951:.
928:.
918:.
908:29
906:.
902:.
876:.
868:.
860:.
848:.
825:.
817:.
805:.
801:.
778:.
770:.
762:.
750:.
733:82
731:.
708:.
698:.
690:.
678:.
674:.
662:^
648:.
640:.
628:.
590:.
582:.
574:.
564:13
562:.
539:.
529:.
517:.
513:.
490:.
482:.
472:40
470:.
446:.
438:.
428:36
426:.
408:^
308:,
277::
1752:e
1745:t
1738:v
1708:.
1704::
1696::
1671:.
1667::
1641:.
1629::
1621::
1587:.
1544:.
1532::
1524::
1498:.
1486::
1468::
1445:.
1425::
1407::
1383:.
1363::
1339:.
1319::
1311::
1275::
1256:.
1244::
1236::
1213:.
1193::
1185::
1162:.
1142::
1134::
1098::
1064:.
1060::
1052::
1026:.
1013::
971:.
967::
959::
936:.
922::
914::
884:.
864::
856::
833:.
821::
813::
786:.
766::
758::
716:.
702::
694::
686::
656:.
644::
636::
598:.
578::
570::
547:.
533::
525::
498:.
486::
478::
454:.
442::
434::
300:(
273:(
162:(
145:–
78:–
62:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
