Caesarea Maritima - Knowledge

658: 2803:"In the year 30 BCE the (Phoenician) village was awarded to Herod, who built a large port city at the site, and called it "Caesarea" in honor of his patron Octavian Augustus Caesar....The city transformed rapidly into a great commercial centre, and by the year 6 BCE became the headquarters of the Roman government in Palestine. Since Caesarea had no rivers or springs, drinking water for the prospering Roman and Byzantine city was brought via a unique high-level aqueduct, originating at the nearby Shuni springs, some 7.5 km northeast of Caesarea. Caesarea served as a base for the Roman legions who quelled the Great Revolt that erupted in 66 BCE , and it was here that their commanding general Vespasian was declared Caesar. After the destruction of Jerusalem, Caesarea became the most important city in the country: Pagans, Samaritans, Jews and Christians lived here in the third and fourth centuries CE. 1271: 1936: 1924: 2674:’s head of operations, opposed the destruction – but he was overruled. On 19–20 February, the Palmah’s Fourth Battalion demolished the houses. The 20-odd inhabitants who were found at the site were moved to safety and some of the troops looted the abandoned homes. A month later, the Arabs were still complaining to local Jewish mukhtars that their stolen money and valuables had not been returned. The Qisarya Arabs, according to Aharon Cohen, had ‘done all in their power to keep the peace . . . The villagers had supplied agricultural produce to Jewish Haifa and Hadera . . . The attack was perceived in Qisarya – and not only there – as an attempt by the Jews to force them (the Arabs) living in the Jewish area, to leave . . .’” 677: 1259: 1028: 701: 1761: 1429: 7872: 7757: 7742: 7717: 7707: 7692: 7682: 7642: 7632: 685: 67: 74: 693: 1417: 7892: 7179: 7024: 7797: 7787: 7777: 7767: 7672: 7662: 7652: 7609: 7599: 7589: 7579: 7569: 7882: 7722: 7468: 7398: 7381: 7349: 7319: 7174: 7108: 7086: 7071: 7061: 7046: 6970: 6943: 6899: 7530: 7518: 7501: 7489: 7452: 7435: 7419: 7392: 7365: 7313: 7291: 7264: 7222: 7210: 7168: 7156: 7134: 7097: 7040: 6998: 6981: 6964: 6937: 6915: 7922: 7546: 7297: 7270: 7194: 6948: 6921: 8221: 7860: 669: 7902: 7473: 7371: 7238: 7184: 7140: 7123: 7113: 7081: 7004: 858: 1283: 1960: 1948: 6348: 5556: 8175: 7935: 7912: 7189: 6341: 5621: 2965:

protective cape or bay. The project challenged Rome's most skilled engineers. Hydraulic concrete blocks, some weighing 50 short tons (45 t) anchored the north breakwater of the artificial harbour ... Caesarea Maritima, rival to Alexandria in the Eastern trade, a city worthy to be named for Herod's patron, Caesar Augustus, master of the Roman world, in view of its opulence and magnificence.

3055:, H. H. Ben-Sasson editor, 1976, page 247: "When Judea was converted into a Roman province , Jerusalem ceased to be the administrative capital of the country. The Romans moved the governmental residence and military headquarters to Caesarea. The centre of government was thus removed from Jerusalem, and the administration became increasingly based on inhabitants of the Hellenistic cities ( 47: 2087:(IAA), and others by Peter Gendelman and Jacob Sharvit on behalf of the IAA, Yosef Porath, Beverly Goodman, and Michal Artzy on behalf of University of Haifa. The site continued to be excavated as late as 2013. A new phase of exploration began in 2018 under the direction of Joseph L. Rife, Phillip Lieberman, and Peter Gendelman on behalf of Vanderbilt University and the IAA. 2026:

described the village remains: "Most of the houses have been demolished. The site has been excavated in recent years, largely by Italian, American, and Israeli teams, and turned into a tourist area. Most of the few remaining houses are now restaurants, and the village mosque has been converted into a

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town are still visible today, including the Crusader city, the city walls, the ruined citadel surrounded by the sea, and remains of the cathedral and a second church. Herod's Caesarea grew rapidly, in time becoming the largest city in Judaea, with an estimated population of 125,000 over an urban area

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Architects had to devise a way to lay the wooden forms for the placement of concrete underwater. One technique was to drive stakes into the ground to make a box and then fill it with pozzolana concrete bit by bit. However, this method required many divers to hammer the planks to the stakes underwater

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Oriens Christianus, in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus: quo exhibentur ecclesiæ, patriarchæ, cæterique præsules totius Orientis. Tomus tertius, Ecclesiam Maronitarum, Patriarchatum Hierosolymitanum, & quotquot fuerunt Ritûs Latini tam Patriarchæ quàm inferiores Præsules in quatuor Patriarchatibus

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i) Josephus, in his most formal reference to Caesarea Maritima, calls in "Caesarea Sebaste" (Ant. 16.136); i) Philo, in his only reference to Caesarea Maritima, calls it "Caesarea . . . surnamed Sebaste" (Leg. 305); and iii) both Josephus and the New Testament, as noted above (n. 9), frequently call

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Another technique was a double planking method used in the northern breakwater. On land, carpenters would construct a box with beams and frames on the inside and a watertight, double-planked wall on the outside. This double wall was built with a 23 cm (9 in) gap between the inner and outer

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is a hexagonal bowl made from Roma-era green glass, some 9 cm high and 33 cm across. It was seized and taken to Paris by Napoleon in 1805, and it was damaged when it was returned to Genoa in 1816. The object was not immediately identified as the Holy Grail. William of Tyre states that was

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Petersen, visiting the place in 1992, noted that the nineteenth-century houses were built in blocks, generally one story high (with the exception of the house of the governor.) Some houses on the western side of the village, near the sea, have survived. There were a number of mosques in the village

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joints, the same technique used in ancient boats, to ensure they remained watertight. The barges were ballasted with 0.5 meters of pozzolana concrete and floated out to their position. With alternating layers, pozzolana-based and lime-based concretes were hand-placed inside the barge to sink it and

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construction was used. The southern side of Sebastos was much more exposed than the northern side, requiring sturdier breakwaters. Instead of using the double planked method filled with rubble, the architects sank barges filled with layers of pozzolana concrete and lime sand mortar. The barges were

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Although the box had no bottom, it was buoyant enough to float out to sea because of the watertight space between the inner and outer walls. Once it was floated into position, pozzolana was poured into the gap between the walls and the box would sink into place on the seafloor and be staked down in

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2000 years ago, Caesarea Maritima welcomed ships to its harbour called Sebastos. Featuring innovative design and hydraulic concrete, this building feat set a standard for harbours to come. A monumental work, city and harbour were constructed on an unstable storm-battered shore, at a site lacking a

1693:, settled among the ruins of Caesarea, renaming it with the Arabic name of Qisarya. Using the ancient masonry found on site, the settlers constructed a modern town with spacious accommodations and broad intersecting streets, according to traditional Bosnian town-plans. The town had two mosques, a 2376:

The capital of Byzantine Palestine and of Palaestina Prima was Caesarea-Palaestina, 'Caesarea of Palestine' (von Suchem 1971: 7, 111; 2013; Gilman et al. 1905). This city was also called 'Caesarea by the Sea', or Caesarea Maritima. Since the creation of Israel in 1948 historians in the West have

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However, there were underlying problems that led to its demise. Studies of the concrete cores of the moles have shown that the concrete was much weaker than similar pozzolana hydraulic concrete used in ancient Italian ports. For unknown reasons, the pozzolana mortar did not adhere as well to the

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The pace of construction was impressive considering the project's size and complexity. At its height, Sebastos was one of the most impressive harbours of its time. It had been constructed on a coast that had no natural harbours and served as an important commercial harbour in antiquity, rivaling

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The city likely remained inhabited for some time under Arab rule, during the seventh and eighth century, albeit with much reduced population. Archaeological evidence shows a clear destruction layer identified with the conquest of 640, followed by some evidence of renewed settlement in the early

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While the name Caesarea was frequently used alone, various suffixes were also used to disambiguate it from the other cities in the Roman Empire that were also known as Caesarea. Caesarea-Palaestinae was the most common of these in the ancient texts, but fell out of use in contemporary academic

1586:, who ordered his troops to scale the walls in several places simultaneously, enabling them to penetrate the city. Baibars destroyed the fortified city completely to prevent its re-emergence as a Crusader stronghold, in line with the Mamluk practice in other formerly-Crusader coastal cities. 2094:

announced that about 2,000 gold coins dating back more than 1,000 years have been discovered. According to the researchers, this could be a large merchant ship trading with the coastal cities and ports in the Mediterranean and the coins could be for paying the salaries of the

1408:" in Caesarea in year 1047, "so situated that in its court you may sit and enjoy the view of all that is passing on the sea." This was converted into the church of St. Peter in Crusader times. A wall which may belong to this building has been identified in modern times. 766:

Cleopatra's harbour at Alexandria. Josephus wrote: "Although the location was generally unfavorable, contended with the difficulties so well that the solidity of the construction could not be overcome by the sea, and its beauty seemed finished off without impediment."

2649:, p. 129-130: "As we have seen, Haganah policy until the end of March was non-expulsive. But there were one or two local, unauthorised initiatives… And there was one authorised expulsion. The inhabitants of Qisarya, south of Haifa, lived and cultivated Jewish ( 2082:

published the archaeological findings of L.I. Levine and E. Netzer, during three seasons of excavations (1975, 1976 and 1979) at Caesarea. In 2010, archaeological surveys-excavations of the site were conducted by Dani Vaynberger and Carmit Gur on behalf of the

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connected to the Muslim conquest of the city. Some newer research posits that there was no destruction caused by the Persians in 614 and Muslim Arabs in 640, but rather a gradual economic decline accompanied by the Christian aristocracy fleeing from the city.

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Large-scale archaeological excavations began in the 1950s and 1960s and continue to this day, conducted by volunteers working under the supervision of archaeologists. The majority of the archaeological excavations are done by the United States and Israel.

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military garrison. The remains are now the property of the state. In January 2021, researchers re-examined the coins discovered in 2015 and they retrieved hundreds more. The coins with Arabic text on both sides were 24 carat gold and 95 percent purity.

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Also, large lumps of lime were found in all five of the cores studied at Caesarea, which shows that the mixture was not mixed thoroughly. However, stability would not have been seriously affected if the harbour had not been constructed over a

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In 70 CE, after the Jewish revolt was suppressed, games were held there to celebrate the victory of Titus. Many Jewish captives were brought to Caesarea; Kasher (1990) claims that 2,500 captives were "slaughtered in gladiatorial games".

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in 314 was a bishop of Caesarea named Agricolaus, who may have been the immediate predecessor of Eusebius, who does not mention him, or who may have been bishop of a different Caesarea. The immediate successors of Eusebius were

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rubble as it did to other rubble types used in Italian harbours. Small but numerous holes in some of the cores also indicate that the lime was of poor quality and stripped out of the mixture by strong waves before it could set.

1063:. He visited Caesarea between his second and third missionary journeys, and later, as mentioned, stayed several days there with Philip the Deacon. Later still, he was a prisoner there for two years before being sent to Rome. 3033:

Reinhardt, E., Goodman, B., Boyce, J., Lopez, G., Hengstum, P., Rink, W., Mart, Y., Raban, A. 2006. "The Tsunami of 13 December A.D. 115 and the Destruction of Herod the Great's Harbor at Caesarea Maritima, Israel." Geology

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describes it as "a fine city, with running waters, and palm-gardens, and orange and citron trees. Its walls are strong, and it has an iron gate. There are fountains that gush out within the city". This is in agreement with

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ambush of a bus that had just pulled out of Qisarya in which two Arabs died and eight were injured (one of the dead and several injured were from the village). The Haganah decided to occupy the site because the land was

2444:…Caesarea, not Jerusalem, was the provincial administrative capital. Denying any further administrative status to Caesarea, the Muslims transferred the center of provincial administration first to Lod and then to Ramla… 1358:

in Medina, where they were gathered and inspected on the Jurd Plain, a plain commonly used to assemble the troops of Medina before battle, with room for thousands of people, before they were distributed as war booty to

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George Menachery, 1987 in Kodungallur, City of St. Thomas, Azhikode, 1987, Chapter II note 19 quotes the National Geographic article: Robert L. Hohlfelder, "Caesarea Maritima, Herod the Great's City on the Sea".

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Although it is unknown if this tsunami simply damaged or completely destroyed the harbour, it is known that by the 6th century the harbour was unusable and today the jetties lie more than 5 meters underwater.

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Brandon, C., 1996, Cements, Concrete, and Settling Barges at Sebastos: Comparisons with Other Roman Harbor Examples and the Descriptions of Vitruvius, Caesarea Maritima: A Retrospective after Two Millennia,

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and, fearing that the British would force them to leave, decided to demolish the houses. This was done on 19–20 February, after the remaining residents were expelled and the houses were looted. According to

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In 1962, a team of Israeli and American archaeologists discovered in the sand of Caesarea three small fragments of one Hebrew stone inscription bearing the partial names of places associated with the

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Remains from many periods have been uncovered, in particular from the large city of the Roman and Byzantine periods, and from the fortified town of the Crusaders. Major Classical-era findings are the

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that runs along the coast. Seismic action gradually took its toll on the breakwaters, causing them to tilt down and settle into the seabed. Studies of seabed deposits at Caesarea have shown that a

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Hohlfelder, R. 2007. "Constructing the Harbour of Caesarea Palaestina, Israel: New Evidence from ROMACONS Field Campaign of October 2005". International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 36:409-415.

2653:) and Greek Orthodox church lands. One leading family evacuated the village on 10 January. Most of the population left – apparently for neighbouring Tantura – immediately after the 31 January 584:), "Sebaste" and "Stratonis". "Palestina" is the most common term used in ancient sources, but, since the creation of Israel in 1948, historians have tended to use the term less frequently. 1342:, claims there were "horrors committed in the city of Caesarea in Palestine", while al-Baladhuri merely states that Kaisariyyah/Cæsarea was "reduced", mentioning it as one of ten towns in 7972: 2139:

with an apse, where magistrates would have sat, for the structure was used as a hall of justice, as fragments of inscriptions detailing the fees that court clerks might claim attest.

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still claimed to be made of emerald by the Genoese in his day, some 70 years later, the implication being that emerald was thought to have miraculous properties of their own in

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began on 30 November 1947. In December 1947 a village notable, Tawfiq Kadkuda, approached local Jews in an effort to establish a non-belligerency agreement. The 31 January 1948

5597: 1473:(10.15) describes the use of catapults and siege towers, and states that the city was taken in an assault after fifteen days of siege and given over to looting and pillaging. 2606:

Archaeological literature in the 1970s seemed to favour complete abandonment in the 7th century, but this view has been corrected with further excavations in the 1980s. See

1210:, but were repaired subsequently by bishops of Caesarea. The library was mentioned in 6th century manuscripts but it may not have survived the capture of Caesarea in 640. 551:, who subsequently demolished its houses. The ruins of the ancient city beneath the depopulated village were excavated in the 1950s and 1960s for archaeological purposes. 9391: 3955:

Unde et usque hodie transeuntibus per eos magnatibus, vas idem quasi pro miraculo solent ostendere, persuadentes quod vere sit, id quod color esse indicat, smaragdus.

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dating from the 2nd-3rd century CE was uncovered in 2018, in the Caesarea National Park near a Crusader bridge. It contains the image of three male figures wearing

1310:. Seized and taken to Paris by Napoleon in 1805, it was damaged when it was returned to Genoa in 1816, which served to prove that it was made of glass, not emerald. 8210: 7965: 93: 1935: 9351: 2000:, the expulsion of the population had more to do with illegal Jewish immigration than the ongoing civil war. In the same month the 'Arab al Sufsafi and Saidun 5582: 2175:(the rest of which had been reconstructed), dated to the third-fourth centuries. The uniqueness of this discovery is that it shows the places of residence in 2015:

was established 1–2 kilometres (0.62–1.24 mi) to the north of the ruins of the old city, which in 2011 were incorporated into the newly created Caesarea

1404:'s description of the Crusaders' siege in 1101, mentioning catapults and siege engines used against the city fortifications. Nasir Khusraw noted a "beautiful 769:

When it was built in the 1st century BCE, the harbour of Sebastos ranked as the largest artificial harbour built in the open sea, enclosing around 100,000 m.

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Jews and Hellenistic Cities in Eretz-Israel: Relations of the Jews in Eretz-Israel with the Hellenistic Cities During the Second Temple Period (332 BCE-70CE)

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in 1099, the Crusaders proceeded to slaughter a portion of the male populace, enslave the women and children and loot the city. Baldwin spared the emir and

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Every five years, the city hosted major sports competitions, gladiator games, and theatrical productions in its theatre overlooking the Mediterranean Sea.

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Dynamics in the History of Religions Between Asia and Europe: Encounters, Notions, and Comparative Perspectives. (2012). Nederländerna: Brill. p. 180-181

4081: 657: 6104: 2547:), which flourished during the 3d to 1st c. B.C. This small harbor was situated on the N part of the site. Herod dedicated the new town and its port ( 9396: 8806: 4639: 3043:

Raban, A., 1992, Sebastos: the royal harbour at Caesarea Maritima - a short-lived giant, International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 21: 111-124.

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Raban, A., 1992. Sebastos: the royal harbour at Caesarea Maritima - a short-lived giant, International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 21: 111-124.

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attack on a bus leaving Qisarya, which killed two and injured six people, precipitated an evacuation of most of the population, who fled to nearby

1923: 1725:, is described as a simple stone building with a red-tiled roof and a cylindrical minaret. In 1992 it was used as a restaurant and as a gift shop. 9366: 8847: 7162: 1901:

The Muslim village declined in economic importance and many of Qisarya's Muslim inhabitants left in the mid-1940s, when the British extended the

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A population list from about 1887 showed that Caesarea had 670 inhabitants, in addition to 265 Muslim inhabitants, who were noted as "Bosniaks".

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in the nineteenth century, but only one ("The Bosnian mosque") has survived. This mosque, located at the southern end of the city, next to the

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of Caesarea, demanding him to surrender the city or face a siege, but the Muslims refuse. On May 2, 1101, Baldwin began sieging the city with

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Archaeology in the 'Land of Tells and Ruins': A History of Excavations in the Holy Land Inspired by the Photographs and Accounts of Leo Boer

1182:, an avid collector of books of Scripture, the theological school of Caesarea won a reputation for having the most extensive ecclesiastical 878: 8203: 4498: 2016: 1270: 5007:

The Origins of the Islamic State: Being a Translation from the Arabic, Accompanied with Annotations, Geographic and Historic Notes of the

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for a hefty ransom. Baldwin appointed a cleric veteran of the First Crusade, also named Baldwin, as the new Latin archbishop of Caesarea.

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annexed the region, it was declared an autonomous city. It was then significantly enlarged in the Roman period by the Judaean client king

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In 2005 excavators found a well-preserved 6th-century panel covered in an exquisite mosaic made of glass gold and coloured opaque glass

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offices. Qisarya attracted high-ranking Bosnian functionaries who established estates near Qisarya. The town was declared the seat of a

9401: 7981: 7737: 7667: 4614: 1290:, a hexagonal bowl made from green Egyptian glass, c. 9 cm high and 33 cm across, possibly brought from Caesarea to Genoa by 731:, and imposing public buildings. Herod built his palace on a promontory jutting out into the sea, with a decorative pool surrounded by 2974:

Votruba, G. 2007. "Imported Building Materials of Sebastos Harbour, Israel." International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 36:325-335.

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Votruba, G., 2007, Imported building materials of Sebastos Harbour, Israel, International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 36: 325-335.

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tended to avoid referring to the historic name of the Palestinian city, Caesarea-Palaestina, and use only the name Caesarea Maritima.

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the corners. The flooded inside area was then filled by divers bit by bit with pozzolana-lime mortar and kurkar rubble until it rose

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The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R.E.

5127: 4335: 6786: 5698: 5660: 4323: 4311: 1183: 1012: 2159:. It is one of the few extant examples of mosaics from that specific time period in Israel. The mosaic measures 3.5 × 8 784:, a type of volcanic ash, set into an underwater concrete. Herod imported over 24,000 m of pozzolana from the name-giving town of 66: 9381: 9341: 8196: 1760: 516:), lost its status as provincial capital. After being re-fortified by Muslim rulers in the 11th century, it was conquered by the 902:, as, by this time, the majority of the inhabitants were non-Jewish. The city was chiefly a commercial centre relying on trade. 9431: 6097: 4376: 4203:"Hadera: transnational migrations from Eastern Europe to Ottoman Palestine and the glocal origins of the Zionist-Arab conflict" 1798: 1334:(d. 892), the fall of the city was allegedly the result of the betrayal of a certain Yusef, who conducted a party of troops of 4360: 9406: 5545: 5245: 5179: 5151: 5076: 4899: 4460: 4416: 4282: 3850: 3511: 3460: 3435: 3271: 3098: 2995: 2829: 2772: 2738: 2619: 2430: 2400: 2369: 5444:

Ulrich Jasper Seetzen's Reisen durch Syrien, Palästina, Phönicien, die Transjordan-länder, Arabia Petraea und Unter-Aegypten

4041:"Ancient coastal wells of Caesarea Maritima, Israel, an indicator for relative sea level changes during the last 2000 years" 1354:'s leadership during the 630s. After the fall of Caesarea, 4,000 "heads" (captives), men, women and children, were sent to 4828: 1231:, with ecclesiastical jurisdiction over Jerusalem, when rebuilt after the destruction in the year 70. In 451, however, the 5668: 9441: 5691: 4040: 3957:) The first explicit claim identifying the bowl with the Holy Grail (the vessel used in the Last Supper) is found in the 1519: 975:

of 66 CE was provoked by Greeks of a certain merchant house in Caesarea sacrificing birds in front of a local synagogue.

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As the city was the capital first of all Palestine , then of Palaestina Prima , the άpxov and his officium resided there

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William of Tyre mentions (10.16) the discovery of a "vessel of the most green colour, in the shape of a serving dish" (

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in 30 BCE. The pagan city underwent vast changes under Herod, who renamed it Caesarea in honour of the Roman emperor,

6090: 5524: 5466: 5382: 5331: 5286: 5041: 4940: 4027: 3691: 3598: 3571: 3247: 3226: 3137: 3117: 2470: 2326: 2128: 1360: 913:, by whose order Jesus was crucified. It is likely Pilate used it as a base, and only went to Jerusalem when needed. 791:

A shipment of this size would have required at least 44 shiploads of 400 tons each. Herod also had 12,000 m of local

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By the 11th century, it appears that the town had once again been developed into a fortified city. Writing in 1047,

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into the city. The city appears to have been partially destroyed upon its conquest. The 7th-century Coptic bishop

716:. Caesarea was known as the administrative, economic, and cultural capital of the Judean province from this time. 9032: 5673: 5033: 2706: 2666:

feared that the British might eject them. The commanders asked headquarters for permission to level the village.

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fortified the city, ordering the construction of high walls (parts of which are still standing) and a deep moat.

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Caesarea remained the provincial capital throughout the 5th and 6th centuries. It fell to Sassanid Persia in the

1067: 676: 638:. Straton's Tower remained a Jewish settlement for two more generations, until the area became dominated by the 8151: 8022: 5602: 5204: 5116: 4975: 4962: 4874: 2712: 2341:

Caesarea Maritima, more commonly Caesarea Palestine in the ancient texts, was a foundation of Herod the Great.

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In 2018, a significant hoard of 24 gold coins and a gold earring was unearthed and tentatively dated to 1101.

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and is, according to its excavators, "of a rare high quality" comparable to that of Israel's finest examples.

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rebuilt in the 2nd century as a more conventional theatre; the Tiberieum, where archaeologists found a reused

9386: 8220: 5256: 2395:. Documenta et monumenta orientis antiqui / Documenta et monumenta orientis antiqui. E.J.Brill. p. 578. 1315: 788:

in Italy, to construct the two breakwaters: the southern one 500 meter, and the northern one 275 meter long.

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of the harbour between 22 and 15 BCE, and in 10/9 BCE he dedicated the city and harbour to Emperor Augustus (

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was in danger in Jerusalem, the Christians there accompanied him to Caesarea and sent him off to his native

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still has a metropolitan see in Caesarea, currently occupied by metropolitan Basilios Blatsos, since 1975.

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was richly paved and surrounded by small radiating enclosures. Archaeologists have recovered some foliate

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The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Corpus: Volume 1, A-K (excluding Acre and Jerusalem)

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captured Straton's Tower as part of his policy of developing the shipbuilding industry and enlarging the

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Histoire de Jérusalem et d'Hébron depuis Abraham jusqu'à la fin du XVe siècle de J.-C.: Fragments de la

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Porath, Yosef; Epstein, Mindi; Friedman, Zaraza; Michaeli, Talila (2013). Hurowitz, Ann Roshwalb (ed.).

1909:, with Qisarya's population composition 930 Muslims and 30 Christians in 1945. In 1944/45 a total of 18 9436: 9426: 9361: 6753: 5992: 5974: 5496: 5480: 5351:

Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the Year 1838

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Birth of Christianity: Discovering What Happened in the Years Immediately After the Execution of Christ

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Research Fellow Truman Institute Benny Morris; Benny Morris; Morris Benny (2004). Charles Tripp (ed.).

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Research Fellow Truman Institute Benny Morris; Benny Morris; Morris Benny (2004). Charles Tripp (ed.).

4248: 2180: 2079: 972: 3721:, 1916). The archaeological stratum representing the destruction is analyzed in Cherie Joyce Lentzen, 9346: 8224: 6071: 5341: 4448: 4404: 3373: 2556: 2251:

Since 2000, the site of Caesarea is included in the "Tentative List of World Heritage Places" of the

2040: 1917:, while 108 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards, while 111 dunams were built-up (urban) land. 1453: 1294:

in 1101. Described as an object with miraculous properties in 12th-century literature, including the

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The first bishops considered historically attested are those mentioned by the early church historian

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as its civilian and military capital and became the official residence of its governors, such as the

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in the region. The city was populated throughout the 1st to 6th centuries CE and became an important

495: 24: 4663: 2075:; a boundary wall; and a 200 ft (60 m) wide moat protecting the harbour to the south and west. 1055:

and his household, the first time Christian baptism was conferred on Gentiles. When newly converted

996:. Caesarea was one of four Roman colonies for veteran Roman soldiers in the Syria-Phoenicia region. 9082: 8027: 7647: 6991: 6798: 5578: 4905:

The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology

2733:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1 The Near and Middle East (in Latin). Brill. p. 247. 2196: 1906: 1885: 1865: 1596: 1590: 1579: 1258: 567:

were used to differentiate the location from these other locations; these include "Palestina" ("of

525: 2787:

Caesarea Maritima plain "Caesarea," which shows it is comparable to "Frankfurt" and not to "York."

700: 7066: 6772: 6542: 6422: 5631: 5237: 4299: 4164: 2958: 1667: 1247: 1172: 1100: 1088: 1052: 983: 662: 7871: 7756: 7741: 7716: 7706: 7691: 7681: 7641: 7631: 2497:

Duane W. Roller; Robert L. Hohlfelder (1983). "The Problem of the Location of Straton's Tower".

1959: 1616:

in 1516, along with the rest of the Levant, and remained under Ottoman rule for four centuries.

1428: 352: 9416: 8917: 7915: 6386: 4895: 4522:"Society Biblical Archaeology | Israel Exploration Society | החברה לחקירות ארץ ישראל" 2987:

Caesarea Maritima I: Herod's circus and related buildings Part 1: Architecture and stratigraphy

2212: 2044: 2012: 1947: 1690: 1474: 1437: 870: 773: 724: 398: 378: 52: 20: 6926: 5654: 5474: 4450: 4406: 3840: 3800: 3710: 3698: 3501: 3279: 3072: 2867: 2762: 2728: 2609: 2390: 1027: 684: 8791: 8238: 7950: 5569: 5438: 5355: 5171: 4388: 4260: 3966: 3919: 3588: 3197: 3105: 2684: 2654: 2460: 2420: 2359: 1980: 1869: 1627: 1351: 1179: 1040: 838: 544: 531:

Qisarya was a small fishing village in the early modern period. In February 1948, during the

421: 5506: 4059: 1498:, and accepted as their share of the spoils. This refers to the hexagonal bowl known as the 650:

Caesarea was built in Roman-ruled Judea under the Jewish client king Herod the Great during

9027: 8857: 8732: 8388: 8297: 7865: 7529: 7517: 7500: 7488: 7451: 7434: 7418: 7391: 7364: 7334: 7312: 7290: 7263: 7221: 7209: 7167: 7155: 7133: 7118: 7096: 7039: 6997: 6980: 6963: 6936: 6914: 5879: 5649: 5057:

Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500

4926: 4722:

Avi-Yonah, Michael (1964). "The Caesarea Inscription of the Twenty-Four Priestly Courses".

4615:"Archaeology breakthrough: Shipwreck treasure 'so valuable it's priceless' found in Israel" 4574: 4558: 4542: 4055: 3725:(Drew University 1983), noted by Meyer 1999:381 note 23. See also: Al-Baladhuri, 1916, pp. 2265: 2112:

of the Roman and Byzantine city south of the Crusader wall and close to the sea, along the

2072: 1523: 1516: 1263: 1232: 1166: 1136: 1111: 1036: 808: 758: 564: 517: 9047: 4108:"Die muslimische Strategie der Schleifung fränkischer Festungen und Städte in der Levante" 1593:

period, the ruins of ancient Caesarea and of the Crusader fortified town lay uninhabited.

1452:. After fifteen days of resistance, the Crusader army broke through the defenses. Like in 8: 8582: 8179: 8105: 7885: 6953: 5418: 5349: 5220: 5216: 5193: 5055: 5005: 4903: 4780:, Haaretz, The Associated Press and Nadav Shragai, 28 January 2008, accessed 23 June 2019 3962: 3714: 2109: 2005: 1786: 1781: 1457: 1307: 1206:

types. The collections of the library suffered during the persecutions under the Emperor

1199: 1132: 1123: 692: 211: 5503:

Reconsidering Eusebius: Collected papers on literary, historical, and theological issues

5087: 2575:." A. Negev, "CAESAREA MARITIMA Palestine, Israel" in: Richard Stillwell et al. (eds.), 2535:"Founded in the years 22-10 or 9 B.C. by Herod the Great, close to the ruins of a small 1599:, writing around 1300, noted that Kaisariyyah belonged to the Kingdom of Ghazza (Gaza). 1530:

was established, with ten archbishops listed for the period 1101–1266 (treated as

8971: 8602: 8218: 7939: 7762: 7687: 6221: 6203: 6167: 6139: 5766: 5501:

Joseph Patrich, "Caesarea in the Time of Eusebius" in S. Inowlocki, C. Zemagni (eds.),

5489: 5485: 5001: 4727: 4704: 4651: 4230: 3718: 3652: 3644: 3534: 3150: 3001: 2847: 2701: 2518: 2510: 1902: 1557: 1505: 1480: 1421: 1291: 1092: 940: 631: 627:(r. 365-352 BCE). It was first established as a Phoenician colony and trading village. 568: 532: 4991: 4801: 4587: 3723:

The Byzantine/Islamic Occupation of Caesarea Maritima as Evidenced Through the Pottery

1416: 9218: 9101: 8429: 8393: 8141: 8136: 7891: 7875: 7772: 7604: 7584: 7178: 7023: 6518: 6402: 6239: 5541: 5520: 5462: 5422: 5378: 5327: 5306: 5282: 5274:

The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A–K (Excluding Acre and Jerusalem)

5241: 5175: 5165: 5147: 5112: 5072: 5037: 5025:

All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948

4936: 4870: 4863: 4466: 4456: 4422: 4412: 4234: 4222: 4148: 4023: 3890: 3856: 3846: 3687: 3656: 3594: 3567: 3507: 3456: 3431: 3410: 3267: 3243: 3222: 3133: 3113: 3094: 2991: 2835: 2825: 2768: 2734: 2625: 2615: 2568: 2522: 2466: 2426: 2396: 2365: 2332: 2322: 2114: 2096: 1491: 1385: 1319: 1275: 1223:

During the Byzantine period, Caesarea became the capital of the new province of

1187: 1048: 993: 820: 635: 600: 596: 472: 1548:

retook the city in 1187, but it was once again captured by the Crusaders during the

1122:(c. 189), of a Theoctistus (216–258), a short-lived Domnus and a Theotecnus, and an 1060: 795:

stone quarried to make rubble and 12,000 m of slaked lime mixed with the pozzolana.

448:. Today, the site is part of the Caesarea National Park, on the western edge of the 9189: 9138: 9062: 8673: 8313: 8065: 7881: 7796: 7786: 7782: 7776: 7766: 7721: 7671: 7661: 7651: 7608: 7598: 7588: 7578: 7568: 7467: 7397: 7380: 7348: 7318: 7173: 7107: 7085: 7070: 7060: 7045: 6969: 6942: 6898: 6513: 6452: 6381: 5848: 5715: 5302:

Secular Buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: An Archaeological Gazetteer

4214: 4119: 4063: 4018:

Kenneth G. Holum, "The Archaeology of Caesarea Maritima", in Bart Wagemakers, ed.,

3743: 3636: 3448: 3056: 2502: 2172: 2125: 1913:

of Muslim village land was used for citrus and bananas, 1,020 dunums were used for

1228: 1224: 1056: 1044: 988: 917: 433: 429: 270: 215: 170: 7921: 7545: 7296: 7269: 7193: 6947: 6920: 6810: 5089:

Travels Through Cyprus, Syria, and Palestine: With a General History of the Levant

4987: 4885: 4218: 3540:

Travels through Cyprus, Syria, and Palestine: with a General History of the Levant

1639: 1339: 8631: 8541: 8506: 8110: 8017: 7905: 7441: 7285: 6467: 6412: 6270: 6113: 5980: 5903: 5748: 5736: 5535: 5514: 5456: 5372: 5368: 5321: 5300: 5272: 5141: 5106: 5066: 5029: 5023: 4930: 4678:"Rare Greek inscription and colorful 1,800-year-old mosaic uncovered at Caesarea" 3950: 3906: 3681: 3403: 3399: 3261: 3194: 3088: 2805: 2552: 2269:, book by Eusebius recounting the story of Christian martyrs executed in Caesarea 2216: 2064: 2048: 1671: 1643: 1620: 1564: 1553: 1470: 1464: 1401: 1299: 1191: 1127: 1000: 960: 888: 777: 713: 709: 484: 425: 389: 369: 5129:

Census of Palestine 1931: Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas

4202: 3447:

Since 1965, the holder of the titular see within the Melkite Catholic Church is

1630:

saw "Káisserérie" as a ruin occupied by some poor fishermen and their families.

440:

650 years, and a major intellectual hub of the Mediterranean, from the time of

9284: 8966: 8902: 8852: 8816: 8762: 8572: 8434: 8042: 7925: 7536: 7376: 7145: 7051: 6640: 6152: 6047: 5683: 5677: 5102: 5051: 4067: 3677: 3497: 3156: 2156: 2068: 1898:, was established 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) south of the Muslim town in 1940. 1771: 1663: 1659: 1613: 1432:

The ruins of a side apse and the main apse of St. Peter's Cathedral in Caesarea

1147:

gives much information about all of these and about later bishops of Caesarea.

1104: 910: 881: 476: 8372: 4470: 4426: 4124: 4107: 3979: 3860: 3355: 2839: 2705: 2629: 1303: 719:

In 22 BCE, Herod began construction of a deep-sea harbour named Sebastos (see

9330: 9229: 8992: 8723: 8703: 8562: 8537: 7732: 7677: 7657: 7564: 7014: 6646: 6447: 6229: 6053: 5891: 5664: 5296: 5268: 5019: 4226: 3414: 2667: 2132: 2023: 1549: 1441: 1405: 1396: 1389: 1368: 1347: 1343: 1203: 668: 138: 125: 7727: 4521: 3005: 2985: 2336: 1388:. The area remained well farmed from the Rashidun Caliphate through to the 9224: 9214: 9097: 8932: 8752: 8748: 8511: 8486: 8414: 8253: 7747: 7574: 7425: 7408: 6676: 6556: 6477: 6117: 6082: 6059: 5885: 5452: 5161: 5137: 3240:

Judaea in Hellenistic and Roman Times: Historical and Archaeological Essays

3218: 3110:

Studying the historical Jesus: evaluations of the state of current research

2819: 2204: 2060: 1997: 1694: 1509: 1500: 1331: 1236: 1081: 944: 916:

The city was described in detail by the 1st-century Roman Jewish historian

906: 862: 639: 620: 464: 449: 229: 185: 111: 4165:

Seetzen, Ulrich Jasper: Ulrich Jasper Seetzen's Reisen durch Syrien. p. 80

2943:

Holum, K. 1988. King Herod's Dream: Caesarea on the Sea. New York: Norton.

1905:

which bypassed the shallow-draft port. Qisarya had a population of 960 in

1888:

to 706; 19 Christians, 4 Druse and 683 Muslims, in a total of 143 houses.

654:

22-10/9 BCE near the ruins of the small naval station of Straton's Tower.

9184: 8996: 8617: 8607: 8353: 8337: 8333: 7458: 7403: 7275: 7128: 7029: 6280: 6185: 6147: 5921: 3771: 2090:

In February 2015, marine archaeologists and diving club members from the

1698: 1531: 1483:(born ca. 1126) records that the city was "devastated upon its capture". 1355: 1239:, with Caesarea as the first of its three subordinate metropolitan sees. 1162: 1080:

and other exegetical and theological works while living in Caesarea. The

939:

According to Josephus, Caesarea was the scene in 26 CE of a major act of

857: 572: 502:

during the Byzantine period. Its importance may have waned following the

166: 8953: 8821: 7901: 7472: 7370: 7237: 7183: 7139: 7122: 7112: 7080: 7003: 6724: 4996:(in French). Vol. 2: Samarie, pt. 2. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale. 4731: 4708: 4561:, Survey Permit # A-5949, Survey Permit # G-10, and Survey Permit # G-25 4112:

Burgen und Schlösser - Zeitschrift für Burgenforschung und Denkmalpflege

9194: 9158: 9153: 8891: 8496: 8348: 8247: 8126: 8095: 7524: 7253: 6326: 6303: 5873: 5855: 4695:

Avi-Yonah, Michael (1962). "A List of Priestly Courses from Caesarea".

3648: 2514: 2179:

of the priestly courses, places presumably resettled by Jews after the

2120: 2108:

A large compound, located in the archaeologists' Area CC, in the first

2052: 1984: 1578:

The city was finally recovered in 1265, when it was reconquered by the

1335: 1207: 895: 520:, who strengthened and made it into an important port, and was finally 483:, who established a new harbour and dedicated the town and its port to 4138:

Roger, 1664; cited in Ringel 1975, 174; cited in Petersen, 2001, p.129

2166: 1623:

families, and 7–8 Jewish ones. In the 18th century it again declined.

9315: 9310: 9300: 9209: 9107: 9086: 8937: 8897: 8842: 8622: 8450: 8308: 8278: 8243: 8075: 8070: 8012: 8002: 7702: 7507: 7302: 7150: 6987: 6550: 6493: 6157: 5933: 5345: 4993:

Description géographique, historique et archéologique de la Palestine

4820: 3739: 2560: 2536: 2056: 1678: 1675: 1449: 1282: 1096: 955: 948: 931:. Remains of the principal buildings erected by Herod as well as the 874: 781: 460: 233: 225: 9092: 9051: 8547: 6347: 5231: 4775: 3838: 3640: 3090:

Archaeology and the Galilean Jesus: a re-examination of the evidence

2506: 1227: in 390. As the capital of the province, Caesarea was also the 723:) and built storerooms, markets, wide roads, baths, a temple to the 9274: 9077: 9016: 9012: 8912: 8872: 8837: 8785: 8768: 8586: 8577: 8357: 8327: 8318: 8268: 8161: 8090: 8037: 7934: 7495: 7386: 7103: 6795: 6671: 6597: 6432: 6308: 6298: 6288: 6262: 6211: 6175: 6011: 5986: 5909: 5867: 4805: 3409:(in Latin). Paris: Ex Typographia Regia. coll. 529-574, 1285-1290. 3179: 2496: 2232: 2136: 1881: 1144: 1140: 1119: 932: 785: 752: 728: 563:

was frequently used alone for the subject of this article, various

521: 9042: 9022: 8368: 5555: 2155:, geometric patterns, as well as a largely damaged inscription in 2067:

the only archaeological find bearing his name and title; a double

943:

to protest against Pilate's order to plant eagle standards on the

861:

The Roman double aqueduct that brought water from the foot of the

539:, some of its population fled following an attack on a bus by the 9278: 9269: 9254: 9244: 9204: 9179: 9133: 9071: 9067: 8927: 8907: 8881: 8867: 8861: 8713: 8693: 8683: 8678: 8642: 8637: 8592: 8556: 8552: 8491: 8423: 8378: 8323: 8287: 8283: 8262: 8258: 8174: 8156: 8100: 8080: 8060: 7989: 7712: 7637: 7619: 7594: 7076: 6975: 6764: 6718: 6687: 6634: 6614: 6498: 6427: 6407: 6371: 6029: 5968: 5962: 5956: 5939: 5915: 5838: 5832: 5814: 5796: 5790: 5730: 4724:

Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies

3747: 3334: 2671: 2663: 2184: 2176: 2001: 1988: 1893: 1877: 1706: 1655: 1651: 1583: 1545: 1495: 1114:, himself a bishop of the see in the 4th century. He speaks of a 1076: 924: 899: 885: 842: 548: 540: 480: 441: 7997: 7911: 7188: 6340: 3323: 3312: 3301: 3290: 9305: 9259: 9249: 9233: 9198: 9163: 9148: 9143: 9057: 8975: 8961: 8922: 8877: 8811: 8698: 8687: 8658: 8481: 8460: 8419: 8398: 8382: 8363: 8343: 8303: 8146: 8085: 7827: 7556: 7228: 6904: 6881: 6861: 6821: 6710: 6699: 6693: 6628: 6603: 6584: 6573: 6537: 6508: 6503: 6472: 6457: 6356: 6318: 6041: 5897: 5861: 5826: 5784: 5754: 5742: 5620: 3169:

Antiquities of the Jews XVII:III:1,2,3. The Jewish War II:IX:3.

2252: 2220: 2160: 2148: 1914: 1873: 1847: 1722: 1686: 1467:

control between 1101 and 1187 and again between 1191 and 1265.

1327: 1195: 1071: 928: 923:

Josephus describes the harbour as being as large as the one at

909:, the only archaeological item that mentions the Roman prefect 829: 792: 661:

Roman and medieval ruins in "Kaisarieh", drawn for the 1871-77

494:

During the early Roman period, Caesarea became the seat of the

453: 101: 51:

The ruins of Caesarea Maritima, with the modern resort town of

7980: 2730:

Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, Volume Two: -B-C-

2555:. During the Early Roman period, Caesarea was the seat of the 2203:

and sited directly upon the podium that had supported Herod's

1043:, who later had a house there in which he gave hospitality to 324: 294: 9263: 9239: 9128: 9123: 9036: 9006: 9002: 8795: 8718: 8663: 8627: 8612: 8597: 8566: 8515: 8501: 8465: 8293: 8272: 8052: 7807: 7792: 7752: 7478: 7354: 7324: 7243: 7216: 7199: 7009: 6841: 6665: 6657: 6592: 6567: 6462: 6442: 6417: 6293: 6252: 6023: 6017: 6005: 5999: 5844: 5820: 5778: 5772: 5760: 4887:

Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922

3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3627: 3543:. Vol. I. Dublin: Printed for P. Byrne. pp. 399–400 2983: 2607: 1910: 1822: 1377: 815: 747: 624: 588: 576: 536: 468: 3623:"Archaeological Evidence for the Fall of Byzantine Caesarea" 2767:. WissUNT Neuen Testament Series. J.C.B. Mohr. p. 171. 2422:

The History of Jerusalem: The Early Muslim Period (638-1099)

2412: 2319:

Caesarea Maritima : a retrospective after two millennia

2103: 1991:

then occupied the village because the land was owned by the

420:, was an ancient and medieval port city on the coast of the 8887: 8801: 8727: 8708: 8668: 8455: 8032: 8007: 7627: 7344: 6681: 6622: 6437: 5236:. British Academy Monographs in Archaeology). Vol. 1. 4588:"Israeli divers chance upon 'priceless' treasure on seabed" 2563:, proclaimed emperor at Caesarea, raised it to the rank of 2152: 1445: 732: 595:

also referred to a number of cities in the region, notably

424:, and later a small fishing village. It was the capital of 309: 297: 285: 279: 46: 5411: