578:
590:
530:
614:
542:
602:
494:
482:
506:
376:
566:
518:
626:
470:
554:
447:." that must have been covered with a rich blue glaze. The Austrian archeologists have determined that Nebuchadnezzar's ziggurat encased the ruins of a smaller tower from the second millennium BC. When it was completed it reached a height of 70 meters, in seven terraces; even in ruin it still stands a striking 52 meters over the perfectly flat plain. An inscribed foundation stone has been recovered, which details Nebuchadnezzar's plan to have the Borsippa ziggurat built on the same design as that at Babylon, of which only the foundation survives. Nebuchadnezzar declared that Nabu's tower would reach the skies, another inscription states. The reconstruction under the patronage of Bel-Marduk is summarized on a cylinder in
52:
45:
427:
baked bricks (or
Kassite and Neo-Babylonian origin) bringing the structure up to 78 by 78 meters. The mantle was covered by a layer of baked bricks bonded by bitumen. Reeds, ropes, and wooden beams were used to bond the layers together. It was found that the ziggurat had been partially hollowed out in Parthian times. Tablets of the
577:
978:
Waerzeggers, Caroline, "The dispersal history of the
Borsippa archives", in H.D. Baker and M. Jursa (eds.), Approaching the Babylonian Economy: Proceedings of the START Project Symposium Held in Vienna, 1-3 July 2004 (Alter Orient und Altes Testament 330; Veröffentlichungen zur Kultur und Geschichte
715:
Michalowski, Piotr, "The Royal
Letters in Their Historical Setting 3: Ur, Isin, Kazallu, and the Final Decades of the Ur III State (Letters 21–24)", The Correspondence of the Kings of Ur: An Epistolary History of an Ancient Mesopotamian Kingdom, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp.
426:
led by Helga Piesl-Trenkwalder and
Wilfred Allinger-Csollich excavated for sixteen seasons at the site. Early work concentrated on the large ziggurat E-ur-imin-an-ki and later on the Nabu temple. Examinination determined that the ziggurat had a 60 by 60 meter core of unbaked brinks with a mantle of
865:
Robson, Eleanor, "The Socio-Economics of
Cuneiform Scholarship after the ‘End of Archives’: Views from Borsippa and Uruk", At the Dawn of History: Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of J. N. Postgate, edited by Yağmur Heffron, Adam Stone and Martin Worthington, University Park, USA: Penn State
589:
529:
261:. One of the rebelling cities mentioned in his inscriptions was BAR.KI which some researchers have taken as Borsippa, though this has been challenged. If it was Borsippa, then Ilum-dan was governor (ENSI) of the city at that time and Dannum was the "captain" (NU.BANDA).
1036:
Berhi, Fatima Z., and Osamah S. Al-Saadi, "Electrical
Resistivity Synthetic Modeling and Field Survey for Subsurface Features Investigation of the Borsippa Archaeological Site, Babylon Governorate, Middle Iraq", The Iraqi Geological Journal, vol. 57, no. 1F, pp. 33-46,
678:
Frayne, Douglas R. and
Stuckey, Johanna H., "M", A Handbook of Gods and Goddesses of the Ancient Near East: Three Thousand Deities of Anatolia, Syria, Israel, Sumer, Babylonia, Assyria, and Elam, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 198-218,
613:
541:
601:
735:
Michalowski, Piotr, "Puzur-Numušda to Ibbi-Sin 1 (PuIb1, 3.1.19, A3, RCU 21)", The
Correspondence of the Kings of Ur: An Epistolary History of an Ancient Mesopotamian Kingdom, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 439-462,
493:
438:
tablets have originated at
Borsippa and have turned up on the black market with the first large, around 2000, group of tablets being sold to the British Museum in 1894-1900. Archives began to be published in the 1980s. An inscription of
505:
481:
565:
517:
625:
1024:
Kareem, Hamza A., and Najah A. Abd, "Detection of subsurface archaeological features using the GPR method with a 250 MHz antenna in
Borsippa site, Babylon, Iraq", Iraqi Journal of Science, vol. 65, no. 7, pp. 3788-3795,
1012:
Kareem, Hamza A., and Najah A. Abd, "Comparing the Frequencies of 450 Mhz and 750 Mhz using GPR in Investigating Archaeological Features in (Borsippa) Site, Babylon, Iraq", Iraqi Journal of Science 65.3, pp. 1412-1422,
767:
Brinkman, J. A., "Babylonia under the Kassites: Some Aspects for Consideration", Volume 1 Karduniaš. Babylonia under the Kassites 1, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 1-44,
469:
725:
Reichel, Clemens, "Centre and Periphery–The Role of the ‘Palace of the Rulers’ at Tell Asmar in the History of Ešnunna (2,100–1,750 BCE)", Journal of the Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies 11, pp. 29-53,
1060:
Harviainen, Tapani, "An Aramaic Incantation Bowl from Borsippa. Another specimen of Eastern Aramaic" koiné". Appendix: A Cryptographic bowl text or an original fake?", Studia Orientalia Electronica 51,
553:
222:
due to Nebuchadnezzar referring to it as the Tower of Borsippa or tongue tower, as stated in the stele recovered on site in the 19th century. However, modern scholarship concludes that the
942:
W. Allinger-Csollich, "Birs Nimrud I. Die Baukörper der Ziqqurat von Borsippa, ein Vorbericht", Baghdader Mitteilungen (BaM). Gbr. Mann, Berlin, vol. 22, pp. 383-499, 1991, ISSN 0418-9698
280:. An alternative reading of that text makes Puzur-Tutu governor of Bad-Ziabba, which may or may not be Borsippa, and has Išbi-Erra returning his city to Puzur-Tutu after his vistory.
337:. Borsippa was dependent upon Babylon and was never the seat of a regional power. From the ninth century BC, Borsippa was on the borderland south of which lay the tribal "houses" of
1072:
Kosmin, Paul, "Seeing Double in Seleucid Babylonia: Rereading the Borsippa Cylinder of Antiochus I", Patterns of the Past: Epitēdeumata in the Greek Tradition, pp. 173-198, 2014
268:(c. 2028–2004 BC) it is known that the governor of Borsippa (and nearby Babylon) was Puzur-Tutu. These are the closing years of the Ur III empire. A text from the ruler of
825:
Henry C. Rawlinson, "On the Birs Nimrud, or the Great Temple of Borsippa", The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 18, pp. 1-34, 1861
951:
W. Allinger-Csollich, Birs Nimrud II: Tieftempel-Hochtempel: Vergleichende Studien Borsippa - Babylon, Baghdader Mitteilungen, vol. 29, pp. 95-330, 1998, ISSN 0418-9698
1067:
Francis Joannes, "Archives de Borsippa la famille Ea-Iluta-Bani : etude d'un lot d'archives familiales en Babylonie du VIIIe au Ve siecle av. J.-C", Droz, 1989
299:(c. 1792–1750 BC) dedicates Ezida to Marduk, the god of Babylon, showing Tutu, the tutelary god of Borsippa, being absorbed by Marduk. Ezida later became home of
814:
Zadok, Ran, "The Scribes of Borsippa in the First Millennium BC: A Preliminary Survey", The IOS Annual Volume 22:“Telling of Olden Kings”. Brill, pp. 67-92, 2022
1001:
Widmer, Marie, "Translating the Seleucid ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΑ: notes on the titulature of Stratonice in the Borsippa Cylinder", Greece & Rome 66.2, pp. 264-279. 2019
886:
Robert Koldewey, "Die Tempel von Babylon und Borsippa: nach den Ausgrabungen durch die Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft", WVDOG 15, Leipzig, 1911 ISSN 0342-118X
1112:
375:
295:"... beloved of Tutu, the one who makes exult Borsippa, the pious one who does not fail in his duties to the Ezida temple ...". A later inscription of
895:
Andrae, Walter, "BORSIPPA 1902", Babylon: Die versunkene Weltstadt und ihr Ausgräber Robert Koldewey, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 149-152, 1952
1050:
G. Frame, The "First Families" of Borsippa during the Early Neo-Babylonian Period, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 67–80, 1984
1089:
Still, Bastian, "Quantitative Analysis of Priestly Marriages in Borsippa", The Social World of the Babylonian Priest. Brill, pp. 245-256, 2019
837:"Asshur and the Land of Nimrod: Being an Account of the Discoveries Made in the Ancient Ruins of Nineveh, Asshur, Sepharvaim, Calah, (etc)..."
1121:
669:
Lambert, Wilfred G., "Notes on Enūma Eliš", Babylonian Creation Myths, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 469-492, 2013
1075:
Nielsen, John P., "Taking Refuge at Borsippa: The Archive of Lâbâši, Son of Nādinu", Archiv Für Orientforschung, vol. 53, pp. 93–109, 2015
757:"RIME 4.03.06.Add21 (Laws of Hammurapi) Composite Artifact Entry", (2014) 2024. Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (CDLI), July 11, 2024
583:
The ruins of the so-called Tongue Tower of the ziggurat and temple of the god Nabu at Borsippa, Babel Governorate, Iraq, 6th century BC
423:
89:
1156:
1141:
1146:
443:, the "Borsippa inscription," tells how he restored the temple of Nabu, "the temple of the seven spheres," with "bricks of noble
706:
Nielsen, J. P., "Kin Groups In Northern Babylonia: Babylon, Borsippa, And Dilbat", Sons and Descendants. Brill, pp. 21-125, 2011
1083:
Still, Bastian, "Annotated List of Hanšû Land in Borsippa", The Social World of the Babylonian Priest. Brill, pp. 257-265, 2019
1161:
1100:
1095:
Caroline Waerzeggers, "The Ezida temple of Borsippa Priesthood, cult, archives", (Achaemenid History vol. 15), Leiden, 2010
1070:
904:
291:(c. 1830–1813 BC) "Year Apil-Sin the king built the city wall of Borsippa". Borsippa was mentioned in the prologue of the
647:
1086:
Still, Bastian, "Property Sales in the Borsippa Corpus", The Social World of the Babylonian Priest. Brill, pp. 1-4, 2019
1080:
John P. Peters, "The Tower of Babel at Borsippa", Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 41, pp. 157–159, 1921
690:
Douglas R. Frayne, "Akkad", The Sargonic and Gutian Periods (2334–2113), University of Toronto Press, pp. 5-218, 1993
387:, with most of the actual digging done by his subordinates. Rawlinson personally uncovered the foundation prisms from
988:
A. Kuhrt and S. Selwin-White, "Aspects of Seleucid Royal Ideology : The Cylinder of Antiochus I from Borsippa",
695:
595:
The ruins of the so-called Tongue Tower of the ziggurat of Nabu at Borsippa, Babel Governorate, Iraq, 6th century BC
906:
Trenkwalder-Piesl, H., "Report about the excavations in Borsippa (second season 1981)", Sumer 41, pp. 101–105, 1981
241:
who was syncretised with the god Marduk after the Old Babylonian period. Tutu was mentioned in the prologue of the
836:
777:
Frame, Grant, "Second Dynasty of ISIN". Rulers of Babylonia, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 5-69, 1995
642:
403:, the temple of Nabu. In the 1890s looters removed about 2000 cuneiform tablets, mostly from the Ezida. In 1902,
915:
Kaniuth, Kai, "Borsippa—Preliminary Report on the 18th-20th Campaigns (2001-2003).", Sumer 52.1, pp. 9-16, 2004
411:
also mainly on the Nabu temple. E-DIM-AN-NA, temple of the bond of heaven, built by Nebuchadrezzar for the god
145:
Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, Hormuzd Rassam, Robert Koldewey, Helga Piesl-Trenkwalder, Wilfred Allinger-Csollich
535:
Modern cement covering ancient bricks at the upper surface of the ziggurat and temple of Nabu, Borsippa, Iraq
458:
In 2022 a test ground penetrating radar test was conducted over a 130 meter by 90 meter section at the site.
245:
as the god of Borsippa. The goddesses Marat-E-zida and the god Mar-biti(m) were also worshiped at Borsippa.
1022:
1010:
356:. The temple to Nabu at Borsippa was destroyed in 484 BC during the suppression of a revolt against the
44:
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Ruins of the ziggurat and temple of the god Nabu at Borsippa, Babel Governorate, Iraq. 6th century BC
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Ruins of the ziggurat and temple of god Nabu, Borsippa, Babel Governorate, Iraq, sixth century BC
238:
226:
builders of the Ziggurat in reality erected it as a religious edifice in honour of the local god
1118:
745:
547:
Ruins of the lower part of the ziggurat and temple of Nabu at Borsippa, Babel Governorate, Iraq
1055:
Georg Friedrich Grotefend, "Die Tributverzeichnisse des Obelisken aus Nimrud", Dieterich, 1852
801:
M. A. Dandamayev, "Ezida Temple and the Cult of Nabu in Babilonia of the First Millennium",
607:
The ruins of the so-called Tongue Tower of the ziggurat and temple of Nabu at Borsippa, Iraq
823:
307:
237:
The tutelary god of Borsippa in the Ur III Empire period late in the 3rd millennium BC was
8:
499:
Ruins around the ziggurat and temple of the god Nabu at Borsippa, Babel Governorate, Iraq
334:
191:
1053:
511:
Original tiles at the upper surface of the ziggurat and temple of Nabu at Borsippa, Iraq
487:
Stamped mud-brick from the ziggurat and temple of Nabu at Borsippa, Iraq, 6th century BC
1078:
571:
The upper part of the Tongue Tower of the ziggurat and temple of Nabu at Borsippa, Iraq
315:
254:
318:(c. 1077–1065 BC), a ruler of the 2nd dynasty of Babylon, restored the E-Zida temple.
214:
is today one of the most vividly identifiable surviving ones, identified in the later
1096:
691:
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322:
292:
283:
In the Old Babylonian period, Borsippa is known from year names of rulers of Babylon
242:
179:
1058:
523:
The upper surface of the ruins of the ziggurat and temple of Nabu at Borsippa, Iraq
435:
391:'s restoration on the Nabu temple. Between 1879 and 1881 the site was excavated by
1125:
1064:
Jakob-Rost, Liane, "Borsippa", Forschungen Und Berichte, vol. 27, pp. 65–88, 1989
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Ruins of the ziggurat and temple of god Nabu at Borsippa, Babel Governorate, Iraq
412:
404:
349:
311:
258:
428:
396:
392:
219:
1092:
Caroline Waerzeggers, "The Carians of Borsippa", Iraq, vol. 68, pp. 1–22, 2006
877:
Robert Koldewey, "The excavations at Babylon", London: MacMillan and Co., 1914
1135:
788:
475:
The original ancient gypsum plaster between mud-bricks, Borsippa, Babel, Iraq
198:
built on both sides of a lake about 17.7 km (11.0 mi) southwest of
104:
91:
444:
452:
960:"Excavations in Iraq, 1979-80.", Iraq, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 167–98, 1981
284:
273:
559:
Stamped mud-brick from the ziggurat and temple of Nabu, Borsippa, Iraq
353:
296:
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J. E. Reade," Rassam's Excavations at Borsippa and Kutha, 1879-82",
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des Alten Orients und des Alten Testaments 2), pp. 343-363, 2004
969:"Excavations in Iraq, 1983-84.", Iraq, vol. 47, pp. 215–39, 1985
756:
287:(c. 1880-1845 BC) "Year in which Sumulael entered Borsippa" and
933:"Excavations in Iraq 1985-86.", Iraq, vol. 49, pp. 231–51, 1987
924:"Recent Excavations in Iraq.", Iraq, vol. 61, pp. 195–202, 1999
400:
383:
In 1854, work at Borsippa was conducted under the direction of
231:
215:
207:
187:
20:
367:
In the 1st millennium BC, the city had a large scribal class.
272:
states that Puzur-Tutu changed sides at the end and supported
455:, an example of the region's remarkable cultural continuity.
234:, as would be appropriate for Babylon's lesser sister-city.
300:
277:
227:
195:
253:
In the late 3rd millenium BC a great revolt arose against
434:
Many legal administrative and astronomical texts on
348:, mentions the city in relation to the war between
314:of Babylon, rebuilt the E-Zida temple at Borsippa.
310:(c. 1171–1159 BC), one of the last rulers of the
206:. It lies 15 kilometers from the ancient site of
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407:worked at Borsippa during his main effort at
415:in the court of E-zida was also excavated.
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1113:Google Maps link to the Borsippa ziggurat
682:
374:
1134:
746:Year Names mentioning Borsippa at CDLI
424:Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck
1119:Birs Nimrud - Iraq Cultural Heritage
866:University Press, pp. 459-474, 2017
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856:, vol. 48, pp. 105-116, 1986
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105:32.3919972°N 44.3416889°E
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19:Not to be confused with
842:. Curts & Jennings.
835:Hormuzd Rassam (1897).
803:Vestnik drevnej istorii
306:In the Kassite period,
16:Ancient Babylonian city
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344:The Jewish historian,
182:: BAD.SI.(A).AB.BA or
110:32.3919972; 44.3416889
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308:Marduk-apla-iddina I
134:Excavation dates
68:Alternative name
792:(Book 1, section 20)
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335:rabbinic literature
192:Babylon Governorate
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1124:2013-11-03 at the
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316:Marduk-shapik-zeri
166:Public access
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389:Nebuchadnezzar II
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96:44°20′30.08″E
93:32°23′31.19″N
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453:Antiochus I
371:Archaeology
184:Birs Nimrud
108: /
84:Coordinates
71:Birs Nimrud
1136:Categories
786:Josephus,
654:References
285:Sumu-la-El
224:Babylonian
129:Site notes
124:settlement
436:cuneiform
354:Nabonidus
297:Hammurabi
274:Išbi-Erra
255:Naram-Sin
204:Euphrates
158:Ownership
150:Condition
1122:Archived
637:See also
449:Akkadian
420:Austrian
395:for the
362:Xerxes I
346:Josephus
289:Apil-Sin
266:Ibbi-Sin
212:ziggurat
180:Sumerian
176:Borsippa
76:Location
27:Borsippa
462:Gallery
409:Babylon
339:Chaldea
327:Shabbat
270:Kazallu
249:History
200:Babylon
33:{{{1}}}
1099:
694:
401:E-zida
232:Marduk
216:Arabic
210:. The
208:Dilbat
188:Nimrod
161:Public
153:Ruined
21:Nimrud
840:(PDF)
329:36a,
1097:ISBN
1061:1981
1037:2024
1025:2024
1013:2024
854:Iraq
768:2017
736:2011
726:2018
692:ISBN
679:2021
352:and
301:Nabu
278:Isin
239:Tutu
228:Nabu
196:Iraq
121:Type
451:of
413:Sin
169:Yes
1138::
662:^
364:.
360:,
341:.
194:,
1128:.
1115:.
325:(
178:(
23:.
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