927:
112:, parliament claimed its continuance was "found to be attended with various inconveniences, particularly by depriving this kingdom of many subjects whose labour might be useful to the community, and who, by proper care and correction, might be reclaimed from their evil course." This law would become known as the Hard Labour Act and the Hulks Act for both its purpose and
343:
made the death penalty discretionary for all crimes except treason and murder. Gradually during the middle of the nineteenth century the number of capital offences was reduced, and by 1861 was down to five. The last execution in the UK took place in 1964, and the death penalty was legally abolished
72:, but that number had almost quadrupled by 1776, and it reached 220 by the end of the century. Most of the new laws introduced during that period were concerned with the defence of property, which some commentators have interpreted as a form of class suppression of the poor by the rich.
45:
In 1689, there were 50 capital offences in
England and Wales; this increased to 220 by the end of the 18th century. This period saw the introduction of new laws focused on property defence, which some viewed as class suppression. As convictions for capital crimes increased,
54:
became a more common punishment. In 1785, Australia was deemed suitable for transporting convicts, and over one-third of all criminals convicted between 1788 and 1867 were sent there. The Bloody Code listed 21 categories of capital crimes in the 18th century. By 1823, the
59:
made the death penalty discretionary for most crimes, and by 1861, the number of capital offences had been reduced to five. The last execution in the United
Kingdom took place in 1964, and the death penalty was abolished for various crimes in the following years.
99:
As the number of capital crimes increased, lawmakers sought a less harsh punishment that might still deter potential offenders, and penal transportation with a term of indentured servitude became a more common punishment. This trend was expanded by the
41:
for a wide range of crimes. It was not referred to by this name in its own time; the name was given later owing to the sharply increased number of people given the death penalty, even for crimes considered minor by 21st century standards.
116:. With the removal of the important transportation alternative to the death penalty, it would in part prompt the use of prisons for punishment and the start of prison building programmes. In 1785
88:, about one-twentieth of the weekly wage for a skilled worker at the time. As the 18th century proceeded, jurors often deliberately under-assessed the value of stolen goods in order to avoid a
642:"The Statutes at Large from the Magna Charta, to the End of the Eleventh Parliament of Great Britain, Anno 1761 [continued to 1806]. By Danby Pickering"
715:
Brodeur, Jean-Paul; McCormick, Kevin R. E.; Visano, Livy A. (1992), "High
Policing and Low Policing: Remarks about the Policing of Political Activities",
152:
It is a melancholy truth, that among the variety of actions which men are daily liable to commit, no less than a hundred and sixty have been declared by
1125:
132:
in 1787. It has been estimated that over one-third of all criminals convicted between 1788 and 1867 were transported to
Australia, including
614:
816:
334:
38:
104:(16 Geo. 3 c.43), which regulated and subsidised the practice, until its use was suspended by the Criminal Law Act 1776. With the
672:
73:
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848:
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764:
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534:
961:
412:
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1115:
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1012:
876:
728:
624:
422:
175:
439:
1120:
466:"Rethinking the Bloody Code in Eighteenth-Century Britain: Capital Punishment at the Centre and on the Periphery"
96:, a subordinate but separate state, a similar "Bloody Code" existed, but there were not as many capital crimes.
946:
179:
956:
84:
was one of the crimes that drew the death penalty; it was defined as the theft of goods worth more than 12
971:
470:
340:
941:
109:
56:
755:
Sharpe, Jim (2001), "Crime, Order and
Historical Change", in Muncie, John; McLaughlin, Eugene (eds.),
987:
951:
916:
841:
203:
1042:
354:
89:
992:
101:
896:
215:
76:, expressed a contemporary view when he said that "Men are not hanged for stealing horses, but
655:
641:
1130:
121:
77:
717:
167:
listed 49 pages of "Capital
Statutes of the Eighteenth Century" divided into 21 categories:
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901:
886:
881:
834:
516:
366:
133:
85:
51:
47:
465:
8:
270:
693:
1032:
966:
793:
Law's
Imagined Republic: Popular Politics and Criminal Justice in Revolutionary America
492:
145:
93:
906:
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778:
760:
742:
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69:
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1007:
891:
689:
522:
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479:
304:
240:
164:
1047:
911:
821:
616:
Capital
Punishment in Independent Ireland: A Social, Legal and Political History
391:
293:
of deeds, bonds, testaments, bills of exchange, stocks, stamps, banknotes, etc.
244:
817:
Amnesty
International: History of the Abolition of the Death Penalty in the UK
526:
1104:
1017:
274:
250:
224:
209:
196:
81:
1057:
1027:
501:
483:
266:
188:
171:
141:
125:
382:
The death penalty was formally abolished under any circumstances in 2004.
68:
In 1689 there were 50 offences on the statute book punishable by death in
1067:
857:
297:
140:). Some criminals could escape transportation if they agreed to join the
129:
113:
1088:
1052:
1002:
997:
926:
360:
279:
219:
117:
351:, 1969 in England, Wales and Scotland, and 1973 in Northern Ireland
285:
256:
137:
372:
290:
34:
26:
348:
322:
228:
826:
16:
English, Welsh and Irish criminal law from around 1700 to 1823
317:
30:
675:("Appendix I: Capital Statutes of the Eighteenth Century").
310:
236:
192:
695:
A History Of
English Criminal Law and its Administration
124:; transportation resumed, now to a specifically planned
37:
in the 18th and early 19th centuries which mandated the
613:
Doyle, David M.; O'Callaghan, Liam (January 31, 2020).
714:
640:
Britain, Great; Pickering, Danby (September 8, 1775).
759:(2nd ed.), Sage Publications, pp. 107–150,
656:
Crime, Policing and Punishment in England, 1660–1914
612:
160:; or, in other words, to be worthy of instant death.
716:
521:. World Histories of Crime, Culture and Violence.
1102:
639:
596:
594:
518:The Bloody Code in England and Wales, 1760–1830
822:Rough justice – Victorian style, BBC News
739:Holding up a Mirror: How Civilizations Decline
842:
591:
464:King, Peter; Ward, Richard (10 August 2015).
410:
233:Stabbing, maiming and shooting at any person
688:
849:
835:
741:(Revised 2nd ed.), Imprint Academic,
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600:
344:in the following years for the crimes of:
316:Malicious injuries to property, including
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1126:Capital punishment in the United Kingdom
463:
437:
335:Capital punishment in the United Kingdom
328:
120:was deemed a suitably desolate place to
514:
1103:
754:
644:. J. Bentham – via Google Books.
579:
573:
417:. Institute of Public Administration.
74:George Savile, 1st Marquess of Halifax
830:
303:Destroying ships to the prejudice of
790:
772:
585:
561:
549:
440:"The long road from the Bloody Code"
411:O'Mahony, Paul (September 8, 2002).
378:Six military offences, November 1998
13:
707:
682:
14:
1142:
810:
174:, including offences against the
925:
775:Britain's Most Notorious Hangmen
184:Other offences against the State
856:
661:
648:
633:
606:
795:, Cambridge University Press,
567:
555:
543:
539:– via link.springer.com.
508:
457:
438:Campbell, Noel (2 June 2017).
431:
404:
300:another with intent to defraud
1:
777:, Wharncliffe Local History,
702:. London: Stevens & Sons.
78:that horses may not be stolen
723:, Canadian Scholars’ Press,
397:
273:employees, clerks and other
128:, with the departure of the
7:
972:Courts of England and Wales
619:. Oxford University Press.
414:Criminal Justice in Ireland
385:
341:Judgement of Death Act 1823
10:
1149:
332:
63:
25:" was a series of laws in
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980:
934:
923:
864:
737:Glyn-Jones, Anne (2000),
629:– via Google Books.
527:10.1007/978-3-319-74561-9
427:– via Google Books.
204:administration of justice
148:said of the Bloody Code:
1116:Legal history of Ireland
1111:Legal history of England
355:Arson in royal dockyards
180:Protestant establishment
156:to be felonious without
90:mandatory death sentence
700:The Movement for Reform
262:Larceny from the person
102:Transportation Act 1717
1121:Legal history of Wales
1013:British Virgin Islands
773:Wade, Stephen (2009),
719:Understanding Policing
667:Radzinowicz 1948, pp.
515:Walliss, John (2018).
162:
791:Wilf, Steven (2010),
329:Relaxation of the law
202:Offences against the
176:Protestant succession
150:
57:Judgment of Death Act
757:The Problem of Crime
484:10.1093/pastj/gtv026
367:Piracy with violence
52:indentured servitude
48:penal transportation
259:and allied offences
253:and allied offences
195:and destruction of
877:Administrative law
471:Past & Present
241:forcible abduction
146:William Blackstone
122:transport convicts
94:Kingdom of Ireland
1098:
1097:
802:978-0-521-14528-2
784:978-1-84563-082-9
766:978-0-7619-6971-6
748:978-0-907845-60-7
690:Radzinowicz, Leon
536:978-3-319-74560-2
214:Offences against
208:Offences against
187:Offences against
158:benefit of clergy
154:Act of Parliament
134:Van Diemen's Land
106:American Colonies
70:England and Wales
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993:Northern Ireland
935:Further subjects
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165:Leon Radzinowicz
110:active rebellion
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947:Competition law
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912:Retained EU law
872:UK Constitution
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708:Further reading
698:. Vol. I:
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683:General sources
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245:sexual offences
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658:p. 298 (2016).
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210:public health
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40:
39:death penalty
36:
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887:Contract law
882:Criminal law
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447:. Retrieved
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381:
338:
284:Offences by
267:embezzlement
265:Larceny and
218:, including
191:, including
189:public order
172:High treason
163:
151:
142:British Army
126:penal colony
98:
67:
44:
22:
20:
18:
1068:Hue and cry
1063:Bloody Code
1033:New Zealand
942:Company law
858:English law
574:Sharpe 2001
298:personating
271:Post Office
199:and bridges
130:First Fleet
108:already in
23:Bloody Code
1105:Categories
1053:Common law
967:Family law
952:Labour law
243:and other
114:its result
1038:Singapore
1023:Hong Kong
1008:Australia
907:Trust law
586:Wade 2009
562:Wade 2009
550:Wilf 2010
398:Citations
361:Espionage
307:companies
305:insurance
286:bankrupts
280:Blackmail
220:smuggling
144:. Jurist
118:Australia
92:. In the
1082:Category
998:Scotland
917:Case law
892:Tort law
692:(1948).
502:29780182
386:See also
313:offences
296:Falsely
257:Burglary
178:and the
138:Tasmania
988:UK-wide
897:Privacy
673:611–659
493:5955207
373:Treason
311:Coinage
291:Forgery
249:Simple
64:History
35:Ireland
27:England
1089:Portal
1058:Equity
1018:Canada
799:
781:
763:
745:
727:
669:xx–xxi
623:
533:
500:
490:
449:15 May
421:
363:, 1981
357:, 1971
349:Murder
323:Piracy
275:agents
229:murder
1028:India
1003:Wales
318:arson
136:(now
86:pence
50:with
31:Wales
21:The "
797:ISBN
779:ISBN
761:ISBN
743:ISBN
725:ISBN
671:and
621:ISBN
531:ISBN
498:PMID
451:2023
419:ISBN
237:Rape
227:and
193:riot
33:and
523:doi
488:PMC
480:doi
476:228
80:."
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593:^
529:.
496:.
486:.
474:.
468:.
442:.
239:,
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