589:
601:
541:
625:
553:
613:
505:
493:
517:
387:
577:
529:
637:
481:
565:
458:." that must have been covered with a rich blue glaze. The Austrian archeologists have determined that Nebuchadnezzar's ziggurat encased the ruins of a smaller tower from the second millennium BC. When it was completed it reached a height of 70 meters, in seven terraces; even in ruin it still stands a striking 52 meters over the perfectly flat plain. An inscribed foundation stone has been recovered, which details Nebuchadnezzar's plan to have the Borsippa ziggurat built on the same design as that at Babylon, of which only the foundation survives. Nebuchadnezzar declared that Nabu's tower would reach the skies, another inscription states. The reconstruction under the patronage of Bel-Marduk is summarized on a cylinder in
63:
56:
438:
baked bricks (or
Kassite and Neo-Babylonian origin) bringing the structure up to 78 by 78 meters. The mantle was covered by a layer of baked bricks bonded by bitumen. Reeds, ropes, and wooden beams were used to bond the layers together. It was found that the ziggurat had been partially hollowed out in Parthian times. Tablets of the
588:
989:
Waerzeggers, Caroline, "The dispersal history of the
Borsippa archives", in H.D. Baker and M. Jursa (eds.), Approaching the Babylonian Economy: Proceedings of the START Project Symposium Held in Vienna, 1-3 July 2004 (Alter Orient und Altes Testament 330; Veröffentlichungen zur Kultur und Geschichte
726:
Michalowski, Piotr, "The Royal
Letters in Their Historical Setting 3: Ur, Isin, Kazallu, and the Final Decades of the Ur III State (Letters 21–24)", The Correspondence of the Kings of Ur: An Epistolary History of an Ancient Mesopotamian Kingdom, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp.
437:
led by Helga Piesl-Trenkwalder and
Wilfred Allinger-Csollich excavated for sixteen seasons at the site. Early work concentrated on the large ziggurat E-ur-imin-an-ki and later on the Nabu temple. Examinination determined that the ziggurat had a 60 by 60 meter core of unbaked brinks with a mantle of
876:
Robson, Eleanor, "The Socio-Economics of
Cuneiform Scholarship after the ‘End of Archives’: Views from Borsippa and Uruk", At the Dawn of History: Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of J. N. Postgate, edited by Yağmur Heffron, Adam Stone and Martin Worthington, University Park, USA: Penn State
600:
540:
272:. One of the rebelling cities mentioned in his inscriptions was BAR.KI which some researchers have taken as Borsippa, though this has been challenged. If it was Borsippa, then Ilum-dan was governor (ENSI) of the city at that time and Dannum was the "captain" (NU.BANDA).
1047:
Berhi, Fatima Z., and Osamah S. Al-Saadi, "Electrical
Resistivity Synthetic Modeling and Field Survey for Subsurface Features Investigation of the Borsippa Archaeological Site, Babylon Governorate, Middle Iraq", The Iraqi Geological Journal, vol. 57, no. 1F, pp. 33-46,
689:
Frayne, Douglas R. and
Stuckey, Johanna H., "M", A Handbook of Gods and Goddesses of the Ancient Near East: Three Thousand Deities of Anatolia, Syria, Israel, Sumer, Babylonia, Assyria, and Elam, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 198-218,
624:
552:
612:
746:
Michalowski, Piotr, "Puzur-Numušda to Ibbi-Sin 1 (PuIb1, 3.1.19, A3, RCU 21)", The
Correspondence of the Kings of Ur: An Epistolary History of an Ancient Mesopotamian Kingdom, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 439-462,
504:
449:
tablets have originated at
Borsippa and have turned up on the black market with the first large, around 2000, group of tablets being sold to the British Museum in 1894-1900. Archives began to be published in the 1980s. An inscription of
516:
492:
576:
528:
636:
1035:
Kareem, Hamza A., and Najah A. Abd, "Detection of subsurface archaeological features using the GPR method with a 250 MHz antenna in
Borsippa site, Babylon, Iraq", Iraqi Journal of Science, vol. 65, no. 7, pp. 3788-3795,
1023:
Kareem, Hamza A., and Najah A. Abd, "Comparing the Frequencies of 450 Mhz and 750 Mhz using GPR in Investigating Archaeological Features in (Borsippa) Site, Babylon, Iraq", Iraqi Journal of Science 65.3, pp. 1412-1422,
778:
Brinkman, J. A., "Babylonia under the Kassites: Some Aspects for Consideration", Volume 1 Karduniaš. Babylonia under the Kassites 1, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 1-44,
480:
736:
Reichel, Clemens, "Centre and Periphery–The Role of the ‘Palace of the Rulers’ at Tell Asmar in the History of Ešnunna (2,100–1,750 BCE)", Journal of the Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies 11, pp. 29-53,
1071:
Harviainen, Tapani, "An Aramaic Incantation Bowl from Borsippa. Another specimen of Eastern Aramaic" koiné". Appendix: A Cryptographic bowl text or an original fake?", Studia Orientalia Electronica 51,
564:
233:
due to Nebuchadnezzar referring to it as the Tower of Borsippa or tongue tower, as stated in the stele recovered on site in the 19th century. However, modern scholarship concludes that the
953:
W. Allinger-Csollich, "Birs Nimrud I. Die Baukörper der Ziqqurat von Borsippa, ein Vorbericht", Baghdader Mitteilungen (BaM). Gbr. Mann, Berlin, vol. 22, pp. 383-499, 1991, ISSN 0418-9698
291:. An alternative reading of that text makes Puzur-Tutu governor of Bad-Ziabba, which may or may not be Borsippa, and has Išbi-Erra returning his city to Puzur-Tutu after his vistory.
348:. Borsippa was dependent upon Babylon and was never the seat of a regional power. From the ninth century BC, Borsippa was on the borderland south of which lay the tribal "houses" of
1083:
Kosmin, Paul, "Seeing Double in Seleucid Babylonia: Rereading the Borsippa Cylinder of Antiochus I", Patterns of the Past: Epitēdeumata in the Greek Tradition, pp. 173-198, 2014
279:(c. 2028–2004 BC) it is known that the governor of Borsippa (and nearby Babylon) was Puzur-Tutu. These are the closing years of the Ur III empire. A text from the ruler of
836:
Henry C. Rawlinson, "On the Birs Nimrud, or the Great Temple of Borsippa", The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 18, pp. 1-34, 1861
962:
W. Allinger-Csollich, Birs Nimrud II: Tieftempel-Hochtempel: Vergleichende Studien Borsippa - Babylon, Baghdader Mitteilungen, vol. 29, pp. 95-330, 1998, ISSN 0418-9698
1078:
Francis Joannes, "Archives de Borsippa la famille Ea-Iluta-Bani : etude d'un lot d'archives familiales en Babylonie du VIIIe au Ve siecle av. J.-C", Droz, 1989
310:(c. 1792–1750 BC) dedicates Ezida to Marduk, the god of Babylon, showing Tutu, the tutelary god of Borsippa, being absorbed by Marduk. Ezida later became home of
825:
Zadok, Ran, "The Scribes of Borsippa in the First Millennium BC: A Preliminary Survey", The IOS Annual Volume 22:“Telling of Olden Kings”. Brill, pp. 67-92, 2022
1012:
Widmer, Marie, "Translating the Seleucid ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΑ: notes on the titulature of Stratonice in the Borsippa Cylinder", Greece & Rome 66.2, pp. 264-279. 2019
897:
Robert Koldewey, "Die Tempel von Babylon und Borsippa: nach den Ausgrabungen durch die Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft", WVDOG 15, Leipzig, 1911 ISSN 0342-118X
1123:
386:
306:"... beloved of Tutu, the one who makes exult Borsippa, the pious one who does not fail in his duties to the Ezida temple ...". A later inscription of
906:
Andrae, Walter, "BORSIPPA 1902", Babylon: Die versunkene Weltstadt und ihr Ausgräber Robert Koldewey, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 149-152, 1952
1061:
G. Frame, The "First Families" of Borsippa during the Early Neo-Babylonian Period, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 67–80, 1984
1100:
Still, Bastian, "Quantitative Analysis of Priestly Marriages in Borsippa", The Social World of the Babylonian Priest. Brill, pp. 245-256, 2019
848:"Asshur and the Land of Nimrod: Being an Account of the Discoveries Made in the Ancient Ruins of Nineveh, Asshur, Sepharvaim, Calah, (etc)..."
1132:
680:
Lambert, Wilfred G., "Notes on Enūma Eliš", Babylonian Creation Myths, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 469-492, 2013
1086:
Nielsen, John P., "Taking Refuge at Borsippa: The Archive of Lâbâši, Son of Nādinu", Archiv Für Orientforschung, vol. 53, pp. 93–109, 2015
768:"RIME 4.03.06.Add21 (Laws of Hammurapi) Composite Artifact Entry", (2014) 2024. Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (CDLI), July 11, 2024
594:
The ruins of the so-called Tongue Tower of the ziggurat and temple of the god Nabu at Borsippa, Babel Governorate, Iraq, 6th century BC
434:
100:
1167:
1152:
1157:
454:, the "Borsippa inscription," tells how he restored the temple of Nabu, "the temple of the seven spheres," with "bricks of noble
717:
Nielsen, J. P., "Kin Groups In Northern Babylonia: Babylon, Borsippa, And Dilbat", Sons and Descendants. Brill, pp. 21-125, 2011
1094:
Still, Bastian, "Annotated List of Hanšû Land in Borsippa", The Social World of the Babylonian Priest. Brill, pp. 257-265, 2019
1172:
1111:
1106:
Caroline Waerzeggers, "The Ezida temple of Borsippa Priesthood, cult, archives", (Achaemenid History vol. 15), Leiden, 2010
1081:
915:
302:(c. 1830–1813 BC) "Year Apil-Sin the king built the city wall of Borsippa". Borsippa was mentioned in the prologue of the
658:
1097:
Still, Bastian, "Property Sales in the Borsippa Corpus", The Social World of the Babylonian Priest. Brill, pp. 1-4, 2019
1091:
John P. Peters, "The Tower of Babel at Borsippa", Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 41, pp. 157–159, 1921
701:
Douglas R. Frayne, "Akkad", The Sargonic and Gutian Periods (2334–2113), University of Toronto Press, pp. 5-218, 1993
398:, with most of the actual digging done by his subordinates. Rawlinson personally uncovered the foundation prisms from
999:
A. Kuhrt and S. Selwin-White, "Aspects of Seleucid Royal Ideology : The Cylinder of Antiochus I from Borsippa",
706:
606:
The ruins of the so-called Tongue Tower of the ziggurat of Nabu at Borsippa, Babel Governorate, Iraq, 6th century BC
917:
Trenkwalder-Piesl, H., "Report about the excavations in Borsippa (second season 1981)", Sumer 41, pp. 101–105, 1981
252:
who was syncretised with the god Marduk after the Old Babylonian period. Tutu was mentioned in the prologue of the
847:
788:
Frame, Grant, "Second Dynasty of ISIN". Rulers of Babylonia, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 5-69, 1995
653:
414:, the temple of Nabu. In the 1890s looters removed about 2000 cuneiform tablets, mostly from the Ezida. In 1902,
926:
Kaniuth, Kai, "Borsippa—Preliminary Report on the 18th-20th Campaigns (2001-2003).", Sumer 52.1, pp. 9-16, 2004
422:
also mainly on the Nabu temple. E-DIM-AN-NA, temple of the bond of heaven, built by Nebuchadrezzar for the god
156:
Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, Hormuzd Rassam, Robert Koldewey, Helga Piesl-Trenkwalder, Wilfred Allinger-Csollich
546:
Modern cement covering ancient bricks at the upper surface of the ziggurat and temple of Nabu, Borsippa, Iraq
469:
In 2022 a test ground penetrating radar test was conducted over a 130 meter by 90 meter section at the site.
256:
as the god of Borsippa. The goddesses Marat-E-zida and the god Mar-biti(m) were also worshiped at Borsippa.
1033:
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17:
367:. The temple to Nabu at Borsippa was destroyed in 484 BC during the suppression of a revolt against the
55:
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Ruins of the ziggurat and temple of the god Nabu at Borsippa, Babel Governorate, Iraq. 6th century BC
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Ruins of the ziggurat and temple of god Nabu, Borsippa, Babel Governorate, Iraq, sixth century BC
249:
237:
builders of the Ziggurat in reality erected it as a religious edifice in honour of the local god
1129:
756:
558:
Ruins of the lower part of the ziggurat and temple of Nabu at Borsippa, Babel Governorate, Iraq
1066:
Georg Friedrich Grotefend, "Die Tributverzeichnisse des Obelisken aus Nimrud", Dieterich, 1852
812:
M. A. Dandamayev, "Ezida Temple and the Cult of Nabu in Babilonia of the First Millennium",
618:
The ruins of the so-called Tongue Tower of the ziggurat and temple of Nabu at Borsippa, Iraq
834:
318:
248:
The tutelary god of Borsippa in the Ur III Empire period late in the 3rd millennium BC was
8:
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Ruins around the ziggurat and temple of the god Nabu at Borsippa, Babel Governorate, Iraq
345:
202:
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Original tiles at the upper surface of the ziggurat and temple of Nabu at Borsippa, Iraq
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Stamped mud-brick from the ziggurat and temple of Nabu at Borsippa, Iraq, 6th century BC
1089:
582:
The upper part of the Tongue Tower of the ziggurat and temple of Nabu at Borsippa, Iraq
326:
265:
329:(c. 1077–1065 BC), a ruler of the 2nd dynasty of Babylon, restored the E-Zida temple.
225:
is today one of the most vividly identifiable surviving ones, identified in the later
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702:
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303:
294:
In the Old Babylonian period, Borsippa is known from year names of rulers of Babylon
253:
190:
1069:
534:
The upper surface of the ruins of the ziggurat and temple of Nabu at Borsippa, Iraq
446:
402:'s restoration on the Nabu temple. Between 1879 and 1881 the site was excavated by
1136:
1075:
Jakob-Rost, Liane, "Borsippa", Forschungen Und Berichte, vol. 27, pp. 65–88, 1989
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Ruins of the ziggurat and temple of god Nabu at Borsippa, Babel Governorate, Iraq
423:
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269:
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407:
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230:
1103:
Caroline Waerzeggers, "The Carians of Borsippa", Iraq, vol. 68, pp. 1–22, 2006
888:
Robert Koldewey, "The excavations at Babylon", London: MacMillan and Co., 1914
1146:
799:
486:
The original ancient gypsum plaster between mud-bricks, Borsippa, Babel, Iraq
209:
built on both sides of a lake about 17.7 km (11.0 mi) southwest of
115:
102:
455:
463:
971:"Excavations in Iraq, 1979-80.", Iraq, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 167–98, 1981
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Stamped mud-brick from the ziggurat and temple of Nabu, Borsippa, Iraq
364:
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J. E. Reade," Rassam's Excavations at Borsippa and Kutha, 1879-82",
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des Alten Orients und des Alten Testaments 2), pp. 343-363, 2004
980:"Excavations in Iraq, 1983-84.", Iraq, vol. 47, pp. 215–39, 1985
767:
298:(c. 1880-1845 BC) "Year in which Sumulael entered Borsippa" and
944:"Excavations in Iraq 1985-86.", Iraq, vol. 49, pp. 231–51, 1987
935:"Recent Excavations in Iraq.", Iraq, vol. 61, pp. 195–202, 1999
411:
394:
In 1854, work at Borsippa was conducted under the direction of
242:
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218:
198:
31:
378:
In the 1st millennium BC, the city had a large scribal class.
283:
states that Puzur-Tutu changed sides at the end and supported
466:, an example of the region's remarkable cultural continuity.
245:, as would be appropriate for Babylon's lesser sister-city.
311:
288:
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206:
264:
In the late 3rd millenium BC a great revolt arose against
445:
Many legal administrative and astronomical texts on
359:, mentions the city in relation to the war between
325:of Babylon, rebuilt the E-Zida temple at Borsippa.
321:(c. 1171–1159 BC), one of the last rulers of the
217:. It lies 15 kilometers from the ancient site of
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845:
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418:worked at Borsippa during his main effort at
426:in the court of E-zida was also excavated.
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1124:Google Maps link to the Borsippa ziggurat
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757:Year Names mentioning Borsippa at CDLI
435:Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck
1130:Birs Nimrud - Iraq Cultural Heritage
877:University Press, pp. 459-474, 2017
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116:32.3919972°N 44.3416889°E
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213:on the east bank of the
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853:. Curts & Jennings.
846:Hormuzd Rassam (1897).
814:Vestnik drevnej istorii
317:In the Kassite period,
27:Ancient Babylonian city
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355:The Jewish historian,
193:: BAD.SI.(A).AB.BA or
121:32.3919972; 44.3416889
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319:Marduk-apla-iddina I
145:Excavation dates
79:Alternative name
803:(Book 1, section 20)
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346:rabbinic literature
203:Babylon Governorate
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177:Public access
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464:Antiochus I
382:Archaeology
195:Birs Nimrud
119: /
95:Coordinates
82:Birs Nimrud
18:Birs Nimrud
1147:Categories
797:Josephus,
665:References
296:Sumu-la-El
235:Babylonian
140:Site notes
135:settlement
447:cuneiform
365:Nabonidus
308:Hammurabi
285:Išbi-Erra
266:Naram-Sin
215:Euphrates
169:Ownership
161:Condition
1133:Archived
648:See also
460:Akkadian
431:Austrian
406:for the
373:Xerxes I
357:Josephus
300:Apil-Sin
277:Ibbi-Sin
223:ziggurat
191:Sumerian
187:Borsippa
87:Location
38:Borsippa
473:Gallery
420:Babylon
350:Chaldea
338:Shabbat
281:Kazallu
260:History
211:Babylon
44:{{{1}}}
1110:
705:
412:E-zida
243:Marduk
227:Arabic
221:. The
219:Dilbat
199:Nimrod
172:Public
164:Ruined
32:Nimrud
851:(PDF)
340:36a,
1108:ISBN
1072:1981
1048:2024
1036:2024
1024:2024
865:Iraq
779:2017
747:2011
737:2018
703:ISBN
690:2021
363:and
312:Nabu
289:Isin
250:Tutu
239:Nabu
207:Iraq
132:Type
462:of
424:Sin
180:Yes
1149::
673:^
375:.
371:,
352:.
205:,
1139:.
1126:.
336:(
189:(
34:.
20:)
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