2486:
artillery. The
Germans had ample artillery, together with an immense number of artillery shells, and brought down heavy fire on any Canadian advance. Making the fighting even more difficult was the heavy rain that started the day after the crossing of the Leopold canal, with a post-operation report on Operation Switchback stating: "In places the bridgehead was little bigger than the northern canal bank. Even protection was slight: slit trenches rapidly filled with water and had to be dug out many times a day". The Canadians could not advance beyond their bridgehead on the Leopold canal, but Eberding, not content with stopping the Canadians, decided to "annihilate" the 7th Brigade by launching a series of counter-attacks that cost the German 64th Division dearly, as Canadian artillerymen were killing German infantrymen as proficiently as German artillerymen were killing Canadians. Simonds' plan failed when the 9th Brigade did not land at the same time as the 7th Brigade crossed the Leopold Canal and the 64th Division decisively stopped the advance of the 7th Brigade. In the end, only Eberding's determination to wipe out the 7th Brigade allowed Simonds' plan to work. In terms of numbers lost as a percentage of those engaged, the battle of the Leopold Canal was one of the bloodiest battles for Canada in World War II, with 533 killed and another 70 men breaking down due to battle exhaustion. Copp and Vogel wrote: "One in every two men who crossed the Leopold became a casualty!" The men who broke down under battle curled up in a fetal position and refused to move, speak, eat or drink as their spirits had been broken by the stress of the fighting. On 14 October, Eberding, a man deeply committed to National Socialism, ordered that German soldiers who retreated without orders were to be regarded as
2513:, a tiny hamlet in the rear or coastal side of the pocket, thus exerting pressure from two directions at once. An "after action" report described the scene on the Terneuzen Canal: "As darkness fell only tail lights showed. The locks at Sas Van Gent proved difficult to negotiate, for the Buffaloes were not easily steered when moving slowly. Their aeroplane engines created a sound so like the roar of aircraft that over Flushing the anti-aircraft guns fired sporadically...Because of the damage to the locks near the ferry (at Neuzen) it was necessary to cut ramps in the bank and by-pass the obstacle. Not only was this a slow progress, but many craft were damaged. The decision was therefore taken to postpone the operation for 24 hours". The delay allowed for Ramsay to volunteer the services of Lieutenant-Commander R.D. Franks of the Royal Navy to serve as a pilot, guiding the Buffaloes expertly down the river Scheldt without the Germans noticing. Franks reported: "It was nearly ideal night, calm and quiet with a half moon behind a light cloud, but a bit of haze which restricted visibility to a mile at most. We were quite invisible from the north shore of the Scheldt, where all was quiet...Our touchdown was planned to be on either side of a
2109:
2464:
the steep banks and launch their assault boats. However, the
Germans had dug in well and many escaped the flamethrowers. One company of the Royal Montreal Regiment was almost destroyed on the edge of the Leopold canal. The Germans brought down heavy machine gun and mortar fire and only a few of the Montrealers made it to the other side. The A company of the Regina Rifles did not attempt to cross the canal because the volume of machine gun fire convinced the experienced "Johns" that it was too dangerous to try to cross the canal in daylight. The Royal Montreal Regiment company held their precious "bridgehead" for several hours before being joined by the "Johns" three hours later when D company of the Regina Rifles crossed the canal. They were joined by C and A companies in the evening. By that time, most of the men of B company of the Royal Montreal Regiment, who had been anxious to get into action, were dead. By contrast, the "barrage of flame" worked as expected for the Canadian Scottish Regiment, who were able to cross the Leopold canal without much opposition and put up a footbridge of
1878:
ANTWERP in order to organize the defence of the harbour because he appreciated it as of vital importance to the struggle on the continent. At that time, Churchill's plan was completely shattered; the same must happen again. After overrunning the SCHELDT fortifications, the
English would finally be in a position to land great masses of material in a large and completely protected harbour. With this material they might deliver a death blow at the NORTH GERMAN plain and at BERLIN before the onset of winter...The enemy knows that he must assault the European fortress as speedily as possible before its inner lines of resistance are fully built up and occupied by new divisions. For this, he needs the ANTWERP harbour. And for this reason, we must hold the SCHELDT fortifications to the end. The German people are watching us. In this hour, the fortifications along the SCHELDT occupy a role which is decisive for the future of our people. Each additional day will be vital that you deny the port of ANTWERP to the enemy and the resources he has at his disposal. (signed) v. ZANGEN
2852:
night attack. As there seemed an actual chance of taking the entire causeway, orders were sent to the 5th
Brigade of the 2nd Division to launch an attack, to be led by the "jinxed" Black Watch who were to advance down the causeway while the Calgary Highlanders and Le Régiment de Maisonneuve were to advance by boat. An initial attack by the Black Watch was rebuffed while it discovered the waters in the channel were too shallow for the 2nd Division to cross it, leaving a company of the Black Watch stranded on the causeway under heavy German attack. The Calgary Highlanders then sent a company over which was also stopped halfway across the causeway. During a second attack on the morning of 1 November, the Highlanders managed to gain a precarious foothold. A day of fighting followed and then the Highlanders were relieved by the Régiment de Maisonneuve, who struggled to maintain the bridgehead. The Régiment de Maisonneuve finally did secure the bridgehead, only to find that it was useless for an advance, since the German defences in the
3079:. The Canadian Defence Minister, Colonel John Ralston, was forced to report to the prime minister, William Lyon Mackenzie King, that the current policy of only sending volunteers overseas was not sustainable as the losses in the Battle of the Scheldt vastly exceeded the number of volunteers, and conscripts would have to be sent overseas. Copp and Vogel strongly praised Simonds's leadership of the 1st Canadian Army, writing how his operations "were brilliantly planned and sometimes brilliantly executed". Copp and Vogel also defended the Canadians from charges of incompetence and cowardice made by American and British historians stating: "The Canadian Army had, through October, the most difficult and important task of all the Allied armies, it had carried through a series of complex operations to a successful conclusion and it had done this with verve and skill despite the growing manpower shortage now apparent on all the Allied fronts."
2215:'s Black Watch was virtually wiped out in an unsuccessful attack. The Black Watch attacked German positions, already known to be well defended, while the rest of the 2nd Division was not engaged, suggesting that neither Foulkes nor Simonds had taken seriously the problem of fighting by the river Scheldt. The Black Watch, whose officers had come from Montreal's Scottish elite, had billed itself as the most exclusive regiment in the Canadian Army. Despite this reputation, the Black Watch was considered to be a "jinxed" regiment which had had more than its fair share of misfortune. One officer of the Black Watch reported that the soldiers sent to replace the Black Watch men killed and wounded in France "had little or no infantry training, and exhibited poor morale" and that the men of C Company had "all been killed or taken prisoner" during "Black Friday". The Black Watch had already taken very heavy losses at the
2643:, as well as the coastal fortress Fort Frederik Hendrik. When advancing, the Canadians proceeded very slowly and used massive firepower via air strikes and artillery bombardments when faced with opposition. The shortage of infantry replacements meant that Canadian officers were loath to engage in operations that might lead to heavy losses. On 24 October, Montgomery arrived at the headquarters of the 3rd Division. Despite the fact that Montgomery had chosen to fight the Battle of Arnhem instead of clearing the Scheldt in September 1944, thus having allowed the Germans to dig in, he criticized the 3rd Canadian Division for its slow advance, saying the Breskens Pocket should have been cleared weeks ago and calling the Canadian officers cowards for their unwillingness to take heavy losses. As a result, the 157th Brigade was withdrawn as a punishment and the 3rd Division was ordered to press on with "all speed".
250:
3064:
leave, no enjoyment, no normal life and no escape....The second most prominent cause...seemed to be the insecurity in battle because the condition of the battlefield did not allow for average cover. The third was the fact that they were seeing too much continual death and destruction, loss of friends, etc". The
Canadian government policy of sending only volunteers overseas had caused major shortages of men, especially in the infantry regiments. Canadian units were too under-strength to allow leave, where U.S. and British units could. This stretched the soldiers tremendously. A common complaint of soldiers suffering from battle exhaustion was that the Army was trying to "get blood from a stone", with the under-strength units being pushed relentlessly to keep fighting, without replacements for their losses and no chance to rest.
2952:. Air support was limited due to weather conditions. With no air support, no spotter aircraft to guide the guns of his ships, and the Germans fully alerted with their coastal artillery already firing at the British ships, Pugsley was faced with the difficult decision to cancel or proceed, and after some deliberation, sent out the message reading "Nelson", which was the code name to land. The radar-guided guns of the German coastal artillery took a heavy toll on the SSEF, which lost 9 ships sunk and another 11 that were so badly damaged that they had to be broken up for scrap as they were beyond repair. After a heavy bombardment by the Royal Navy, plus a support squadron of landing craft carrying guns, troops of
2810:, on the western shore of the island. The Westkapelle dyke was attacked by 240 heavy bombers, resulting in a large gap that allowed the seawater to enter. This flooded the central part of the island, allowing the use of amphibious vehicles and forcing the German defenders onto the high ground surrounding the island and in the towns. The bombing at Westkapelle came with severe loss of life, with 180 civilian deaths resulting from the bombardment and the resulting flooding. Attacks on other dykes had to ensure that the flooding could not be contained. On 7 October, dykes in the south were bombed, west and east of Flushing. Finally, on 11 October, northern dykes at
2472:
destroyed by the
Germans' ferocious defence, leading him to order his reserve, the Royal Winnipeg Rifles, to cross over the Canadian Scottish Regiment's bridgehead and link up with the Regina Rifles. The polderland, which limited avenues of advance, proved to be a major difficulty as the Germans concentrated their fire along the few raised roads. At the same time, the Regina Rifles came under heavy counterattacks and were barely hanging on. Canadian losses were so heavy that a squadron of tankmen from the 17th Hussars Regiment were given rifles and sent to fight as infantrymen. The Canadian historians Terry Copp and Robert Vogel wrote the fighting "...
3043:
2441:
2563:
2204:
2868:, 2 miles (3.2 km) south of the causeway, and linked up with the Glasgow Highlanders the next day. In conjunction with the waterborne attacks, the 52nd continued the advance. The battle for the causeway had caused the 2nd Division 135 dead in what has become one of the most controversial operations of the 2nd Division, with much criticism centering on the decisions of Foulkes. Despite the fact that Lieutenant-General Simonds and Foulkes were both British immigrants to Canada, the two detested one another and Simonds often spoke of his wish to sack Foulkes, believing him to be incompetent.
354:
211:
327:
315:
279:
199:
173:
3111:
spare tires to replace worn-out ones, none of which was readily available until the
Scheldt was cleared. By 15 December, only the Seventh U.S. Army had reached the Rhine by taking Strasbourg while the U.S. Third Army had advanced into Germany to run up against one of the strongest sections of the West Wall. At least part of the reason for the failure for the Allied offensives was the shortage of infantry replacements, with the Americans coming close to running out of infantry replacements and the British being forced to break up divisions to provide reinforcements.
2911:
2907:, to be followed by the King's Own Scottish Borderers regiment who attacked Flushing. During the next few days, they engaged in heavy street fighting against the German defenders, destroying much of Flushing. The Hotel Britannia, which before the war had catered to British tourists, was the headquarters of the German 1019th Regiment holding Flushing and became the scene of "spectacular fighting" described as "worthy of an action film" when the Royal Scots regiment engaged to take the hotel, which finally fell after three days.
2832:
8235:
224:
339:
303:
186:
1892:
237:
2720:
about to make an attack in as it was partly wooded, partly open, and it had many buildings, ditches, etc". Joining the 6th
Brigade later that day were the 5th Brigade, with the Calgary Highlanders leading the assault and reporting the "remnants" of two platoons that had advanced beyond the dyke to be joined by the Black Watch when night fell. The Royal Regiment had seized its start-line during the night and in the early morning was joined by the Essex Scottish Regiment and the
2664:
advantage of "opportunities", saying any German general would have moved far more swiftly. Spry responded that having lost about 700 men killed in two "aggressive" operations within five days, he preferred a methodical advance that preserved the lives of his men. Eberding replied that this showed "weakness" on the side of the
Canadians, noting that Wehrmacht generals were only concerned with winning and never let concern with casualties interfere with the pursuit of victory.
2084:, an offensive to liberate North Brabant and expand the Arnhem salient. Simonds saw the Scheldt campaign as a test of his ability, a challenge to be overcome, and he felt he could clear the Scheldt with only three divisions of the 2nd Corps despite having to take on the entire 15th Army, which held strongly fortified positions in a landscape that favoured the defensive. Simonds never registered complaints about his lack of manpower, ammunition, and air support.
2680:
2236:
orders, saying he had ordered him to clear the
Scheldt and warned if he was unable to obey orders, he would be fired. Stung by Eisenhower's message, a chastised Montgomery promised: "You will hear no more from me on the subject of command...Antwerp top priority in all operations of 21 Army Group". On 16 October, Montgomery issued a directive along that line. To the east, the British Second Army attacked westward to clear the Netherlands south of the
3075:. Although Antwerp was opened to Allied shipping on 28 November, the German 15th Army had delayed the use of Antwerp to the Allies from 4 September to 28 November 1944, which was longer than Hitler had hoped for, justifying the German decision to hold the river Scheldt. Even before the Battle of the Scheldt, the Canadian Army was aware that it lacked reinforcements to replace its losses, and the losses endured during the fighting help provoke the
262:
1964:
56:
2155:
that the Canadian Army will not repeat not be able to attack until 1 November unless immediately supplied with ammunition." Montgomery replied by writing: "Request you will ask Ramsay from me by what authority he makes wild statements to you concerning my operations about which he can know nothing repeat nothing...there is no repeat no shortage of ammunition...The operations are receiving my personal attention".
2232:, attacked Woensdrecht at night, taking much of the village. However, they were unable to pass beyond the ridge to the west of Woensdrecht. By 16 October, Woensdrecht was secured, cutting the land link to South Beveland and Walcheren. The "Rileys" suffered losses on 16 October equal to those of the Black Watch on "Black Friday". The Canadians achieved their first objective, but had suffered heavy casualties.
2760:
2545:, with the regimental war diary reporting: "The artillery is kept busy and this dyke to dyke fighting is very different to what we have been doing. It appears the enemy are a much better type than we have been running into lately". The Canadian Army was known for the quality of its artillery, which took a heavy toll on the German counter-attacks by day, with the war diary of
2709:, who despite being very under-strength were assigned to lead the attack on the centre. This third major operation opened on 24 October, when the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division began its advance down the South Beveland peninsula. The Canadians hoped to advance rapidly, bypassing opposition and seizing bridgeheads over the
2656:
Germans back steadily. In the last days of the battle, German morale declined and the number of executions of "deserters" increased as many German soldiers wished to surrender rather than die in what was clearly a lost battle. The Régiment de la Chaudière, which could ill-afford the losses, seized a bridgehead on the
2879:, was given the final decision, with orders to cancel the operation if he thought it was too risky. At the same time, Simonds ordered two Canadian artillery regiments to concentrate 300 guns on the mainland, to provide fire support for the landings. The amphibious landings were conducted in two parts on 1 November.
2373:
underestimated the size of the German forces. They expected Eberding to retreat to Walcheren island once the 3rd Canadian division started to advance. However, Simonds appreciated the problems imposed by the polder country and the Germans concentrating their forces at the few "land bridges". He planned to use
2995:
along the high-lying dune areas, as the center of the island was flooded) and link up with the Canadian troops who had established a bridgehead on the eastern part of the island. Fierce resistance was again offered by some of the German troops defending this area, so that fighting continued until 7 November.
3118:
at Antwerp than at any other city. Nearly half of the V-2s launched during the war were aimed at Antwerp. The port of Antwerp was so strategically vital that during the Battle of the Bulge, the last major German offensive campaign on the Western Front, launched on 16 December 1944, the primary German
3002:
fell after a calculated gamble on the Allies' part when the Royal Scots attacked Middelburg with a force of amphibious "Buffaloes" from the rear. Since Middelburg was impossible to reach with tanks, due to the inundations, a force of "Buffaloes" were driven into the town, forcing an end to all German
2923:
Operation Infatuate II was the amphibious landing at Westkapelle, also conducted on the morning of 1 November. To cross the shallow water required a daylight assault with fire support provided by the Support Squadron Eastern Flank (SSEF) commanded by Commander K.A Sellar, with additional support from
2485:
The days of 10–12 October were ones of intense struggle while the men of the 7th Brigade with the Royal Winnipeg Rifles took, lost and then retook a group of houses known as Graaf Jan and the Regina Rifles found themselves pinned down by a group of well dug-in pillboxes that seemed to be resilient to
2476:
was at close quarter and of such ferocity that veterans insist that it was worse than the blackest days of Normandy". The war diary of the Royal Winnipeg Rifles reported: "Heavy casualties were suffered by both sides and the ground was littered with both German and Royal Winnipeg Rifle dead". The war
2004:
on its own had ended in bloody repulse, Simonds, commanding the II Canadian Corps, ordered a halt to operations in the Scheldt until the French channel ports had been taken, reporting the Scheldt would need more than one division to clear. The halt allowed the German 15th Army ample time to dig in to
2871:
Because of port shortage, Captain Pugsley of the Royal Navy had to improvise heavily to provide the necessary shipping for the landings on Walcheren island. Despite the refusal of Bomber Command to strike various German fortifications on Walcheren, opening up the Scheldt was regarded as so important
2719:
The war diary of the Fusiliers Mont-Royal reports simply that the regiment had taken "heavy casualties", the Cameron Highlanders reported "stiff opposition" from the 6th Parachute Regiment, while the South Saskatchewan Regiment reported: "The country over which we had come was not the kind you dream
2650:
attacked the town of Oostburg on 24 October, losing an entire company, but since they had been ordered to take Oostburg at "any price", the "Chads" dug in to hold their ground while the Queen's Own Rifles came to their aid. On 25 October, the Queen's Own Rifles took Oostburg after what its war diary
2463:
Simonds had planned to take the Wehrmacht by surprise by avoiding a preliminary bombardment and instead having the Wasps incinerate the German defenders with a "barrage of flame". The Wasps launched their barrage of flames across the Leopold Canal, allowing the 7th Brigade troops to scramble up over
2293:
country made speed impossible. One company of the Lincoln and Welland Regiment lost 50% of its men in a single day's fighting, while an advance company of the Algonquin Regiment was cut off and surrounded by the Wehrmacht, requiring desperate fighting to break out. The Canadians now advanced towards
3184:
first, although these ports had all suffered demolitions and would not be navigable for some time. Boulogne and Calais were captured on 22 and 29 September 1944; but Dunkirk was not captured until the end of the war on 9 May 1945. When the Canadians eventually stopped their assaults on the northern
3063:
and curl up in fetal position, but the report found that after a week of rest, most men would recover enough to speak and move about. According to the report, the principal cause of battle exhaustion "seemed to be futility. The men claimed there was nothing to which to look forward to – no rest, no
3058:
Throughout the Battle of the Scheldt, battle exhaustion was a major problem for the Canadians. The 3rd Canadian Division had landed on D-Day on 6 June 1944 and more or less fought continuously since then. A psychiatric report from October 1944 stated that 90% of battle exhaustion cases were men who
2691:
On the afternoon of 22 October, Major-General Foulkes, as acting commander of the 2nd Canadian Corps told the 2nd Canadian Division that the start of Operation Vitality, the operation to take the South Beveland peninsula, had been pushed forward by two days by the "express orders from Field Marshal
2536:
were landed by Franks. Once again, the Germans recovered quickly and counter-attacked with ferocity; however, they were slowly forced back. Upon hearing of the landing at the Braakman Inlet, Model reacted promptly, telling Hitler: "Today, the enemy launched a decision-seeking attack on the Breskens
1877:
Therefore, I order all commanders as well as the National Socialist indoctrination officers to instruct the troops in the clearest and most factual manner in the following points: Next to HAMBURG, ANTWERP is the largest port in Europe. Even in the First World War, Churchill, in person, travelled to
1630:
the harbours; the first convoy carrying Allied supplies could not unload in Antwerp until 29 November 1944. Once Antwerp was opened, it allowed 2.5 million tons of supplies to arrive at that port between November 1944 and April 1945, which were critical to the successful Allied advance into Germany
3179:
was of opinion that Montgomery, not Horrocks was to blame for not clearing the approaches, as Montgomery "was not interested in the estuary and thought that the Canadians could clear it later". Allied commanders were looking ahead to "leaping the Rhine...in virtually one bound." Despite Eisenhower
3171:
had arrived and set up strong defensive positions along the opposite side of the Albert Canal and Scheldt river. The task of breaking the strengthened German line, which stretched from Antwerp to the North Sea along the Scheldt River, would fall to the First Canadian Army in the month-long, costly
2994:
Heavy fighting ensued in Domburg as well before the ruins of the town were captured. On 3 November, the Royal Marines had linked with the 52nd Division. Part of the troops moved south-east toward Flushing, while the main force went north-east to clear the northern half of Walcheren (in both cases
2851:
The 4th Brigade of the 2nd Division had advanced rapidly up to the causeway, which led to Brigadier Keefler giving orders to take the causeway while the task of taking the Beveland end of the causeway had been given to the 52nd Division. The Royal Regiment took the eastern end of the causeway in a
2839:
The 2nd Canadian Infantry Division attacked the Sloedam causeway on 31 October. Post-war controversy exists around the claim that there was a "race" within the 2nd Division for the first regiment to take the causeway to Walcheren island, implying that the failure to take the causeway on 31 October
2627:
premier of Quebec who called a snap election in 1939 to seek a mandate to oppose the war, Mackenzie King had promised that only volunteers would be sent to fight overseas and that there would be no overseas conscription. With only so many Canadians willing to volunteer, especially as infantry, the
2154:
that the Canadians were having to ration ammunition as Montgomery made holding the Arnhem salient his main priority. After Ramsay raised the issue with Eisenhower, the latter informed Montgomery on or about 9 October "the supreme importance of Antwerp. It is reported to me this morning by the Navy
3159:
to the north of the city, which consequently remained in enemy hands. Horrocks regretted this after the war, believing that his corps might have advanced another 100 miles (160 km) with the fuel available. Unknown to the Allies, at that time XXX Corps was opposed by only a single German
3110:
and 1st French Army further south. On 5 November 1944, Eisenhower calculated that for the offensives into the western borderlands of Germany to be successful, over the following month, it would require 6 million artillery shells, two million mortar shells, 400 more tanks, 1,500 jeeps, and 150,000
2736:
to get in behind the German's Canal through South Beveland defensive positions. The 156th West Scottish Brigade described the Dutch countryside as "extremely difficult", but also noted that German morale was poor, stating that they had expected the Wehrmacht to fight harder and that most of their
2342:
While Montgomery focused on Operation Market Garden in September 1944, Eberding used three weeks of quiet to have his men dig in. He later expressed amazement about the Allied air forces hardly ever bombing the Breskens Pocket in September, allowing his men to build defensive works with barely an
3136:
called the failure to immediately take the Scheldt "ne of the greatest tactical mistakes of the war." Because of the flawed strategic choices made by the Allies in early September 1944, the battle became one of the longest and bloodiest that the Canadian army faced over the course of the Second
2724:
Regiment to make a slow advance supported by heavy artillery fire. On 25 October, the Essex Scottish Regiment reported that 120 Germans had surrendered and that the "tough shell of defences at the narrowest point of the peninsula was broken". On 26 October, the 70th Infantry Division's commander
2655:
for leading what should have been a suicidal bayonet charge on the Oostburg town gates but ended with him and his men taking the gates. Despite tenacious German opposition, inspired at least in part by Eberding's policy of executing soldiers who retreated without orders, the Canadians pushed the
2582:
that some units of the 64th Division had "been reduced to one third". Between 10 and 15 October, the 64th Division staged a "fighting retreat", as Eberding called it, to a new pocket designed to shorten his lines, since so many of his units were now under-strength. The Canadian Scottish Regiment
2540:
Starting at daybreak on 10 October, the Highland Brigade came under counter-attack, with the Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Highland regiment, known as the "Glens" in the Canadian Army, spending two days fighting for the village of Hoofdplaat with a loss of 17 dead and 44 wounded. The North Nova
2235:
On 14 October, Montgomery issued "Notes on Command" that were highly critical of Eisenhower's leadership and asked he be made Land Forces commander again. The next day, Eisenhower replied that the issue was not the command arrangement, but rather the ability and willingness of Montgomery to obey
2471:
Two precarious, separate footholds were established, but the enemy recovered from the shock of the flamethrowers and counter-attacked, though the Germans were unable to move the Canadians from their vulnerable bridgeheads. Brigadier J. C. Spraggree became worried that the Regina Rifles might be
2663:
On 1 November, the North Nova Scotia Highlanders stormed a pillbox and captured Eberding, who, despite his own orders to fight to the death for the Führer, surrendered without firing a shot. After being taken prisoner, Eberding met Spry and accused him of not being aggressive enough in taking
2247:
As part of his newly focused efforts to assist Simonds, Montgomery assigned the British 52nd Lowland Division to the First Canadian Army. The 52nd division, recruited in the Lowlands of Scotland, was a mountain division, requiring men with unusual strength and stamina in order to fight in the
3195:
on 9 October that "As regards Arnhem, I think you have got the position a little out of focus. The battle was a decided victory, but the leading division, asking, quite rightly, for more, was given a chop. I have not been afflicted with any feeling of disappointment over this and am glad our
2481:
and bazookas were used to blow down walls of houses where resistance was worst. These anti-tank weapons are quite handy little house-breakers!" By 9 October, the gap between the bridgeheads was closed, and by early morning on 12 October a position had been gained across the Aardenburg road.
2372:
road and its apex near the village of Moershoofd some 5 km (3.1 mi) east). Despite the fact that the Ultra intelligence had revealed that the 64th Division was digging in for a hard fight and that Eberding had ordered a fight to the death, Canadian military intelligence seriously
3119:
objective was to retake the city and its port. Without Antwerp being opened, which allowed 2.5 million tons of supplies to arrive at that port between November 1944 and April 1945, the Allied advance into Germany in 1945 with the American, British, and French armies heading into the
3185:
French ports and started on the Scheldt approaches on 2 October, they found that German resistance was far stronger than they had imagined, as the remnants of the Fifteenth Army had had time to escape and reinforce the island of Walcheren and the South Beveland peninsula.
2628:
Canadian Army ran seriously short of infantrymen, as their losses were not compensated by replacements. In planning the final push, Spry favoured a cautious, methodical approach, emphasizing firepower that was designed to save as many of the lives of his men as possible.
2298:
and would take part in Operation Pheasant in an effort to take the city. The advance would force Rundstedt to redeploy the elite 6th Parachute Regiment, which until then had been blocking the 2nd Canadian Division on the Beveland isthmus to the defence of Bergen op Zoom.
2219:
in July 1944 and its heavy losses on "Black Friday" almost finished the regiment. The Calgary Highlanders were to follow up with a more successful action, and their Carrier Platoon succeeded in taking the railway station at Korteven, north of Woensdrecht. Fighting at
1869:: "Enemy supplies, and therefore, his ability to fight, is limited by the stubborn defence of the Harbour, as intelligence reports prove. The attempt of the enemy to occupy the Western Scheldt in order to obtain the free use of the harbour of Antwerp must be resisted
2326:
who was regarded as an expert in defensive warfare. When the 15th Army had retreated from the Pas-de-Calais region of France across the Low Countries in September 1944, an enormous number of guns and ammunition ended up in the Breskens Pocket, including one hundred
2252:
that the 52nd was to play the decisive role in taking Walcheren island. As such, Simonds ordered Hakewill-Smith to start preparing an amphibious operation as Simonds planned to land the 52nd Division on Walcheren at the same time the Canadians attacked the island.
2787:, a long, narrow causeway from South Beveland, little more than a raised two-lane road. To complicate matters, the flats that surrounded this causeway were too saturated with sea water for movement on foot, but had too little water for an assault in storm boats.
3172:
Battle of the Scheldt. The Allies "sustained 12,873 casualties in an operation which could have been achieved at little cost if tackled immediately after the capture of Antwerp. .... This delay was a grave blow to the Allied build-up before winter approached."
3054:
At the end of the five-week offensive, the Canadian First Army had taken 41,043 German prisoners. Complicated by the waterlogged terrain, the Battle of the Scheldt proved to be a challenging campaign in which significant losses were suffered by the Canadians.
2359:
and commercial canals, often above the level of the surrounding countryside...which made military man almost impossible except on the narrow roads built on top of the dykes. Each of these roadways were carefully registered for both artillery and mortar fire".
2363:
It was decided that the best place for an assault would be immediately east of where the two canals divided: a narrow strip of dry ground, only a few hundred metres wide at its base beyond the Leopold Canal (described as a long triangle with its base on the
2288:
spoke of "nightmarish fighting" at Wouwsche Plantage. The fighting at Wouwsche Plantage was considered so important that Montgomery arrived at the headquarters of the 4th Canadian Division to press Foster for speed, but Foster protested that the flat
2187:
by making piecemeal counterattacks. During this time, war diaries of the Royal Hamilton Light Infantry noted "many snipers in the houses and hedges" had been encountered while the weather was "cold and wet with high winds. Floods rising again".
2128:
and Robert Vogel wrote: "the very name Woensdrecht sends shivers down the spines of veterans of the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division". Driving rain, booby traps and land mines made advance very difficult. Attacking on 7 October in heavy mist, the
2859:
Foulkes ordered Major-General Hakewill-Smith to launch the 52nd Division into a frontal attack on Walcheren, which Hakewill-Smith protested strongly. The "Maisies" withdrew onto the Causeway on 2 November, to be relieved by the 1st Battalion,
2142:
was stopped in its attempt. On 9 October, the Germans counter-attacked and pushed the Canadians back. The war diary of the 85th Infantry Division reported that they were "making very slow progress" in face of tenacious Canadian resistance.
2903:, who were ferried across from Breskens in small landing craft to an assault beach in the south-eastern area of Flushing, codenamed "Uncle" Beach. With the Canadian artillery opening fire, the 4th Commando were carried ashore in twenty
2595:"well defended" on 15 October, but abandoned the next day. The Highland Light Infantry and the "Glens" broke through the main German line, but General Spry, unaware of this, ordered a withdrawal, in order to concentrate greater forces.
2191:
Simonds had planned to commit the 4th Division to assist the 3rd Division with clearing the Breskens Pocket, but problems faced by the 2nd Division forced Simonds to start peeling off units from the 4th Division. On 9 October 1944, the
1916:
After previously ordering the Channel ports to be cleared first, Montgomery decided the importance of Antwerp was such that the capture of Dunkirk could be delayed. The First Canadian Army, under temporary command of Lieutenant-General
2990:
the next day. Anticipating the fall of "Fortress Walcheren", on November 4, Admiral Ramsay ordered that mine-sweepers start the work of removing the German mines from the river Scheldt, a task that was not completed until 28 November.
2437:, which had never seen action yet, were pressing to get into the fight, and as such, the B company of the Regina Rifles, nicknamed the "Johns", agreed to step aside so one company of the Royal Montreal Regiment could take their place.
3200:
were justified by the great prize so nearly in our grasp" but acknowledged that "learing the Scheldt Estuary and opening the port of Antwerp had been delayed for the sake of the Arnhem thrust. Thereafter it was given first priority."
3131:
The Battle of the Scheldt has been described by historians as unnecessarily difficult, as it could have been cleared earlier and more easily had the Allies given it a higher priority than Operation Market Garden. American historian
2549:
for 12 October reading: "Today we were the busiest we have been since Cormelles and Falaise pocket days". The Germans' nightly attacks enjoyed more success, with the Highland Light Infantry losing and then retaking the village of
2451:
The 9th Highland Brigade, however, was unable to land at the same time as expected, owing to their unfamiliarity with amphibious vehicles. The assault began on 6 October, supported by extensive artillery and Canadian-built Wasp
2182:
of the 2nd Division sent the Black Watch to support the Royal Regiment. The German forces at Woensdrecht greatly outnumbered the Canadians and had Model known of this, he might have launched a counter-offensive. Instead he used
2744:
With the canal line gone, the German defence crumbled and South Beveland was cleared. The third phase of the Battle of the Scheldt was now complete. Daser ordered his men to retreat and make a stand on "Fortress Walcheren".
1618:
estuary and slowed the Allied advance. After five weeks of difficult fighting, the Canadian First Army, at a cost of 20,873 Allied casualties (6,367 of them Canadian), was successful in clearing the Scheldt after numerous
1737:
Montgomery had an additional incentive not to prioritize Antwerp: his apparent desire for the 21st Army Group to spearhead the invasion of Germany and capture Berlin. On 9 September Montgomery wrote to Field Marshal Sir
2701:, the Cameron Highland Regiment and the Calgary Highlanders being able to assemble anything close to four rifle companies. The attack was to be led by the 6th Brigade consisting of the Cameron Highlanders, the battered
2696:
told Foulkes that the men were tired after the hard fighting earlier in October, only to be informed that the operation would go through. Morale in the 2nd Division was poor, with only the Royal Regiment of Canada, the
1856:
The Germans at Walcheren were on the far right of the German line, and were deprived of supplies as the Wehrmacht focused its strength on the planned Ardennes offensive and replacing losses elsewhere. However, the flat
1670:
in 1940, Antwerp was the largest surviving port in Western Europe, and the obvious choice to support an invasion of Germany. This had been recognized as early as December 1941, when the Anglo-American armies made their
2558:
of the 3rd Division changed the original plan to commit the 8th Brigade in support of the 7th Brigade, and instead sent the 8th Brigade to link up with the 4th Division and then come to the support of the 9th Brigade.
2801:
To hamper German defence, Walcheren island's dykes were breached by attacks from RAF Bomber Command. Due to the high risks for the local population, the bombings were sanctioned at the highest level and preceded by
2302:
By 24 October, Allied lines were pushed out further from the neck of the peninsula, ensuring German counterattacks would not cut off the 2nd Canadian Division, by then moving west along it towards Walcheren island.
2381:" to travel across the flooded countryside to outflank the German forces. Simonds planned to strike both at the Leopold canal and at the rear of the Breskens Pocket via an amphibious landing at the Braakman inlet.
2133:
came under heavy fire from German positions. As described in its war diary, "the battle thickened...the Germans forces...hit back with a pugnacity which had not been encountered in the enemy for a long time". The
2517:...we were able to identify it and then lie off flicking our lamps to guide the LVT's in. They deployed and thundered past us...I could see through my binoculars the infantry disembark on dry land and move off".
2392:
mounted the amphibious attack from the northern (coastal) side of the pocket. The 7th Brigade was known as the "Western Brigade" in the Canadian Army as its three regiments were all from western Canada with the
1694:, establishing well dug-in artillery impervious to air attack and controlling access to the river. This made it impossible for Allied minesweepers to clear the river and open the port at Antwerp. As part of the
1054:
2546:
8376:
1531:
8316:
3021:
With the approach to Antwerp clear, the fourth phase of the Battle of the Scheldt was complete. Between 20 and 28 November, Royal Navy minesweepers were brought in to clear the Scheldt Estuary of
2460:. The 7th Brigade was supposed to be on their own for 40 hours, but instead faced 68 hours of the Germans using everything they had to try the stop the Canadians from crossing the Leopold canal.
2285:
2578:
was called to move south from the coastal side of the pocket. This opened up a land-based supply route into the pocket. Eberding used his reserves in his counter-attacks and reported to the
2498:
where the names of deserters are ascertained their names will be made known to the civilian population at home and their next of kin will be looked upon as enemies of the German people".
1853:
in September 1944, the objective of which was retaking Antwerp. Hitler ordered the 15th Army to hold the mouth of the river Scheldt at all costs, calling the island "Fortress Walcheren."
1750:
port" would be able to meet the logistical needs of the 21st Army Group, though not the American armies in France. Three days earlier, on 6 September, Montgomery ordered Canadian General
2256:
Meanwhile, Simonds concentrated forces at the neck of the South Beveland peninsula. On 17 October, Foster announced 4th Division would attack on 20 October to take the area known as the
1354:
1047:
2767:
As the fourth phase of the battle opened, only the island of Walcheren at the mouth of the Scheldt remained in German hands. The island's defences were extremely strong: heavy coastal
8331:
2347:
country made the Breskens Pocket into an "island", as much of the ground was impassable with only a few "land bridges" connecting the area to the mainland. The Wehrmacht had blown up
2108:
448:
2178:
launched a surprise attack against the German lines at Woensdrecht, but for the next days was engaged in heavy fighting against counterattacks from Battle Group Chill. Major-General
8301:
2986:
were landed on both sides of the gap in the sea dyke, using large landing craft as well as amphibious vehicles to bring men and tanks ashore. The Royal Marines took Westkapelle and
8326:
8321:
8296:
2872:
that during a meeting on 31 October between Simonds, Foulkes, and Admiral Ramsay, it was decided that the landings on Walcheren were to go ahead. Pugsley, aboard the command ship
3114:
Germany recognized the danger of the Allies having a deep water port, and in an attempt to destroy it – or at least disrupt the flow of supplies – the German military fired more
3025:
and other underwater obstacles left by the Germans. On 28 November, after much-needed repairs of the port facilities, the first convoy entered Antwerp, led by the Canadian-built
2166:, ordered: "The corridor to Walcheren will be kept open at any price; if necessary, it will be regained by forces ruthlessly detached from other sectors". Model sent the 256th
1040:
2864:
of the 52nd Division. Instead of launching a frontal attack as ordered by Foulkes, Hakewill-Smith outflanked the Germans by landing the Cameronian regiment at the village of
2520:
In spite of difficulties in manoeuvring vehicles through the canals and the resulting 24-hour delay, the Germans were taken by surprise and a bridgehead was established. The
2284:
were decimated by the German SP guns. For the next days, there occurred what the 85th Division's war diary called "extremely violent fighting". The war diary of the Canadian
2248:
mountains, making it into something of an elite division within the British Army. Simonds greatly appreciated having the Lowlanders under his command and told Major-General
1800:
Had Montgomery secured the Scheldt Estuary, as Ramsay had advised, Antwerp would have been opened to Allied shipping far earlier than it was, and the escape of the German
2319:
had demonstrated the challenge they faced. In addition to the formidable German defences on both the Leopold and Schipdonk Canals, much of the approach area was flooded.
6806:
6551:
2335:" and were much dreaded by the Canadian infantry. 20-mm guns could shred a man to pieces within seconds. Besides the 20-mm guns, the 64th Division had 23 of the famous
6159:
2599:
1726:, to make the Scheldt his main priority, stating that as long as the mouth of the river was in German hands, the port of Antwerp was useless. That same day, thanks to
8157:
6175:
1839:(the deception plan for the Normandy invasion), the Allies had tricked the Germans into believing they would land in the Pas-de-Calais region of France instead of
1598:
The Canadians had been delayed, and the need to clear the Scheldt had not yet been addressed, due to Allied decisions up to that point to focus instead on Arnhem (
6495:
2196:
was ordered to "protect the right flank of 2 Division and prevent infiltration between 2 Div and 1 Polish Armd. Div". The next day, Simonds ordered Major general
8276:
6098:
6070:
5214:
1347:
1843:. As such, the Wehrmacht had reinforced the 15th Army in the Pas-de-Calais, providing a critical mass of troops and materiel close to the mouth of the Scheldt.
1730:
intelligence, Montgomery became aware of Hitler's intention to hold the Scheldt at all costs. However, Montgomery was focused on preparations for the ill-fated
8136:
6815:
6502:
5636:
3141:
2225:
1682:
of the Belgian resistance seized the port of Antwerp before the Germans could destroy it as they were planning to do. On 4 September, Antwerp was taken by the
441:
7118:
6481:
5790:
5415:
2646:
Despite the fact that the Canadians could not afford heavy losses, the 3rd Division began a period of "intense combat" to clear out the Breskens Pocket. The
2817:
The island was then attacked from three directions: across the Sloedam causeway from the east, across the Scheldt from the south, and by sea from the west.
6131:
6077:
5263:
3003:
resistance on 8 November. General Daser portrayed the "Buffaloes" as tanks, giving him an excuse to surrender as he was faced with an overwhelming force.
6588:
6084:
5700:
2257:
2139:
5110:
1340:
105:
2598:
The German officers explained away their retreat by claiming they were being overwhelmed by tanks, but in fact there were only four, belonging to the
8306:
6474:
5921:
5797:
434:
4942:
Includes detailed history section with maps and descriptions of key battles such as Hoogerheide, The Coffin, and the storming of Walcheren Causeway.
2433:
made a diversionary attack across the Leopold Canal, while the Regina Rifles regiment and the Canadian Scottish Regiment made the main assault. The
2315:
encountered tenacious German resistance as it fought to cross the Leopold Canal. An earlier failed attempt by the Canadian 4th Armoured Division at
1913:
of the Royal Navy, who landed the 7th Brigade of the 3rd Canadian Division on D-Day, to the First Canadian Army headquarters to start preparations.
5774:
5154:
8311:
6211:
5523:
1804:
from France could have been stopped. Instead, the delay allowed the German 15th Army to deploy defensively and prepare for the expected advance.
1711:
1762:
to support a plan for the 21st to invade Germany, whereas the use of Antwerp would allow all of the armies to be supplied for such an invasion.
6030:
5332:
3140:
The French Channel ports were "resolutely defended" like "fortresses" and Antwerp was the only viable alternative. However, Montgomery ignored
8029:
3148:" unless the approaches were cleared, and Ramsay, who warned SHAEF and Montgomery that the Germans could block the Scheldt Estuary with ease.
6822:
6785:
6762:
6283:
5205:
5175:
2537:
bridgehead". Living up to his reputation as the "Führer's Fireman", Model ordered Eberding to immediately "annihilate" the Highland Brigade.
254:
6537:
4723:
6915:
6771:
6755:
6727:
5975:
5182:
2024:". The Polish 1st Armoured Division simultaneously pushed for the Dutch-Belgian border further east and the crucial area north of Antwerp.
1789:); General Crerar stated that this was impossible because he did not have sufficient manpower. Montgomery refused Crerar's request to have
2606:
of the 3rd Canadian Anti-Tank Regiment which provided fire support to the Canadian infantry. Joining the Canadians on 20 October were the
2146:
Back at SHAEF headquarters, Ramsay, who was more concerned about the problems facing the Canadians than their own generals, complained to
1828:. Its garrison consisted of the 202nd Naval Coastal Artillery Battalion, 810th Naval Anti-Aircraft Battalion, 89th Fortress Regiment, and
7672:
6739:
6651:
6595:
6558:
5840:
4731:. Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War. Vol. III. The Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery Ottawa.
3180:
wanting the capture of one major port with its dock facilities intact, Montgomery insisted that the First Canadian Army should clear the
1743:
1667:
1016:
747:
6644:
5376:
4902:
2533:
2651:
called "a wild bayonet charge" amid "fairly heavy" casualties. Lieutenant Boos of A company of the Queen's Own Rifles was awarded the
2322:
The Breskens pocket was held by the 64th Division commanded by General Knut Eberding, an infantryman with extensive experience on the
1861:
ground of the Dutch countryside favoured the defensive, and was felt to compensate for the 15th Army's reduced numbers. Field Marshal
1734:
later that month. Among the Allied senior leaders, only Ramsay saw opening Antwerp as crucial to sustaining the advance into Germany.
8150:
6778:
5168:
5126:
2061:
It became apparent to Simonds that any further gains in the Scheldt would come at heavy cost, as the Breskens pocket, extending from
2054:. In country unsuitable for armour, and against stiffening resistance, the division advanced to the coast by 20 September, occupying
2844:
wrote about the "race" in the official history of the Canadian Army, a charge that was vehemently disputed by Copp and Vogel in the
7999:
5818:
5592:
5355:
5221:
5032:
3860:
2430:
2260:. The offensive began in the early morning of 20 October and was led by the Argyll and Lake Superior regiments. On 22 October, the
4953:
2692:
Montgomery who had placed this operation at first priority for the British and Canadian forces in this area". Major Ross Ellis of
6894:
6691:
5728:
5228:
5140:
5076:
2771:
on the western and southern coasts defended both the island and the western Scheldt Estuary, and the coastline had been strongly
2607:
2339:, known for their power to destroy an Allied tank with a single direct hit, together with 455 light machine guns and 97 mortars.
2179:
2072:
In October, Montgomery detached the British 51st Highland Division, 1st Polish Division, British 49th (West Riding) Division and
1683:
2351:
to flood much of the ground so that the Canadians could only advance along the raised country roads. Eberding reported that the
7097:
6609:
5459:
4997:
39:
7693:
7598:
7125:
6871:
6746:
5832:
5806:
5663:
5369:
5286:
4871:
4799:
4612:
4593:
3163:
The pause allowed the Germans to regroup around the Scheldt River, and by the time the Allies resumed their advance, General
3151:
The Antwerp city and port fell in early September and were secured by XXX Corps under the command of Lieutenant General
1011:
598:
487:
2505:(the first use of the vehicle in Europe) and Buffalo amphibious vehicles, crewed by the British 5th Assault Regiment of the
8361:
7926:
7333:
7219:
6384:
5851:
5847:
5825:
5429:
2613:
From the summer of 1944 the Canadian Army experienced a major shortage of infantrymen, owing to policies of Prime Minister
1938:
1614:
defenders had been reinforced. The Germans staged an effective delaying action during which they flooded land areas in the
3094:
by December. The dismal fall weather hindered not only the Canadians in the Battle of Scheldt, but also the operations of
2814:
became a target. Bombing against the island defences was hampered by bad weather and requirements for attacks on Germany.
1647:, far from their initial avenues of supply along the northern coast of France. By the autumn of 1944, captured ports like
7841:
7305:
6637:
6623:
5836:
2521:
2281:
1949:
was to give up its transport to enable the movement of forces into battle positions. Montgomery promised the support of
802:
8050:
7919:
7797:
7375:
7090:
7041:
6799:
6354:
5606:
5445:
5293:
5147:
3308:
2102:
1829:
1220:
865:
515:
2311:
The second main operation, Operation Switchback, opened with fierce fighting to reduce the Breskens Pocket. Here, the
2047:, crossing the canals and establishing a bridgehead before counter-attacks forced a withdrawal with heavy casualties.
8371:
8366:
8166:
7048:
7020:
6837:
6419:
6138:
6105:
4852:
4772:
4712:
4686:
4631:
3852:
3739:
2525:
2277:
564:
5321:
2097:
On 2 October, the Canadian 2nd Division began its advance north from Antwerp. Stiff fighting ensued on 6 October at
1364:
1205:
8346:
8286:
8281:
8203:
7361:
7298:
6433:
6269:
5392:
2892:
2261:
2171:
2009:
1942:
1190:
5946:
2775:
against amphibious assaults. Furthermore, a landward-facing defensive perimeter had been built around the town of
7727:
7568:
7557:
7393:
7152:
7111:
7004:
6942:
6329:
5599:
5468:
5436:
2733:
2702:
2200:
of the 4th Division "to send 4 Cnd Armd Bde to the Antwerp area at the rate of one get a day, beginning 11 Oct".
1765:
Due to these factors, little was done about Antwerp during September. On 12–13 September, Montgomery ordered the
1573:
1306:
203:
6116:
5684:
4945:
2725:
General Wilhelm Daser reported to Rundstedt that the situation was untenable, and that retreat was unavoidable.
2574:
of the 4th Armoured Division crossed the Leopold Canal and advanced at Isabella Polder. Then the 3rd Division's
2509:. The brigade planned to cross the mouth of the Braakman Inlet in these vehicles and to land in the vicinity of
2268:
took Esschen in a surprise attack. On 23 October, the German 85th Division launched a counterattack led by some
2170:
division and assault gun companies to allow the release of Battle Group Chill, the "fire brigade" consisting of
2039:
to find themselves the first Allied troops facing the formidable obstacle of the double line of the Leopold and
2000:
The first attacks occurred on 13 September. After an attempt by the 4th Canadian Armoured Division to storm the
1909:
From September, Ramsay was deeply involved in planning the assault on Walcheren peninsula. He appointed Captain
8113:
8085:
7963:
7756:
6993:
6444:
6370:
6166:
5537:
5256:
5161:
5046:
4829:
3256:
2888:
2571:
2312:
1934:
1926:
1786:
1523:
1418:
2671:
and Zeebrugge, officially closing the Breskens Pocket and eliminating all German forces south of the Scheldt.
8356:
8173:
8106:
8057:
7988:
7813:
7319:
7270:
7034:
7027:
6630:
6391:
6182:
5235:
4319:
2783:
to defend its port facilities, should an Allied landing on Walcheren succeed. The only land approach was the
2738:
2647:
2610:
of the 52nd Division, which allowed Spry to group the three brigades of the 3rd Division for the final push.
2575:
2529:
2524:
landed with no resistance and woke nine sleeping German soldiers at their dug-out, taking them prisoner. The
2502:
2389:
2385:
2212:
2117:
2073:
1483:
501:
4892:
2528:
regiment's major problem at the landing site was not the Wehrmacht, but mud. After the initial landing, the
2135:
8351:
8247:
8143:
7518:
7479:
6398:
6233:
6218:
6145:
6124:
5942:
5620:
5406:
5399:
5383:
5094:
5053:
5025:
4961:
3168:
3091:
2975:
2826:
2328:
2323:
2077:
1971:
The plan for opening the Scheldt Estuary involved four main operations, conducted over daunting geography:
1440:
1316:
458:
43:
20:
4931:
2216:
1139:
969:
8291:
8210:
7534:
7486:
7104:
7076:
6929:
6544:
6523:
6044:
5707:
5613:
5103:
3076:
2953:
2713:
2698:
2614:
2434:
1900:
1819:
1651:
were far away from the front line, stretching Allied supply lines and causing great logistical problems.
1581:
557:
814:
8336:
8008:
7504:
7423:
7368:
7256:
7212:
6862:
6488:
6412:
6314:
6191:
6063:
6056:
6016:
5989:
5721:
5654:
5249:
5060:
4990:
4864:
Terrible Victory: First Canadian Army and the Scheldt Estuary Campaign, September 13 – November 6, 1944
4188:
3072:
3042:
2741:
began a frontal attack in assault boats. The engineers were able to bridge the canal on the main road.
2579:
2398:
2394:
2105:, saw the priority in holding there, controlling direct access to South Beveland and Walcheren island.
1488:
1321:
984:
979:
949:
841:
673:
4959:
The contribution of the Nr 2 Dutch Troop, Nr 10 Inter Allied Commando to Infatuate I and Infatuate II.
3086:
started bringing a steady stream of supplies to the continent, but this actually changed very little.
2737:
casualties were coming from mines and booby-traps. With the formidable German defence outflanked, the
7910:
7827:
7612:
7472:
7444:
7277:
7182:
6972:
6405:
5479:
5133:
3011:
2807:
2013:
1402:
1287:
1234:
1115:
848:
588:
571:
552:
477:
5677:
4649:
Copp, Terry (1981), ""No Lack of Rational Speed": First Canadian Army Operations, September 1944"",
2667:
Operation Switchback ended on 3 November, when the Canadian 1st Army liberated the Belgian towns of
8341:
7649:
7626:
6878:
6679:
6672:
6336:
5996:
5968:
5961:
5348:
3103:
3095:
2623:
2445:
2175:
2147:
2124:
There were heavy casualties as the Canadians attacked over open, flooded land. Canadian historians
2050:
The 1st Polish Armoured Division enjoyed greater success to the east as it advanced northeast from
1946:
1922:
1672:
1240:
912:
593:
547:
5693:
5670:
2835:
Royal Marines wade ashore near Flushing to complete the occupation of Walcheren on 1 November 1944
2587:
empty and abandoned, entered the village and promptly came under heavy artillery bombardment. The
8071:
8015:
7885:
7745:
7430:
7083:
6979:
6885:
6453:
6321:
6291:
6255:
6240:
6112:
6004:
5982:
5928:
5914:
5896:
5560:
5341:
5069:
5018:
4740:
2796:
2693:
2378:
2336:
2113:
2001:
1866:
1731:
1599:
1379:
1256:
974:
807:
797:
622:
358:
63:
2562:
2417:
area, while the 9th Brigade was known as the "Highland brigade" as its three regiments were all
2016:, given the task of clearing an area on the south shore of the Scheldt around the Dutch town of
7763:
7656:
7458:
7409:
7312:
7205:
7175:
6958:
6846:
6572:
6363:
5954:
5935:
5905:
5452:
5422:
4704:
2983:
2440:
2265:
2193:
1879:
1580:
units which had been attached. The action was under the acting command of the First Canadian's
1565:
1311:
1064:
1021:
637:
627:
612:
2631:
The 3rd Division fought additional actions to clear German troops from the towns of Breskens,
8254:
7977:
7820:
7716:
7686:
7642:
7382:
7347:
7340:
7263:
7161:
6602:
6579:
6426:
6037:
5574:
5314:
5300:
4983:
3059:
had been in action for three months or longer. Men suffering from battle exhaustion would go
3030:
2904:
2803:
2588:
2477:
diary of the Canadian Scottish regiment sardonically noted: "The grim fighting was such that
2410:
2249:
2197:
2098:
2028:
1801:
1797:
assigned to help clear the Scheldt, because he needed XII Corps for Operation Market Garden.
1471:
893:
709:
661:
375:
5872:
4954:
Petty Officer Basil Woolf Royal Navy and his account of LCH.269 and the Battle for Walcheren
1032:
8078:
7933:
7584:
7541:
7511:
7437:
7247:
7226:
6152:
5629:
5307:
3268:
3216:
3133:
2873:
2841:
2706:
2684:
2542:
2406:
2316:
2203:
2151:
1727:
1507:
1210:
1006:
901:
735:
617:
532:
522:
4701:
The Battle for the Rhine 1944 : Arnhem and the Ardennes : The Campaign in Europe
8:
8196:
7970:
7848:
7804:
7326:
6460:
6226:
5753:
5583:
5567:
5516:
2999:
2979:
2861:
2754:
2130:
1896:
1850:
1836:
1766:
1569:
1512:
1477:
1445:
1435:
1282:
1251:
1215:
1159:
1127:
964:
926:
879:
872:
836:
771:
656:
537:
370:
8189:
8022:
7947:
7901:
7871:
7779:
7619:
7284:
7168:
7062:
7013:
6951:
6707:
6658:
6467:
6091:
5746:
5544:
4841:
4666:
3848:
2910:
2729:
2603:
2374:
2269:
2081:
1950:
1862:
1723:
1640:
1620:
1610:) and Dunkirk. By the time the Canadians were sent into the Battle of the Scheldt, the
1549:
1500:
1464:
1454:
1392:
1200:
1152:
1133:
1095:
989:
783:
776:
714:
647:
632:
493:
307:
8180:
8064:
7954:
7894:
7855:
7788:
7770:
7736:
7679:
7633:
7577:
7402:
7140:
7132:
7069:
6922:
6516:
6048:
5509:
5488:
5198:
4867:
4848:
4825:
4795:
4768:
4732:
4708:
4682:
4670:
4627:
4608:
4589:
4558:
3735:
3188:
3047:
2946:
2935:
2928:
2768:
2618:
2491:
2453:
2418:
2356:
2184:
1930:
1790:
1778:
1770:
1759:
1648:
1607:
1603:
1517:
1494:
1409:
1292:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1121:
1105:
1090:
940:
933:
907:
886:
790:
687:
642:
542:
4950:
article on the battle, including maps and detailed information on German formations.
1698:, Walcheren peninsula was described as the "strongest concentration of defences the
8099:
8092:
8036:
7700:
7465:
7451:
7354:
7291:
7242:
7055:
6908:
6855:
6665:
6616:
6530:
5760:
5737:
5270:
4926:
4658:
4433:
The Mighty Endeavor; American Armed Forces in the European Theater in World War II,
3181:
2939:
2721:
1957:
1755:
1397:
1145:
1085:
919:
858:
819:
605:
576:
5279:
2831:
2683:
Troops of the Royal Hamilton Light Infantry, (2nd Canadian Infantry Division), in
1626:
Once the German defenders were no longer a threat, it took another three weeks to
8122:
7834:
7749:
7707:
7605:
7548:
7416:
7198:
7189:
6718:
6300:
6276:
5530:
4965:
4896:
4764:
4696:
3196:
commanders are capable of running this kind of risk." He said that the risks "...
3107:
3099:
3087:
2506:
2021:
1983:
1719:
1691:
1430:
1387:
1262:
959:
824:
752:
704:
666:
581:
8234:
3267:
reportedly hated the term, though it was meant as a tribute to their success in
1332:
8129:
7665:
7591:
5643:
5502:
3152:
3090:
continued to flounder while the Americans then suffered a major reverse in the
3007:
2900:
2652:
2295:
2244:) during Operation Pheasant, securing the Scheldt region from counter-attacks.
2229:
1976:
1715:
1246:
1165:
742:
527:
482:
426:
343:
338:
302:
191:
4899:
Photos, battle information, video and more on the Canadian role in the battle.
8270:
7940:
5865:
5714:
5553:
4736:
4581:
3210:
3176:
2968:
2772:
2602:, operating north of the Leopold canal. The presumed tanks were actually the
2402:
1990:
1825:
1747:
1695:
1679:
1644:
853:
678:
508:
216:
120:
107:
1891:
8239:
8043:
6343:
6248:
5879:
5242:
5006:
4843:
Tug of War: Allied Command & the Story Behind the Battle of the Scheldt
4662:
3264:
3164:
3156:
2501:
The Canadian 9th Brigade conducted an amphibious operation with the aid of
2457:
2163:
2159:
1910:
1846:
1814:
1794:
1751:
1577:
728:
353:
331:
284:
47:
3263:
title the 7th Armoured Division had earned in the Western Desert. General
2138:
was halted 1,000 yards (910 m) from their target while the next day,
7878:
7864:
7526:
6202:
6023:
6008:
5362:
4910:
3260:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2896:
2555:
2465:
2426:
2332:
2221:
1918:
1903:
1739:
1655:
1592:
1587:. The battle took place in the vicinity of the Scheldt river in northern
1584:
1459:
1268:
1100:
954:
757:
319:
242:
4919:
2806:
to warn the island's inhabitants. The first bombing was on 3 October at
2660:(Derivation Canal of the Lys), over which the engineers built a bridge.
1686:
with its harbour 90% intact. However, the Germans had heavily fortified
7233:
6986:
6965:
5858:
5191:
5119:
3115:
3026:
3022:
3006:
Meanwhile, the Canadian 4th Armoured Division had pushed eastward past
2925:
2776:
2679:
2592:
2591:
regiment, leading the advance of the 8th Brigade, found the village of
2510:
2369:
2273:
2125:
2036:
2032:
1110:
694:
471:
4227:
The Brigade: The 5th Canadian Infantry Brigade in the Second World War
2982:(amphibious transports, mine-clearing tanks, bulldozers, etc.) of the
2978:, consisting mainly of Belgian and Norwegian troops) supported by the
7496:
6901:
6698:
6509:
6307:
6262:
4971:
Memoirs of Joe Brown of Peebles (Battles at Flushing and Middelburg).
3192:
3060:
2865:
2636:
2551:
2487:
2062:
2055:
2044:
2040:
1687:
1659:
1627:
1611:
1561:
1001:
5783:
4937:
2716:, but they too were slowed by mines, mud and strong enemy defences.
5767:
5495:
4958:
4725:
The Victory Campaign: The operations in North-West Europe 1944–1945
3145:
3068:
2971:
2632:
2414:
2365:
2066:
2017:
1963:
1840:
699:
55:
2211:
On 13 October, that would come to be known as "Black Friday", the
4887:
2987:
2784:
2640:
2422:
2228:, known as the "Rileys", under the command of Lieutenant Colonel
2069:
and inland to the Leopold Canal, was strongly held by the enemy.
1782:
1663:
1615:
1588:
1564:
for shipping, so that Antwerp's port could be used to supply the
1557:
1553:
229:
150:
98:
70:
8317:
Battles and operations of World War II involving the Netherlands
4810:
3273:
The Generals: Canadian Senior Commanders in the Second World War
2058:
and clearing the south bank of the Scheldt east toward Antwerp.
1993:
peninsula, north of the Scheldt and east of Walcheren peninsula.
6377:
4975:
4812:
Luctor et Emergo: The impact of the Second World War on Zeeland
3083:
2668:
2514:
2101:, the objective of the first phase. The Germans, reinforced by
1858:
1774:
1666:, which allows the passage of ocean-going ships. Following the
326:
314:
267:
198:
178:
4792:
Cinderella Army - The Canadians in North-West Europe 1944–1945
1975:
Clearing the area north of Antwerp and securing access to the
8377:
Allied logistics in the Western European Campaign (1944–1945)
6565:
4970:
4907:
Official digital collection of experiences from World War II.
3155:. Montgomery halted XXX Corps for resupply short of the wide
3015:
2840:
was due to reckless determination to win the "race". Colonel
2811:
2759:
2388:
made the initial assault across the Leopold Canal, while the
2384:
A two-pronged assault commenced. The Canadian 3rd Division's
2348:
2237:
2051:
1954:
1699:
1568:
in north-west Europe. The operations were carried out by the
1062:
16:
1944 operations to open Antwerp to Allied shipping during WW2
3353:
3351:
3349:
2687:
move towards South Beveland during the Battle of the Scheldt
2331:. They were used by the Wehrmacht as a sort of "super-heavy
1986:
north of the Leopold canal and south of the Western Scheldt.
3343:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 761–762.
2584:
2478:
1623:, obstacle crossings and costly assaults over open ground.
3531:
3529:
3466:(emphasis in the original). Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 11.
3255:
Montgomery also bestowed the nickname "Water Rats" on the
2887:
Operation Infatuate I consisted mainly of infantry of the
2541:
Scotia Highlanders took three days to take the village of
8332:
Land battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom
4131:
3346:
8302:
Battles and operations of World War II involving Belgium
4539:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4286:
2554:
during a confusing night battle. Canadian Major-General
2008:
Operation Switchback commenced on 21 September when the
8327:
Battles and operations of World War II involving Poland
8322:
Battles and operations of World War II involving Norway
8297:
Military history of the Netherlands during World War II
4515:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4357:
4355:
4336:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4006:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3834:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3526:
3510:
3508:
1953:
in attacking the German fortifications and that of the
5637:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
4212:
4210:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4148:
4146:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4091:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3804:
3802:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3616:
3614:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3381:
3379:
3361:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005, p. 700.
2120:
amphibious vehicles on the Scheldt river, October 1944
4527:
4503:
4283:
3082:
After the first ship reached Antwerp on 28 November,
3067:
After the battle, the II Canadian Corps moved to the
4722:
Stacey, Colonel C. P.; Bond, Major C. C. J. (1960).
4400:
4352:
4325:
4299:
4260:
4047:
4031:
3997:
3983:
3905:
3570:
3505:
3220:(2020), a Dutch film about the Battle of the Scheldt
2092:
2076:
from the First Canadian Army so they could help the
4207:
4164:
4143:
4117:
4088:
3949:
3923:
3885:
3811:
3799:
3765:
3745:
3684:
3666:
3650:
3623:
3611:
3584:
3554:
3538:
3451:
3376:
1639:Following the Allied breakout after success in the
4840:
4565:. Vol. VI. London: Cassell. pp. 174–175.
4195:, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1999, p. 221.
3847:
3364:
3271:in Normandy and the Scheldt. (Granatstein, Jack.
3144:, who said that Antwerp would be "as much use as
2264:, known as the "Lincs" in the Canadian Army, and
2043:Canals. An attack was mounted in the vicinity of
1967:The Northern Front from 16 October to 10 November
1873:. In his orders to his men, Von Zangen declared:
1643:, they began a series of rapid advances into the
1362:
8268:
4838:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3182:German garrisons in Boulogne, Calais and Dunkirk
456:
2914:German prisoners being marched off on Walcheren
2856:were too entrenched for an advance to be made.
2820:
1754:to prioritize the capture of just such a port,
8277:Military history of Canada during World War II
2174:and assault gun companies. On 10 October, the
1996:Operation Infatuate, the capture of Walcheren.
4991:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4234:
3424:
2468:within the first hour of crossing the canal.
1812:Walcheren peninsula was held by a mixture of
1348:
1048:
442:
4761:Horrocks: The General Who Led From the Front
4839:Whitaker, Denis; Whitaker, Shelagh (1984).
3394:Copp & Vogel, 1985, pp. 16 & 42–43.
2732:was made across the Western Scheldt by the
4998:
4984:
4815:(M.A. thesis). Wilfrid Laurier University.
4231:
2790:
2534:Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Highlanders
2444:A Canadian field hospital in the dunes at
2012:moved north roughly along the line of the
2005:its new home by the banks of the Scheldt.
1355:
1341:
1066:Canadian military actions in World War II
1055:
1041:
449:
435:
4695:
4639:
4621:
4563:The Second World War: Triumph and Tragedy
4557:
2918:
1658:close to Germany. It is connected to the
275:
8307:Battles of World War II involving Canada
4861:
4676:
3861:United States Government Printing Office
3313:, Veterans Affairs Canada, 14 April 2014
3303:
3301:
3041:
3014:where it sank several German vessels in
2909:
2882:
2830:
2758:
2678:
2561:
2439:
2202:
2107:
1962:
1890:
4819:
4808:
3284:Between them providing ten 15-inch guns
3246:Two kilometres southeast of Woensdrecht
3237:Two kilometres northeast of Woensdrecht
2306:
1989:Operation Vitality, the capture of the
1824:(army) personnel, commanded by General
8312:Amphibious operations involving Canada
8269:
6845:
6823:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
4758:
4721:
4602:
4580:
4545:
4533:
4521:
4509:
4137:
3980:Copp & Vogel, 1985, pages 102=1–3.
2748:
2343:effort to stop them. The flat, swampy
1705:
40:Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine
7694:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
7126:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
6772:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
6728:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
5833:Rape during the occupation of Germany
4979:
4866:. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre.
4588:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
4349:Copp & Vogel, 1985 pages 116–117.
4280:Copp & Vogel, 1985 pages 126–127.
4257:Copp & Vogel, 1985 pages 124–126.
3493:Stacey & Bond, 1960, pp. 331, 336
3298:
3050:unloads oil at the harbour of Antwerp
2674:
2608:157th Highland Light Infantry Brigade
1849:ordered planning for what became the
1336:
1036:
430:
6816:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
5848:Rape during the liberation of France
4789:
4648:
4370:Copp & Vogel, 1985 page 138–139.
4028:Copp & Vogel, 1985, pp. 106–108.
4019:Copp & Vogel, 1985, pp. 104–106.
3448:Copp & Vogel, 1985, pp. 120–122.
3370:
1673:first plans for a European offensive
4640:Copp, Terry; Vogel, Robert (1985),
4622:Copp, Terry; Vogel, Robert (1984),
4605:Ardennes 1944: Hitler's Last Gamble
4204:Copp & Vogel, 1985 pages 70–72.
3734:- Ken Tout - 2003 (Paperback 2009,
2522:North Nova Scotia Highland regiment
1982:Operation Switchback, clearing the
1807:
1744:Chief of the Imperial General Staff
1595:from 2 October to 8 November 1944.
13:
7042:German invasion of the Netherlands
5322:Weather events during World War II
4783:
4322:Veterans Affairs Canada 2019-02-14
4161:Copp & Vogel, 1985, pp. 68–69.
4114:Copp & Vogel, 1985, pp. 58–59.
4085:Copp & Vogel, 1985, pp. 57–58.
3971:Copp & Vogel, 1985, pp. 94–96.
3787:Copp & Vogel, 1985, pp. 82–83.
3722:Copp & Vogel, 1985 pages 49–50
3713:Copp & Vogel, 1985, pp. 49–50.
3608:Copp & Vogel, 1985, pp. 34–35.
3535:Copp & Vogel, 1985, pp. 19–20.
2998:On 6 November, the island capital
14:
8388:
7673:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
4934:at the online Canadian War Museum
4881:
4296:Copp & Vogel, 1985 pages 127.
2763:Map of troops at Walcheren Island
2604:M10 self-propelled anti-tank guns
2286:Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders
2226:The Royal Hamilton Light Infantry
2093:Securing access to South Beveland
1947:51st (Highland) Infantry Division
1886:
8233:
5005:
4904:Testaments of Honor, The Scheldt
4551:
4422:Copp & Vogel, 1985 page 137.
4413:Copp & Vogel, 1985 page 136.
4379:Copp & Vogel, 1985 page 139.
4361:Copp & Vogel, 1985 page 134.
4340:Copp & Vogel, 1985 page 116.
4310:Copp & Vogel, 1985 page 127.
4271:Copp & Vogel, 1985 page 126.
4248:Copp & Vogel, 1985 page 124.
2355:country was "a maze of ditches,
2207:Map of the Battle of the Scheldt
2010:4th Canadian (Armoured) Division
1714:'s naval commander, Admiral Sir
1548:in World War II was a series of
352:
337:
325:
313:
301:
277:
260:
248:
235:
222:
209:
197:
184:
171:
54:
4794:. University of Toronto Press.
4651:The Journal of Canadian Studies
4490:
4477:
4464:
4451:
4438:
4425:
4416:
4397:Copp & Vogel, 1985 page 134
4391:
4388:Copp & Vogel, 1985 page 137
4382:
4373:
4364:
4343:
4313:
4274:
4251:
4219:
4216:Copp & Vogel, 1985 page 72.
4198:
4182:
4155:
4108:
4079:
4070:
4067:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 111.
4061:
4058:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 110.
4044:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 108.
4022:
4013:
4010:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 106.
3994:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 104.
3974:
3965:
3920:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 102.
3876:
3867:
3841:
3790:
3781:
3725:
3716:
3707:
3698:
3641:
3602:
3517:
3514:Copp & Vogel, 1984, p. 124.
3502:Stacey & Bond, 1960, p. 358
3496:
3487:
3478:
3469:
3460:
3442:
3415:
3385:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 120.
3330:Copp & Vogel, 1984, p. 129.
3278:
3249:
3240:
3231:
2734:British 52nd (Lowland) Division
2035:over the Ghent-Bruges Canal at
7920:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945
5630:Territorial changes of Germany
5538:Indonesian National Revolution
4179:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 70.
4152:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 68.
4128:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 59.
4105:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 58.
4076:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 96.
3962:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 94.
3946:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 92.
3902:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 84.
3882:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 88.
3873:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 90.
3838:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 83.
3808:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 82.
3796:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 80.
3778:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 79.
3762:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 78.
3704:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 52.
3695:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 47.
3681:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 56.
3663:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 43.
3647:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 38.
3638:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 46.
3620:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 40.
3599:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 34.
3581:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 42.
3567:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 31.
3551:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 30.
3523:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 18.
3484:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 120
3457:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 10.
3421:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 16.
3412:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 12.
3406:
3397:
3388:
3333:
3324:
3257:3rd Canadian Infantry Division
3126:
2714:(Canal through South Beveland)
2313:Canadian 3rd Infantry Division
2278:Governor General's Foot Guards
2029:Canadian 4th Armoured Division
1927:2nd Canadian Infantry Division
1690:peninsula at the mouth of the
1:
7320:Japanese invasion of Thailand
7271:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
7035:German invasion of Luxembourg
5416:Mediterranean and Middle East
4932:Liberation of the Netherlands
4573:
3475:Copp & Vogel, 1985 p. 27.
3071:sector to take over from the
2980:specialized armoured vehicles
2893:King's Own Scottish Borderers
2739:Canadian 6th Infantry Brigade
2213:Canadian 5th Infantry Brigade
2114:Alligator amphibious vehicles
2074:2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade
1758:. Montgomery's views obliged
1634:
1366:Liberation of the Netherlands
7227:Invasion of the Soviet Union
6916:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
6234:Independent State of Croatia
4847:. New York: Beaufort Books.
4677:Horrocks, Sir Brian (1960).
4193:A Military History of Canada
3291:
3123:would have been impossible.
3037:
2976:No. 10 Inter Allied Commando
2827:Battle of Walcheren Causeway
2821:Battle of Walcheren Causeway
2658:Afleidingskanaal van de Lije
2262:Lincoln and Welland Regiment
2224:also ensued. On 16 October,
1935:Polish 1st Armoured Division
1532:Chronology of the liberation
1317:Allied occupation of Iceland
21:Battle of the Scheldt (1574)
7:
8362:History of Antwerp Province
8211:End of World War II in Asia
8051:Western invasion of Germany
7558:Chinese famine of 1942–1943
7535:Second Battle of El Alamein
7105:Hundred Regiments Offensive
7077:Battle of the Mediterranean
6930:Italian invasion of Albania
5104:Air warfare of World War II
4809:DeWaard, Dirk Marc (1983).
3204:
3098:in the Hurtgen forest, the
2954:4th Special Service Brigade
2705:and the even more battered
2703:South Saskatchewan Regiment
2615:William Lyon Mackenzie King
1945:attached. Additionally the
1769:to clear the Scheldt after
88:2 October – 8 November 1944
64:Buffalo amphibious vehicles
10:
8393:
8137:Naval bombardment of Japan
7505:First Battle of El Alamein
7424:Battle of Christmas Island
7369:Japanese invasion of Burma
7133:Italian invasion of Greece
7049:German invasion of Belgium
7021:German invasion of Denmark
6994:1939–1940 Winter Offensive
6863:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
5127:Comparative military ranks
4820:Moulton, James L. (1978).
4626:, Alma: Maple Leaf Route,
2824:
2794:
2752:
2580:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht
2566:Map of the Breskens Pocket
2395:Canadian Scottish Regiment
1921:, was supplemented by the
1322:Battle of the St. Lawrence
1017:Raids on the Atlantic Wall
1012:Strategic Bombing Campaign
18:
8226:
8058:Bratislava–Brno offensive
7998:
7989:Dutch famine of 1944–1945
7726:
7613:Allied invasion of Sicily
7567:
7473:Aleutian Islands campaign
7445:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
7392:
7383:Greek famine of 1941–1944
7278:Second Battle of Changsha
7183:German invasion of Greece
7151:
7028:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang
7003:
6941:
6836:
6717:
6443:
6353:
6201:
5904:
5895:
5653:
5478:
5370:North and Central Pacific
5331:
5093:
5086:
5013:
4642:Maple Leaf Route: Scheldt
4624:Maple Leaf Route: Antwerp
3310:The Battle of the Scheldt
3191:claimed in a telegram to
2711:Kanaal door Zuid-Beveland
2600:British Columbia Regiment
2217:Battle of Verrières Ridge
2140:The Black Watch of Canada
2087:
2031:advanced from a hard-won
1835:Additionally, as part of
1718:advised the Commander of
1374:
1074:
468:
394:
381:
364:
291:
161:
153:opened to Allied shipping
80:
53:
37:
32:
19:For the 1574 battle, see
8372:History of West Flanders
8367:History of East Flanders
7650:Allied invasion of Italy
7627:Solomon Islands campaign
7376:Third Battle of Changsha
6973:First Battle of Changsha
6879:Second Sino-Japanese War
5819:German military brothels
5685:United States war crimes
4889:Canadians on the Scheldt
4681:. Barnsley: Leo Cooper.
4644:, Alma: Maple Leaf Route
4498:The Battle for the Rhine
4485:The Battle for the Rhine
4446:The Battle for the Rhine
3224:
3092:Hurtgen forest offensive
2891:(4th and 5th battalions
2648:Régiment de la Chaudière
2329:20 mm anti-aircraft guns
2270:self-propelled (SP) guns
2176:Royal Regiment of Canada
2148:Supreme Allied Commander
1960:"on the day concerned".
1668:destruction of Rotterdam
1654:Antwerp is a deep-water
8347:1944 in the Netherlands
8287:20th century in Antwerp
8282:Siegfried Line campaign
8072:Second Guangxi campaign
7927:Philippines (1944–1945)
7431:Battle of the Coral Sea
7334:Fall of the Philippines
6980:Battle of South Guangxi
6886:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
6292:Italian Social Republic
4964:20 October 2020 at the
4939:The Calgary Highlanders
4862:Zuelhlke, Mark (2007).
4759:Warner, Philip (1984).
4603:Beevor, Antony (2015).
3732:In the Shadow of Arnhem
2797:Inundation of Walcheren
2791:Inundation of Walcheren
2699:Essex Scottish Regiment
2694:The Calgary Highlanders
2526:Highland Light Infantry
2435:Royal Montreal Regiment
2282:Lake Superior Regiments
2136:Régiment de Maisonneuve
1867:Gustav-Adolf von Zangen
1732:Operation Market Garden
1600:Operation Market Garden
1572:, with assistance from
359:Gustav-Adolf von Zangen
7657:Armistice of Cassibile
7459:Battle of Dutch Harbor
7410:Battle of the Java Sea
7313:Attack on Pearl Harbor
7213:Syria–Lebanon campaign
7206:Battle of South Shanxi
7176:Invasion of Yugoslavia
6959:Battle of the Atlantic
6573:Korean Liberation Army
6286:(until September 1943)
6243:(until September 1944)
6221:(until September 1944)
4895:13 August 2009 at the
4663:10.3138/jcs.16.3-4.145
4657:(Fall 1981): 145–155,
4431:Charles B. MacDonald,
3175:The British historian
3051:
2984:79th Armoured Division
2919:Operation Infatuate II
2915:
2905:Landing Craft Assaults
2889:155th Infantry Brigade
2836:
2764:
2688:
2567:
2448:
2266:The Algonquin Regiment
2208:
2194:South Alberta Regiment
2172:6th Parachute Regiment
2121:
1968:
1906:
1884:
1880:General der Infanterie
1830:70th Infantry Division
1702:had ever constructed.
1684:11th Armoured Division
292:Commanders and leaders
66:taking Canadian troops
7821:Second Battle of Guam
7717:Bengal famine of 1943
7687:Second Battle of Kiev
7643:Battle of the Dnieper
7348:Battle of Wake Island
7220:East African campaign
7162:Battle of South Henan
6807:atrocities by Germans
6580:Korean Volunteer Army
5561:Occupation of Germany
5315:Music in World War II
4824:. London: Ian Allan.
3857:Engineer Field Manual
3269:amphibious operations
3102:in Lorraine, and the
3045:
2913:
2895:, 7th/9th battalion,
2883:Operation Infatuate I
2834:
2762:
2682:
2617:. In order to defeat
2583:found the village of
2572:Canadian 10th Brigade
2565:
2443:
2421:with two coming from
2411:Royal Winnipeg Rifles
2250:Edmund Hakewill-Smith
2206:
2162:, who was commanding
2111:
2014:Ghent–Terneuzen Canal
1966:
1894:
1875:
1546:Battle of the Scheldt
1524:Manna & Chowhound
710:Battle of Britain Day
395:Casualties and losses
33:Battle of the Scheldt
8357:November 1944 events
8107:Surrender of Germany
7585:Battle of West Hubei
7542:Guadalcanal campaign
7512:Battle of Stalingrad
7438:Battle of Madagascar
6212:Albania protectorate
5999:(formerly Swaziland)
5708:Wehrmacht war crimes
5524:Expulsion of Germans
5308:Art and World War II
5206:British contribution
5155:Governments in exile
4947:Canadiansoldiers.com
4790:Copp, Terry (2006).
4607:. New York: Viking.
4586:The Second World War
3217:The Forgotten Battle
3134:Charles B. MacDonald
2707:Fusiliers Mont-Royal
2431:North Shore Regiment
2307:Operation Switchback
1206:Northern Netherlands
1007:Defence of the Reich
488:The Heligoland Bight
101:and northern Belgium
8352:October 1944 events
8197:Potsdam Declaration
8086:Italy (Spring 1945)
7849:Liberation of Paris
7306:Siege of Sevastopol
6324:(until August 1944)
6227:Wang Jingwei regime
6049:from September 1943
6009:from September 1944
5947:from September 1944
5807:Romanian war crimes
5798:Persecution of Jews
5784:Croatian war crimes
5754:Japanese war crimes
5568:Occupation of Japan
5517:First Indochina War
5229:Military production
5141:Declarations of war
4925:, a documentary by
4746:on 21 December 2020
4500:, pp. 157–161.
4140:, pp. 376–377.
3439:Copp, 1981, p. 150.
3403:Copp, 1981, p. 148.
3357:Weinberg, Gerhard.
3339:Weinberg, Gerhard.
3077:Conscription Crisis
2862:Glasgow Highlanders
2755:Operation Infatuate
2749:Operation Infatuate
2547:15th Field Regiment
2530:Cameron Highlanders
2375:amphibious vehicles
2131:Calgary Highlanders
1897:First Canadian Army
1837:Operation Fortitude
1767:First Canadian Army
1706:Allied preparations
1621:amphibious assaults
1570:First Canadian Army
1550:military operations
996:Strategic campaigns
599:Ypres–Comines Canal
371:First Canadian Army
117: /
8292:History of Zeeland
8190:Surrender of Japan
8023:Battle of Iwo Jima
7872:Belgrade offensive
7285:Siege of Leningrad
7169:Battle of Shanggao
7098:British Somaliland
7063:Dunkirk evacuation
7014:Norwegian campaign
6952:Invasion of Poland
6779:Japanese prisoners
5747:Italian war crimes
5678:British war crimes
5593:Soviet occupations
5377:South-West Pacific
5264:Allied cooperation
5222:Military equipment
4920:War Amps of Canada
4822:Battle for Antwerp
4559:Churchill, Winston
3859:. Vol. II:I.
3853:"Kapok footbridge"
3849:Chief of Engineers
3169:1st Parachute Army
3142:Admiral Cunningham
3052:
2916:
2837:
2765:
2689:
2675:Operation Vitality
2589:Queen's Own Rifles
2568:
2492:summarily executed
2454:Universal Carriers
2449:
2419:Highland regiments
2209:
2122:
2103:Battle Group Chill
2082:Operation Pheasant
1969:
1951:RAF Bomber Command
1907:
1901:Lieutenant-General
1863:Gerd von Rundstedt
1851:Ardennes Offensive
1818:(German navy) and
1724:Bernard Montgomery
1641:battle of Normandy
1582:Lieutenant-General
1022:Battle of Atlantic
308:Bernard Montgomery
8337:Conflicts in 1944
8264:
8263:
8222:
8221:
8065:Battle of Okinawa
7964:Burma (1944–1945)
7798:Mariana and Palau
7578:Tunisian campaign
7403:Fall of Singapore
7327:Fall of Hong Kong
7070:Battle of Britain
6923:Operation Himmler
6832:
6831:
6496:Dutch East Indies
6139:Southern Rhodesia
5891:
5890:
5791:Genocide of Serbs
5694:German war crimes
5671:Soviet war crimes
5664:Allied war crimes
5510:Division of Korea
5489:Chinese Civil War
5287:Strategic bombing
5199:Manhattan Project
4873:978-1-55365-227-4
4801:978-0-8020-9522-0
4614:978-0-670-02531-2
4595:978-0-297-84497-6
4548:, pp. 22–23.
4524:, pp. 14–15.
3189:Winston Churchill
3073:XXX British Corps
2730:amphibious attack
2619:Maurice Duplessis
2425:and another from
2258:Wouwsche Plantage
2185:attrition tactics
2152:Dwight Eisenhower
1931:II Canadian Corps
1895:The Commander of
1791:British XII Corps
1779:Operation Undergo
1746:) that "one good
1608:Operation Undergo
1604:Operation Wellhit
1591:and southwestern
1539:
1538:
1330:
1329:
1293:Battle of Okinawa
1091:Battle of Britain
1030:
1029:
425:
424:
415:Roughly 10–13,000
157:
156:
8384:
8257:
8250:
8243:
8240:World portal
8238:
8237:
8213:
8206:
8199:
8192:
8183:
8176:
8169:
8160:
8153:
8146:
8139:
8132:
8125:
8116:
8109:
8102:
8100:Prague offensive
8095:
8093:Battle of Berlin
8088:
8081:
8074:
8067:
8060:
8053:
8046:
8039:
8037:Vienna offensive
8032:
8025:
8018:
8016:Battle of Manila
8011:
7991:
7982:
7973:
7966:
7957:
7950:
7943:
7936:
7929:
7922:
7915:
7906:
7897:
7890:
7881:
7874:
7867:
7860:
7851:
7844:
7837:
7830:
7823:
7816:
7809:
7800:
7793:
7784:
7775:
7766:
7759:
7757:Korsun–Cherkassy
7752:
7741:
7719:
7710:
7703:
7696:
7689:
7682:
7675:
7668:
7659:
7652:
7645:
7638:
7629:
7622:
7615:
7608:
7601:
7599:Bombing of Gorky
7594:
7587:
7580:
7560:
7553:
7544:
7537:
7530:
7521:
7514:
7507:
7500:
7489:
7482:
7475:
7468:
7466:Battle of Midway
7461:
7454:
7452:Battle of Gazala
7447:
7440:
7433:
7426:
7419:
7412:
7405:
7385:
7378:
7371:
7364:
7362:Battle of Borneo
7357:
7355:Malayan campaign
7350:
7343:
7336:
7329:
7322:
7315:
7308:
7301:
7299:Bombing of Gorky
7294:
7292:Battle of Moscow
7287:
7280:
7273:
7266:
7259:
7252:
7236:
7229:
7222:
7215:
7208:
7201:
7192:
7185:
7178:
7171:
7164:
7144:
7135:
7128:
7121:
7114:
7107:
7100:
7093:
7086:
7079:
7072:
7065:
7058:
7056:Battle of France
7051:
7044:
7037:
7030:
7023:
7016:
6996:
6989:
6982:
6975:
6968:
6961:
6954:
6932:
6925:
6918:
6911:
6909:Munich Agreement
6904:
6897:
6888:
6881:
6874:
6865:
6858:
6843:
6842:
6825:
6818:
6809:
6802:
6795:
6794:Soviet prisoners
6788:
6781:
6774:
6765:
6758:
6749:
6742:
6735:
6734:German prisoners
6730:
6710:
6701:
6694:
6687:
6682:
6675:
6668:
6661:
6654:
6647:
6640:
6633:
6626:
6619:
6612:
6605:
6598:
6591:
6582:
6575:
6568:
6561:
6554:
6547:
6540:
6533:
6526:
6519:
6512:
6505:
6498:
6491:
6484:
6477:
6470:
6463:
6456:
6436:
6429:
6422:
6415:
6408:
6401:
6394:
6387:
6380:
6373:
6366:
6346:
6339:
6332:
6325:
6317:
6310:
6303:
6294:
6287:
6279:
6272:
6270:French Indochina
6265:
6258:
6251:
6244:
6236:
6229:
6222:
6214:
6194:
6185:
6178:
6169:
6162:
6155:
6148:
6141:
6134:
6127:
6120:
6117:from August 1944
6108:
6101:
6094:
6087:
6080:
6073:
6066:
6059:
6052:
6040:
6033:
6026:
6019:
6012:
6000:
5992:
5985:
5978:
5971:
5964:
5957:
5950:
5938:
5931:
5924:
5917:
5902:
5901:
5882:
5875:
5868:
5861:
5854:
5843:
5828:
5821:
5814:
5809:
5800:
5793:
5786:
5777:
5770:
5763:
5761:Nanjing Massacre
5756:
5749:
5740:
5738:Nuremberg trials
5731:
5724:
5717:
5710:
5703:
5696:
5687:
5680:
5673:
5666:
5646:
5639:
5632:
5623:
5616:
5609:
5602:
5595:
5588:
5579:
5570:
5563:
5556:
5549:
5540:
5533:
5526:
5519:
5512:
5505:
5498:
5491:
5471:
5462:
5455:
5448:
5439:
5432:
5425:
5418:
5409:
5402:
5395:
5386:
5379:
5372:
5365:
5358:
5351:
5344:
5342:Asia and Pacific
5324:
5317:
5310:
5303:
5296:
5289:
5282:
5273:
5271:Mulberry harbour
5266:
5259:
5252:
5245:
5238:
5231:
5224:
5217:
5208:
5201:
5194:
5185:
5178:
5171:
5164:
5157:
5150:
5143:
5136:
5129:
5122:
5113:
5106:
5091:
5090:
5079:
5072:
5063:
5056:
5049:
5042:
5035:
5028:
5021:
5000:
4993:
4986:
4977:
4976:
4927:Cliff Chadderton
4923:Against All Odds
4877:
4858:
4846:
4835:
4816:
4805:
4778:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4745:
4739:. Archived from
4730:
4718:
4697:Neillands, Robin
4692:
4673:
4645:
4636:
4618:
4599:
4567:
4566:
4555:
4549:
4543:
4537:
4531:
4525:
4519:
4513:
4507:
4501:
4494:
4488:
4481:
4475:
4468:
4462:
4455:
4449:
4442:
4436:
4435:(New York, 1969)
4429:
4423:
4420:
4414:
4411:
4398:
4395:
4389:
4386:
4380:
4377:
4371:
4368:
4362:
4359:
4350:
4347:
4341:
4338:
4323:
4317:
4311:
4308:
4297:
4294:
4281:
4278:
4272:
4269:
4258:
4255:
4249:
4246:
4229:
4223:
4217:
4214:
4205:
4202:
4196:
4186:
4180:
4177:
4162:
4159:
4153:
4150:
4141:
4135:
4129:
4126:
4115:
4112:
4106:
4103:
4086:
4083:
4077:
4074:
4068:
4065:
4059:
4056:
4045:
4042:
4029:
4026:
4020:
4017:
4011:
4008:
3995:
3992:
3981:
3978:
3972:
3969:
3963:
3960:
3947:
3944:
3921:
3918:
3903:
3900:
3883:
3880:
3874:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3845:
3839:
3836:
3809:
3806:
3797:
3794:
3788:
3785:
3779:
3776:
3763:
3760:
3743:
3729:
3723:
3720:
3714:
3711:
3705:
3702:
3696:
3693:
3682:
3679:
3664:
3661:
3648:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3621:
3618:
3609:
3606:
3600:
3597:
3582:
3579:
3568:
3565:
3552:
3549:
3536:
3533:
3524:
3521:
3515:
3512:
3503:
3500:
3494:
3491:
3485:
3482:
3476:
3473:
3467:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3449:
3446:
3440:
3437:
3422:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3404:
3401:
3395:
3392:
3386:
3383:
3374:
3368:
3362:
3355:
3344:
3337:
3331:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3305:
3285:
3282:
3276:
3259:, a play on the
3253:
3247:
3244:
3238:
3235:
3199:
3108:Seventh U.S Army
3046:Canadian vessel
3012:Sint Philipsland
2846:Maple Leaf Route
2722:Fort Garry Horse
2497:
2475:
2456:, equipped with
2357:canalized rivers
2080:to take part in
2078:2nd British Army
1808:German positions
1756:Boulogne-sur-Mer
1710:On 5 September,
1419:Nijmegen salient
1369:
1367:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1334:
1333:
1288:Aleutian Islands
1276:Far East/Pacific
1069:
1067:
1057:
1050:
1043:
1034:
1033:
859:Atlantic Pockets
463:
459:Western Front of
451:
444:
437:
428:
427:
357:
356:
342:
341:
330:
329:
318:
317:
306:
305:
287:
283:
281:
280:
266:
264:
263:
253:
252:
251:
241:
239:
238:
228:
226:
225:
215:
213:
212:
202:
201:
190:
188:
187:
177:
175:
174:
132:
131:
129:
128:
127:
122:
121:51.417°N 4.167°E
118:
115:
114:
113:
110:
82:
81:
73:in Zeeland, 1944
58:
30:
29:
8392:
8391:
8387:
8386:
8385:
8383:
8382:
8381:
8342:1944 in Belgium
8267:
8266:
8265:
8260:
8253:
8246:
8232:
8230:
8218:
8209:
8202:
8195:
8188:
8179:
8172:
8165:
8156:
8151:Atomic bombings
8149:
8142:
8135:
8128:
8121:
8112:
8105:
8098:
8091:
8084:
8077:
8070:
8063:
8056:
8049:
8042:
8035:
8028:
8021:
8014:
8007:
7994:
7987:
7976:
7969:
7962:
7953:
7946:
7939:
7932:
7925:
7918:
7909:
7900:
7893:
7884:
7877:
7870:
7863:
7854:
7847:
7842:Eastern Romania
7840:
7835:Warsaw Uprising
7833:
7828:Tannenberg Line
7826:
7819:
7814:Western Ukraine
7812:
7803:
7796:
7787:
7778:
7769:
7762:
7755:
7744:
7735:
7722:
7715:
7706:
7699:
7692:
7685:
7678:
7671:
7664:
7655:
7648:
7641:
7632:
7625:
7618:
7611:
7606:Battle of Kursk
7604:
7597:
7590:
7583:
7576:
7563:
7556:
7547:
7540:
7533:
7524:
7517:
7510:
7503:
7494:
7485:
7478:
7471:
7464:
7457:
7450:
7443:
7436:
7429:
7422:
7417:St Nazaire Raid
7415:
7408:
7401:
7388:
7381:
7374:
7367:
7360:
7353:
7346:
7339:
7332:
7325:
7318:
7311:
7304:
7297:
7290:
7283:
7276:
7269:
7262:
7255:
7241:
7232:
7225:
7218:
7211:
7204:
7199:Anglo-Iraqi War
7197:
7190:Battle of Crete
7188:
7181:
7174:
7167:
7160:
7147:
7138:
7131:
7124:
7119:Eastern Romania
7117:
7110:
7103:
7096:
7089:
7082:
7075:
7068:
7061:
7054:
7047:
7040:
7033:
7026:
7019:
7012:
6999:
6992:
6985:
6978:
6971:
6964:
6957:
6950:
6937:
6928:
6921:
6914:
6907:
6900:
6893:
6884:
6877:
6870:
6861:
6854:
6828:
6821:
6814:
6805:
6798:
6793:
6784:
6777:
6770:
6761:
6754:
6745:
6738:
6733:
6726:
6713:
6706:
6697:
6690:
6685:
6680:Western Ukraine
6678:
6671:
6664:
6657:
6650:
6643:
6636:
6629:
6624:Northeast China
6622:
6615:
6608:
6601:
6594:
6587:
6578:
6571:
6564:
6557:
6550:
6543:
6536:
6529:
6522:
6515:
6508:
6501:
6494:
6487:
6480:
6473:
6466:
6459:
6452:
6439:
6432:
6425:
6418:
6411:
6404:
6397:
6390:
6383:
6376:
6369:
6362:
6349:
6342:
6335:
6330:Slovak Republic
6328:
6320:
6313:
6306:
6301:Empire of Japan
6299:
6290:
6282:
6275:
6268:
6261:
6254:
6247:
6239:
6232:
6225:
6217:
6210:
6197:
6190:
6181:
6174:
6165:
6158:
6151:
6144:
6137:
6130:
6123:
6111:
6104:
6097:
6090:
6083:
6076:
6069:
6062:
6055:
6043:
6036:
6029:
6022:
6015:
6003:
5995:
5988:
5981:
5974:
5967:
5960:
5953:
5941:
5934:
5927:
5920:
5913:
5887:
5878:
5871:
5864:
5857:
5846:
5831:
5824:
5817:
5813:Sexual violence
5812:
5805:
5796:
5789:
5782:
5773:
5766:
5759:
5752:
5745:
5736:
5727:
5720:
5713:
5706:
5699:
5692:
5683:
5676:
5669:
5662:
5649:
5642:
5635:
5628:
5619:
5612:
5605:
5598:
5591:
5582:
5573:
5566:
5559:
5552:
5543:
5536:
5531:Greek Civil War
5529:
5522:
5515:
5508:
5501:
5494:
5487:
5474:
5467:
5458:
5451:
5444:
5435:
5428:
5421:
5414:
5405:
5398:
5391:
5382:
5375:
5368:
5361:
5356:South-East Asia
5354:
5347:
5340:
5327:
5320:
5313:
5306:
5299:
5292:
5285:
5278:
5269:
5262:
5255:
5248:
5241:
5234:
5227:
5220:
5215:Military awards
5213:
5204:
5197:
5190:
5181:
5174:
5167:
5160:
5153:
5146:
5139:
5132:
5125:
5118:
5109:
5102:
5082:
5075:
5068:
5059:
5052:
5045:
5040:
5031:
5024:
5017:
5009:
5004:
4966:Wayback Machine
4913:The Peoples War
4897:Wayback Machine
4884:
4874:
4855:
4832:
4802:
4786:
4784:Further reading
4781:
4775:
4765:Hamish Hamilton
4749:
4747:
4743:
4728:
4715:
4689:
4634:
4615:
4596:
4576:
4571:
4570:
4556:
4552:
4544:
4540:
4532:
4528:
4520:
4516:
4508:
4504:
4495:
4491:
4482:
4478:
4469:
4465:
4456:
4452:
4443:
4439:
4430:
4426:
4421:
4417:
4412:
4401:
4396:
4392:
4387:
4383:
4378:
4374:
4369:
4365:
4360:
4353:
4348:
4344:
4339:
4326:
4318:
4314:
4309:
4300:
4295:
4284:
4279:
4275:
4270:
4261:
4256:
4252:
4247:
4232:
4224:
4220:
4215:
4208:
4203:
4199:
4189:Morton, Desmond
4187:
4183:
4178:
4165:
4160:
4156:
4151:
4144:
4136:
4132:
4127:
4118:
4113:
4109:
4104:
4089:
4084:
4080:
4075:
4071:
4066:
4062:
4057:
4048:
4043:
4032:
4027:
4023:
4018:
4014:
4009:
3998:
3993:
3984:
3979:
3975:
3970:
3966:
3961:
3950:
3945:
3924:
3919:
3906:
3901:
3886:
3881:
3877:
3872:
3868:
3846:
3842:
3837:
3812:
3807:
3800:
3795:
3791:
3786:
3782:
3777:
3766:
3761:
3746:
3730:
3726:
3721:
3717:
3712:
3708:
3703:
3699:
3694:
3685:
3680:
3667:
3662:
3651:
3646:
3642:
3637:
3624:
3619:
3612:
3607:
3603:
3598:
3585:
3580:
3571:
3566:
3555:
3550:
3539:
3534:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3513:
3506:
3501:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3483:
3479:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3456:
3452:
3447:
3443:
3438:
3425:
3420:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3389:
3384:
3377:
3369:
3365:
3359:A World at Arms
3356:
3347:
3341:A World at Arms
3338:
3334:
3329:
3325:
3316:
3314:
3307:
3306:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3207:
3197:
3129:
3104:Ninth U.S. Army
3088:Operation Queen
3040:
2921:
2885:
2829:
2823:
2799:
2793:
2757:
2751:
2677:
2624:Union Nationale
2507:Royal Engineers
2495:
2473:
2337:88 mm flak guns
2309:
2180:Charles Foulkes
2095:
2090:
2022:Breskens pocket
1984:Breskens Pocket
1923:British I Corps
1889:
1810:
1771:taking Boulogne
1720:21st Army Group
1708:
1692:Western Scheldt
1637:
1552:to open up the
1542:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1529:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1331:
1326:
1300:Other campaigns
1181:Southern France
1140:Verrières Ridge
1116:Le Mesnil-Patry
1070:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1031:
1026:
753:St Nazaire Raid
705:The Hardest Day
572:Fort Eben-Emael
558:Rotterdam Blitz
516:The Netherlands
464:
460:
457:
455:
421:
418:41,043 captured
409:
403:Canadian: 6,367
351:
348:
336:
324:
312:
300:
278:
276:
272:
261:
259:
249:
247:
236:
234:
223:
221:
210:
208:
196:
185:
183:
172:
170:
146:
125:
123:
119:
116:
111:
108:
106:
104:
103:
102:
76:
59:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8390:
8380:
8379:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8354:
8349:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8329:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8309:
8304:
8299:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8262:
8261:
8259:
8258:
8251:
8244:
8227:
8224:
8223:
8220:
8219:
8217:
8216:
8215:
8214:
8207:
8200:
8186:
8185:
8184:
8170:
8167:South Sakhalin
8163:
8162:
8161:
8147:
8140:
8133:
8126:
8119:
8118:
8117:
8103:
8096:
8089:
8082:
8075:
8068:
8061:
8054:
8047:
8040:
8033:
8026:
8019:
8012:
8004:
8002:
7996:
7995:
7993:
7992:
7985:
7984:
7983:
7967:
7960:
7959:
7958:
7944:
7937:
7930:
7923:
7916:
7907:
7898:
7891:
7882:
7875:
7868:
7861:
7852:
7845:
7838:
7831:
7824:
7817:
7810:
7801:
7794:
7785:
7776:
7767:
7760:
7753:
7742:
7732:
7730:
7724:
7723:
7721:
7720:
7713:
7712:
7711:
7704:
7690:
7683:
7676:
7669:
7662:
7661:
7660:
7646:
7639:
7630:
7623:
7616:
7609:
7602:
7595:
7592:Battle of Attu
7588:
7581:
7573:
7571:
7565:
7564:
7562:
7561:
7554:
7545:
7538:
7531:
7522:
7515:
7508:
7501:
7492:
7491:
7490:
7483:
7469:
7462:
7455:
7448:
7441:
7434:
7427:
7420:
7413:
7406:
7398:
7396:
7390:
7389:
7387:
7386:
7379:
7372:
7365:
7358:
7351:
7344:
7341:Battle of Guam
7337:
7330:
7323:
7316:
7309:
7302:
7295:
7288:
7281:
7274:
7267:
7264:Battle of Kiev
7260:
7253:
7239:
7238:
7237:
7223:
7216:
7209:
7202:
7195:
7194:
7193:
7179:
7172:
7165:
7157:
7155:
7149:
7148:
7146:
7145:
7136:
7129:
7122:
7115:
7108:
7101:
7094:
7087:
7080:
7073:
7066:
7059:
7052:
7045:
7038:
7031:
7024:
7017:
7009:
7007:
7001:
7000:
6998:
6997:
6990:
6983:
6976:
6969:
6962:
6955:
6947:
6945:
6939:
6938:
6936:
6935:
6934:
6933:
6926:
6919:
6912:
6905:
6891:
6890:
6889:
6882:
6868:
6867:
6866:
6851:
6849:
6840:
6834:
6833:
6830:
6829:
6827:
6826:
6819:
6812:
6811:
6810:
6803:
6791:
6790:
6789:
6775:
6768:
6767:
6766:
6763:United Kingdom
6759:
6752:
6751:
6750:
6731:
6723:
6721:
6715:
6714:
6712:
6711:
6704:
6703:
6702:
6695:
6683:
6676:
6669:
6662:
6655:
6648:
6641:
6634:
6627:
6620:
6613:
6606:
6599:
6592:
6585:
6584:
6583:
6576:
6562:
6555:
6548:
6541:
6534:
6527:
6520:
6513:
6506:
6499:
6492:
6485:
6478:
6471:
6464:
6457:
6449:
6447:
6441:
6440:
6438:
6437:
6430:
6423:
6416:
6409:
6402:
6395:
6388:
6381:
6374:
6367:
6359:
6357:
6351:
6350:
6348:
6347:
6340:
6333:
6326:
6318:
6311:
6304:
6297:
6296:
6295:
6280:
6273:
6266:
6259:
6252:
6245:
6237:
6230:
6223:
6215:
6207:
6205:
6199:
6198:
6196:
6195:
6188:
6187:
6186:
6172:
6171:
6170:
6167:British Empire
6160:United Kingdom
6156:
6149:
6142:
6135:
6128:
6121:
6109:
6102:
6095:
6088:
6081:
6074:
6067:
6060:
6053:
6041:
6034:
6027:
6020:
6013:
6001:
5993:
5986:
5979:
5976:Czechoslovakia
5972:
5965:
5958:
5951:
5939:
5932:
5925:
5918:
5910:
5908:
5899:
5893:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5876:
5873:Rape of Manila
5869:
5862:
5855:
5844:
5829:
5822:
5810:
5803:
5802:
5801:
5794:
5780:
5779:
5778:
5771:
5764:
5750:
5743:
5742:
5741:
5734:
5733:
5732:
5725:
5711:
5704:
5690:
5689:
5688:
5681:
5674:
5659:
5657:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5647:
5644:United Nations
5640:
5633:
5626:
5625:
5624:
5617:
5610:
5603:
5589:
5580:
5571:
5564:
5557:
5550:
5541:
5534:
5527:
5520:
5513:
5506:
5503:Decolonization
5499:
5492:
5484:
5482:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5472:
5465:
5464:
5463:
5449:
5442:
5441:
5440:
5433:
5426:
5412:
5411:
5410:
5403:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5380:
5373:
5366:
5359:
5352:
5337:
5335:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5325:
5318:
5311:
5304:
5297:
5290:
5283:
5276:
5275:
5274:
5267:
5253:
5246:
5239:
5232:
5225:
5218:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5195:
5188:
5187:
5186:
5179:
5176:United Kingdom
5172:
5158:
5151:
5144:
5137:
5130:
5123:
5116:
5115:
5114:
5099:
5097:
5088:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5073:
5066:
5065:
5064:
5057:
5050:
5038:
5037:
5036:
5022:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5003:
5002:
4995:
4988:
4980:
4974:
4973:
4968:
4956:
4951:
4943:
4935:
4929:
4917:
4908:
4900:
4883:
4882:External links
4880:
4879:
4878:
4872:
4859:
4853:
4836:
4830:
4817:
4806:
4800:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4773:
4756:
4719:
4713:
4693:
4687:
4674:
4646:
4637:
4632:
4619:
4613:
4600:
4594:
4582:Beevor, Antony
4577:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4550:
4538:
4526:
4514:
4512:, p. 634.
4502:
4489:
4476:
4474:, p. 111.
4463:
4461:, p. 205.
4450:
4437:
4424:
4415:
4399:
4390:
4381:
4372:
4363:
4351:
4342:
4324:
4312:
4298:
4282:
4273:
4259:
4250:
4230:
4218:
4206:
4197:
4181:
4163:
4154:
4142:
4130:
4116:
4107:
4087:
4078:
4069:
4060:
4046:
4030:
4021:
4012:
3996:
3982:
3973:
3964:
3948:
3922:
3904:
3884:
3875:
3866:
3863:. p. 167.
3851:, ed. (1932).
3840:
3810:
3798:
3789:
3780:
3764:
3744:
3724:
3715:
3706:
3697:
3683:
3665:
3649:
3640:
3622:
3610:
3601:
3583:
3569:
3553:
3537:
3525:
3516:
3504:
3495:
3486:
3477:
3468:
3459:
3450:
3441:
3423:
3414:
3405:
3396:
3387:
3375:
3373:, p. 149.
3363:
3345:
3332:
3323:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3277:
3248:
3239:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3213:
3206:
3203:
3153:Brian Horrocks
3128:
3125:
3100:Third U.S Army
3096:First U.S Army
3048:Fort Cataraqui
3039:
3036:
3031:Fort Cataraqui
3008:Bergen-op-Zoom
2920:
2917:
2901:No. 4 Commando
2884:
2881:
2825:Main article:
2822:
2819:
2795:Main article:
2792:
2789:
2753:Main article:
2750:
2747:
2676:
2673:
2653:Military Cross
2409:area, and the
2308:
2305:
2296:Bergen op Zoom
2230:Denis Whitaker
2168:Volksgrenadier
2158:Field Marshal
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2067:Braakman Inlet
2020:, called the "
1998:
1997:
1994:
1991:South Beveland
1987:
1980:
1977:South Beveland
1943:52nd Divisions
1888:
1887:Plan of attack
1885:
1809:
1806:
1793:under General
1716:Bertram Ramsay
1707:
1704:
1662:via the river
1636:
1633:
1537:
1536:
1528:
1527:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1486:
1484:Kapelsche Veer
1481:
1474:
1469:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1360:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1337:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1247:Bernhardt Line
1244:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1137:
1130:
1125:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1106:Normandy, 1944
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1079:Western Europe
1075:
1072:
1071:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1037:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
993:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
946:
945:
931:
924:
917:
916:
915:
910:
898:
891:
884:
877:
862:
861:
856:
851:
846:
839:
834:
829:
822:
817:
815:Hürtgen Forest
812:
805:
800:
798:Siegfried Line
795:
788:
781:
774:
763:
762:
761:
760:
755:
748:Commando Raids
745:
743:Baedeker Blitz
740:
733:
720:
719:
712:
707:
702:
697:
684:
683:
682:
681:
671:
664:
659:
654:
653:
652:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
602:
601:
596:
591:
586:
579:
574:
561:
560:
555:
550:
548:The Grebbeberg
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
512:
511:
498:
497:
490:
485:
480:
469:
466:
465:
454:
453:
446:
439:
431:
423:
422:
420:
419:
416:
412:
410:
408:
407:
404:
400:
397:
396:
392:
391:
388:
384:
383:
379:
378:
373:
367:
366:
365:Units involved
362:
361:
349:
347:
346:
344:Bertram Ramsay
334:
322:
310:
297:
294:
293:
289:
288:
273:
271:
270:
257:
245:
232:
219:
206:
194:
192:United Kingdom
181:
167:
164:
163:
159:
158:
155:
154:
148:
142:
141:
140:Allied victory
138:
134:
133:
96:
94:
90:
89:
86:
78:
77:
75:
74:
67:
60:
51:
50:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8389:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8274:
8272:
8256:
8252:
8249:
8245:
8242:
8241:
8236:
8229:
8228:
8225:
8212:
8208:
8205:
8201:
8198:
8194:
8193:
8191:
8187:
8182:
8178:
8177:
8175:
8174:Kuril Islands
8171:
8168:
8164:
8159:
8155:
8154:
8152:
8148:
8145:
8141:
8138:
8134:
8131:
8127:
8124:
8120:
8115:
8111:
8110:
8108:
8104:
8101:
8097:
8094:
8090:
8087:
8083:
8080:
8076:
8073:
8069:
8066:
8062:
8059:
8055:
8052:
8048:
8045:
8041:
8038:
8034:
8031:
8027:
8024:
8020:
8017:
8013:
8010:
8006:
8005:
8003:
8001:
7997:
7990:
7986:
7981:
7980:
7975:
7974:
7972:
7968:
7965:
7961:
7956:
7952:
7951:
7949:
7945:
7942:
7941:Syrmian Front
7938:
7935:
7931:
7928:
7924:
7921:
7917:
7914:
7913:
7908:
7905:
7904:
7899:
7896:
7892:
7889:
7888:
7887:Market Garden
7883:
7880:
7876:
7873:
7869:
7866:
7862:
7859:
7858:
7853:
7850:
7846:
7843:
7839:
7836:
7832:
7829:
7825:
7822:
7818:
7815:
7811:
7808:
7807:
7802:
7799:
7795:
7792:
7791:
7786:
7783:
7782:
7777:
7774:
7773:
7768:
7765:
7761:
7758:
7754:
7751:
7747:
7746:Monte Cassino
7743:
7740:
7739:
7734:
7733:
7731:
7729:
7725:
7718:
7714:
7709:
7705:
7702:
7698:
7697:
7695:
7691:
7688:
7684:
7681:
7677:
7674:
7670:
7667:
7663:
7658:
7654:
7653:
7651:
7647:
7644:
7640:
7637:
7636:
7631:
7628:
7624:
7621:
7617:
7614:
7610:
7607:
7603:
7600:
7596:
7593:
7589:
7586:
7582:
7579:
7575:
7574:
7572:
7570:
7566:
7559:
7555:
7552:
7551:
7546:
7543:
7539:
7536:
7532:
7529:
7528:
7523:
7520:
7516:
7513:
7509:
7506:
7502:
7499:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7484:
7481:
7477:
7476:
7474:
7470:
7467:
7463:
7460:
7456:
7453:
7449:
7446:
7442:
7439:
7435:
7432:
7428:
7425:
7421:
7418:
7414:
7411:
7407:
7404:
7400:
7399:
7397:
7395:
7391:
7384:
7380:
7377:
7373:
7370:
7366:
7363:
7359:
7356:
7352:
7349:
7345:
7342:
7338:
7335:
7331:
7328:
7324:
7321:
7317:
7314:
7310:
7307:
7303:
7300:
7296:
7293:
7289:
7286:
7282:
7279:
7275:
7272:
7268:
7265:
7261:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7249:
7244:
7240:
7235:
7231:
7230:
7228:
7224:
7221:
7217:
7214:
7210:
7207:
7203:
7200:
7196:
7191:
7187:
7186:
7184:
7180:
7177:
7173:
7170:
7166:
7163:
7159:
7158:
7156:
7154:
7150:
7143:
7142:
7137:
7134:
7130:
7127:
7123:
7120:
7116:
7113:
7112:Baltic states
7109:
7106:
7102:
7099:
7095:
7092:
7088:
7085:
7081:
7078:
7074:
7071:
7067:
7064:
7060:
7057:
7053:
7050:
7046:
7043:
7039:
7036:
7032:
7029:
7025:
7022:
7018:
7015:
7011:
7010:
7008:
7006:
7002:
6995:
6991:
6988:
6984:
6981:
6977:
6974:
6970:
6967:
6963:
6960:
6956:
6953:
6949:
6948:
6946:
6944:
6940:
6931:
6927:
6924:
6920:
6917:
6913:
6910:
6906:
6903:
6899:
6898:
6896:
6892:
6887:
6883:
6880:
6876:
6875:
6873:
6869:
6864:
6860:
6859:
6857:
6853:
6852:
6850:
6848:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6835:
6824:
6820:
6817:
6813:
6808:
6804:
6801:
6797:
6796:
6792:
6787:
6783:
6782:
6780:
6776:
6773:
6769:
6764:
6760:
6757:
6756:United States
6753:
6748:
6744:
6743:
6741:
6737:
6736:
6732:
6729:
6725:
6724:
6722:
6720:
6716:
6709:
6705:
6700:
6696:
6693:
6692:Quốc dân Đảng
6689:
6688:
6684:
6681:
6677:
6674:
6670:
6667:
6663:
6660:
6656:
6653:
6649:
6646:
6642:
6639:
6635:
6632:
6628:
6625:
6621:
6618:
6614:
6611:
6607:
6604:
6600:
6597:
6593:
6590:
6586:
6581:
6577:
6574:
6570:
6569:
6567:
6563:
6560:
6556:
6553:
6549:
6546:
6542:
6539:
6535:
6532:
6528:
6525:
6521:
6518:
6514:
6511:
6507:
6504:
6500:
6497:
6493:
6490:
6486:
6483:
6479:
6476:
6472:
6469:
6465:
6462:
6458:
6455:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6446:
6442:
6435:
6431:
6428:
6424:
6421:
6417:
6414:
6410:
6407:
6403:
6400:
6396:
6393:
6392:Liechtenstein
6389:
6386:
6382:
6379:
6375:
6372:
6368:
6365:
6361:
6360:
6358:
6356:
6352:
6345:
6341:
6338:
6334:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6316:
6312:
6309:
6305:
6302:
6298:
6293:
6289:
6288:
6285:
6281:
6278:
6274:
6271:
6267:
6264:
6260:
6257:
6253:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6235:
6231:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6213:
6209:
6208:
6206:
6204:
6200:
6193:
6189:
6184:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6176:United States
6173:
6168:
6164:
6163:
6161:
6157:
6154:
6150:
6147:
6143:
6140:
6136:
6133:
6129:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6107:
6103:
6100:
6096:
6093:
6089:
6086:
6082:
6079:
6075:
6072:
6068:
6065:
6061:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6039:
6035:
6032:
6028:
6025:
6021:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5991:
5987:
5984:
5980:
5977:
5973:
5970:
5966:
5963:
5959:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5937:
5933:
5930:
5926:
5923:
5919:
5916:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5907:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5894:
5881:
5877:
5874:
5870:
5867:
5866:Comfort women
5863:
5860:
5856:
5853:
5850: /
5849:
5845:
5842:
5839: /
5838:
5835: /
5834:
5830:
5827:
5826:Camp brothels
5823:
5820:
5816:
5815:
5811:
5808:
5804:
5799:
5795:
5792:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5781:
5776:
5772:
5769:
5765:
5762:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5751:
5748:
5744:
5739:
5735:
5730:
5726:
5723:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5715:The Holocaust
5712:
5709:
5705:
5702:
5701:forced labour
5698:
5697:
5695:
5691:
5686:
5682:
5679:
5675:
5672:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5656:
5652:
5645:
5641:
5638:
5634:
5631:
5627:
5622:
5618:
5615:
5611:
5608:
5604:
5601:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5572:
5569:
5565:
5562:
5558:
5555:
5554:Marshall Plan
5551:
5548:
5547:
5542:
5539:
5535:
5532:
5528:
5525:
5521:
5518:
5514:
5511:
5507:
5504:
5500:
5497:
5493:
5490:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5481:
5477:
5470:
5466:
5461:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5450:
5447:
5443:
5438:
5434:
5431:
5427:
5424:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5413:
5408:
5407:Eastern Front
5404:
5401:
5400:Western Front
5397:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5385:
5381:
5378:
5374:
5371:
5367:
5364:
5360:
5357:
5353:
5350:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5334:
5330:
5323:
5319:
5316:
5312:
5309:
5305:
5302:
5298:
5295:
5294:Puppet states
5291:
5288:
5284:
5281:
5277:
5272:
5268:
5265:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5254:
5251:
5247:
5244:
5240:
5237:
5236:Naval history
5233:
5230:
5226:
5223:
5219:
5216:
5212:
5207:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5196:
5193:
5189:
5184:
5183:United States
5180:
5177:
5173:
5170:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5159:
5156:
5152:
5149:
5145:
5142:
5138:
5135:
5131:
5128:
5124:
5121:
5117:
5112:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5096:
5092:
5089:
5085:
5078:
5074:
5071:
5067:
5062:
5058:
5055:
5051:
5048:
5044:
5043:
5039:
5034:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5020:
5016:
5015:
5012:
5008:
5001:
4996:
4994:
4989:
4987:
4982:
4981:
4978:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4963:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4936:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4901:
4898:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4886:
4885:
4875:
4869:
4865:
4860:
4856:
4854:0-8253-0257-9
4850:
4845:
4844:
4837:
4833:
4827:
4823:
4818:
4814:
4813:
4807:
4803:
4797:
4793:
4788:
4787:
4776:
4774:0-241-11312-1
4770:
4766:
4762:
4757:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4727:
4726:
4720:
4716:
4714:0-304-36736-2
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4688:0-85052-144-0
4684:
4680:
4675:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4647:
4643:
4638:
4635:
4633:9780919907034
4629:
4625:
4620:
4616:
4610:
4606:
4601:
4597:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4578:
4564:
4560:
4554:
4547:
4542:
4536:, p. 20.
4535:
4530:
4523:
4518:
4511:
4506:
4499:
4493:
4487:, p. 58.
4486:
4480:
4473:
4467:
4460:
4454:
4448:, p. 53.
4447:
4441:
4434:
4428:
4419:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4394:
4385:
4376:
4367:
4358:
4356:
4346:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4321:
4316:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4277:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4254:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4228:
4225:Copp, Terry.
4222:
4213:
4211:
4201:
4194:
4190:
4185:
4176:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4158:
4149:
4147:
4139:
4134:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4111:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4082:
4073:
4064:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4025:
4016:
4007:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3977:
3968:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3879:
3870:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3844:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3805:
3803:
3793:
3784:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3741:
3740:9780752451947
3737:
3733:
3728:
3719:
3710:
3701:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3644:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3617:
3615:
3605:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3532:
3530:
3520:
3511:
3509:
3499:
3490:
3481:
3472:
3463:
3454:
3445:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3418:
3409:
3400:
3391:
3382:
3380:
3372:
3367:
3360:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3342:
3336:
3327:
3312:
3311:
3304:
3302:
3297:
3281:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3243:
3234:
3230:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3212:
3211:Rifleman Khan
3209:
3208:
3202:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3178:
3177:Antony Beevor
3173:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3135:
3124:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3062:
3056:
3049:
3044:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3004:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2969:Royal Marines
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2912:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2855:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2833:
2828:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2761:
2756:
2746:
2742:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2723:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2686:
2681:
2672:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2469:
2467:
2461:
2459:
2458:flamethrowers
2455:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2403:Regina Rifles
2400:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2324:Eastern Front
2320:
2318:
2314:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2274:Sherman tanks
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2251:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2205:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2003:
2002:Leopold Canal
1995:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1961:
1959:
1958:8th Air Force
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1874:
1872:
1871:to the utmost
1868:
1865:told General
1864:
1860:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1826:Wilhelm Daser
1823:
1822:
1817:
1816:
1805:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1748:Pas de Calais
1745:
1741:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1696:Atlantic Wall
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1680:White Brigade
1676:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1645:Low Countries
1642:
1632:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1602:), Boulogne (
1601:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1554:Scheldt river
1551:
1547:
1534:
1533:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1381:Market Garden
1377:
1376:
1373:
1368:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1307:North America
1305:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1258:
1257:Monte Cassino
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1201:North Brabant
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1191:Dunkirk, 1944
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1068:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
998:
997:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
944:
943:
939:
938:
937:
936:
932:
930:
929:
925:
923:
922:
918:
914:
911:
909:
906:
905:
904:
903:
899:
897:
896:
892:
890:
889:
885:
883:
882:
878:
876:
875:
871:
870:
869:
868:
867:
860:
857:
855:
854:Colmar Pocket
852:
850:
847:
845:
844:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
827:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
810:
809:Market Garden
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
793:
789:
787:
786:
782:
780:
779:
775:
773:
770:
769:
768:
767:
759:
756:
754:
751:
750:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
738:
734:
732:
731:
727:
726:
725:
724:
718:
717:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
692:
691:
690:
689:
680:
679:Haddock Force
677:
676:
675:
672:
670:
669:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
651:
650:
646:
645:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
610:
609:
608:
607:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
584:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
569:
568:
567:
566:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
520:
519:
518:
517:
510:
509:Schuster Line
507:
506:
505:
504:
503:
496:
495:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
475:
474:
473:
467:
462:
452:
447:
445:
440:
438:
433:
432:
429:
417:
414:
413:
411:
406:Total: 20,873
405:
402:
401:
399:
398:
393:
389:
386:
385:
380:
377:
374:
372:
369:
368:
363:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
333:
328:
323:
321:
316:
311:
309:
304:
299:
298:
296:
295:
290:
286:
274:
269:
258:
256:
246:
244:
233:
231:
220:
218:
217:United States
207:
205:
200:
195:
193:
182:
180:
169:
168:
166:
165:
160:
152:
149:
144:
143:
139:
136:
135:
130:
126:51.417; 4.167
100:
95:
92:
91:
87:
84:
83:
79:
72:
68:
65:
62:
61:
57:
52:
49:
45:
44:Western Front
41:
36:
31:
26:
22:
8248:Bibliography
8231:
8044:Project Hula
8009:Vistula–Oder
7978:
7911:
7902:
7886:
7856:
7805:
7789:
7780:
7771:
7737:
7634:
7549:
7525:
7495:
7246:
7139:
7084:North Africa
6786:Soviet Union
6740:Soviet Union
6666:Soviet Union
6434:Vatican City
6344:Vichy France
6249:German Reich
6146:Soviet Union
6132:South Africa
6125:Sierra Leone
6078:Newfoundland
5897:Participants
5880:Marocchinate
5584:
5575:
5545:
5423:North Africa
5384:Indian Ocean
5243:Nazi plunder
5134:Cryptography
5007:World War II
4946:
4938:
4922:
4912:
4903:
4888:
4863:
4842:
4821:
4811:
4791:
4760:
4748:. Retrieved
4741:the original
4724:
4700:
4678:
4654:
4650:
4641:
4623:
4604:
4585:
4562:
4553:
4541:
4529:
4517:
4505:
4497:
4492:
4484:
4479:
4471:
4466:
4458:
4453:
4445:
4440:
4432:
4427:
4418:
4393:
4384:
4375:
4366:
4345:
4315:
4276:
4253:
4226:
4221:
4200:
4192:
4184:
4157:
4133:
4110:
4081:
4072:
4063:
4024:
4015:
3976:
3967:
3878:
3869:
3856:
3843:
3792:
3783:
3731:
3727:
3718:
3709:
3700:
3643:
3604:
3519:
3498:
3489:
3480:
3471:
3462:
3453:
3444:
3417:
3408:
3399:
3390:
3366:
3358:
3340:
3335:
3326:
3315:, retrieved
3309:
3280:
3272:
3265:Harry Crerar
3251:
3242:
3233:
3215:
3187:
3174:
3165:Kurt Student
3162:
3157:Albert Canal
3150:
3139:
3130:
3120:
3113:
3081:
3066:
3057:
3053:
3029:
3020:
3005:
2997:
2993:
2948:
2941:
2930:
2922:
2886:
2875:
2870:
2858:
2853:
2850:
2845:
2838:
2816:
2800:
2780:
2766:
2743:
2727:
2718:
2710:
2690:
2685:C15TA trucks
2666:
2662:
2657:
2645:
2630:
2622:
2612:
2597:
2569:
2539:
2519:
2500:
2484:
2470:
2462:
2450:
2397:coming from
2383:
2362:
2352:
2344:
2341:
2321:
2310:
2301:
2290:
2255:
2246:
2241:
2234:
2210:
2198:Harry Foster
2190:
2167:
2164:Army Group B
2160:Walter Model
2157:
2145:
2123:
2096:
2071:
2060:
2049:
2026:
2007:
1999:
1970:
1915:
1911:Tony Pugsley
1908:
1876:
1870:
1855:
1847:Adolf Hitler
1845:
1834:
1820:
1815:Kriegsmarine
1813:
1811:
1799:
1795:Neil Ritchie
1764:
1752:Harry Crerar
1736:
1709:
1677:
1653:
1638:
1625:
1597:
1545:
1543:
1530:
1522:
1501:
1493:
1476:
1465:
1446:
1424:
1423:
1410:
1403:
1388:Joe's Bridge
1380:
1378:
1299:
1275:
1261:
1239:
1227:
1211:Arnhem, 1945
1195:
1186:Calais, 1944
1158:
1151:
1144:
1132:
1120:
1086:France, 1940
1078:
995:
994:
941:
934:
927:
920:
900:
894:
887:
880:
873:
864:
863:
842:
831:
825:
808:
791:
784:
777:
765:
764:
736:
729:
722:
721:
715:
686:
685:
667:
648:
604:
603:
582:
563:
562:
514:
513:
500:
499:
492:
470:
461:World War II
332:Harry Crerar
162:Belligerents
48:World War II
38:Part of the
25:
7979:Bodenplatte
7865:Gothic Line
7091:West Africa
6638:Philippines
6617:Netherlands
6482:Czech lands
6420:Switzerland
6364:Afghanistan
6315:Philippines
6183:Puerto Rico
6099:Philippines
6085:New Zealand
6071:Netherlands
6024:Free France
5775:Prosecution
5576:Osoaviakhim
5446:West Africa
5430:East Africa
5077:Conferences
4679:A Full Life
4546:Beevor 2015
4534:Beevor 2015
4522:Beevor 2015
4510:Beevor 2012
4496:Neillands.
4483:Neillands.
4459:A Full Life
4444:Neillands.
4320:The Scheldt
4138:Stacey 1960
3261:Desert Rats
3137:World War.
3127:Controversy
3116:V-2 rockets
3023:naval mines
2897:Royal Scots
2842:C.P. Stacey
2808:Westkapelle
2781:Vlissingen)
2576:8th Brigade
2556:Daniel Spry
2466:kapok fibre
2446:Westkapelle
2427:Nova Scotia
2390:9th Brigade
2386:7th Brigade
2333:machine gun
2222:Hoogerheide
2099:Woensdrecht
1933:, with the
1919:Guy Simonds
1904:Guy Simonds
1740:Alan Brooke
1656:inland port
1606:), Calais (
1593:Netherlands
1585:Guy Simonds
1472:Broekhuizen
1436:Hoogerheide
1269:Gothic Line
1096:Spitzbergen
895:Blockbuster
803:Netherlands
758:Dieppe Raid
553:Afsluitdijk
478:River Forth
320:Guy Simonds
243:Netherlands
145:Territorial
124: /
69:across the
8271:Categories
8079:West Hunan
7912:Pointblank
7248:Silver Fox
7234:Summer War
6987:Winter War
6966:Phoney War
6747:Azerbaijan
6708:Yugoslavia
6603:Luxembourg
6445:Resistance
6192:Yugoslavia
6057:Luxembourg
5859:Sook Ching
5655:War crimes
5257:Technology
5250:Opposition
5192:Lend-Lease
5169:Australian
5162:Home front
5120:Blitzkrieg
5070:Casualties
5061:Commanders
5033:Operations
4831:0711007691
4763:. London:
4750:2 December
4703:. London:
4574:References
4457:Horrocks.
3160:division.
3000:Middelburg
2926:battleship
2854:polderland
2804:leafleting
2593:IJzendijke
2511:Hoofdplaat
2494:, and "...
2401:area, the
2377:known as "
2370:Aardenburg
2317:Moerbrugge
2126:Terry Copp
2112:Column of
2037:Moerbrugge
2033:bridgehead
1979:peninsula.
1937:, British
1760:Eisenhower
1722:, General
1635:Background
1508:2nd Arnhem
1398:1st Arnhem
1252:Moro River
1111:Juno Beach
902:Lumberjack
772:Baby Blitz
737:Donnerkeil
695:Kanalkampf
618:Montcornet
523:Maastricht
502:Luxembourg
472:Phoney War
8144:Manchuria
8030:Indochina
7806:Bagration
7257:Lithuania
6902:Anschluss
6699:Viet Minh
6596:Lithuania
6538:Hong Kong
6308:Manchukuo
6263:Azad Hind
5922:Australia
5722:Aftermath
5585:Paperclip
5480:Aftermath
5280:Total war
5148:Diplomacy
5111:In Europe
4737:606015967
4671:151600903
3371:Copp 1981
3317:10 August
3292:Footnotes
3193:Jan Smuts
3146:Timbuctoo
3061:catatonic
3038:Aftermath
3027:freighter
2947:HMS
2940:HMS
2929:HMS
2876:Kingsmill
2874:HMS
2866:Nieuwdorp
2773:fortified
2769:batteries
2637:Zuidzande
2552:Biervliet
2543:Driewegen
2488:deserters
2413:from the
2405:from the
2379:Buffaloes
2063:Zeebrugge
2056:Terneuzen
2045:Moerkerke
2041:Schipdonk
1802:15th Army
1688:Walcheren
1660:North Sea
1649:Cherbourg
1631:in 1945.
1612:Wehrmacht
1562:North Sea
1513:Groningen
1478:Blackcock
1447:Infatuate
1441:Walcheren
1283:Hong Kong
1241:Avalanche
1216:Rhineland
1160:Tractable
1128:Charnwood
1002:The Blitz
985:Nuremberg
980:Heilbronn
965:Frankfurt
950:Paderborn
928:Undertone
881:Veritable
874:Blackcock
766:1944–1945
723:1941–1943
657:Abbeville
538:Rotterdam
533:The Hague
376:15th Army
8255:Category
8204:document
8114:document
7971:Ardennes
7955:Budapest
7903:Crossbow
7781:Overlord
7620:Smolensk
6838:Timeline
6673:Slovakia
6659:Thailand
6510:Ethiopia
6475:Bulgaria
6399:Portugal
6337:Thailand
6219:Bulgaria
5997:Eswatini
5990:Ethiopia
5943:Bulgaria
5768:Unit 731
5729:Response
5546:Keelhaul
5496:Cold War
5469:Americas
5460:timeline
5453:Atlantic
5333:Theaters
4962:Archived
4893:Archived
4699:(2005).
4584:(2012).
4561:(1954).
4472:Horrocks
4470:Warner.
3205:See also
3069:Nijmegen
3018:harbor.
2972:Commando
2936:monitors
2934:and two
2931:Warspite
2779:(Dutch:
2777:Flushing
2633:Oostburg
2532:and the
2503:Terrapin
2415:Winnipeg
2399:Victoria
2366:Maldegem
2280:and the
2150:General
2118:Terrapin
2116:passing
2018:Breskens
1841:Normandy
1560:and the
1556:between
1518:Otterloo
1502:Keystone
1466:Pheasant
1455:Overloon
1431:Breskens
1393:Nijmegen
1312:Atlantic
1176:Boulogne
1171:Le Havre
1153:Totalize
1134:Atlantic
970:Würzburg
849:2nd Alps
843:Nordwind
785:Chastity
778:Overlord
730:Cerberus
716:Sea Lion
700:Adlertag
674:1st Alps
633:Boulogne
589:Gembloux
494:Wikinger
387:450,000+
382:Strength
93:Location
8181:Shumshu
7948:Hungary
7895:Estonia
7879:Lapland
7857:Dragoon
7790:Neptune
7772:Ichi-Go
7738:Tempest
7680:Changde
7635:Cottage
7527:Jubilee
7243:Finland
7141:Compass
6847:Prelude
6800:Finland
6686:Vietnam
6652:Romania
6524:Germany
6503:Estonia
6489:Denmark
6468:Belgium
6461:Austria
6454:Albania
6385:Ireland
6371:Andorra
6355:Neutral
6322:Romania
6256:Hungary
6241:Finland
6113:Romania
6005:Finland
5983:Denmark
5929:Belgium
5915:Algeria
5621:Romania
5607:Hungary
5363:Pacific
5087:General
5041:Leaders
5026:Battles
5019:Outline
4705:Cassell
3084:convoys
2988:Domburg
2949:Roberts
2785:Sloedam
2641:Cadzand
2423:Ontario
2276:of the
2065:to the
1783:Dunkirk
1781:), and
1664:Scheldt
1628:de-mine
1616:Scheldt
1589:Belgium
1578:British
1558:Antwerp
1495:Amherst
1425:Scheldt
1411:Pegasus
1221:Germany
1196:Scheldt
1166:Falaise
1122:Windsor
990:Hamburg
960:TF Baum
942:Varsity
935:Plunder
913:Cologne
908:Remagen
888:Grenade
866:Germany
832:Scheldt
792:Dragoon
688:Britain
643:Dunkirk
565:Belgium
543:Zeeland
390:230,000
285:Germany
230:Belgium
151:Antwerp
147:changes
109:51°25′N
99:Zeeland
71:Scheldt
42:in the
8158:Debate
8130:Taipei
8123:Borneo
7701:Tarawa
6895:Europe
6856:Africa
6645:Poland
6631:Norway
6610:Malaya
6589:Latvia
6531:Greece
6517:France
6413:Sweden
6378:Bhutan
6106:Poland
6092:Norway
6064:Mexico
6031:Greece
6017:France
5955:Canada
5936:Brazil
5906:Allies
5852:Serbia
5841:Poland
5614:Poland
5600:Baltic
5393:Europe
5095:Topics
5047:Allied
4870:
4851:
4828:
4798:
4771:
4735:
4711:
4685:
4669:
4630:
4611:
4592:
3738:
3198:
3106:, the
2964:, and
2956:(Nos.
2942:Erebus
2899:) and
2669:Knokke
2621:, the
2515:groyne
2496:
2474:
2429:. The
2407:Regina
2353:polder
2345:polder
2291:polder
2272:. The
2088:Battle
1929:, and
1859:polder
1775:Calais
1574:Polish
1566:Allies
1460:Putten
1404:Berlin
1235:Sicily
1146:Spring
1101:Dieppe
975:Kassel
921:Gisela
820:Aachen
649:Dynamo
638:Calais
623:Saumur
606:France
594:La Lys
577:Hannut
282:
268:Norway
265:
255:France
240:
227:
214:
204:Poland
189:
179:Canada
176:
137:Result
112:4°10′E
97:Dutch
7934:Leyte
7764:Narva
7750:Anzio
7708:Makin
7666:Burma
7550:Torch
7519:Rzhev
7480:Kiska
6566:Korea
6552:Japan
6545:Italy
6427:Tibet
6406:Spain
6284:Italy
6045:Italy
6038:India
5962:China
5837:Japan
5437:Italy
5349:China
5301:Women
4911:BBC,
4744:(PDF)
4729:(PDF)
4667:S2CID
3225:Notes
3121:Reich
3016:Zijpe
2812:Veere
2479:PIATs
2349:dykes
2238:Meuse
2052:Ghent
1955:USAAF
1787:Siege
1742:(the
1728:Ultra
1712:SHAEF
1700:Nazis
1489:Texel
1263:Amzio
1228:Italy
837:Bulge
826:Queen
668:Paula
662:Lille
628:Arras
613:Sedan
583:David
8000:1945
7728:1944
7569:1943
7497:Blue
7487:Attu
7394:1942
7153:1941
7005:1940
6943:1939
6872:Asia
6719:POWs
6559:Jews
6277:Iraq
6203:Axis
6153:Tuva
5969:Cuba
5054:Axis
4868:ISBN
4849:ISBN
4826:ISBN
4796:ISBN
4769:ISBN
4752:2017
4733:OCLC
4709:ISBN
4683:ISBN
4628:ISBN
4609:ISBN
4590:ISBN
3736:ISBN
3319:2014
2974:and
2945:and
2924:the
2639:and
2585:Eede
2570:The
2490:and
2242:Maas
2027:The
1941:and
1939:49th
1821:Heer
1678:The
1576:and
1544:The
955:Ruhr
528:Mill
483:Saar
85:Date
4659:doi
3167:'s
3010:to
2728:An
46:of
8273::
7748:/
4767:.
4707:.
4665:,
4655:16
4653:,
4402:^
4354:^
4327:^
4301:^
4285:^
4262:^
4233:^
4209:^
4191:.
4166:^
4145:^
4119:^
4090:^
4049:^
4033:^
3999:^
3985:^
3951:^
3925:^
3907:^
3887:^
3855:.
3813:^
3801:^
3767:^
3747:^
3686:^
3668:^
3652:^
3625:^
3613:^
3586:^
3572:^
3556:^
3540:^
3528:^
3507:^
3426:^
3378:^
3348:^
3300:^
3275:.)
3034:.
2966:48
2962:47
2960:,
2958:41
2938:,
2848:.
2635:,
1925:,
1899:,
1832:.
1773:,
1675:.
7251:)
7245:(
6119:)
6115:(
6051:)
6047:(
6011:)
6007:(
5949:)
5945:(
4999:e
4992:t
4985:v
4916:.
4876:.
4857:.
4834:.
4804:.
4777:.
4754:.
4717:.
4691:.
4661::
4617:.
4598:.
3742:)
2368:-
2240:(
1882:.
1785:(
1777:(
1356:e
1349:t
1342:v
1056:e
1049:t
1042:v
450:e
443:t
436:v
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.