Battle of the Ruhr

2289:(1990–2018) Horst Boog wrote that by late July Harris thought that the Ruhr has been reduced to chaos, that German arms production had been substantially cut and that the morale of the population had been undermined but the Germans had already begun to disperse industry. Bomber Command had created much more destruction in Essen in 1943 with 5.6 per cent of the Bomber Command effort (3,261 sorties) and 138 losses against the 10 per cent (3,724 sorties) and 201 losses of 1942. Bomber Command overestimated its effect but achieved a reduction of four to six weeks of German industrial output. In its 43 raids on the Ruhr, Bomber Command dispatched about 18,500 bomber sorties for a loss of 872 (4.7 per cent) of the aircraft and 6,000 aircrew; another 2,126 aircraft were damaged, sometimes beyond recovery. The average loss rate was 5 per cent, with losses, damaged and losses not caused by the German anti-aircraft defences (crashed in England due to weather, damaged aircraft written off and crewmembers wounded or killed in returned aircraft) was 16 per cent during the campaign. Oboe was a success and aircraft production exceeded losses, realising a net increase from 663 aircraft in March 1943 to 776 in July. 2334:(volume II), recorded that in February 1943, Bomber Command had an average of 593 crews and aircraft available for operations and 787 in August. During the battle, Ruhr targets were raided 43 times on 39 nights. Bomber Command dispatched 18,506 sorties, in which 872 aircraft failed to return and 2,126 were damaged, with 6,000 aircrew casualties. Some aircraft were badly enough damaged to amount to the loss of the aircraft and crew. The casualty rate (of all natures) was 16 per cent of sorties, 4.7 per cent being losses over Germany. Of 203 Mosquito bomber sorties, two aircraft were lost and from 282 Oboe-Mosquito sorties, there were two losses and six damaged. In 2006, Adam Tooze wrote that the German night defences had inflicted great damage on Bomber Command, shooting down or causing to crash 640 bombers and killing nearly 4,000 aircrew. 1024: 50: 600: 2074: 635: 664:, with a sweep rotating at the same speed as the scanner, giving an impression of the ground. The contrast between water and land, made coasts, lakes and rivers particularly recognisable. Towns also stood out and sometimes railway lines, from which the navigator could determine his position. When closer to the target, if it was recognisable, an H2S bombing run could be made; if the target could not be distinguished the bomber could make a timed run from a landmark in the vicinity. Since the device was airborne its range was limited only to that of its aircraft. The apparatus was limited by echoes from towns and cities, which were harder to distinguish than those from countryside and town. 591:

Oboe Mk I into service delayed Mk II but jamming did not begin until August 1943. Cat and Mouse stations could handle only one aircraft at a time and a marking run took ten minutes, allowing six bomb- or marker-runs per hour. The illumination from a Target Indicator bomb usually lasted for six minutes, guaranteeing four-minute gaps in marking. A failed marking run increased the gap to fourteen minutes. The introduction of multi-channel control and more ground stations eventually increased the concentration of Oboe marking. From the introduction of Oboe in December 1942 until the end of the war, Oboe aircraft made 9,624 sorties on 1,797 raids.

583:, making the altitude of the aircraft the determinant of range. An aircraft flying at 28,000 ft (8,500 m) could receive Oboe transmissions at about 270 mi (430 km), enough to mark targets in the Ruhr, which led to the device being installed in fast, high-flying Mosquito bombers, which usually navigated with the usual aids until beginning an Oboe run about 10 mi (16 km) from the target. Use of the Mosquito made an Oboe run safer, even when no evasive action could be taken before bombing. Accuracy was measured in hundreds of yards which increased with greater experience of the aircrews and ground operators. 932:

ended the individual timing of bomber sorties in favour of the concentration of all the bombers in space and time, which made most of the Kammhuber Line redundant, leaving only a few fighters able to attack the bombers. On the 1,000-bomber raid on Cologne, the bombers spent only two hours over Europe, the stream was 18 mi (29 km) wide and only 25 night-fighters could engage the bombers, just over ten per cent of the total; bomber losses fell from 3.6 to 3.0 per cent. In 1942, Bomber Command had been able to inflict considerable damage on several occasions but had failed consistently to disrupt the German war economy.

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and research on repeater aircraft to extend its range was stopped because H2S was expected to be a better system and only a few aircraft could use the device simultaneously; although Oboe had the potential for a vast improvement in target finding, it was not of pinpoint accuracy. H2S could be installed on any aircraft but was complicated, difficult to use and emitted radiation which could be detected, paradoxically exposing the aircraft to interception. Gee remained useful as a means of navigation on return journeys but required development to overcome German jamming.

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of the Main Force bombed open country. The accurately aimed bombs destroyed 130 acres (53 ha) of the town centre and local reports described a fire 5.0 mi × 3.1 mi (8 km × 5 km) in the old town, city centre, Derendorf and the south end of the city. There were reports of 8,882 fires, 1,444 of them large; 1,292 people were killed and 140,000 made homeless. The bombing stopped production in 42 industrial concerns involved in the war effort, 35 suffered cuts in output, 20 military buildings were hit and 8 ships were sunk or damaged.

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and steel in Europe and the main source of components; cutting production in the Ruhr disrupted production all over Germany. The status of the Ruhr was changed from that of the home front to a war zone with an emergency staff placed to control over the regional economy. Workers were accommodated in camps, ready to be sent to factories that were still open but these were expedients. The German night defences could not stop the British from inflicting great disruption on the war economy. Steel production was cut by 200,000 long tons (200,000 t) when

119: 973:(AI), with a maximum range of 3,000 yd (1.7 mi; 2.7 km) and a minimum range of 20 yd (18 m), sufficient to track a bomber after ground control had brought the night-fighter to within 2 mi (3.2 km). Despite the weight of the apparatus and aerodynamic penalty of its aerial array causing a loss of at least 25 mph (40 km/h) in speed, night-fighter interceptions increased to the extent that searchlight illumination was made redundant and the lights were transferred to the local FlaK units around cities. 1267:

were 56 early returns (13 per cent) including 3 Oboe Mosquitos, due to mechanical defects and other causes; 362 crews claimed to have bombed on target but only 153 succeeded in bombing inside a 3 mi (4.8 km) radius. Losses were 4 Wellingtons, 3 Halifaxes, 3 Stirlings and 4 Lancasters. Photographic reconnaissance (PR) showed 160 acres (65 ha) of destruction in the city centre; 53 buildings at the Krupp works were destroyed. German records showed 457–482 people killed, 3,018 houses destroyed, 2,166 seriously damaged.

794: 1051:, 140 by intruder operations over Britain and 11 bombers crashed after being blinded by searchlights. Night-fighters and FlaK were shooting down an average of 5.6 per cent of Bomber Command aircraft per raid by the autumn. The performance of FlaK also showed an improvement, from July to August 1942, Bomber Command reported the loss of 696 bombers, 269 thought to have been destroyed by night-fighters, 193 by FlaK and 334 loses to unknown causes; 1,394 aircraft were damaged, 153 were hit by night-fighters and 941 by FlaK. 9245: 514:, which made its operational début in March and demonstrated its superiority over all other bombers. Re-equipment with new types of aircraft led to an average of 16.36 per cent of Bomber Command squadrons withdrawn from operations for conversion onto new aircraft in 1942, against 3.3 per cent in 1943. On 1 January 1942 the command had 48 squadrons, 9 with heavy bombers, 34 with medium and five with light bombers (Blenheims). On 1 January 1943, there were 49 squadrons, 32 heavy, 11 medium and six light ( 2183:

The battle demonstrated the increasing power of Bomber Command. Targets that hitherto been invulnerable were severely damaged and this appeared to be feasible on targets inside Oboe range. Earlier successes had depended on the weather and occasional opportunities that could not be replicated. Harris saw the Battle of the Ruhr as a beginning and that more cities in Germany would have to be devastated and that the Ruhr would have to be attacked again to keep repaired factories out of production.

107: 171: 903:(combined) method was intended to counter the new and faster four-engined bombers coming into service with Bomber Command but the risk of the FlaK shooting down night-fighters was too great and the system was a failure. In 1941, Bomber Command losses rose to 3.6 per cent from the 2.9 per cent of 1940. During a raid on Berlin on the night of 7/8 November, 12.4 per cent of the 169 bombers were shot down. The night-fighter force shot down 433 bombers and by the end of the year, nine 543:

to 5 mi (0.80 to 8.05 km) and Gee had a range of 300–400 mi (480–640 km), accuracy falling with distance. Gee worked well as a homing device but early hopes of it being accurate enough for blind bombing were not realised. Crews appreciated the value of the apparatus for navigation on the return journey, removing the fear of flying into hills and other obstructions. By August 1942, 80 per cent of the bomber force was equipped and 100 per cent by January 1943.

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ground marking and backing up but PFF heavy bombers, 619 aircraft of Main Force bombing on the markers, 75 per cent within 3 mi (4.8 km) of town centre, 2,306 long tons (2,343 t) of bombs, raising a huge fire. Local records showed 1,056 people killed, 4,550 injured, 47 per cent of town centre destroyed, 5,517 buildings destroyed, 72,000 people rendered destitute, 20,000 billeted in suburbs, 30,000 accommodated by friends and relatives, 20,000 evacuated.

144: 1171: 1115:(High Command of the Air Force) the creation of an air umbrella. Milch told Goering that his target of 360 new fighters per month would be insufficient even if it were increased to 3,600, which Jeschonnek dismissed by saying that he would not know what to do with 360 new fighters a month. During the spring of 1943, the Germans increased the ground anti-aircraft defences in the Ruhr; by July there were more than 1,000 large FlaK (anti-aircraft) guns ( 2193:

attacked on 5/6 March with 1,014 long tons (1,030 t) of bombs, the first of the 43 attacks of the Battle of the Ruhr. The British dispatched 18,506 sorties against targets marked by Oboe, accurate to 200 yd (180 m), dropping about 34,000 long tons (35,000 t) of bombs. In one raid, in fifteen minutes, 90 per cent of Wuppertal-Barmen was destroyed and 2,450 people killed. On 10 April, after visiting Essen to see for himself,

435: 2123: 790:, which led occasionally to attacks on friendly night fighters; some night fighter crews disliked ground control for the loss of flexibility. The German system had not been centralised to sift the information provided by radar, searchlights, wireless interception and direction finding to co-ordinate FlaK and night-fighters. To the end of 1940, the new system was credited with the shooting down of 42 bombers by night fighters and 30 by FlaK. 569: 1136: 671:. Being a transmitter, H2S disclosed itself to the Germans as soon as enough parts had been recovered from shot-down bombers to analyse its characteristics. German detectors could find a bomber stream and direct night-fighters into it. Once Bomber Command began to use centimetric H2S in January 1943, it was inevitable that the Germans would retrieve one from a crashed bomber and realise that it was similar to 645:

coloured fire. The usual 250 lb (110 kg) TI covered an area on the ground of about 100 yd (91 m) and a ground burst TI contained some candles which were explosive, to deter attempts to extinguish them. The TI was introduced on the night of 16/17 January 1943 and was a great success, making pathfinding a practical operation of war.

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was burned down and about 3,400 people were killed. Five of the six biggest factories were destroyed, along with 211 other business premises and 4,000 houses; 71 factories and 1,800 houses were seriously damaged, more than double that of the worst previous air raid on Germany and the death toll was five times higher.

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but half of Main Force bombed within a 3 mi (4.8 km) radius, severely damaging central and northern districts. German records show 693 people killed, including 200 POW and 1,075 people injured; 1.218 buildings destroyed and 2,141 severely damaged, including two steel foundries and the docks.

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anti-aircraft guns, comprising about 40 per cent of the FlaK in Germany. In May, Kammhuber made a claim for a night-fighter force of 2,160 aircraft, especially if the US bombers turned to night bombing but Hitler refused to listen. Göring accepted Kammhuber's analysis on 6 July after more evidence of

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273 aircraft (95 Halifaxes, 87 Stirlings, 82 Lancasters, 9 Mosquitos); 15 losses, 8 Stirlings, 5 Halifaxes, 2 Lancasters, 5.5 per cent. Oboe ground marking very accurate and Main Force bombed on target, 871 long tons (885 t) of bombs destroyed 83 per cent of the town. German records showed 1,120

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653 aircraft (293 Lancasters, 182 Halifaxes, 89 Wellingtons, 76 Stirlings, 13 Mosquitos), 30 losses, 9 Halifaxes, 8 Lancasters, 8 Wellingtons, 5 Stirlings, 4.6 per cent. Aiming point Cologne east of the Rhine, PFF Oboe-Mosquitos and heavy bomber backers-up marked accurately and Main Force delivered a

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557 aircraft (242 Lancasters, 155 Halifaxes, 93 Stirlings, 55 Wellingtons, 12 Mosquitos), 35 losses, 12 Halifaxes, 11 Stirlings, 8 Lancasters, 4 Wellingtons, 6.3 per cent. PFF marked accurately through thin layer of cloud and caused many fires, town fire brigade overwhelmed. Later marking and bombing

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783 aircraft attacked (326 Lancasters, 202 Halifaxes, 99 Stirlings, 13 Mosquitos), 38 losses, 14 Lancasters, 12 Halifaxes, 10 Wellingtons and 2 Stirlings, 4.9 per cent. PFF marking was accurate until a backup marker Mosquito dropped target indicators 14 mi (23 km) to the north-east and part

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392 aircraft (156 Lancasters, 73 Halifaxes, 56 Stirlings, 10 Mosquitos), 19 losses, 7 Wellingtons, 6 Lancasters, 3 Halifaxes, 3 Stirlings, 4.8 per cent. Pathfinder marking spoilt by thick cloud and bombing widely scattered; 36 people killed, 40 buildings destroyed, 72 badly damaged and 15 other towns

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covering 26 sq mi (67 km), with a population of about 4,115,000. The most industrialised area lay between Dortmund and Duisburg covered an area of 250 sq mi (650 km) with 3,000,000 of the Ruhr population. The region was the most industrial in Germany, with 71 per cent of

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AI for the attack. A zone was limited to one night-fighter but they overlapped by 50 per cent, enabling three night-fighters to operate in one area. GEE was jammed from August, limiting its usefulness to no further than the European coast. Much of the airspace of Europe remained undefended and bomber

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Coverage of the Ruhr was known as the eastern chain and later northern and southern chains were added. Gee was usually ineffective east of the Ruhr and was easy to jam, which began on 4 August 1942, from when Gee fixes were only obtainable over the North Sea and parts of France. Gees loss of accuracy

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In 1956 the New Zealand official historian, Henry Thompson, wrote that at Essen, after more than 3,000 sorties and the loss of 138 aircraft, the "Krupp works...and the town...itself contained large areas of devastation" and that Krupp did not resume locomotive production after the second March raid.

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608 aircraft (367 Lancasters, 169 Halifaxes, 85 Wellingtons, 75 Stirlings, 12 Mosquitos) 25 losses, 10 Halifaxes, 8 Lancasters, 5 Stirlings, 2 Wellingtons, 4.1 per cent. Weather forecast led PFF to have ground marking and sky marking plans and cloud cover led to sky marking; 5 Oboe-Mosquitos dropped

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473 aircraft (214 Lancasters, 134 Halifaxes, 73 Stirlings, 40 Wellingtons, 12 Mosquitos), 30 losses, 13 Lancasters, 7 Halifaxes, 6 Stirlings, 4 Wellingtons, 6.3 per cent. Cloud cover; 5 of 12 Oboe-Mosquitos had unserviceable Oboe sets, Main Force scattered bombs over much of the Ruhr. German reports

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518 aircraft (274 Lancasters, 151 Halifaxes, 81 Wellingtons, 12 Mosquitos), 23 losses, 11 Halifaxes, 6 Lancasters, 5 Wellingtons, 1 Mosquito, 4.4 per cent. Cloudy weather led to sky marking, bombing was scattered, many dropped short but damage was inflicted on the city centre and northern districts.

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561 aircraft (215 Lancasters, 135 Wellingtons, 119 Halifaxes, 78 Stirlings, 14 Mosquitos), 17 losses, 7 Halifaxes, 5 Wellingtons, 3 Lancasters, 2 Stirlings 3 per cent. Pathfinders claimed accurate marking but PR showed most bombing to the north-east of the city. The Main Force may have bombed early

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457 aircraft (158 Wellingtons, 156 Lancasters, 91 Halifaxes, 42 Stirlings and 10 Mosquitos) Krupps marked by Oboe Mosquitos, later bombing drifted to the north-west. PR showed 30 per cent more damage than on 5/6 March. Losses were 23 aircraft, 6 Wellingtons, 8 Lancasters, 7 Halifaxes, 2 Stirlings, 5

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aircraft production, foresaw the crisis that would ensue if fighter output was not given greater emphasis. The advent of British four-engined bombers had increased by 70 per cent the bomb tonnage carried by Bomber Command. Milch predicted that the Anglo-American air fleets would swamp the German air

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had dropped 67,000 long tons (68,000 t) of bombs on Britain and the RAF had dropped 78,579 long tons (79,840 t) on Germany and 22,537 long tons (22,899 t) on the occupied territories. According to post-war research by the Allies, bombing cut German production by 0.7 to 2.5 per cent in

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H2S was a device for navigation and blind bombing by radar. The downward emissions of the radar were reflected and received as echoes which were distinctive of the ground. Built-up areas returned echoes different from fields and forests, land echoes could be distinguished from the sea and sea echoes

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For the first time since day bombing was abandoned in 1940, Bomber Command was released from the constraints occasioned by the adoption of night bombing. The tactical use of the new devices was developed quickly but the new equipment had limitations. Oboe had a range which was little beyond the Ruhr

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Having reorganised the steel allocation system, the German planners were forced into a large cut in the ammunition production programme to compensate. After a doubling of ammunition production in 1942, output increased by only 20 per cent in 1943. All over Germany the destruction in the Ruhr caused

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and one the Schwelme Dam. The Möhne and Eder were breached. The Mohne Reservoir was an important supplier of water to the Ruhr and the flooding caused much damage to road, rail and canals, leading to electricity and water shortages, rationing being necessary until the autumn rains. The Eder Dam was

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288 aircraft (282 Lancasters, 6 Mosquitos) losses, 7 Lancasters, 2.5 per cent. Accurate sky marking, Main Force hit north-west and south-west districts not severely hit before. German records show 512 civilians killed; casualties at an army barracks and a POW camp badly hit not known; 19 industrial

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district was attacked; PFF and Main Force marking were excellent and the bombing caused a big fire in the old town. Many fire brigade and local government personnel were away for the week-end and the remaining firemen were overwhelmed. About 1,000 acres (400 ha), nearly 80 per cent of the town

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826 bombers (348 Lancasters, 199 Halifaxes, 151 Wellingtons, 120 Stirlings, 13 Mosquitos), 38 losses, 18 Halifaxes, 8 Lancasters, 6 Stirlings, 6 Wellingtons, 4.6 per cent. PFF marked in clear weather and much of the centre, north and east of the city were hit. German records show 599 people killed,

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442 bombers (135 Halifaxes, 104 Wellingtons, 98 Lancasters, 95 Stirlings, 10 Mosquitos), 24 losses 13 Halifaxes, 6 Wellingtons, 4 Stirlings and 1 Lancaster, 5.4 per cent. Bombing began accurately but after 15 minutes decoy markers diverted much of the bombing. German records show 302 people killed,

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348 aircraft (225 Lancasters, 113 Halifaxes, 10 Mosquitos), 21 losses, 12 Halifaxes, 9 Lancasters, 6 per cent. Sky marking and ground marking depending on the weather, caused some Main Force crews confusion but the best bombing photographs on Essen yet. German records show 118 killed, 88 civilians,

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Oboe was a blind-bombing device controlled by two ground stations in England which measured the distance of an aircraft from them with radar pulses. Cat tracked the aircraft over the target and Mouse calculated the point on the track where the aircraft should bomb. Oboe transmissions did not follow

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Gee worked by wireless signals transmitted from three ground stations in England, on a line about 200 mi (320 km) long, being displayed on a cathode ray tube to the navigator and placed on a Gee chart, giving a fix of the aircraft's position in less than a minute. Accuracy varied from 0.5

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bombs to mark the aiming point for the rest of the bombers (the Main Force), the task of the PFF varied from thankless to impossible. Despite its problems, Bomber Command had been able to achieve some spectacular results but these had been isolated events and due to favourable circumstances as well

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wrote that Bomber Command severely disrupted German production during the battle. Contemporary sources show that the bombing was a watershed in the development of the German war economy, which has been severely underestimated by later accounts. The Ruhr was the most important source of coking coal

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was formed in secret and trained at short notice to attack the dams above the Ruhr with special bombs. Nineteen Lancasters in three waves were dispatched. Six bombers did not reach the dams (one turning back after losing its bomb and five were shot down). Twelve Lancasters bombed, five against the

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729 aircraft (323 Lancasters, 169 Halifaxes, 142 Wellingtons, 113 Stirlings, 12 Moaquitos), 27 losses, 9 Lancasters, 8 Stirlings, 6 Wellingtons, 4 Halifaxes, 3.6 per cent. Two cloud layers made marking very difficult for the PFF; decoy markers and fires caused scattered bombing. Thirty people were

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596 aircraft (255 Lancasters, 141 Halifaxes, 110 Wellingtons, 80 Stirlings, 10 Mosquitos), 31 losses, 12 Halifaxes, 7 Stirlings, 6 Lancasters, 6 Wellingtons, 5.6 per cent; 7 aircraft crashed in England. PFF marking accurate but some backing-up dropped short and some bombers spoofed by a decoy fire

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442 aircraft (131 Wellingtons, 94 Halifaxes, 52 Stirlings, 157 Lancasters, 8 Mosquitos). First wave Halifaxes, Wellingtons and Stirlings second, Lancasters third. Bomb load was 67 per cent incendiary and 33 per cent high explosive, a third with long-delay fuzes, all dropped in under an hour. There

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and other Bomber Command devices. Oboe Mk I operated on a frequency of 1.5 metres, K Oboe was in general use from mid-June 1943 and was free from jamming. Centimetric Oboe Mk II and Mk III retained the effectiveness of Oboe until the end of the war but are beyond the scope of this article; rushing

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630 aircraft (251 Lancasters, 171 Halifaxes, 101 Wellingtons, 98 Stirlings, 9 Mosquitos), 34 losses, 10 Halifaxes, 10 Stirlings, 8 Lancasters, 6 Wellingtons, 3.4 per cent. Elberfeld end of the city attacked, PFF marked accurately and Main Force bombed on target but creep-back more pronounced than

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503 aircraft (323 Lancasters, 167 Halifaxes, 11 Mosquitos) 24 losses, 14 Lancasters, 10 Halifaxes, 4.8 per cent. Target covered by cloud but Oboe sky marking enabled Main Force to hit accurately the city centre. PR photographs revealed that 130 acres (53 ha) of the centre had been destroyed.

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455 aircraft (173 Wellingtons, 157 Lancasters, 114 Halifaxes, 2 Stirlings, 9 Mosquitos); six losses 3 Wellingtons, 1 Lancaster, 1 Halifax, 1 Mosquito (first Oboe loss), 1.3 per cent. Five Oboe Mosquitos returned early and one shot down, along with cloud cover, gave a widely scattered raid. German

3431:]. Germany and the Second World War. Vol. VII. Translated by Cooke-Radmore, Derry; Garvie, Francisca; Osers, Ewald; Smerin, Barry; Wilson, Barbara (trans. Clarendon Press, Oxford ed.). Potsdam, Germany: Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt (Research Institute for Military History). 2321:

and in the rest of the armaments economy there was no increase in production until 1944. "Bomber Command had stopped Speer's armaments miracle in its tracks", despite the loss of 640 bombers and most of their crews, yet Bomber Command increased in size between February and August 1943 due to the

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was bombed by 577 aircraft on the night of 4/5 April and Frankfurt am Main was bombed by 502 aircraft on the night of 10/11 April. Bomber Command attacked Stuttgart with 562 bombers on the night of 14/15 April. On the night of 16/17 April Bomber Command conducted a raid on Pilsen, on 20/21 April

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in the Essen town centre covered 2 sq mi (5.2 km), a subsidiary on the edge of town another 0.34 sq mi (0.88 km) and from 1940 became important targets of the British strategic bombing strategy. The mining industries of the region employed another 16 per cent of the

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which immediately increased the amount of destruction achieved by Bomber Command. The bomb tonnage increased from 37,000 in 1941 to 50,000 in 1942. The German night defence was not prepared for the change in British methods and the introduction of GEE, the first night navigation aid. The British

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705 aircraft (262 Lancasters, 209 Halifaxes, 117 Stirlings, 105 Wellingtons, 12 Mosquitos), 44 losses, 17 Halifaxes, 9 Lancasters, 9 Wellingtons, 9 Stirlings, 6.2 per cent. Moonlit night with many night-fighter interceptions, 12 PFF losses. The bright night led to near-perfect PFF Oboe-Mosquito

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305 aircraft (190 Lancasters, 105 Halifaxes, 10 Mosquitos), 12 losses, 6 Lancasters and 6 Halifaxes, 3.9 per cent. Cloud expected over Essen and sky marking (musical Wanganui) was used, 238 crews claiming to have bombed the target. German record show scattered bombing with 53 people killed, 218

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The Target Indicator bomb (TI) was an aerodynamic metal case which ejected coloured pyrotechnic candles at a set height by a barometric fuze. If set to ignite immediately they made a cascade. When sky marking, the candles were on parachutes and if fuzed for ground burst, they created a pool of

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to make repairs. Destruction of the Sorpe Dam would have caused significantly more damage but it was a stronger design and less likely to be breached and it had been made a secondary target. Of the crews on the raid, 53 were killed and three taken prisoner. There were 1,294 casualties, 859 at

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was the increase in strategic bombing, the RAF and USAAF dropping 206,188 long tons (209,497 t) of bombs, more than 300 per cent of the 1942 total. Bomber Command dropped 131,000 long tons (133,000 t) of bombs in area attacks and killed about 181,000 civilians. Essen in the Ruhr was

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418 aircraft (218 Lancasters, 190 Halifaxes, 10 Mosquitos) 12 losses, 7 Halifaxes, 5 Lancasters, 2.9 per cent. Oboe failed in 5 Mosquitos and one marked 10 mi (16 km) north of the target. German records reported bombing in southern districts, Bochum and Wattenscheid. Gelsenkirchen

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and its vicinity. The Sorpe Dam was only slightly damaged and was able to keep the Ruhr operating during the repairs to the Möhne. Three more aircraft were lost on the return flight, 53 aircrew were killed and three taken prisoner. There were 1,294 civilian casualties, 859 occurring at

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were in action. The confused and overlapping jurisdictions of the German defence against night attacks were exacerbated by the lack of effectiveness of the British night bomber offensive and this complacency was not shaken by the entry of the United States into the war in December.

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At the beginning of 1943, the political resolve of the British government to support the bomber offensive remained and more resources had been provided. A plan to create a 4,000-strong bomber force had been abandoned as unrealisable but the diversion of Bomber Command squadrons to

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raiders over Britain. The signals were encoded to prevent German use but this made it harder for Bomber Command navigators to get Gee fixes. Anti-jamming devices were short-lived in effectiveness as the Germans quickly overcame them but Gee Mk II was easier for navigators to use.

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usual; 30 aircraft bombed targets in the western Ruhr, probably caused by recent losses among experienced crews. Local records show 1,800 people killed, 2,400 injured, 171 industrial concerns and 3,000 houses destroyed, 53 industrial buildings and 2,500 houses badly damaged.

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In 1942 some answers to the chronic problems of night navigation and target finding began to emerge but the number of bombers had stagnated. In November 1941 Bomber Command had a daily average of 506 bombers available and in January 1943 the average was 515. To carry out the

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149 Wellingtons and 8 Oboe Mosquitos while Main Force raided Berlin; 12 Wellingtons lost, 8 per cent. Moonless cloudy night, Oboe Mosquitos unable to keep to timetable left gaps in sky marking. German records show 28 people killed, 4 buildings destroyed and 35 damaged.

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in night-fighters and U-boats. By mid-January 1943, only 10 Halifax bombers and 13 Stirlings carried H2S; the rate of production was slow and by May 1943, no more than 18 H2S-equipped bombers had participated in one raid; by August, 840 H2S sets had been manufactured.

2011:(24–30 July 1943). German records show 500 people killed, 1,208 injured and 12 missing. Severe damage to eastern industrial districts, Krupps suffering the worst damage of the war and 51 other industrial premises destroyed, 83 badly damaged, 2,852 houses destroyed. 622:, a ground-scanning radar, on 30/31 January and a new target indicator bomb had come into service on 16/17 January. The new devices and the increase in the number of heavy bombers promised a large improvement in the quantity of bombs dropped and in accuracy of aim. 1060:

had faced 77,500 night sorties, shooting down 2,859 bombers, a rate of 3.6 per cent and damaged far more. In 1940 Bomber Command lost a bomber crashed in Britain for every 32 sorties and in 1942 the rate had increased to one in twenty. To the end of 1942, the

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a synthetic rubber plant. 422 short tons (383 t) bombs, 88.6 short tons (80.4 t) landed inside the plant complex. Plant closed for a month and Buna production not fully restored for six months. Records show 186 people killed and 1,000 wounded.

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out before marking and one failed to drop its markers. The marking was late and intermittent but main Force bombed accurately. German sources showed 4,377 people killed, about 10,000 injured and 230,000 people made homeless, 43 industrial, 6 army and

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the output of coking coal and 61.5 per cent of its pig iron and steel and 67 per cent of the special steels essential in the rest of the German economy. From 1940, many foreign workers, prisoners of war and slave labourers were brought to the

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rivers and was 40 mi (64 km) from east to west and 25 mi (40 km) from north to south, enclosing an area of about 1,000 sq mi (2,600 km). Most of the valleys had been built over by fourteen towns creating a

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crept northwards and cut off Mülheim from Oberhausen. Centre and north of Mülheim and the east end of Oberhausen severely damaged. German records show 578 people killed, 1,174 injured, 1,135 houses destroyed and 12,673 damaged.

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on 1 May and by February 1943, 477 night-fighters were available from an establishment of 653, of which 330 were operational, double that of 1942, 90 per cent of which were in the west. Nearly all of the night-fighters carried

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which had an output of 566,000 long tons; 634,000 short tons (575,000 t) of aviation fuel a year. Before 1943, Krupps had been hit by 48 bombs and 1,515 incendiaries and the decoy site by 70 bombs and 5,665 incendiaries.

976:

By June the Kammhuber Line had been extended southwards towards Paris and northwards to the north coast of Denmark. Kammhuber refused to allow night-fighters to roam freely but made the line more flexible, by deepening the

9296: 2002:

705 aircraft (294 Lancasters, 221 Halifaxes, 104 Stirlings, 67 Wellingtons, 19 Mosquitos), 26 losses, 10 Halifaxes, 7 Stirlings, 5 Lancasters, 4 Wellingtons, 3.7 per cent. An attempt to exploit the surprise of

1583:

203 aircraft (197 Lancasters, 6 Mosquitos), 17 losses, all Lancasters, 8.4 per cent. Cloud covered the target but accurate Oboe-Mosquito sky marking (Observers on the ground reported the markers over the

3446:

Boog, Horst. "Part 1, I the Allied Combined Bomber Offensive against Germany (Pointblank) from Early 1943 to July 1944. 2. Bomber Command Night Raids up to November 1943 (b) The Battle of the Ruhr". In

927:

and the Mediterranean, by February 1942, there were 265 night-fighters in the west, of an establishment of 367, only half of which were operational. The British resorted to a deliberate campaign of

486:

In 1942 Bomber Command had created 19 new squadrons but 13 had been transferred to other commands. The quantity of aircraft had barely increased but a big improvement in quality had been achieved.

9291: 747:

established three night-fighter zones on the approaches to the Ruhr. The zones were 56 mi (90 km) long and 12 mi (19 km) wide, with a battalion of searchlights and two

518:). The command had flown 30,508 operational sorties in 1941 and dropped 31,646 long tons (32,154 t) of bombs, in 1942 it dropped 45,501 long tons (46,231 t) from 29,929 sorties. 2245:

system limited the number of night-fighters over the Ruhr to 36. FlaK that had been diverted to Italy and the Eastern Front was recalled and new batteries of two or three FlaK batteries (

3659: 1526:

719 bombers attacked (292 Lancasters, 185 Halifaxes, 118 Stirlings, 113 Wellingtons, 11 Mosquitos), 33 losses, 10 Halifaxes, 8 Stirlings, 8 Wellingtons, 7 Lancasters, 4.6 per cent. The

1782:

showed 16 people killed in Gelsenkirchen, 24 buildings destroyed, 3,285 damaged, 2,937 superficially and 21 killed with 58 injured at Solingen 30 mi (48 km) miles distant.

1033:

The German night defences managed to shoot down 687 bombers in 1942, 63 per cent more than in 1941 for a loss of 97 night-fighters, 63 per cent more than in 1941 and on 10 September

5936: 1020:

streams made all but a few night-fighters ineffective, which limited the capacity of German night defences to shoot down no more than about 6 per cent of Bomber Command sorties.

4418: 1071:

Despite the big increase in the German anti-aircraft effort, such concern for the future as existed did not prevent 150 FlaK batteries from being transferred to Italy. Only the

1616:, some sets giving trouble. Sky marking was late and lacking in quantity, leading to scattered bombing by Main Force. PR revealed 16 industrial premises hit including the 894:

stations on either side and installed master searchlights. The system was introduced in September but proved to be too complex and the number of interceptions decreased.

756:

A night-fighter could be guided to within 55 yd (50 m) of an aircraft and then attack when the aircraft was illuminated by the searchlights, a procedure called

7816: 7561: 3505:. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Vol. II (repr. Office of Air Force History, Washington, DC ed.). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago. pp. 671–673. 2251:) assembled at important targets to counter the shorter time that the bombers were over the target. The Ruhr FlaK was doubled to 400 batteries of heavy FlaK, with more 399:

the bombers into hitting open country. Cities outside the Ruhr were attacked to prevent the Germans from concentrating their defences and before the end of the battle,

7169: 9167: 7185: 7505: 7108: 7080: 6224: 3762:. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. IV (facs. pbk. repr. Naval & Military Press, Uckfield ed.). London: HMSO. 9146: 7825: 7512: 6646: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 2315:(sub-components crisis), which reached far beyond heavy industry. From July 1943 to March 1944, there were no increases in monthly aircraft production for the 8128: 7491: 6800: 6425: 5878: 2198: 7141: 7087: 6273: 3901: 2157:) was bombed by 304 aircraft and on the night of 13/14 May, Pilsen was bombed again. In June, raids outside the Ruhr consisted of a 72-aircraft attack on 1396:

or been spoofed by decoy fires. German records show 130–207 people killed, 300 buildings destroyed and six other cities hit by bombs. Four Mosquitos from

7598: 7094: 6710: 4411: 2083:

Operation Chastise was a special operation carried out during the battle to disrupt the Ruhr by attacking its sources of water and hydroelectric power.

6120: 4359: 850:

were extended in circumference and the chain was extended along the coasts of France and the Low Countries and around Berlin. Late in 1941 an improved

450: 1384:

104 Lancasters and 5 Mosquitos, 8 Lancasters lost. German sources recorded 27 people killed and 50 houses destroyed; bombs dropped all over the Ruhr.

7484: 6931: 6807: 4813: 3968: 2132:

Bomber Command raided cities outside the Ruhr during the battle to prevent the Germans from concentrating their defences. On the night of 1/2 March

1400:

bombed three hours later, then dived for home. The group comprised light and medium bombers and was transferred from Bomber Command on 1 June 1943.

354:

region and considered part of the Ruhr industrial complex. Some targets were not sites of heavy industry but part of the production and movement of

6784: 6164: 7221: 6533: 897:

In the spring of 1942 the depth of the belt of searchlights was reduced to 6 mi (9.7 km) and widened to 12 mi (19 km). A new

7040: 6342: 4404: 2302: 9039: 5480: 7832: 7795: 7772: 7293: 6215: 6185: 2205:...the damage...is colossal and, indeed, ghastly....The city's building experts estimate that it will take twelve years to repair the damage. 1208: 7547: 457:

but this device lacked accuracy for bombing through the dark and smog of the Ruhr, lacked range and from 4 August 1942 the Germans began to

7925: 7781: 7765: 7737: 6985: 6192: 4708: 675:(ASV) used by Coastal Command to detect surfaced submarines. In October 1943, beyond the scope of this article, the Germans introduced the 2008: 473:

as judgement. The loss of 1,404 aircraft and 2,724 damaged to German night defences of increasing quantity and quality, especially German

404: 8682: 7749: 7661: 7605: 7568: 6850: 5931: 5164: 7654: 6386: 5063: 4918: 4723: 3963: 3870: 2305:, was expecting output to increase to 2,800,000 long tons (2,800,000 t), causing a deficit of 400,000 long tons (410,000 t). 4443: 9160: 7788: 6178: 6136: 5728: 5643: 1612:

212 aircraft (202 Lancasters, 10 Halifaxes), losses, 14 Lancasters, 6.6 per cent. PFF heavy bombers marked cloud covered target with

1120: 2148:

on the night of 11/12 March. Berlin was visited on the night of 27/28 March by 396 bombers and again on 29/30 March by 329 bombers.

1359:

10 FlaK crew, 2 railway workers, 2 police and 16 French workers, 458 people wounded; 635 buildings destroyed and 526 badly damaged.

9009: 6828: 6602: 6365: 6231: 6042: 4923: 3894: 660:

from those of a ship. The radar had a scanner which swept vertically and the echoes were detected by a receiver and displayed on a

4868: 4798: 4592: 4094: 3662:. Vol. II (online scan ed.). Wellington, NZ: Historical Publications Branch, Dept. of Internal Affairs. pp. 40–82. 1023: 9286: 7904: 7701: 6738: 6238: 6150: 6086: 3973: 1301:

per cent of the force; 169–322 people killed, including 64 men, 45 women, 19 children, 4 soldiers, 61 foreign workers and 5 POW;

599: 8107: 7619: 6469: 6007: 4693: 4658: 4643: 4933: 8703: 8608: 8135: 7881: 7756: 6842: 6816: 6673: 6379: 6296: 5698: 4848: 4763: 4758: 4427: 4034: 3852: 3814: 3795: 3767: 3716: 3694: 3632: 3608: 3586: 3540: 3467: 3436: 914: 279: 49: 41: 2056:

people killed, 6,700 injured, 107 industrial buildings destroyed and three months' production lost, 3,115 houses destroyed.

906: 709:

The threat of Anglo-American strategic bombing had been a concern to German strategists since 1940 at the latest. After the

8936: 8343: 8229: 7394: 6861: 6857: 6835: 6439: 5787: 5745: 5638: 5633: 5618: 5423: 5211: 4903: 4873: 4853: 4768: 4683: 4612: 4044: 4808: 820:

about 20 mi (32 km) wide which, by March 1941, ran 430 mi (690 km) from the Danish–German frontier to

8851: 8315: 7647: 7633: 6846: 5723: 5703: 5462: 5428: 5018: 4978: 4828: 4633: 4587: 3887: 2376: 2359:

Neheim-Hüsten where 493 female Ukrainian slave labourers were drowned; another 58 bodies were found around the Eder Dam.

2073: 1508:

German records showed 196 people killed and 547 injured; 488 buildings destroyed and ten other towns nearby were bombed.

725:. Freya lacked the accuracy needed for ground-controlled interception of aircraft and was supplemented later in 1940 by 9060: 8929: 8807: 8385: 8100: 8051: 7809: 7364: 6616: 6455: 6303: 6157: 5926: 5845: 5683: 5538: 5129: 5103: 5083: 5053: 5048: 5023: 4993: 4973: 4803: 4753: 4743: 4713: 4698: 4577: 4514: 4370: 4049: 4029: 3429:

Das Deutsche Reich in der Defensive Strategischer Luftkrieg in Europa, Krieg im Westen und in Ostasien 1943 bis 1944/45

5653: 2260:

the effectiveness of RAF bombing but by then it was too late. On the night of 24/25 July the Allied bombers began the

1412:

injured, 189 buildings destroyed, 237 badly damaged, Krupp works hit and ten other towns hit, Bottrop by 86 HE bombs.

9176: 8058: 8030: 7847: 7429: 7148: 7115: 5678: 5613: 5498: 5492: 5450: 5190: 5038: 4958: 4843: 4788: 4663: 4648: 4039: 3833: 3567: 3510: 2421: 6331: 1980:

authorities reported 41 people killed, oil refinery at Scholven and 9 industrial firms hit, light damage elsewhere.

866:) came into service. Kammhuber used the new equipment to revise the night defence system by increasing the width of 9306: 9213: 8371: 8308: 7443: 7279: 6402: 5712: 5608: 5486: 5242: 5232: 5113: 5093: 5043: 5033: 5008: 4913: 4818: 4748: 4597: 4509: 4473: 3927: 3486: 2375:

The Lancaster was a redesigned Manchester with a greater wingspan and four of the excellent and tested Rolls-Royce

2342:

Operation Chastise had a temporary effect on industrial production, through the disruption of the water supply and

2285: 327: 6956: 8737: 8578: 8567: 8403: 8162: 8121: 8014: 7952: 7339: 6609: 6478: 6446: 5648: 5628: 5456: 5073: 5058: 4019: 3978: 3742: 1308:

houses destroyed. German records place a third of the bombs outside Essen, with 39 people killed in other towns,

634: 7126: 6694: 9123: 9095: 8973: 8766: 8003: 7454: 7380: 7176: 6547: 6266: 6171: 6056: 5857: 4908: 1957:

and 2,381 dwellings destroyed, 48,000 people made destitute. Three raids in a week bombed out 350,000 people.

1867: 1474:

1,275 injured and 25 people missing; about 2,000 buildings destroyed, many being industrial concerns like the

407:. After the turn to Hamburg, Bomber Command continued to raid the Ruhr to keep the German defences dispersed. 9183: 9116: 9067: 8998: 8823: 8329: 8280: 8044: 8037: 7640: 7401: 7192: 6245: 5941: 5738: 4530: 4354: 3497: 4267: 9257: 9153: 8528: 8489: 7408: 7243: 7228: 7155: 7134: 6952: 6630: 6416: 6409: 6393: 6104: 6063: 6035: 5411: 5149: 3994: 1127:) about a third of the anti-aircraft guns in Germany, which needed 600,000 men, women and boys to operate. 924: 483:) had become a serious threat to the viability of the command and of strategic bombing as a theory of war. 315: 4004: 9220: 8544: 8496: 8114: 8086: 7939: 7554: 7533: 7054: 6717: 6623: 6113: 5782: 5169: 5159: 4535: 4163: 4054: 3726: 970: 672: 491: 537:

GEE airborne equipment, with the R1355 receiver on the left and the Indicator Unit Type 62A on the right

9301: 9018: 8514: 8433: 8378: 8266: 8222: 7872: 7498: 7422: 7324: 7201: 7073: 7066: 7026: 6999: 6731: 6664: 6259: 6070: 6000: 5533: 5416: 4377: 4086: 2435: 1110: 439:

Vickers Wellington bomber, superseded in Bomber Command by newer four-engined heavy bombers during 1943

4738: 2229:

results mainly from useless aircraft designs. It is here that Udet bears the fullest measure of blame.

8920: 8837: 8622: 8482: 8454: 8287: 8192: 7982: 7415: 6489: 6143: 4653: 4014: 2213:, the chief of procurement, for negligence on a grand scale. On 8 May, Hitler told Milch that either 319: 6687: 3879: 1590:.) German records showed 85 people killed, 258 injured, 267 buildings destroyed, 584 badly damaged. 532: 8659: 8636: 7888: 7689: 7682: 7346: 7006: 6978: 6971: 6358: 5237: 4349: 3706: 1013:

tracked the bomber and another the night-fighter until it was close enough for the crew to use its

947: 361:

The Ruhr had been attacked by Bomber Command from 1940; its defences and the amounts of industrial

6703: 6680: 5098: 4928: 1068:

1942, compared to the devotion of 33 per cent of the British war economy to the bomber offensive.

9081: 9025: 8895: 8755: 8440: 8093: 7989: 7895: 7463: 7331: 7301: 7265: 7250: 7122: 7014: 6992: 6938: 6924: 6906: 6570: 6351: 6079: 6028: 5863: 5068: 4983: 4545: 4272: 3807:

Bombing the European Axis Powers: A Historical Digest of the Combined Bomber Offensive, 1939–1945

3651: 2261: 149: 8773: 8666: 8468: 8419: 8322: 8215: 8185: 7968: 7856: 7582: 7373: 6964: 6945: 6915: 6462: 6432: 5955: 5829: 5824: 5561: 4448: 4179: 3999: 3932: 3843:

Westermann, E. B. (2001). "Chapter 7: Bombing around the Clock, 1943; The Battle of the Ruhr".

3623: 2265: 2101:

larger but was 60 mi (97 km) distant from the Ruhr and the breach had more effect on

2004: 928: 857: 787: 717:

stations was built to give early warning of aircraft entering German-controlled airspace, from

580: 425: 4638: 9264: 8987: 8830: 8726: 8696: 8652: 8392: 8357: 8350: 8273: 8171: 7612: 7589: 7436: 7047: 6584: 6324: 6310: 5993: 5970: 5468: 5247: 4858: 4143: 2136:

was attacked by 302 bombers and on the night of 3/4 March Hamburg was raided by 417 bombers.

1572:

German records revealed 312 people killed, 449 buildings destroyed and 916 severely damaged.

515: 446: 429: 163: 6882: 4953: 4778: 4733: 2219:

tactics or technology was lacking and after meeting Hitler on the same day, Goebbels wrote,

9088: 8943: 8594: 8551: 8521: 8447: 8257: 8236: 7162: 6639: 6317: 5556: 5216: 5144: 5003: 4888: 4364: 4128: 4123: 3942: 1124: 694: 676: 614:

and overseas commands was constrained and its expansion continued. A blind bombing device,

503: 495: 5195: 4678: 4602: 1864:) tactic to exploit light over the target from fires, searchlights and target indicators; 563: 8: 9206: 8980: 8858: 8814: 8336: 7470: 7236: 6763: 6593: 6577: 6526: 5693: 5587: 5154: 4838: 4718: 4070: 2458: 2454: 2380: 2343: 611: 4968: 4863: 4823: 4783: 4396: 9199: 9032: 8957: 8911: 8881: 8789: 8629: 8294: 8178: 8072: 8023: 7961: 7717: 7668: 7477: 7101: 6756: 6554: 5851: 5718: 5663: 5623: 5571: 5185: 4384: 4199: 4158: 4118: 4078: 3596: 3462:(repr. Pen & Sword Publishing, Barnsley ed.). Shrewsbury: Airlife Publishing. 2450: 2068: 1851: 966: 527: 400: 370: 291: 5444: 4893: 4582: 9190: 9074: 8964: 8904: 8865: 8798: 8780: 8746: 8689: 8643: 8587: 8412: 8150: 8142: 8079: 7932: 7526: 7058: 6519: 6498: 6208: 5808: 5733: 5673: 5668: 5592: 5566: 5474: 5385: 5300: 5265: 4998: 4493: 4458: 4328: 4224: 4194: 3848: 3829: 3810: 3791: 3763: 3746: 3712: 3690: 3663: 3638: 3628: 3604: 3582: 3563: 3546: 3536: 3529: 3506: 3482: 3463: 3432: 2351: 2274:

to the Germans) against which no countermeasures had been prepared, neutralising the

615: 453:, which could only be exceptional. Navigation had been helped by the introduction of 5108: 5088: 5028: 4988: 4878: 4607: 1689: 1094: 726: 212: 9109: 9102: 9046: 8710: 8475: 8461: 8364: 8301: 8252: 8065: 7918: 7865: 7675: 7626: 7540: 6770: 6747: 6280: 5803: 5708: 5688: 5370: 5360: 5295: 5134: 5013: 4963: 4883: 4728: 4668: 4488: 4438: 4333: 4318: 4277: 4252: 4236: 4209: 4189: 4153: 4113: 3627:. Translated by Winston, Clara; Winston, Richard. New York and Toronto: Macmillan. 1194: 1181: 793: 661: 487: 469: 465: 454: 382: 295: 6289: 4898: 4688: 4572: 3656:

New Zealanders with the Royal Air Force: European Theatre, January 1943 – May 1945

2107: 768:). Forward zones were established along the coast, without searchlights, known as 9132: 8844: 8759: 8717: 8615: 8558: 8426: 8208: 8199: 7728: 7310: 7286: 6540: 5658: 5380: 5350: 5320: 4323: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4282: 4214: 4138: 3734: 3730: 3425:

The Strategic Air War in Europe and the War in the West and East Asia 1943–1944/5

2256: 2252: 2162: 1104: 744: 507: 216: 9244: 5139: 5078: 4793: 4703: 4673: 2140:

was bombed on the night of 8/9 March by 335 bombers. On the night of 9/10 March

9139: 8675: 8601: 6653: 6512: 5761: 5528: 5375: 5335: 5325: 5305: 5270: 4833: 4219: 4204: 4148: 4133: 4024: 2194: 1324:

records show 11 people killed, 36 injured, 15 houses destroyed and 70 damaged.

1213: 885: 801: 710: 587: 511: 499: 378: 331: 299: 203: 112: 4773: 3750: 494:

medium bombers had been retired from the command in mid-1942, followed by the

9280: 8950: 6875: 6724: 6563: 5390: 5365: 5315: 5310: 5290: 4257: 4231: 3958: 3760:

The Strategic Air Offensive against Germany 1939–1945: Annexes and Appendices

3667: 3550: 2355: 2186:

In 1981 Matthew Cooper wrote that the most significant event in 1943 for the

1878:

had priority. Four bombers reported being hit by other bombers were probably

1229: 1219: 654: 474: 458: 362: 335: 311: 207: 176: 24: 4628: 3531:

The War in the Air: A Pictorial History of World War II Air Forces in Combat

346:, which was evacuated during the battle. The battle included cities such as 343: 9249: 9053: 7353: 7258: 6889: 6252: 6016: 5330: 5280: 3618: 2801: 2401: 2298: 2111: 2084: 1193:, site of the largest inland port in Europe. In 1941, Krupps had built the 1146: 1088:

defences and destroy the war economy. On 21 March 1942, Milch advocated to

1078: 374: 287: 190: 9297:

Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom

3603:( 2nd repr. Pen & Sword Aviation, Barnsley ed.). London: Viking. 2089: 1160: 735:-guided FlaK battery shooting down a bomber in September 1940. In October 699: 667:

H2S was inferior to Oboe for blind bombing except on coastal targets like

323: 8888: 8874: 8536: 7212: 7033: 7018: 6372: 5513: 5345: 4540: 4262: 4184: 3922: 3739:

The Strategic Air Offensive against Germany 1939–1945: Endeavour (Part 4)

1155: 722: 714: 619: 421: 339: 303: 3253: 3251: 844:

guided the searchlights to illuminate bombers as they entered the zone.

729:

stations which were accurate enough to guide FlaK and night fighters, a

8243: 7996: 7975: 6868: 6201: 6129: 5340: 5285: 3682: 3601:

The Bomber Command War Diaries: An Operational Reference Book 1939–1945

3420: 2293: 2210: 1622:

chemical works; German records show 147 people killed and 213 injured.

1170: 351: 307: 2919: 2158: 1717: 780:). The system lacked effectiveness on cloudy nights, the range of the 396: 8506: 7911: 7708: 7519: 7317: 7272: 5355: 5275: 4463: 4453: 3937: 3909: 3687:

The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy

3248: 3120: 3077: 3015: 3003: 2895: 2817: 2347: 2145: 2137: 2122: 2097: 1859: 1613: 1475: 1116: 831: 434: 283: 124: 20: 6793: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3034: 3032: 3030: 2873: 2871: 2834: 2832: 2611: 2609: 568: 6777: 6505: 3788:

A Radar History of World War II: Technical and Military Imperatives

3385: 2530: 2528: 2154: 1367: 1190: 835: 821: 468:(PFF) was established on 15 August 1942 but with Gee jammed and no 355: 3236: 3215: 3203: 3186: 3161: 3144: 3132: 3089: 3065: 3044: 3027: 2991: 2979: 2967: 2955: 2943: 2931: 2907: 2883: 2868: 2856: 2844: 2829: 2755: 2753: 2645: 2633: 2606: 2572: 2570: 2093: 1884:

attacks. JG 300 claimed 12 bombers but these was shared with the

1397: 1309: 1204: 1186: 718: 668: 347: 3642: 2594: 2555: 2525: 2114:

were drowned; another 58 bodies were found around the Eder Dam.

1135: 7387: 5985: 3660:

Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45

2582: 2166: 2141: 2133: 2102: 1527: 1150: 738: 136: 9292:

Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving Canada

3847:. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. pp. 130–140. 3745:, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. II. London: HMSO. 2750: 2621: 2567: 2545: 2543: 2264:

using H2S, a new navigation aid and jammed German radars with

2161:

during the night of 11/12 June followed by 60 bombers against

7575: 3809:. AD-a450 007. Maxwell Air Force Base: Air University Press. 3108: 1699: 1164: 392: 55: 2740: 2738: 2689: 2687: 1835:

concentrated attack. German records show 588 people killed,

2540: 2149: 1695: 618:, had been introduced on the night of 20/21 December 1942, 366: 79: 3460:

Air Battle of the Ruhr: The RAF Offensive, March–July 1943

3290: 2330:

In 1961, Webster and Frankland, in their official history

4426: 3758:

Webster, C.; Frankland, N. (2006) . Butler, James (ed.).

3499:

Europe: Torch to Pointblank, August 1942 to December 1943

3319: 2765: 2735: 2711: 2684: 2672: 2350:. A spare pumping system had been built for the Ruhr and 2233:

By June the night-fighter force had been increased to 18

1257: 547:

with distance made it a better target-finding device for

3373: 3346: 3309: 3307: 3305: 2723: 2662: 2660: 2515: 2513: 19:

This article is about the March–July 1943 campaign. For

3363: 3361: 2789: 2777: 2354:

rapidly mobilized workers from the construction of the

2169:

was bombed by 374 aircraft on the night of 13/14 July.

2127:

RAF Lancaster bomber VN-N, (R5689) photographed in 1942

1145:

The Ruhr industrial region enclosed the valleys of the

498:

medium bomber in September. The disappointments of the

6647:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

3790:. Philadelphia PA: Institute of Physics Publications. 3652:"Chapter 3: Bomber Command and the Battle of the Ruhr" 2022:

6 Mosquitos 3 to Cologne, 3 to Gelsenkirchen, no loss

3479:

The German Air Force 1933–1945: An Anatomy of Failure

3336: 3334: 3302: 3268: 3266: 2699: 2657: 2510: 2379:

engines, instead of two more powerful but unreliable

2332:

The Strategic Air Offensive against Germany 1939–1945

2322:

increase in output of the British aircraft industry.

2062: 983:

zone to 124 mi (200 km) either side of the

3358: 2486: 1702:), 16 losses, 8.74 per cent. USAAF daylight raid on 944:

During 1942, the night-fighter command organisation

830:

belt 45 mi (72 km) long was built between

350:

not in the Ruhr proper but which were in the larger

318:. The British attacked 26 targets identified in the 3677:– via New Zealand Electronic Text Collection. 3397: 2498: 2474: 449:Bomber Command drew on crews and aircraft from the 3595: 3528: 3331: 3278: 3263: 3257: 3242: 3230: 3209: 3197: 3180: 3155: 3138: 3126: 3102: 3083: 3071: 3059: 3038: 3021: 3009: 2997: 2985: 2973: 2961: 2949: 2937: 2925: 2913: 2901: 2889: 2877: 2862: 2850: 2838: 2823: 2807: 2239:, five more than at the start of the year but the 1856:with single-engined say fighters using Wild Boar ( 1823:5 Mosquitos, 3 to Cologne, 2 to Duisburg, no loss 923:Because of the diversion of night-fighters to the 878:in front of them. Kammhuber intended to introduce 586:Oboe could be jammed and suffer interference from 3910:RAF strategic bombing during the Second World War 1185:population. The most important towns were Essen, 9278: 3757: 3725: 3581:(e-book ed.). London: The Macmillan Press. 3391: 2651: 2639: 2627: 2615: 2600: 2588: 2576: 2561: 2534: 2432:(Air Districts, commanding the FlaK) and to the 3872:Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary 1442:394 buildings destroyed and 716 badly damaged. 3448: 3419: 2303:Reich Ministry of Armaments and War Production 2144:was raided by 264 bombers and 314 bombers hit 1119:or larger) and 1,500 lighter guns (most being 510:, withdrawn in June 1942, was balanced by the 154: 6001: 4412: 3895: 3845:FlaK: German Anti-Aircraft Defences 1914–1945 3709:: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy 2309:shortages of parts, castings and forgings, a 2292:In his 2006 study of the German war economy, 1872:limited to a maximum height, above which the 1175:Map of the Wupper river and the southern Ruhr 856:with a 50 mi (80 km)-range and the 381:, the Germans built large decoys such as the 140: 2433: 2427: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2399: 2393: 2316: 2310: 2275: 2269: 2246: 2240: 2234: 2224: 2214: 2187: 1885: 1879: 1873: 1865: 1857: 1849: 1843: 1703: 1617: 1585: 1223: 1198: 1108: 1098: 1089: 1082: 1072: 1062: 1055: 1046: 1040: 1034: 1014: 1008: 1002: 996: 990: 984: 978: 959: 953: 945: 936: 912: 904: 898: 889: 879: 873: 867: 861: 851: 845: 839: 825: 815: 799: 781: 775: 769: 763: 757: 748: 736: 730: 548: 478: 386: 16:British bombing campaign during World War II 3560:The Strategic Bombing of Germany, 1940–1945 573:Diagram of the operation of the Oboe system 6008: 5994: 4419: 4405: 4360:Air operations during the Battle of Europe 3902: 3888: 3496:Craven, W. F.; Cate, J. L., eds. (1983) . 3495: 3114: 5644:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 3423:; Krebs, Gerhard; Vogel, Detlef (2006) . 2346:. The Eder Valley dam did not supply the 298:. The Ruhr was the main centre of German 265:4.7 per cent (43 attacks, 18,506 sorties) 181: 3649: 3296: 2519: 2283:In the informal German official history 2121: 2072: 1169: 1134: 1022: 872:from 25–60 mi (40–97 km) with 814:They system was extended with a line of 792: 698: 633: 629: 598: 567: 531: 433: 5754: 1493:killed and 50–100 buildings destroyed. 415: 9279: 7855: 7833:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 3711:(2nd pbk. ed.). London: Penguin. 3557: 3526: 3476: 3457: 3325: 3313: 2795: 2783: 2771: 2759: 2744: 2717: 2705: 2693: 2678: 2666: 2504: 2492: 2480: 786:radar was too short and it could not 688: 369:that hampered bomb aiming. Along with 8704:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 8136:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 7782:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 7738:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 6843:Rape during the occupation of Germany 5989: 4428:Strategic bombing during World War II 4400: 4355:United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) 3883: 3703: 3681: 3617: 3576: 3403: 3379: 3367: 3352: 2729: 2549: 2007:radar-jamming, introduced during the 1478:steelworks where production stopped. 1039:shot down its 1,000th bomber, 649 by 1028:88 mm FlaK battery in firing position 704:ME-110G-2 night fighter at RAF Hendon 42:Strategic bombing during World War II 7826:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 6858:Rape during the liberation of France 5521: 4350:Aerial defence of the United Kingdom 3445: 3340: 3284: 3272: 2811: 1167:, already a city of 670,000 people. 230:March: 380 heavy, 160 medium bombers 5963: 4015:Combined Bomber Offensive (1943–44) 1842:injured, 72,000 rendered homeless. 639:Photograph of TIs over Berlin C4925 13: 8052:German invasion of the Netherlands 6332:Weather events during World War II 4371:Death by Moonlight: Bomber Command 3778: 2063:Operation Chastise, 16/17 May 1943 989:to exploit the increased range of 14: 9318: 8683:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 3863: 1207:1.9 mi (3 km) south of 9243: 6015: 4000:Area bombing of cities (1942–43) 3650:Thompson, Henry Leopold (1956). 2286:Germany and the Second World War 2117: 183: 169: 156: 142: 129: 117: 105: 48: 3928:RAF strategic bombing 1942–1945 3743:History of the Second World War 2443: 2386: 1222:-Benzin works at Nordstern and 506:variants and the fiasco of the 278:(5 March – 31 July 1943) was a 9287:World War II strategic bombing 8930:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 6640:Territorial changes of Germany 6548:Indonesian National Revolution 3579:Rolls-Royce: The Merlin at War 3449:Boog, Krebs & Vogel (2006) 3258:Middlebrook & Everitt 2014 3243:Middlebrook & Everitt 2014 3231:Middlebrook & Everitt 2014 3210:Middlebrook & Everitt 2014 3198:Middlebrook & Everitt 2014 3181:Middlebrook & Everitt 2014 3156:Middlebrook & Everitt 2014 3139:Middlebrook & Everitt 2014 3127:Middlebrook & Everitt 2014 3103:Middlebrook & Everitt 2014 3084:Middlebrook & Everitt 2014 3072:Middlebrook & Everitt 2014 3060:Middlebrook & Everitt 2014 3039:Middlebrook & Everitt 2014 3022:Middlebrook & Everitt 2014 3010:Middlebrook & Everitt 2014 2998:Middlebrook & Everitt 2014 2986:Middlebrook & Everitt 2014 2974:Middlebrook & Everitt 2014 2962:Middlebrook & Everitt 2014 2950:Middlebrook & Everitt 2014 2938:Middlebrook & Everitt 2014 2926:Middlebrook & Everitt 2014 2914:Middlebrook & Everitt 2014 2902:Middlebrook & Everitt 2014 2890:Middlebrook & Everitt 2014 2878:Middlebrook & Everitt 2014 2863:Middlebrook & Everitt 2014 2851:Middlebrook & Everitt 2014 2839:Middlebrook & Everitt 2014 2824:Middlebrook & Everitt 2014 2808:Middlebrook & Everitt 2014 2440:(RLM, Air Ministry) in Berlin. 2369: 1641:Cologne, Duisburg, Düsseldorf 1: 8330:Japanese invasion of Thailand 8281:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 8045:German invasion of Luxembourg 6426:Mediterranean and Middle East 3933:Area Bombing Directive (1942) 3412: 2325: 2223:The technical failure of the 1836: 1806: 1453: 1302: 935: 410: 249: 8237:Invasion of the Soviet Union 7926:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 7244:Independent State of Croatia 3392:Webster & Frankland 1961 2652:Webster & Frankland 1961 2640:Webster & Frankland 1961 2628:Webster & Frankland 1961 2616:Webster & Frankland 1961 2601:Webster & Frankland 1961 2589:Webster & Frankland 1961 2577:Webster & Frankland 2006 2562:Webster & Frankland 1961 2535:Webster & Frankland 1961 2468: 2337: 2172: 2165:on the night of 20/21 June. 1097:, commander in chief of the 1054:By the end of the year, the 1007:system. In each sector, one 23:bombing at other times, see 7: 9221:End of World War II in Asia 9061:Western invasion of Germany 8568:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 8545:Second Battle of El Alamein 8115:Hundred Regiments Offensive 8087:Battle of the Mediterranean 7940:Italian invasion of Albania 6114:Air warfare of World War II 3943:Casablanca directive (1943) 3828:. London: Arms and Armour. 3826:Bennett and the Pathfinders 3535:. New York: Bonanza Books. 2209:Goebbels blamed Göring and 2177: 2110:where 493 female Ukrainian 1200:Kruppsche Nachtscheinanlage 1140:Map of the Ruhr conurbation 971:aircraft interception radar 673:air-to-surface-vessel radar 492:Armstrong Whitworth Whitley 403:on 24 July 1943, began the 388:Kruppsche Nachtscheinanlage 10: 9323: 9147:Naval bombardment of Japan 8515:First Battle of El Alamein 8434:Battle of Christmas Island 8379:Japanese invasion of Burma 8143:Italian invasion of Greece 8059:German invasion of Belgium 8031:German invasion of Denmark 8004:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 7873:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 6137:Comparative military ranks 4020:Battle of Berlin (1943–44) 3964:Frederick "Prof" Lindemann 3805:Davis, Richard D. (2006). 2457:, flew as a observer with 2436:Reichsluftfahrtministerium 2078:Möhne Dam after the attack 2066: 1111:Oberkommando der Luftwaffe 692: 683: 652: 561: 525: 451:Operational Training Units 419: 365:produced a semi-permanent 18: 9236: 9068:Bratislava–Brno offensive 9008: 8999:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 8736: 8623:Allied invasion of Sicily 8577: 8483:Aleutian Islands campaign 8455:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 8402: 8393:Greek famine of 1941–1944 8288:Second Battle of Changsha 8193:German invasion of Greece 8161: 8038:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 8013: 7951: 7846: 7727: 7453: 7363: 7211: 6914: 6905: 6663: 6488: 6380:North and Central Pacific 6341: 6103: 6096: 6023: 5954: 5919: 5888: 5877: 5838: 5817: 5796: 5775: 5601: 5580: 5549: 5512: 5437: 5401: 5256: 5225: 5204: 5178: 5122: 4946: 4621: 4561: 4554: 4523: 4502: 4481: 4472: 4434: 4342: 4291: 4245: 4172: 4106: 4063: 4010:Battle of the Ruhr (1943) 3987: 3951: 3915: 1245: 1236: 838:later in the year. Three 320:Combined Bomber Offensive 243: 222: 197: 98: 62: 47: 39: 34: 8660:Allied invasion of Italy 8637:Solomon Islands campaign 8386:Third Battle of Changsha 7983:First Battle of Changsha 7889:Second Sino-Japanese War 6829:German military brothels 6695:United States war crimes 4444:Aerial bombing of cities 4334:Light Night Strike Force 3707:The Wages of Destruction 3558:Levine, Alan J. (1992). 2762:, pp. 190, 192–193. 2362: 1107:, the chief of staff of 798:Map of a section of the 25:Ruhr Area § History 9307:Germany in World War II 9082:Second Guangxi campaign 8937:Philippines (1944–1945) 8441:Battle of the Coral Sea 8344:Fall of the Philippines 7990:Battle of South Guangxi 7896:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 7302:Italian Social Republic 3599:; Everitt, C. (2014) . 3458:Cooper, A. W. (2013) . 2552:, pp. 70, 74, 116. 2398:sets went to the navy ( 2019:Cologne, Gelsenkirchen 1770:4 Mosquitos, no losses 1745:6 Mosquitos, no losses 1734:4 Mosquitos, no losses 1644:6 Mosquitos, no losses 1633:3 Mosquitos, no losses 1601:2 Mosquitos, no losses 1289:2 Mosquitos, no losses 1130: 594: 557: 322:. Targets included the 8667:Armistice of Cassibile 8469:Battle of Dutch Harbor 8420:Battle of the Java Sea 8323:Attack on Pearl Harbor 8223:Syria–Lebanon campaign 8216:Battle of South Shanxi 8186:Invasion of Yugoslavia 7969:Battle of the Atlantic 7583:Korean Liberation Army 7296:(until September 1943) 7253:(until September 1944) 7231:(until September 1944) 4449:Area bombing directive 3974:Sir Archibald Sinclair 3959:Arthur "Bomber" Harris 3938:Dehousing paper (1942) 3824:Maynard, John (1996). 3689:. London: Allen Lane. 3624:Inside the Third Reich 3115:Craven & Cate 1983 2434: 2428: 2420: 2414: 2408: 2400: 2394: 2317: 2311: 2276: 2270: 2247: 2241: 2235: 2231: 2225: 2215: 2207: 2201:, wrote in his diary, 2188: 2129: 2080: 1886: 1880: 1874: 1866: 1858: 1850: 1844: 1704: 1678:1 Mosquito, no losses 1655:1 Mosquito, no losses 1618: 1586: 1347:1 Mosquito, no losses 1224: 1199: 1177: 1142: 1109: 1099: 1090: 1083: 1074:Generalluftzeugmeister 1073: 1063: 1056: 1047: 1041: 1035: 1030: 1015: 1009: 1003: 997: 991: 985: 979: 960: 954: 946: 937: 913: 905: 899: 890: 880: 874: 868: 862: 858:Seeburg plotting table 852: 846: 840: 826: 816: 811: 800: 788:Identify friend or foe 782: 776: 770: 764: 758: 749: 737: 731: 706: 648: 641: 606: 581:curvature of the Earth 575: 549: 539: 521: 479: 441: 426:Area bombing directive 387: 259:2,126 aircraft damaged 239:day and night fighters 198:Commanders and leaders 70:5 March – 31 July 1943 8831:Second Battle of Guam 8727:Bengal famine of 1943 8697:Second Battle of Kiev 8653:Battle of the Dnieper 8358:Battle of Wake Island 8230:East African campaign 8172:Battle of South Henan 7817:atrocities by Germans 7590:Korean Volunteer Army 6571:Occupation of Germany 6325:Music in World War II 4119:Boston (Douglas DB-7) 4005:U-boat pens (1943–44) 3995:Oil targets (1940-45) 3704:Tooze, Adam (2007) . 3527:Gurney, Gene (1962). 2221: 2203: 2125: 2076: 2044:3 Mosquitos, no loss 2033:3 Mosquitos, no loss 1991:2 Mosquitos, no loss 1968:8 Mosquitos, no loss 1945:8 Mosquitos, no loss 1934:4 Mosquitos, no loss 1923:4 Mosquitos, no loss 1912:3 Mosquitos, no loss 1901:4 Mosquitos, no loss 1812:buildings destroyed. 1793:3 Mosquitos, no loss 1278:8 Mosquitos, no loss 1225:Hydrierwerke-Scholven 1173: 1138: 1026: 796: 702: 637: 630:Target Indicator bomb 602: 571: 535: 516:de Havilland Mosquito 447:Thousand-bomber raids 437: 430:Casablanca Conference 282:campaign against the 244:Casualties and losses 54:The Krupp factory at 9117:Surrender of Germany 8595:Battle of West Hubei 8552:Guadalcanal campaign 8522:Battle of Stalingrad 8448:Battle of Madagascar 7222:Albania protectorate 7009:(formerly Swaziland) 6718:Wehrmacht war crimes 6534:Expulsion of Germans 6318:Art and World War II 6216:British contribution 6165:Governments in exile 4814:Ludwigshafen / Oppau 4546:Saint-Leu-d'Esserent 4365:Defence of the Reich 2928:, pp. 270, 279. 2426:(Air Fleets) and to 1942:Cologne, Düsseldorf 1931:Cologne, Düsseldorf 1705:Chemische Werke Hüls 1450:Cologne, Düsseldorf 1001:, which created the 695:Defence of the Reich 677:Naxos radar detector 504:Handley Page Halifax 496:Handley Page Hampden 416:Bomber Command, 1942 324:Krupp armament works 316:synthetic oil plants 9207:Potsdam Declaration 9096:Italy (Spring 1945) 8859:Liberation of Paris 8316:Siege of Sevastopol 7334:(until August 1944) 7237:Wang Jingwei regime 7059:from September 1943 7019:from September 1944 6957:from September 1944 6817:Romanian war crimes 6808:Persecution of Jews 6794:Croatian war crimes 6764:Japanese war crimes 6578:Occupation of Japan 6527:First Indochina War 6239:Military production 6151:Declarations of war 5889:Mandatory Palestine 4268:Intruder operations 4082:("Dambusters" raid) 3875:, National Archives 3577:Lloyd, Ian (1978). 3477:Cooper, M. (1981). 3394:, pp. 110–111. 3382:, pp. 597–598. 3355:, pp. 597–598. 3328:, pp. 299–301. 3260:, pp. 274–275. 3129:, pp. 283–284. 3117:, pp. 671–673. 3086:, pp. 282–283. 3024:, pp. 278–279. 3012:, pp. 277–278. 2904:, pp. 266–267. 2826:, pp. 260–261. 2774:, pp. 192–194. 2747:, pp. 188–190. 2732:, pp. 596–597. 2720:, pp. 187–188. 2696:, pp. 183–184. 2681:, pp. 182–183. 2455:VIII Bomber Command 2381:Rolls-Royce Vulture 2344:hydroelectric power 2199:Propaganda Minister 1675:Hamborn (Duisburg) 1242: 824:in France. Another 689:German air defences 612:RAF Coastal Command 604:RAF Halifax B Mk II 312:armaments factories 9200:Surrender of Japan 9033:Battle of Iwo Jima 8882:Belgrade offensive 8295:Siege of Leningrad 8179:Battle of Shanggao 8108:British Somaliland 8073:Dunkirk evacuation 8024:Norwegian campaign 7962:Invasion of Poland 7789:Japanese prisoners 6757:Italian war crimes 6688:British war crimes 6603:Soviet occupations 6387:South-West Pacific 6274:Allied cooperation 6232:Military equipment 5165:Rotterdam (Allied) 4385:Target for Tonight 3969:Sir Charles Portal 3923:Butt Report (1941) 3786:Brown, L. (1999). 3481:. London: Jane's. 3299:, pp. 41, 76. 2451:Samuel E. Anderson 2130: 2081: 2069:Operation Chastise 1852:Jagdgeschwader 300 1820:Cologne, Duisburg 1742:Cologne, Duisburg 1694:183 aircraft (172 1557:Cologne, Duisburg 1457: 2 Mosquitos 1241: 1178: 1143: 1031: 812: 707: 642: 607: 576: 540: 490:light bombers and 442: 401:Operation Gomorrah 371:anti-aircraft guns 340:Rheinmetall–Borsig 292:RAF Bomber Command 276:Battle of the Ruhr 237:anti-aircraft guns 35:Battle of the Ruhr 9302:Conflicts in 1943 9274: 9273: 9232: 9231: 9075:Battle of Okinawa 8974:Burma (1944–1945) 8808:Mariana and Palau 8588:Tunisian campaign 8413:Fall of Singapore 8337:Fall of Hong Kong 8080:Battle of Britain 7933:Operation Himmler 7842: 7841: 7506:Dutch East Indies 7149:Southern Rhodesia 6901: 6900: 6801:Genocide of Serbs 6704:German war crimes 6681:Soviet war crimes 6674:Allied war crimes 6520:Division of Korea 6499:Chinese Civil War 6297:Strategic bombing 6209:Manhattan Project 5983: 5982: 5979: 5978: 5950: 5949: 5879:Mediterranean and 5873: 5872: 5771: 5770: 5508: 5507: 5281:Barrow-in-Furness 5266:Battle of Britain 4942: 4941: 4719:Freiburg (Allies) 4459:Strategic bombing 4394: 4393: 4329:No. 100 Group RAF 4074:(Friedrichshafen) 3854:978-0-7006-1136-2 3816:978-1-4294-5551-0 3797:978-0-7503-0659-1 3769:978-1-84574-350-5 3718:978-0-14-100348-1 3696:978-0-713-99566-4 3634:978-0-684-82949-4 3610:978-1-78346-360-2 3588:978-1-349-03908-1 3542:978-0-517-09948-3 3469:978-1-78159-062-1 3438:978-0-19-822889-9 2798:, pp. 33–35. 2786:, pp. 31–33. 2654:, pp. 12–14. 2642:, pp. 11–12. 2618:, pp. 93–95. 2564:, pp. 92–93. 2537:, pp. 90–91. 2352:Organisation Todt 2312:Zulieferungskrise 2262:Battle of Hamburg 2060: 2059: 2009:Battle of Hamburg 1630:Cologne and Ruhr 1373:reported damage. 405:Battle of Hamburg 330:), the Nordstern 280:strategic bombing 272: 271: 257:675 aircraft lost 232:July: 800 bombers 94: 93: 9314: 9267: 9260: 9253: 9250:World portal 9248: 9247: 9223: 9216: 9209: 9202: 9193: 9186: 9179: 9170: 9163: 9156: 9149: 9142: 9135: 9126: 9119: 9112: 9110:Prague offensive 9105: 9103:Battle of Berlin 9098: 9091: 9084: 9077: 9070: 9063: 9056: 9049: 9047:Vienna offensive 9042: 9035: 9028: 9026:Battle of Manila 9021: 9001: 8992: 8983: 8976: 8967: 8960: 8953: 8946: 8939: 8932: 8925: 8916: 8907: 8900: 8891: 8884: 8877: 8870: 8861: 8854: 8847: 8840: 8833: 8826: 8819: 8810: 8803: 8794: 8785: 8776: 8769: 8767:Korsun–Cherkassy 8762: 8751: 8729: 8720: 8713: 8706: 8699: 8692: 8685: 8678: 8669: 8662: 8655: 8648: 8639: 8632: 8625: 8618: 8611: 8609:Bombing of Gorky 8604: 8597: 8590: 8570: 8563: 8554: 8547: 8540: 8531: 8524: 8517: 8510: 8499: 8492: 8485: 8478: 8476:Battle of Midway 8471: 8464: 8462:Battle of Gazala 8457: 8450: 8443: 8436: 8429: 8422: 8415: 8395: 8388: 8381: 8374: 8372:Battle of Borneo 8367: 8365:Malayan campaign 8360: 8353: 8346: 8339: 8332: 8325: 8318: 8311: 8309:Bombing of Gorky 8304: 8302:Battle of Moscow 8297: 8290: 8283: 8276: 8269: 8262: 8246: 8239: 8232: 8225: 8218: 8211: 8202: 8195: 8188: 8181: 8174: 8154: 8145: 8138: 8131: 8124: 8117: 8110: 8103: 8096: 8089: 8082: 8075: 8068: 8066:Battle of France 8061: 8054: 8047: 8040: 8033: 8026: 8006: 7999: 7992: 7985: 7978: 7971: 7964: 7942: 7935: 7928: 7921: 7919:Munich Agreement 7914: 7907: 7898: 7891: 7884: 7875: 7868: 7853: 7852: 7835: 7828: 7819: 7812: 7805: 7804:Soviet prisoners 7798: 7791: 7784: 7775: 7768: 7759: 7752: 7745: 7744:German prisoners 7740: 7720: 7711: 7704: 7697: 7692: 7685: 7678: 7671: 7664: 7657: 7650: 7643: 7636: 7629: 7622: 7615: 7608: 7601: 7592: 7585: 7578: 7571: 7564: 7557: 7550: 7543: 7536: 7529: 7522: 7515: 7508: 7501: 7494: 7487: 7480: 7473: 7466: 7446: 7439: 7432: 7425: 7418: 7411: 7404: 7397: 7390: 7383: 7376: 7356: 7349: 7342: 7335: 7327: 7320: 7313: 7304: 7297: 7289: 7282: 7280:French Indochina 7275: 7268: 7261: 7254: 7246: 7239: 7232: 7224: 7204: 7195: 7188: 7179: 7172: 7165: 7158: 7151: 7144: 7137: 7130: 7127:from August 1944 7118: 7111: 7104: 7097: 7090: 7083: 7076: 7069: 7062: 7050: 7043: 7036: 7029: 7022: 7010: 7002: 6995: 6988: 6981: 6974: 6967: 6960: 6948: 6941: 6934: 6927: 6912: 6911: 6892: 6885: 6878: 6871: 6864: 6853: 6838: 6831: 6824: 6819: 6810: 6803: 6796: 6787: 6780: 6773: 6771:Nanjing Massacre 6766: 6759: 6750: 6748:Nuremberg trials 6741: 6734: 6727: 6720: 6713: 6706: 6697: 6690: 6683: 6676: 6656: 6649: 6642: 6633: 6626: 6619: 6612: 6605: 6598: 6589: 6580: 6573: 6566: 6559: 6550: 6543: 6536: 6529: 6522: 6515: 6508: 6501: 6481: 6472: 6465: 6458: 6449: 6442: 6435: 6428: 6419: 6412: 6405: 6396: 6389: 6382: 6375: 6368: 6361: 6354: 6352:Asia and Pacific 6334: 6327: 6320: 6313: 6306: 6299: 6292: 6283: 6281:Mulberry harbour 6276: 6269: 6262: 6255: 6248: 6241: 6234: 6227: 6218: 6211: 6204: 6195: 6188: 6181: 6174: 6167: 6160: 6153: 6146: 6139: 6132: 6123: 6116: 6101: 6100: 6089: 6082: 6073: 6066: 6059: 6052: 6045: 6038: 6031: 6010: 6003: 5996: 5987: 5986: 5961: 5960: 5886: 5885: 5783:Allied Singapore 5752: 5751: 5519: 5518: 5477:(Czechoslovakia) 5160:Rotterdam (Axis) 4559: 4558: 4479: 4478: 4474:European theatre 4439:Area bombardment 4421: 4414: 4407: 4398: 4397: 4319:No. 6 Group RCAF 4253:Area bombardment 4237:Target indicator 4210:Blockbuster bomb 4025:Transport (1944) 3904: 3897: 3890: 3881: 3880: 3876: 3858: 3839: 3820: 3801: 3773: 3754: 3722: 3700: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3646: 3614: 3592: 3573: 3554: 3534: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3504: 3492: 3473: 3452: 3442: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3261: 3255: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3184: 3178: 3159: 3153: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3042: 3036: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2748: 2742: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2697: 2691: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2613: 2604: 2603:, pp. 8–10. 2598: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2538: 2532: 2523: 2517: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2462: 2447: 2441: 2439: 2431: 2425: 2418:forwarded it to 2417: 2411: 2405: 2397: 2390: 2384: 2373: 2320: 2314: 2279: 2273: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2228: 2218: 2191: 1889: 1883: 1877: 1871: 1863: 1855: 1847: 1841: 1838: 1811: 1808: 1707: 1685: 1621: 1589: 1565:12/13 June 1943 1553: 1538: 1515: 1500: 1485: 1466: 1458: 1455: 1434: 1419: 1307: 1304: 1259: 1243: 1240: 1227: 1217: 1202: 1195:Krupp decoy site 1182:main Krupp works 1114: 1102: 1093: 1086: 1076: 1066: 1059: 1050: 1044: 1038: 1036:Fliegerkorps XII 1018: 1012: 1006: 1000: 994: 988: 982: 963: 957: 955:Nachjagddivision 951: 948:Fliegerkorps XII 940: 918: 910: 902: 893: 883: 877: 871: 865: 855: 849: 843: 829: 819: 805: 785: 779: 773: 771:Dunkel Nachtjagd 767: 761: 753:radars in each. 752: 742: 734: 662:cathode-ray tube 552: 488:Bristol Blenheim 482: 470:target indicator 466:Pathfinder Force 390: 383:Krupp decoy site 296:Second World War 254: 251: 193: 189: 187: 186: 175: 173: 172: 166: 162: 160: 159: 152: 148: 146: 145: 135: 133: 132: 123: 121: 120: 111: 109: 108: 64: 63: 52: 32: 31: 9322: 9321: 9317: 9316: 9315: 9313: 9312: 9311: 9277: 9276: 9275: 9270: 9263: 9256: 9242: 9240: 9228: 9219: 9212: 9205: 9198: 9189: 9182: 9175: 9166: 9161:Atomic bombings 9159: 9152: 9145: 9138: 9131: 9122: 9115: 9108: 9101: 9094: 9087: 9080: 9073: 9066: 9059: 9052: 9045: 9038: 9031: 9024: 9017: 9004: 8997: 8986: 8979: 8972: 8963: 8956: 8949: 8942: 8935: 8928: 8919: 8910: 8903: 8894: 8887: 8880: 8873: 8864: 8857: 8852:Eastern Romania 8850: 8845:Warsaw Uprising 8843: 8838:Tannenberg Line 8836: 8829: 8824:Western Ukraine 8822: 8813: 8806: 8797: 8788: 8779: 8772: 8765: 8754: 8745: 8732: 8725: 8716: 8709: 8702: 8695: 8688: 8681: 8674: 8665: 8658: 8651: 8642: 8635: 8628: 8621: 8616:Battle of Kursk 8614: 8607: 8600: 8593: 8586: 8573: 8566: 8557: 8550: 8543: 8534: 8527: 8520: 8513: 8504: 8495: 8488: 8481: 8474: 8467: 8460: 8453: 8446: 8439: 8432: 8427:St Nazaire Raid 8425: 8418: 8411: 8398: 8391: 8384: 8377: 8370: 8363: 8356: 8349: 8342: 8335: 8328: 8321: 8314: 8307: 8300: 8293: 8286: 8279: 8272: 8265: 8251: 8242: 8235: 8228: 8221: 8214: 8209:Anglo-Iraqi War 8207: 8200:Battle of Crete 8198: 8191: 8184: 8177: 8170: 8157: 8148: 8141: 8134: 8129:Eastern Romania 8127: 8120: 8113: 8106: 8099: 8092: 8085: 8078: 8071: 8064: 8057: 8050: 8043: 8036: 8029: 8022: 8009: 8002: 7995: 7988: 7981: 7974: 7967: 7960: 7947: 7938: 7931: 7924: 7917: 7910: 7903: 7894: 7887: 7880: 7871: 7864: 7838: 7831: 7824: 7815: 7808: 7803: 7794: 7787: 7780: 7771: 7764: 7755: 7748: 7743: 7736: 7723: 7716: 7707: 7700: 7695: 7690:Western Ukraine 7688: 7681: 7674: 7667: 7660: 7653: 7646: 7639: 7634:Northeast China 7632: 7625: 7618: 7611: 7604: 7597: 7588: 7581: 7574: 7567: 7560: 7553: 7546: 7539: 7532: 7525: 7518: 7511: 7504: 7497: 7490: 7483: 7476: 7469: 7462: 7449: 7442: 7435: 7428: 7421: 7414: 7407: 7400: 7393: 7386: 7379: 7372: 7359: 7352: 7345: 7340:Slovak Republic 7338: 7330: 7323: 7316: 7311:Empire of Japan 7309: 7300: 7292: 7285: 7278: 7271: 7264: 7257: 7249: 7242: 7235: 7227: 7220: 7207: 7200: 7191: 7184: 7175: 7168: 7161: 7154: 7147: 7140: 7133: 7121: 7114: 7107: 7100: 7093: 7086: 7079: 7072: 7065: 7053: 7046: 7039: 7032: 7025: 7013: 7005: 6998: 6991: 6984: 6977: 6970: 6963: 6951: 6944: 6937: 6930: 6923: 6897: 6888: 6881: 6874: 6867: 6856: 6841: 6834: 6827: 6823:Sexual violence 6822: 6815: 6806: 6799: 6792: 6783: 6776: 6769: 6762: 6755: 6746: 6737: 6730: 6723: 6716: 6709: 6702: 6693: 6686: 6679: 6672: 6659: 6652: 6645: 6638: 6629: 6622: 6615: 6608: 6601: 6592: 6583: 6576: 6569: 6562: 6553: 6546: 6541:Greek Civil War 6539: 6532: 6525: 6518: 6511: 6504: 6497: 6484: 6477: 6468: 6461: 6454: 6445: 6438: 6431: 6424: 6415: 6408: 6401: 6392: 6385: 6378: 6371: 6366:South-East Asia 6364: 6357: 6350: 6337: 6330: 6323: 6316: 6309: 6302: 6295: 6288: 6279: 6272: 6265: 6258: 6251: 6244: 6237: 6230: 6225:Military awards 6223: 6214: 6207: 6200: 6191: 6184: 6177: 6170: 6163: 6156: 6149: 6142: 6135: 6128: 6119: 6112: 6092: 6085: 6078: 6069: 6062: 6055: 6050: 6041: 6034: 6027: 6019: 6014: 5984: 5975: 5946: 5915: 5880: 5869: 5834: 5813: 5792: 5767: 5750: 5597: 5576: 5545: 5504: 5433: 5397: 5258: 5252: 5221: 5200: 5174: 5118: 5064:Reggio Calabria 4938: 4919:Wiener Neustadt 4724:Friedrichshafen 4714:Freiburg (Axis) 4617: 4564: 4550: 4519: 4498: 4468: 4430: 4425: 4395: 4390: 4338: 4324:No. 8 Group RAF 4314:No. 5 Group RAF 4309:No. 4 Group RAF 4304:No. 3 Group RAF 4299:No. 1 Group RAF 4287: 4283:Shuttle bombing 4241: 4215:Earthquake bomb 4168: 4102: 4059: 3983: 3947: 3911: 3908: 3869: 3866: 3861: 3855: 3842: 3836: 3823: 3817: 3804: 3798: 3785: 3781: 3779:Further reading 3776: 3770: 3719: 3697: 3672: 3670: 3635: 3611: 3597:Middlebrook, M. 3589: 3570: 3543: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3502: 3489: 3470: 3439: 3415: 3410: 3402: 3398: 3390: 3386: 3378: 3374: 3366: 3359: 3351: 3347: 3339: 3332: 3324: 3320: 3312: 3303: 3295: 3291: 3283: 3279: 3271: 3264: 3256: 3249: 3241: 3237: 3229: 3216: 3208: 3204: 3196: 3187: 3179: 3162: 3154: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3125: 3121: 3113: 3109: 3101: 3090: 3082: 3078: 3070: 3066: 3058: 3045: 3037: 3028: 3020: 3016: 3008: 3004: 2996: 2992: 2984: 2980: 2972: 2968: 2960: 2956: 2948: 2944: 2936: 2932: 2924: 2920: 2912: 2908: 2900: 2896: 2888: 2884: 2876: 2869: 2861: 2857: 2849: 2845: 2837: 2830: 2822: 2818: 2810:, p. 260; 2806: 2802: 2794: 2790: 2782: 2778: 2770: 2766: 2758: 2751: 2743: 2736: 2728: 2724: 2716: 2712: 2704: 2700: 2692: 2685: 2677: 2673: 2665: 2658: 2650: 2646: 2638: 2634: 2626: 2622: 2614: 2607: 2599: 2595: 2591:, pp. 7–8. 2587: 2583: 2579:, pp. 4–6. 2575: 2568: 2560: 2556: 2548: 2541: 2533: 2526: 2518: 2511: 2503: 2499: 2491: 2487: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2465: 2453:, commander of 2448: 2444: 2391: 2387: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2340: 2328: 2180: 2175: 2163:Friedrichshafen 2128: 2120: 2112:slave labourers 2079: 2071: 2065: 1839: 1809: 1754: 1683: 1551: 1536: 1520: 1513: 1498: 1483: 1464: 1456: 1432: 1417: 1405:30 April/1 May 1305: 1286:Essen, Mulheim 1239: 1211: 1176: 1141: 1133: 1105:Hans Jeschonnek 1081:, in charge of 1029: 942: 810: 759:Helle Nachtjagd 745:Josef Kammhuber 705: 697: 691: 686: 657: 651: 640: 632: 605: 597: 574: 566: 560: 538: 530: 524: 508:Avro Manchester 440: 432: 418: 413: 290:carried out by 264: 262: 261:USAAF: 16 B-17s 260: 258: 256: 252: 238: 236: 231: 229: 217:Josef Kammhuber 215: 206: 184: 182: 170: 168: 167: 157: 155: 153: 143: 141: 139: 130: 128: 127: 118: 116: 115: 106: 104: 90:British victory 82: 53: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9320: 9310: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9272: 9271: 9269: 9268: 9261: 9254: 9237: 9234: 9233: 9230: 9229: 9227: 9226: 9225: 9224: 9217: 9210: 9196: 9195: 9194: 9180: 9177:South Sakhalin 9173: 9172: 9171: 9157: 9150: 9143: 9136: 9129: 9128: 9127: 9113: 9106: 9099: 9092: 9085: 9078: 9071: 9064: 9057: 9050: 9043: 9036: 9029: 9022: 9014: 9012: 9006: 9005: 9003: 9002: 8995: 8994: 8993: 8977: 8970: 8969: 8968: 8954: 8947: 8940: 8933: 8926: 8917: 8908: 8901: 8892: 8885: 8878: 8871: 8862: 8855: 8848: 8841: 8834: 8827: 8820: 8811: 8804: 8795: 8786: 8777: 8770: 8763: 8752: 8742: 8740: 8734: 8733: 8731: 8730: 8723: 8722: 8721: 8714: 8700: 8693: 8686: 8679: 8672: 8671: 8670: 8656: 8649: 8640: 8633: 8626: 8619: 8612: 8605: 8602:Battle of Attu 8598: 8591: 8583: 8581: 8575: 8574: 8572: 8571: 8564: 8555: 8548: 8541: 8532: 8525: 8518: 8511: 8502: 8501: 8500: 8493: 8479: 8472: 8465: 8458: 8451: 8444: 8437: 8430: 8423: 8416: 8408: 8406: 8400: 8399: 8397: 8396: 8389: 8382: 8375: 8368: 8361: 8354: 8351:Battle of Guam 8347: 8340: 8333: 8326: 8319: 8312: 8305: 8298: 8291: 8284: 8277: 8274:Battle of Kiev 8270: 8263: 8249: 8248: 8247: 8233: 8226: 8219: 8212: 8205: 8204: 8203: 8189: 8182: 8175: 8167: 8165: 8159: 8158: 8156: 8155: 8146: 8139: 8132: 8125: 8118: 8111: 8104: 8097: 8090: 8083: 8076: 8069: 8062: 8055: 8048: 8041: 8034: 8027: 8019: 8017: 8011: 8010: 8008: 8007: 8000: 7993: 7986: 7979: 7972: 7965: 7957: 7955: 7949: 7948: 7946: 7945: 7944: 7943: 7936: 7929: 7922: 7915: 7901: 7900: 7899: 7892: 7878: 7877: 7876: 7861: 7859: 7850: 7844: 7843: 7840: 7839: 7837: 7836: 7829: 7822: 7821: 7820: 7813: 7801: 7800: 7799: 7785: 7778: 7777: 7776: 7773:United Kingdom 7769: 7762: 7761: 7760: 7741: 7733: 7731: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7721: 7714: 7713: 7712: 7705: 7693: 7686: 7679: 7672: 7665: 7658: 7651: 7644: 7637: 7630: 7623: 7616: 7609: 7602: 7595: 7594: 7593: 7586: 7572: 7565: 7558: 7551: 7544: 7537: 7530: 7523: 7516: 7509: 7502: 7495: 7488: 7481: 7474: 7467: 7459: 7457: 7451: 7450: 7448: 7447: 7440: 7433: 7426: 7419: 7412: 7405: 7398: 7391: 7384: 7377: 7369: 7367: 7361: 7360: 7358: 7357: 7350: 7343: 7336: 7328: 7321: 7314: 7307: 7306: 7305: 7290: 7283: 7276: 7269: 7262: 7255: 7247: 7240: 7233: 7225: 7217: 7215: 7209: 7208: 7206: 7205: 7198: 7197: 7196: 7182: 7181: 7180: 7177:British Empire 7170:United Kingdom 7166: 7159: 7152: 7145: 7138: 7131: 7119: 7112: 7105: 7098: 7091: 7084: 7077: 7070: 7063: 7051: 7044: 7037: 7030: 7023: 7011: 7003: 6996: 6989: 6986:Czechoslovakia 6982: 6975: 6968: 6961: 6949: 6942: 6935: 6928: 6920: 6918: 6909: 6903: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6896: 6895: 6894: 6893: 6886: 6883:Rape of Manila 6879: 6872: 6865: 6854: 6839: 6832: 6820: 6813: 6812: 6811: 6804: 6790: 6789: 6788: 6781: 6774: 6760: 6753: 6752: 6751: 6744: 6743: 6742: 6735: 6721: 6714: 6700: 6699: 6698: 6691: 6684: 6669: 6667: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6657: 6654:United Nations 6650: 6643: 6636: 6635: 6634: 6627: 6620: 6613: 6599: 6590: 6581: 6574: 6567: 6560: 6551: 6544: 6537: 6530: 6523: 6516: 6513:Decolonization 6509: 6502: 6494: 6492: 6486: 6485: 6483: 6482: 6475: 6474: 6473: 6459: 6452: 6451: 6450: 6443: 6436: 6422: 6421: 6420: 6413: 6399: 6398: 6397: 6390: 6383: 6376: 6369: 6362: 6347: 6345: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6335: 6328: 6321: 6314: 6307: 6300: 6293: 6286: 6285: 6284: 6277: 6263: 6256: 6249: 6242: 6235: 6228: 6221: 6220: 6219: 6205: 6198: 6197: 6196: 6189: 6186:United Kingdom 6182: 6168: 6161: 6154: 6147: 6140: 6133: 6126: 6125: 6124: 6109: 6107: 6098: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6090: 6083: 6076: 6075: 6074: 6067: 6060: 6048: 6047: 6046: 6032: 6024: 6021: 6020: 6013: 6012: 6005: 5998: 5990: 5981: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5973: 5967: 5965: 5958: 5952: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5923: 5921: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5892: 5890: 5883: 5875: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5867: 5861: 5855: 5849: 5842: 5840: 5836: 5835: 5833: 5832: 5827: 5821: 5819: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5811: 5806: 5800: 5798: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5790: 5788:Axis Singapore 5785: 5779: 5777: 5773: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5765: 5758: 5756: 5749: 5748: 5743: 5742: 5741: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5605: 5603: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5595: 5590: 5584: 5582: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5553: 5551: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5543: 5542: 5541: 5539:Allied Rangoon 5536: 5529:Burma campaign 5525: 5523: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5502: 5496: 5490: 5484: 5478: 5472: 5466: 5460: 5454: 5448: 5441: 5439: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5420: 5419: 5414: 5405: 5403: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5395: 5394: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5273: 5271:Baedeker Blitz 5268: 5262: 5260: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5229: 5227: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5219: 5214: 5208: 5206: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5182: 5180: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5126: 5124: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4950: 4948: 4944: 4943: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4779:Kaiserslautern 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4625: 4623: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4569: 4567: 4556: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4527: 4525: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4517: 4512: 4506: 4504: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4496: 4491: 4485: 4483: 4476: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4435: 4432: 4431: 4424: 4423: 4416: 4409: 4401: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4388: 4381: 4378:Into the Storm 4374: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4346: 4344: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4295: 4293: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4249: 4247: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4228: 4227: 4222: 4212: 4207: 4205:"Monica" radar 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4176: 4174: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4110: 4108: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4100: 4092: 4084: 4076: 4067: 4065: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3991: 3989: 3985: 3984: 3982: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3955: 3953: 3949: 3948: 3946: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3919: 3917: 3913: 3912: 3907: 3906: 3899: 3892: 3884: 3878: 3877: 3865: 3864:External links 3862: 3860: 3859: 3853: 3840: 3834: 3821: 3815: 3802: 3796: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3774: 3768: 3755: 3723: 3717: 3701: 3695: 3679: 3647: 3633: 3615: 3609: 3593: 3587: 3574: 3568: 3555: 3541: 3524: 3511: 3493: 3487: 3474: 3468: 3455: 3454: 3453: 3437: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3408: 3396: 3384: 3372: 3370:, p. 602. 3357: 3345: 3330: 3318: 3316:, p. 298. 3301: 3289: 3277: 3262: 3247: 3245:, p. 295. 3235: 3233:, p. 292. 3214: 3212:, p. 288. 3202: 3200:, p. 287. 3185: 3183:, p. 286. 3160: 3158:, p. 285. 3143: 3141:, p. 284. 3131: 3119: 3107: 3105:, p. 283. 3088: 3076: 3074:, p. 282. 3064: 3062:, p. 281. 3043: 3041:, p. 279. 3026: 3014: 3002: 3000:, p. 277. 2990: 2988:, p. 276. 2978: 2976:, p. 275. 2966: 2964:, p. 273. 2954: 2952:, p. 272. 2942: 2940:, p. 271. 2930: 2918: 2916:, p. 267. 2906: 2894: 2892:, p. 266. 2882: 2880:, p. 265. 2867: 2865:, p. 263. 2855: 2853:, p. 262. 2843: 2841:, p. 261. 2828: 2816: 2800: 2788: 2776: 2764: 2749: 2734: 2722: 2710: 2708:, p. 186. 2698: 2683: 2671: 2669:, p. 182. 2656: 2644: 2632: 2620: 2605: 2593: 2581: 2566: 2554: 2539: 2524: 2509: 2497: 2495:, p. 113. 2485: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2463: 2442: 2385: 2367: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2339: 2336: 2327: 2324: 2301:, head of the 2248:Grossbatterien 2195:Josef Goebbels 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2126: 2119: 2116: 2077: 2067:Main article: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2035: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2024: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2013: 2012: 2000: 1997: 1993: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1976:Gelsenkirchen 1974: 1970: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1959: 1958: 1954: 1951: 1947: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1936: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1925: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1914: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1903: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1892: 1891: 1832: 1829: 1825: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1814: 1813: 1802: 1799: 1795: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1784: 1783: 1779: 1778:Gelsenkirchen 1776: 1772: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1761: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1747: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1736: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1725: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1711: 1710: 1692: 1687: 1680: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1669: 1668: 1664: 1661: 1657: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1646: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1635: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1624: 1623: 1610: 1607: 1603: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1591: 1581: 1578: 1574: 1573: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1548: 1547: 1543: 1540: 1533: 1532: 1524: 1517: 1510: 1509: 1505: 1502: 1495: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1480: 1479: 1471: 1468: 1461: 1460: 1451: 1448: 1444: 1443: 1439: 1436: 1429: 1428: 1424: 1421: 1414: 1413: 1409: 1406: 1402: 1401: 1393: 1390: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1375: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1361: 1360: 1356: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1338: 1337: 1333: 1330: 1326: 1325: 1321: 1318: 1314: 1313: 1298: 1295: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1280: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1269: 1268: 1264: 1261: 1254: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1238: 1235: 1174: 1139: 1132: 1129: 1095:Hermann Göring 1091:Reichsmarshall 1027: 961:Jagddivisionen 952:abolished its 941: 934: 886:Kammhuber Line 802:Kammhuber Line 797: 727:Würzburg radar 711:Fall of France 703: 693:Main article: 690: 687: 685: 682: 653:Main article: 650: 647: 638: 631: 628: 603: 596: 593: 572: 562:Main article: 559: 556: 536: 526:Main article: 523: 520: 512:Avro Lancaster 502:and the early 500:Short Stirling 475:night fighters 438: 417: 414: 412: 409: 379:night fighters 300:heavy industry 270: 269: 266: 263:Bomber Command 246: 245: 241: 240: 233: 228:Bomber Command 225: 224: 220: 219: 213:Hermann Göring 210: 204:Charles Portal 200: 199: 195: 194: 179: 113:United Kingdom 101: 100: 96: 95: 92: 91: 88: 84: 83: 78: 76: 72: 71: 68: 60: 59: 45: 44: 37: 36: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9319: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9284: 9282: 9266: 9262: 9259: 9255: 9252: 9251: 9246: 9239: 9238: 9235: 9222: 9218: 9215: 9211: 9208: 9204: 9203: 9201: 9197: 9192: 9188: 9187: 9185: 9184:Kuril Islands 9181: 9178: 9174: 9169: 9165: 9164: 9162: 9158: 9155: 9151: 9148: 9144: 9141: 9137: 9134: 9130: 9125: 9121: 9120: 9118: 9114: 9111: 9107: 9104: 9100: 9097: 9093: 9090: 9086: 9083: 9079: 9076: 9072: 9069: 9065: 9062: 9058: 9055: 9051: 9048: 9044: 9041: 9037: 9034: 9030: 9027: 9023: 9020: 9016: 9015: 9013: 9011: 9007: 9000: 8996: 8991: 8990: 8985: 8984: 8982: 8978: 8975: 8971: 8966: 8962: 8961: 8959: 8955: 8952: 8951:Syrmian Front 8948: 8945: 8941: 8938: 8934: 8931: 8927: 8924: 8923: 8918: 8915: 8914: 8909: 8906: 8902: 8899: 8898: 8897:Market Garden 8893: 8890: 8886: 8883: 8879: 8876: 8872: 8869: 8868: 8863: 8860: 8856: 8853: 8849: 8846: 8842: 8839: 8835: 8832: 8828: 8825: 8821: 8818: 8817: 8812: 8809: 8805: 8802: 8801: 8796: 8793: 8792: 8787: 8784: 8783: 8778: 8775: 8771: 8768: 8764: 8761: 8757: 8756:Monte Cassino 8753: 8750: 8749: 8744: 8743: 8741: 8739: 8735: 8728: 8724: 8719: 8715: 8712: 8708: 8707: 8705: 8701: 8698: 8694: 8691: 8687: 8684: 8680: 8677: 8673: 8668: 8664: 8663: 8661: 8657: 8654: 8650: 8647: 8646: 8641: 8638: 8634: 8631: 8627: 8624: 8620: 8617: 8613: 8610: 8606: 8603: 8599: 8596: 8592: 8589: 8585: 8584: 8582: 8580: 8576: 8569: 8565: 8562: 8561: 8556: 8553: 8549: 8546: 8542: 8539: 8538: 8533: 8530: 8526: 8523: 8519: 8516: 8512: 8509: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8494: 8491: 8487: 8486: 8484: 8480: 8477: 8473: 8470: 8466: 8463: 8459: 8456: 8452: 8449: 8445: 8442: 8438: 8435: 8431: 8428: 8424: 8421: 8417: 8414: 8410: 8409: 8407: 8405: 8401: 8394: 8390: 8387: 8383: 8380: 8376: 8373: 8369: 8366: 8362: 8359: 8355: 8352: 8348: 8345: 8341: 8338: 8334: 8331: 8327: 8324: 8320: 8317: 8313: 8310: 8306: 8303: 8299: 8296: 8292: 8289: 8285: 8282: 8278: 8275: 8271: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8259: 8254: 8250: 8245: 8241: 8240: 8238: 8234: 8231: 8227: 8224: 8220: 8217: 8213: 8210: 8206: 8201: 8197: 8196: 8194: 8190: 8187: 8183: 8180: 8176: 8173: 8169: 8168: 8166: 8164: 8160: 8153: 8152: 8147: 8144: 8140: 8137: 8133: 8130: 8126: 8123: 8122:Baltic states 8119: 8116: 8112: 8109: 8105: 8102: 8098: 8095: 8091: 8088: 8084: 8081: 8077: 8074: 8070: 8067: 8063: 8060: 8056: 8053: 8049: 8046: 8042: 8039: 8035: 8032: 8028: 8025: 8021: 8020: 8018: 8016: 8012: 8005: 8001: 7998: 7994: 7991: 7987: 7984: 7980: 7977: 7973: 7970: 7966: 7963: 7959: 7958: 7956: 7954: 7950: 7941: 7937: 7934: 7930: 7927: 7923: 7920: 7916: 7913: 7909: 7908: 7906: 7902: 7897: 7893: 7890: 7886: 7885: 7883: 7879: 7874: 7870: 7869: 7867: 7863: 7862: 7860: 7858: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7845: 7834: 7830: 7827: 7823: 7818: 7814: 7811: 7807: 7806: 7802: 7797: 7793: 7792: 7790: 7786: 7783: 7779: 7774: 7770: 7767: 7766:United States 7763: 7758: 7754: 7753: 7751: 7747: 7746: 7742: 7739: 7735: 7734: 7732: 7730: 7726: 7719: 7715: 7710: 7706: 7703: 7702:Quốc dân Đảng 7699: 7698: 7694: 7691: 7687: 7684: 7680: 7677: 7673: 7670: 7666: 7663: 7659: 7656: 7652: 7649: 7645: 7642: 7638: 7635: 7631: 7628: 7624: 7621: 7617: 7614: 7610: 7607: 7603: 7600: 7596: 7591: 7587: 7584: 7580: 7579: 7577: 7573: 7570: 7566: 7563: 7559: 7556: 7552: 7549: 7545: 7542: 7538: 7535: 7531: 7528: 7524: 7521: 7517: 7514: 7510: 7507: 7503: 7500: 7496: 7493: 7489: 7486: 7482: 7479: 7475: 7472: 7468: 7465: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7456: 7452: 7445: 7441: 7438: 7434: 7431: 7427: 7424: 7420: 7417: 7413: 7410: 7406: 7403: 7402:Liechtenstein 7399: 7396: 7392: 7389: 7385: 7382: 7378: 7375: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7366: 7362: 7355: 7351: 7348: 7344: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7329: 7326: 7322: 7319: 7315: 7312: 7308: 7303: 7299: 7298: 7295: 7291: 7288: 7284: 7281: 7277: 7274: 7270: 7267: 7263: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7245: 7241: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7223: 7219: 7218: 7216: 7214: 7210: 7203: 7199: 7194: 7190: 7189: 7187: 7186:United States 7183: 7178: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7167: 7164: 7160: 7157: 7153: 7150: 7146: 7143: 7139: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7117: 7113: 7110: 7106: 7103: 7099: 7096: 7092: 7089: 7085: 7082: 7078: 7075: 7071: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7049: 7045: 7042: 7038: 7035: 7031: 7028: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7004: 7001: 6997: 6994: 6990: 6987: 6983: 6980: 6976: 6973: 6969: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6947: 6943: 6940: 6936: 6933: 6929: 6926: 6922: 6921: 6919: 6917: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6904: 6891: 6887: 6884: 6880: 6877: 6876:Comfort women 6873: 6870: 6866: 6863: 6860: / 6859: 6855: 6852: 6849: / 6848: 6845: / 6844: 6840: 6837: 6836:Camp brothels 6833: 6830: 6826: 6825: 6821: 6818: 6814: 6809: 6805: 6802: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6791: 6786: 6782: 6779: 6775: 6772: 6768: 6767: 6765: 6761: 6758: 6754: 6749: 6745: 6740: 6736: 6733: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6725:The Holocaust 6722: 6719: 6715: 6712: 6711:forced labour 6708: 6707: 6705: 6701: 6696: 6692: 6689: 6685: 6682: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6662: 6655: 6651: 6648: 6644: 6641: 6637: 6632: 6628: 6625: 6621: 6618: 6614: 6611: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6600: 6597: 6596: 6591: 6588: 6587: 6582: 6579: 6575: 6572: 6568: 6565: 6564:Marshall Plan 6561: 6558: 6557: 6552: 6549: 6545: 6542: 6538: 6535: 6531: 6528: 6524: 6521: 6517: 6514: 6510: 6507: 6503: 6500: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6491: 6487: 6480: 6476: 6471: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6460: 6457: 6453: 6448: 6444: 6441: 6437: 6434: 6430: 6429: 6427: 6423: 6418: 6417:Eastern Front 6414: 6411: 6410:Western Front 6407: 6406: 6404: 6400: 6395: 6391: 6388: 6384: 6381: 6377: 6374: 6370: 6367: 6363: 6360: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6344: 6340: 6333: 6329: 6326: 6322: 6319: 6315: 6312: 6308: 6305: 6304:Puppet states 6301: 6298: 6294: 6291: 6287: 6282: 6278: 6275: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6264: 6261: 6257: 6254: 6250: 6247: 6246:Naval history 6243: 6240: 6236: 6233: 6229: 6226: 6222: 6217: 6213: 6212: 6210: 6206: 6203: 6199: 6194: 6193:United States 6190: 6187: 6183: 6180: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6169: 6166: 6162: 6159: 6155: 6152: 6148: 6145: 6141: 6138: 6134: 6131: 6127: 6122: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6102: 6099: 6095: 6088: 6084: 6081: 6077: 6072: 6068: 6065: 6061: 6058: 6054: 6053: 6049: 6044: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6033: 6030: 6026: 6025: 6022: 6018: 6011: 6006: 6004: 5999: 5997: 5992: 5991: 5988: 5972: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5953: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5918: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5876: 5866:(Philippines) 5865: 5862: 5859: 5856: 5853: 5850: 5847: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5837: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5818:United States 5816: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5795: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5757: 5753: 5747: 5744: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5714: 5713:10 March 1945 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5600: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5579: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5548: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5500: 5497: 5494: 5491: 5488: 5485: 5483:(Switzerland) 5482: 5479: 5476: 5473: 5470: 5467: 5464: 5461: 5458: 5455: 5452: 5449: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5436: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5400: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5255: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5224: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5203: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5177: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5121: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4945: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4924:Wilhelmshaven 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4624: 4620: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4603:Gelsenkirchen 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4560: 4557: 4553: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4522: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4501: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4471: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4436: 4433: 4429: 4422: 4417: 4415: 4410: 4408: 4403: 4402: 4399: 4387: 4386: 4382: 4380: 4379: 4375: 4373: 4372: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4341: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4290: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4273:Master Bomber 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4258:Bomber stream 4256: 4254: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4244: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4232:Bouncing bomb 4230: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4217: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4171: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4111: 4109: 4105: 4099: 4097: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4062: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3986: 3980: 3979:Arthur Tedder 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3956: 3954: 3950: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3914: 3905: 3900: 3898: 3893: 3891: 3886: 3885: 3882: 3874: 3873: 3868: 3867: 3856: 3850: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3835:1-85409-258-8 3831: 3827: 3822: 3818: 3812: 3808: 3803: 3799: 3793: 3789: 3784: 3783: 3771: 3765: 3761: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3735:Butler, James 3732: 3731:Frankland, N. 3728: 3724: 3720: 3714: 3710: 3708: 3702: 3698: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3630: 3626: 3625: 3620: 3619:Speer, Albert 3616: 3612: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3584: 3580: 3575: 3571: 3569:0-275-94319-4 3565: 3562:. Greenwood. 3561: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3538: 3533: 3532: 3525: 3514: 3512:0-912799-03-X 3508: 3501: 3500: 3494: 3490: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3471: 3465: 3461: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3440: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3417: 3406:, p. 34. 3405: 3400: 3393: 3388: 3381: 3376: 3369: 3364: 3362: 3354: 3349: 3343:, p. 29. 3342: 3337: 3335: 3327: 3322: 3315: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3298: 3297:Thompson 1956 3293: 3287:, p. 28. 3286: 3281: 3275:, p. 24. 3274: 3269: 3267: 3259: 3254: 3252: 3244: 3239: 3232: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3211: 3206: 3199: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3182: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3157: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3140: 3135: 3128: 3123: 3116: 3111: 3104: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3085: 3080: 3073: 3068: 3061: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3040: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3023: 3018: 3011: 3006: 2999: 2994: 2987: 2982: 2975: 2970: 2963: 2958: 2951: 2946: 2939: 2934: 2927: 2922: 2915: 2910: 2903: 2898: 2891: 2886: 2879: 2874: 2872: 2864: 2859: 2852: 2847: 2840: 2835: 2833: 2825: 2820: 2814:, p. 27. 2813: 2809: 2804: 2797: 2792: 2785: 2780: 2773: 2768: 2761: 2756: 2754: 2746: 2741: 2739: 2731: 2726: 2719: 2714: 2707: 2702: 2695: 2690: 2688: 2680: 2675: 2668: 2663: 2661: 2653: 2648: 2641: 2636: 2630:, p. 36. 2629: 2624: 2617: 2612: 2610: 2602: 2597: 2590: 2585: 2578: 2573: 2571: 2563: 2558: 2551: 2546: 2544: 2536: 2531: 2529: 2522:, p. 41. 2521: 2520:Thompson 1956 2516: 2514: 2507:, p. 52. 2506: 2501: 2494: 2489: 2483:, p. 53. 2482: 2477: 2473: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2446: 2438: 2437: 2430: 2424: 2423: 2416: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2396: 2389: 2382: 2378: 2372: 2368: 2360: 2357: 2356:Atlantic Wall 2353: 2349: 2345: 2335: 2333: 2323: 2319: 2313: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2288: 2287: 2281: 2278: 2272: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2230: 2227: 2220: 2217: 2212: 2206: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2153:Stettin (now 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2124: 2118:Other targets 2115: 2113: 2109: 2108:Neheim-Hüsten 2104: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2075: 2070: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2047: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2025: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1960: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1948: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1915: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1904: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1888: 1882: 1876: 1870: 1869: 1862: 1861: 1854: 1853: 1846: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1815: 1810: 15,000 1803: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1785: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1706: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1682: 1681: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1658: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1588: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1559: 1556: 1550: 1549: 1544: 1541: 1535: 1534: 1529: 1525: 1523: 1518: 1512: 1511: 1506: 1503: 1497: 1496: 1491: 1488: 1482: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1469: 1463: 1462: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1440: 1437: 1431: 1430: 1425: 1422: 1416: 1415: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1387: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1327: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1315: 1311: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1265: 1262: 1256: 1255: 1251: 1248: 1244: 1234: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1220:Gelsenkirchen 1215: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1183: 1172: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1148: 1137: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1113: 1112: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1092: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1069: 1065: 1058: 1052: 1049: 1043: 1037: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1011: 1005: 999: 993: 987: 981: 974: 972: 968: 962: 956: 950: 949: 939: 933: 930: 926: 925:Eastern front 921: 917: 916: 909: 908: 901: 895: 892: 887: 882: 876: 870: 864: 863:Seeburg-Tisch 859: 854: 848: 842: 837: 833: 828: 823: 818: 809: 804: 803: 795: 791: 789: 784: 778: 772: 766: 760: 754: 751: 746: 741: 740: 733: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 701: 696: 681: 678: 674: 670: 665: 663: 656: 646: 636: 627: 623: 621: 617: 613: 601: 592: 589: 584: 582: 570: 565: 555: 551: 544: 534: 529: 519: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 484: 481: 476: 471: 467: 462: 460: 456: 452: 448: 436: 431: 427: 423: 408: 406: 402: 398: 394: 389: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 359: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 336:Gelsenkirchen 333: 332:synthetic oil 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 268:21,000 killed 267: 248: 247: 242: 234: 227: 226: 221: 218: 214: 211: 209: 208:Arthur Harris 205: 202: 201: 196: 192: 180: 178: 177:United States 165: 151: 138: 126: 114: 103: 102: 97: 89: 86: 85: 81: 77: 74: 73: 69: 66: 65: 61: 57: 51: 46: 43: 38: 33: 30: 26: 22: 9258:Bibliography 9241: 9054:Project Hula 9019:Vistula–Oder 8988: 8921: 8912: 8896: 8866: 8815: 8799: 8790: 8781: 8747: 8644: 8559: 8535: 8505: 8256: 8149: 8094:North Africa 7796:Soviet Union 7750:Soviet Union 7676:Soviet Union 7444:Vatican City 7354:Vichy France 7259:German Reich 7156:Soviet Union 7142:South Africa 7135:Sierra Leone 7088:Newfoundland 6907:Participants 6890:Marocchinate 6594: 6585: 6555: 6433:North Africa 6394:Indian Ocean 6253:Nazi plunder 6144:Cryptography 6017:World War II 5956:North Africa 5858:Kuala Lumpur 5839:Other cities 5825:Pearl Harbor 5481:Schaffhausen 5438:Other cities 5226:Soviet Union 4659:Braunschweig 4639:Aschersleben 4622:Other cities 4562: 4383: 4376: 4369: 4098:(Peenemünde) 4095: 4087: 4079: 4071: 4009: 3871: 3844: 3825: 3806: 3787: 3759: 3738: 3705: 3686: 3671:. Retrieved 3655: 3622: 3600: 3578: 3559: 3530: 3516:. Retrieved 3498: 3488:07106-0071-2 3478: 3459: 3428: 3424: 3399: 3387: 3375: 3348: 3321: 3292: 3280: 3238: 3205: 3134: 3122: 3110: 3079: 3067: 3017: 3005: 2993: 2981: 2969: 2957: 2945: 2933: 2921: 2909: 2897: 2885: 2858: 2846: 2819: 2803: 2791: 2779: 2767: 2725: 2713: 2701: 2674: 2647: 2635: 2623: 2596: 2584: 2557: 2500: 2488: 2476: 2445: 2402:Kriegsmarine 2388: 2371: 2341: 2331: 2329: 2307: 2299:Albert Speer 2291: 2284: 2282: 2232: 2222: 2208: 2204: 2185: 2181: 2131: 2092:, three the 2085:617 Squadron 2082: 1840: 1,000 1560:5 Mosquitos 1521: 1459:, no losses 1389:26/27 April 1341:29/30 March 1329:29/30 March 1317:26/27 March 1294:12/13 March 1283:10/11 March 1179: 1144: 1079:Erhard Milch 1070: 1053: 1032: 1016:Lichtenstein 975: 967:Lichtenstein 943: 929:area bombing 922: 896: 813: 807: 755: 713:, a belt of 708: 666: 658: 643: 624: 608: 585: 577: 545: 541: 485: 463: 461:the device. 443: 375:searchlights 360: 288:Nazi Germany 275: 273: 253: 5,000 164:South Africa 99:Belligerents 29: 8989:Bodenplatte 8875:Gothic Line 8101:West Africa 7648:Philippines 7627:Netherlands 7492:Czech lands 7430:Switzerland 7374:Afghanistan 7325:Philippines 7193:Puerto Rico 7109:Philippines 7095:New Zealand 7081:Netherlands 7034:Free France 6785:Prosecution 6586:Osoaviakhim 6456:West Africa 6440:East Africa 6087:Conferences 5920:Other areas 5881:Middle East 5854:(Sri Lanka) 5514:Pacific War 5386:Southampton 5301:Bournemouth 5123:Netherlands 4954:Alessandria 4894:Schweinfurt 4889:Saarbrücken 4734:Halberstadt 4694:Dietzenbach 4644:Baden-Baden 4278:Pathfinders 4263:Firebombing 3727:Webster, C. 3683:Tooze, Adam 3421:Boog, Horst 3326:Cooper 1981 3314:Cooper 1981 2796:Cooper 2013 2784:Cooper 2013 2772:Cooper 1981 2760:Cooper 1981 2745:Cooper 1981 2718:Cooper 1981 2706:Cooper 1981 2694:Cooper 1981 2679:Cooper 1981 2667:Cooper 1981 2505:Levine 1992 2493:Gurney 1962 2481:Levine 1992 2459:83 Squadron 2422:Luftflotten 2049:30/31 July 2041:Düsseldorf 2038:28/29 July 2027:27/28 July 2016:25/26 July 1996:25/26 July 1985:13/14 July 1798:28/29 June 1787:26/27 June 1775:25/26 June 1764:24/25 June 1750:24/25 June 1739:23/24 June 1728:22/23 June 1714:22/23 June 1672:21/22 June 1660:21/22 June 1652:Düsseldorf 1649:20/21 June 1638:19/20 June 1627:17/18 June 1606:16/17 June 1595:14/15 June 1580:Oberhausen 1577:14/15 June 1554:11/12 June 1542:Düsseldorf 1539:11/12 June 1489:Düsseldorf 1378:9/10 April 1312:worst hit. 1212: [ 1209:Baldney See 1156:conurbation 884:behind the 808:Agent Tegal 723:Switzerland 715:Freya radar 422:Butt Report 294:during the 150:New Zealand 9281:Categories 9089:West Hunan 8922:Pointblank 8258:Silver Fox 8244:Summer War 7997:Winter War 7976:Phoney War 7757:Azerbaijan 7718:Yugoslavia 7613:Luxembourg 7455:Resistance 7202:Yugoslavia 7067:Luxembourg 6869:Sook Ching 6665:War crimes 6267:Technology 6260:Opposition 6202:Lend-Lease 6179:Australian 6172:Home front 6130:Blitzkrieg 6080:Casualties 6071:Commanders 6043:Operations 5860:(Malaysia) 5848:(Thailand) 5729:Utsunomiya 5489:(Bulgaria) 5457:Hammerfest 5402:Yugoslavia 5371:Nottingham 5361:Manchester 5296:Birmingham 5248:Stalingrad 5150:Middelburg 4869:Peenemünde 4849:Nordhausen 4799:Königsberg 4764:Hildesheim 4679:Crailsheim 4593:Düsseldorf 4225:Grand Slam 4173:Technology 4159:Wellington 4139:Manchester 4064:Operations 3751:1068104819 3673:5 December 3518:5 December 3413:References 3404:Speer 1970 3380:Tooze 2007 3368:Tooze 2006 3353:Tooze 2006 2730:Tooze 2006 2550:Lloyd 1978 2449:Brigadier 2406:) and the 2392:Data from 2326:Casualties 2294:Adam Tooze 2277:Himmelbett 2242:Himmelbett 2211:Ernst Udet 2096:, two the 2052:Remscheid 1973:9/10 July 1755:Elberfeld 1684:1943-06-22 1552:1943-06-11 1537:1943-06-11 1516:29/30 May 1514:1943-05-29 1501:27/28 May 1499:1943-05-27 1486:25/26 May 1484:1943-05-25 1467:23/24 May 1465:1943-05-23 1447:16/17 May 1435:13/14 May 1433:1943-05-13 1364:8/9 April 1352:3/4 April 1306: 500 1260:5/6 March 1125:37 mm 1121:20 mm 1117:88 mm guns 1004:Himmelbett 958:for three 938:Himmelbett 806:stolen by 743:(Colonel) 480:Nachtjäger 420:See also: 411:Background 363:pollutants 352:Rhine-Ruhr 344:Düsseldorf 308:steelworks 9154:Manchuria 9040:Indochina 8816:Bagration 8267:Lithuania 7912:Anschluss 7709:Viet Minh 7606:Lithuania 7548:Hong Kong 7318:Manchukuo 7273:Azad Hind 6932:Australia 6732:Aftermath 6595:Paperclip 6490:Aftermath 6290:Total war 6158:Diplomacy 6121:In Europe 5971:Fort Lamy 5937:Gibraltar 5797:Australia 5776:Singapore 5746:Yokkaichi 5739:June 1944 5719:Toyohashi 5639:Hiratsuka 5634:Hamamatsu 5581:Indonesia 5562:Hong Kong 5557:Chongqing 5501:(Croatia) 5495:(Austria) 5465:(Finland) 5453:(Ireland) 5447:(Hungary) 5424:Podgorica 5408:Belgrade 5381:Sheffield 5351:Liverpool 5321:Clydebank 5276:The Blitz 5238:Leningrad 5212:Bucharest 5170:The Hague 5145:Enkhuizen 5135:Eindhoven 5130:Amsterdam 4969:Benevento 4904:Stuttgart 4874:Pforzheim 4864:Paderborn 4859:Osnabrück 4854:Nuremberg 4824:Magdeburg 4784:Karlsruhe 4769:Innsbruck 4759:Heilbronn 4709:Frankfurt 4684:Darmstadt 4613:Wuppertal 4563:Battle of 4464:V-weapons 4454:Firestorm 4185:H2S radar 4134:Lancaster 4088:Hurricane 4072:Bellicose 4055:The Hague 4045:Pforzheim 4035:Heilbronn 3988:Campaigns 3916:Overviews 3668:270208181 3551:500521272 3341:Boog 2006 3285:Boog 2006 3273:Boog 2006 2812:Boog 2006 2469:Footnotes 2415:Luftwaffe 2409:Luftwaffe 2377:Merlin XX 2348:Ruhr Area 2338:Dams raid 2318:Luftwaffe 2226:Luftwaffe 2216:Luftwaffe 2189:Luftwaffe 2173:Aftermath 2146:Stuttgart 2138:Nuremberg 2098:Sorpe Dam 2090:Möhne Dam 2030:Duisburg 1965:Duisburg 1962:8/9 July 1950:8/9 July 1939:7/8 July 1928:6/7 July 1917:5/6 July 1909:Duisburg 1906:4/5 July 1898:Duisburg 1895:3/4 July 1881:Wilde Sau 1875:Wilde Sau 1860:Wilde Sau 1828:3/4 July 1817:2/3 July 1790:Duisburg 1767:Duisburg 1753:Wuppertal 1614:H2S radar 1519:Wuppertal 1470:Dortmund 1423:Dortmund 1418:1943-05-4 1392:Duisburg 1381:Duisburg 1344:Dortmund 1320:Duisburg 1163:works at 1100:Luftwaffe 1084:Luftwaffe 1064:Luftwaffe 1057:Luftwaffe 1045:, 200 by 888:, placed 832:Frankfurt 721:south to 550:Luftwaffe 342:plant in 334:plant at 284:Ruhr Area 125:Australia 21:Ruhr Area 9265:Category 9214:document 9124:document 8981:Ardennes 8965:Budapest 8913:Crossbow 8791:Overlord 8630:Smolensk 7848:Timeline 7683:Slovakia 7669:Thailand 7520:Ethiopia 7485:Bulgaria 7409:Portugal 7347:Thailand 7229:Bulgaria 7007:Eswatini 7000:Ethiopia 6953:Bulgaria 6778:Unit 731 6739:Response 6556:Keelhaul 6506:Cold War 6479:Americas 6470:timeline 6463:Atlantic 6343:Theaters 5911:Tel Aviv 5830:Unalaska 5764:(Taiwan) 5755:Colonies 5724:Toyokawa 5704:Shizuoka 5593:Surabaya 5588:Sukabumi 5572:Shanghai 5534:Mandalay 5471:(Norway) 5463:Helsinki 5459:(Norway) 5445:Budapest 5429:Sarajevo 5376:Plymouth 5336:Greenock 5326:Coventry 5306:Brighton 5217:Ploiești 5155:Nijmegen 5140:Enschede 5019:Grosseto 5004:Frascati 4979:Cagliari 4934:Würzburg 4829:Mannheim 4754:Hannover 4674:Chemnitz 4634:Augsburg 4588:Duisburg 4583:Dortmund 4565:the Ruhr 4536:Le Havre 4343:See also 4149:Stirling 4144:Mosquito 4114:Blenheim 4107:Aircraft 4080:Chastise 3733:(1961). 3685:(2006). 3643:70119132 3621:(1970). 2429:Luftgaue 2383:engines. 2280:system. 2178:Analysis 2155:Szczecin 2094:Eder Dam 1988:Cologne 1953:Cologne 1920:Cologne 1831:Cologne 1801:Cologne 1731:Cologne 1686:22 June 1663:Krefeld 1609:Cologne 1598:Cologne 1587:Altstadt 1420:4/5 May 1368:Duisburg 1272:9 March 1191:Duisburg 1010:Würzburg 998:Würzburg 911:and one 853:Würzburg 841:Würzburg 836:Mannheim 822:Maubeuge 783:Würzburg 750:Würzburg 732:Würzburg 356:materiel 338:and the 314:and ten 306:plants, 223:Strength 75:Location 40:Part of 9191:Shumshu 8958:Hungary 8905:Estonia 8889:Lapland 8867:Dragoon 8800:Neptune 8782:Ichi-Go 8748:Tempest 8690:Changde 8645:Cottage 8537:Jubilee 8253:Finland 8151:Compass 7857:Prelude 7810:Finland 7696:Vietnam 7662:Romania 7534:Germany 7513:Estonia 7499:Denmark 7478:Belgium 7471:Austria 7464:Albania 7395:Ireland 7381:Andorra 7365:Neutral 7332:Romania 7266:Hungary 7251:Finland 7123:Romania 7015:Finland 6993:Denmark 6939:Belgium 6925:Algeria 6631:Romania 6617:Hungary 6373:Pacific 6097:General 6051:Leaders 6036:Battles 6029:Outline 5927:Bahrain 5852:Colombo 5846:Bangkok 5762:Taihoku 5684:Okazaki 5664:Nagaoka 5624:Fukuoka 5567:Nanjing 5391:Swansea 5366:Norwich 5316:Cardiff 5311:Bristol 5291:Belfast 5259:Kingdom 5205:Romania 5186:Frampol 5109:Viterbo 5104:Vicenza 5089:Trieste 5084:Treviso 5054:Pescara 5049:Palermo 5029:Messina 5024:Livorno 4994:Ferrara 4989:Catania 4984:Cassino 4974:Bologna 4884:Rostock 4879:Potsdam 4839:Münster 4804:Leipzig 4744:Hamburg 4729:Giessen 4699:Dresden 4669:Breslau 4654:Bocholt 4608:Krefeld 4578:Cologne 4555:Germany 4515:Tallinn 4503:Estonia 4482:Denmark 4246:Tactics 4220:Tallboy 4164:Whitley 4154:Ventura 4129:Hampden 4124:Halifax 4050:Dresden 4030:Hamburg 3952:Leaders 3737:(ed.). 2236:Gruppen 2159:Münster 1718:Mülheim 1568:Bochum 1522:Barmen 1438:Bochum 1398:2 Group 1332:Bochum 1310:Bottrop 1258:5 March 1249:Target 1205:Velbert 1187:Cologne 915:Staffel 907:Gruppen 719:Denmark 684:Prelude 669:Hamburg 391:) near 348:Cologne 255:aircrew 191:Germany 9168:Debate 9140:Taipei 9133:Borneo 8711:Tarawa 7905:Europe 7866:Africa 7655:Poland 7641:Norway 7620:Malaya 7599:Latvia 7541:Greece 7527:France 7423:Sweden 7388:Bhutan 7116:Poland 7102:Norway 7074:Mexico 7041:Greece 7027:France 6965:Canada 6946:Brazil 6916:Allies 6862:Serbia 6851:Poland 6624:Poland 6610:Baltic 6403:Europe 6105:Topics 6057:Allied 5932:Cyprus 5864:Manila 5809:Darwin 5804:Broome 5734:Yawata 5699:Sendai 5694:Rabaul 5679:Numazu 5669:Nagoya 5614:Aomori 5499:Zagreb 5493:Vienna 5475:Prague 5469:Namsos 5451:Dublin 5356:London 5331:Exeter 5257:United 5196:Wieluń 5191:Warsaw 5179:Poland 5099:Verona 5069:Rimini 5039:Naples 4999:Foggia 4959:Ancona 4899:Siegen 4844:Munich 4809:Lübeck 4789:Kassel 4689:Dessau 4664:Bremen 4649:Berlin 4629:Aachen 4573:Bochum 4524:France 4195:"Oboe" 4090:(1944) 4040:Kassel 3851: 3832: 3813: 3794: 3766: 3749: 3715: 3693: 3666: 3641: 3631: 3607: 3585: 3566: 3549: 3539: 3509: 3485: 3466: 3435: 2412:; the 2271:Düppel 2266:Window 2257:128 mm 2253:105 mm 2197:, the 2167:Aachen 2142:Munich 2134:Berlin 2103:Kassel 2005:Window 1999:Essen 1528:Barmen 1504:Essen 1476:Hoesch 1408:Essen 1355:Essen 1297:Essen 1263:Essen 1252:Notes 1237:Battle 1151:Wupper 1048:Henaja 1042:Dunaja 986:Henaja 980:Dunaja 900:Konaja 881:Dunaja 875:Dunaja 869:Henaja 847:Dunaja 827:Henaja 817:Henaja 777:Dunaja 765:Henaja 739:Oberst 588:Monica 428:, and 188: 174: 161: 147: 137:Canada 134: 122: 110: 87:Result 58:, 1945 8944:Leyte 8774:Narva 8760:Anzio 8718:Makin 8676:Burma 8560:Torch 8529:Rzhev 8490:Kiska 7576:Korea 7562:Japan 7555:Italy 7437:Tibet 7416:Spain 7294:Italy 7055:Italy 7048:India 6972:China 6847:Japan 6447:Italy 6359:China 6311:Women 5942:Malta 5906:Jaffa 5901:Haifa 5709:Tokyo 5689:Osaka 5619:Fukui 5609:Akita 5602:Japan 5550:China 5522:Burma 5487:Sofia 5346:Leeds 5243:Minsk 5233:Gorky 5114:Zadar 5094:Turin 5079:Terni 5044:Padua 5034:Milan 5014:Gorla 5009:Genoa 4947:Italy 4929:Worms 4914:Wesel 4834:Moers 4819:Mainz 4794:Kleve 4749:Hanau 4739:Halle 4704:Emden 4598:Essen 4541:Royan 4510:Narva 4494:Rønne 4292:Units 4200:Gee-H 4180:Chaff 4096:Hydra 3503:(PDF) 3427:[ 2395:Freya 2363:Notes 1845:Début 1700:YB-40 1698:, 11 1275:Ruhr 1246:Date 1216:] 1203:) at 1165:Essen 1161:Krupp 992:Freya 969:, an 891:Freya 397:spoof 393:Essen 328:Essen 302:with 235:radar 56:Essen 9010:1945 8738:1944 8579:1943 8507:Blue 8497:Attu 8404:1942 8163:1941 8015:1940 7953:1939 7882:Asia 7729:POWs 7569:Jews 7287:Iraq 7213:Axis 7163:Tuva 6979:Cuba 6064:Axis 5964:Chad 5896:Acre 5674:Naha 5659:Kure 5654:Kōfu 5649:Kobe 5629:Gifu 5417:1944 5412:1941 5341:Hull 5286:Bath 5074:Rome 5059:Pisa 4964:Bari 4774:Jena 4531:Caen 4489:Nexø 3849:ISBN 3830:ISBN 3811:ISBN 3792:ISBN 3764:ISBN 3747:OCLC 3713:ISBN 3691:ISBN 3675:2021 3664:OCLC 3639:LCCN 3629:ISBN 3605:ISBN 3583:ISBN 3564:ISBN 3547:OCLC 3537:ISBN 3520:2021 3507:ISBN 3483:ISBN 3464:ISBN 3433:ISBN 2255:and 2150:Kiel 1887:FlaK 1868:FlaK 1696:B-17 1690:Hüls 1619:Kalk 1230:Buer 1189:and 1180:The 1149:and 1147:Ruhr 1131:Ruhr 1123:and 1103:and 995:and 834:and 616:Oboe 595:1943 579:the 564:Oboe 558:Oboe 464:The 377:and 367:smog 304:coke 274:The 80:Ruhr 67:Date 4909:Ulm 4190:Gee 1848:of 1228:at 655:H2S 649:H2S 620:H2S 528:Gee 522:Gee 459:jam 455:Gee 395:to 286:in 9283:: 8758:/ 3741:. 3729:; 3658:. 3654:. 3637:. 3545:. 3360:^ 3333:^ 3304:^ 3265:^ 3250:^ 3217:^ 3188:^ 3163:^ 3146:^ 3091:^ 3046:^ 3029:^ 2870:^ 2831:^ 2752:^ 2737:^ 2686:^ 2659:^ 2608:^ 2569:^ 2542:^ 2527:^ 2512:^ 1890:. 1837:c. 1807:c. 1454:c. 1303:c. 1214:de 1077:, 424:, 373:, 358:. 310:, 250:c. 8261:) 8255:( 7129:) 7125:( 7061:) 7057:( 7021:) 7017:( 6959:) 6955:( 6009:e 6002:t 5995:v 5715:) 5711:( 4420:e 4413:t 4406:v 3903:e 3896:t 3889:v 3857:. 3838:. 3819:. 3800:. 3772:. 3753:. 3721:. 3699:. 3645:. 3613:. 3591:. 3572:. 3553:. 3522:. 3491:. 3472:. 3451:. 3441:. 2461:. 2268:( 1197:( 860:( 774:( 762:( 477:( 385:( 326:( 27:.

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Knowledge

Battle of the Ruhr

Index