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relating to aviation or perhaps entering politics there. "If I have deserved anything of my country—Rhodesia—it would delight me to have opportunity to serve her further," he wrote. Huggins replied that he was sympathetic, but that none of these ideas was practical: Harris would be too old by the time a new
Governor was needed; it might take years for Harris to enter Southern Rhodesian politics as he would first need to meet residency requirements, then cultivate support in a constituency; and Huggins felt he could not make promises about aviation posts with a general election coming up the following year. Harris finally dropped his dream of a return to Rhodesia, deeming it unworkable, and in 1948 moved instead to South Africa, where he managed the
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1103:, that his force would be able "to produce in Germany by April 1st 1944 a state of devastation in which surrender is inevitable" and then again in January 1944. Winston Churchill continued to regard the area bombing strategy with distaste and official public statements maintained that Bomber Command was attacking only specific industrial and economic targets, with any civilian casualties or property damage being unintentional but unavoidable. In October 1943, emboldened by his success in Hamburg and increasingly irritated with Churchill's hesitance to endorse his tactics wholeheartedly, Harris urged the government to be honest with the public regarding the purpose of the bombing campaign,
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1226:(AHB). Cox notes that half of the oil was produced by Benzol plants located in the Ruhr. These areas were the primary target of Bomber Command in 1943 and the autumn of 1944. Cox concludes that the targets were highly vulnerable to area attacks and suffered accordingly. The American official history notes that Harris was ordered to cease attacks on oil in November 1944, as the combined bombing had been so effective that none of the synthetic plants were operating effectively. The American history also includes information from
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1330:. In this book he wrote, concerning Dresden, "I know that the destruction of so large and splendid a city at this late stage of the war was considered unnecessary even by a good many people who admit that our earlier attacks were as fully justified as any other operation of war. Here I will only say that the attack on Dresden was at the time considered a military necessity by much more important people than myself." Bomber Command's crews were denied a separate campaign medal - as they were already eligible for both the
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which I could never subscribe. Attacks on cities like any other act of war are intolerable unless they are strategically justified. But they are strategically justified in so far as they tend to shorten the war and preserve the lives of Allied soldiers. To my mind we have absolutely no right to give them up unless it is certain that they will not have this effect. I do not personally regard the whole of the remaining cities of
Germany as worth the bones of one British Grenadier.
1194:), should exercise control of all strategic bomber forces in Europe. Harris received a new directive to ensure continuation of a broad strategic bombing programme as well as adequate bomber support for General Eisenhower's ground operations. The mission of the strategic air forces remained "the progressive destruction and dislocation of the German military, industrial and economic systems and the direct support of Land and Naval forces".
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738:, where it was disbanded; Harris was formally discharged on 31 July. He felt initially that he had done his part for the Empire, and went back to Rhodesia to resume work at Lowdale, but he and many of his former comrades soon reconsidered when it became clear that the war in Europe was going to last much longer than they had expected. They were reluctant to join the 2nd Rhodesia Regiment, which was being raised to serve in
742:, perceiving the "bush whacking" of the war's African theatre as less important than the "real war" in Europe. Harris sailed for England from Beira at the Company administration's expense in August, a member of a 300-man party of white Southern Rhodesian war volunteers. He arrived in October 1915, moved in with his parents in London and, after unsuccessfully attempting to find a position in first the cavalry, then the
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with sabotage and evidence with propaganda". Alfred C. Mierzejewski argues that area bombing and attacks against fuel plants were ineffective against
Germany's coal- and rail-based economy and that the bombing campaign only took a decisive turn in late 1944, when the allies switched to attacking railway-marshalling yards for the coal gateways of the Ruhr. His summation is rejected by
909:. At a time when all services were very short of equipment, the Army high command—which was still dominated by cavalry officers—clearly had a different set of priorities from technocrats like Harris, who quipped that the army commanders would only be happy with the tank if someone developed one that "ate hay and thereafter made noises like a horse". He also had a low opinion of the
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much Allied operations were impairing the German war effort. Harris tended to see the directives to bomb specific oil and munitions targets as a high level command "panacea" (his word) and a distraction from the real task of making the rubble bounce in every large German city. Harris was promoted to the substantive rank of air chief marshal on 16 August 1944.
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The aim of the
Combined Bomber Offensive ... should be unambiguously stated the destruction of German cities, the killing of German workers, and the disruption of civilised life throughout Germany ... the destruction of houses, public utilities, transport and lives, the creation of a refugee problem
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At first the effects were limited because of the small numbers of aircraft used and the lack of navigational aids, resulting in scattered, inaccurate bombing. As production of better aircraft and electronic aids increased, Harris pressed for raids on a much larger scale, each to use 1,000 aeroplanes.
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notes that the official history of
British strategic bombing says, in what Wasserstein describes as 'an unusually sharp personal observation', that "Harris made a habit of seeing only one side of a question and then of exaggerating it. He had a tendency to confuse advice with interference, criticism
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that lasted until March 1944. Harris sought to duplicate the victory at
Hamburg but Berlin proved to be a far more difficult target. Although severe general damage was inflicted, the city was much better prepared than Hamburg and no firestorms were ignited. Anti-aircraft defences were also extremely
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Harris was just one of an influential group of high-ranking Allied air commanders who continued to believe that massive and sustained area bombing alone would force
Germany to surrender. On a number of occasions he wrote to his superiors claiming the war would be over in a matter of months, first in
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from the Old
Testament, "The Nazis entered this war under the rather childish delusion that they were going to bomb everybody else, and nobody was going to bomb them. At Rotterdam, London, Warsaw and half a hundred other places, they put their rather naive theory into operation. They sowed the wind,
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during the first half of 1915. The campaign made a strong impression on Harris, particularly the long desert marches; three decades later, he wrote that "to this day I never walk a step if I can get any sort of vehicle to carry me". South-West Africa also provided Harris with his first experience of
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farmer who returned to
England to marry, but ultimately fell out with his pompous fiancée and married the more practical housemaid instead. The idea of a country where one was judged on ability rather than class was very inspiring to the adventurous Harris, who promptly told his father (who had just
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Disappointed to have missed the opportunity to return to
Southern Rhodesia as governor because of the war, Harris wrote to Huggins in June 1945 that he would like to be considered if the office were ever open again, and that he would be interested in other Southern Rhodesian government appointments
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but not informed of the source. According to Taylor, this directly affected Harris's attitude concerning the effectiveness of the post-D-Day 1944 directives (orders) to target oil installations, as Harris did not know the Allied High Command was using high-level German sources to assess exactly how
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late in the war as Germany was falling have been criticised for causing high civilian casualties for little apparent military value. The culmination of Bomber Command's offensive occurred in March 1945 when the RAF dropped the highest monthly weight of ordnance in the entire war. The last raid on
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in 1903. Harris quickly gained his employer's trust, and was made farm manager at Lowdale when Townsend went to visit England for a year in early 1914. Having acquired the skills necessary to ranch successfully in Rhodesia, Harris decided that he would start his own farm in the country as soon as
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I ... assume that the view under consideration is something like this: no doubt in the past we were justified in attacking German cities. But to do so was always repugnant and now that the Germans are beaten anyway we can properly abstain from proceeding with these attacks. This is a doctrine to
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When the First World War broke out in August 1914, Harris did not learn of it for nearly a month, being out in the bush at the time. Despite his previous reluctance to follow the path his father had had in mind for him in the army, and his desire to set up his own ranch in Rhodesia, Harris felt
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at the end of the year, Huggins being keen to install a self-identifying Rhodesian in that office rather than a high-ranking British figure. Though keen to take the position, Harris felt he could not leave the war at this key stage, an opinion shared by Churchill, who turned down the Southern
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The RAF Aircrew's nickname for Harris, "Butcher" or "Butch", was not bestowed as a comment on the morality of his bombing policy. It referred to his seeming indifference to the losses his aircrew were suffering. The losses were staggering: a crew member on a British bomber had a shorter life
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who looked surprised when she was jeered at by protesters, one of whom shouted, "Harris was a war criminal." No member of the cabinet attended the unveiling. An inscription on the statue reads: "The Nation owes them all an immense debt." Many ex-Bomber Command aircrew were present, including
593:, where his parents were staying while his father George Steel Travers Harris, a government engineer in India, was on home leave. With his father in India most of the time, Harris grew up without a sense of solid roots and belonging; he spent much of his later childhood with the family of a
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Despite protests from figures within Germany, with the mayor of Dresden visiting the British embassy to state his opposition, the Bomber Harris Trust, an RAF veterans' organisation formed to defend the reputation of their former commander, erected a statue of him outside the RAF Church of
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squadron. Harris later wrote of his time there that "We cut a hole in the nose and rigged up our own bomb racks and I turned those machines into the heaviest and best bombers in the command." Harris also contributed to the development of bombing techniques by promoting the deployment of
1594:. Harris divorced his first wife in 1935 and subsequently met Therese ('Jillie') Hearne, then twenty, through a mutual friend, and they married in 1938. Their daughter Jacqueline Jill was born in 1939; Harris is said to have "adored" her. She later married the Hon. Nicholas Assheton,
1290:, "ten thousand anti-aircraft guns ... could well have been employed in Russia against tanks and other ground targets". The Soviet commanders clearly recognized Harris's efforts, as shown by the 29 February 1944 award of the Russian Order of Suvorov First Class to the air marshal.
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Within the postwar British government there was some disquiet about the level of destruction that had been created by the area-bombing of German cities towards the end of the war. Harris retired on 15 September 1946 and wrote his story of Bomber Command's achievements in
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which killed a large number of civilians. Estimates vary but the city authorities at the time estimated no more than 25,000 victims, a figure which subsequent investigations, including one commissioned by the city council in 2010, support. Raids such as that on
805:(RAF) following the end of the First World War, choosing an air force career over a return to Rhodesia because he and his first wife Barbara had just had their first child, and he did not think Barbara would enjoy being a Rhodesian farmer's wife. In April 1920
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that "one 250 lb. or 500 lb. bomb in each village that speaks out of turn" would satisfactorily solve the problem. The same year he visited Southern Rhodesia in a professional capacity to help the Southern Rhodesian government set up its own air force.
1182:; this was a switch he protested against because he felt it compromised the pressure being applied to German industry and using Bomber Command for a purpose it was not designed or suited for. By September the Allied forces were well inland; at the
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on an unprecedented scale, and the breakdown of morale both at home and at the battle fronts by fear of extended and intensified bombing, are accepted and intended aims of our bombing policy. They are not by-products of attempts to hit factories.
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In his postwar memoirs Harris wrote, "In spite of all that happened at Hamburg, bombing proved a relatively humane method". His wartime views were expressed in an internal secret memo to the Air Ministry after the Dresden raid in February 1945
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who attended against the advice of his doctors, saying "I would have gone even if I had to be carried on a stretcher", and died two months later. The statue had to be kept under 24-hour guard for a period of months as it was often vandalised.
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During the 1920s Harris occasionally doubted his decision to remain with the RAF rather than going back to Rhodesia; he submitted his resignation in May 1922, but was persuaded to stay. He helped devise
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A former Allhallows student, the actor Arthur Chudleigh, often visited the school and gave the boys free tickets to his shows. Harris received such a ticket in 1909, and went to see the play during his
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In this period Harris, and others, pressured senior staff for large strategic bombers, which could bomb German targets from England. This resulted in specifications from the Air Staff which led to the
649:. Harris earned his living over the next few years mining, coach-driving and farming. He received a more permanent position in November 1913, when he was taken on by Crofton Townsend, a man from near
1024:, circulated in August 1941, found that in 1940 and 1941 only one in three attacking aircraft got within five miles (eight kilometres) of their target. As part of the response Harris was appointed
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Harris married Barbara Daisy Kyrle Money, daughter of Lieutenant Ernle William K. Money, and his wife Alexandra Gruinard Battye, in August 1916. The marriage produced three children:
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instead of going back to Allhallows for the new term. Harris's father was disappointed, having had in mind a military or civil service career for his son, but reluctantly agreed.
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Berlin took place on the night of 21/22 April, just before the Soviets entered the city centre. After that, most of the rest of the attacks made by the RAF were
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Townsend returned. According to Probert, Harris by now regarded himself "primarily as a Rhodesian", a self-identification he retained for the rest of his life.
613:, respectively; according to biographer Henry Probert, this was because Sherborne and Eton were expensive and "there was not much money left for number three".
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In 1989, five years after Harris's death, a one-off feature-length drama about Harris's tenure as AOC-in-C of Bomber Command was broadcast under the title
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was one of the few army officers he met while at the college whom he liked, possibly because they shared certain underlying personality characteristics.
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After D-Day (6 June 1944), with the resumption of the strategic bomber campaign over Germany, Harris remained wedded to area bombardment. The historian
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Whenever the bombing campaign of World War II is considered it must be appreciated that the war was an "integrated process". As an example, quoting
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in England, and in February 1942 was appointed head of Bomber Command. He retained that position for the rest of the war. In the same year, the
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effective and bomber losses were high; the British lost 1,047 bombers, with a further 1,682 damaged, culminating in the disastrous raid on
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aerial bombing: the sole German aircraft in South-West Africa attempted to drop artillery shells on his unit, but failed to do any damage.
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and now they are going to reap the whirlwind." Harris comments that he first made this comparison while standing with Portal watching the
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542:'s policy and supported the development of tactics and technology to perform the task more effectively. Harris assisted British
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air commanders still thought area bombing was less effective. In November 1943 Bomber Command began what became known as the
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and in 1938 he was put in command of No. 4 (Bomber) Group. After a purchasing mission to the United States he was posted to
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The phrase "worth the bones of one British grenadier" was a deliberate echo of a famous sentence used by German Chancellor
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719:. Having learnt to bugle at Allhallows, he successfully applied to be a bugler and was sworn in on 20 October 1914.
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After the war Harris moved to South Africa, where he managed the South African Marine Corporation. He was created a
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and he became baronet. In the same year he returned to the UK, and lived his remaining years in the Ferry House in
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on 30 January 1945. The most controversial raid of the war took place in the late evening of 13 February 1945. The
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on 30 June 1933. From 1934 to 1937 he was the Deputy Director of Plans in the Air Ministry. He was posted to the
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Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces, 1915–1920
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remained controversial owing to the large number of civilian casualties and destruction the strategy caused in
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in Iraq in 1923. One year later he was posted to the UK to command the first postwar heavy bomber squadron (
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Among the Dead Cities: The History and Moral Legacy of the WWII Bombing of Civilians in Germany and Japan
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Harris was promoted to the substantive rank of air marshal on 1 January 1944 and awarded the Russian
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When the South-West African Campaign ended in July 1915, the 1st Rhodesia Regiment was withdrawn to
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The Collapse of the German War Economy, 1944–1945: Allied Air Power and the German National Railway
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Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, 107th edition, vol. 1, Burke's Peerage Ltd, 2003, p. 828
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in late 1915 and, having been confirmed in his rank, then went on to serve with distinction on the
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in South Africa, but he found that only two positions were available: as a machine-gunner or as a
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rector, the Reverend C E Graham-Jones, whom he later recalled fondly. Harris was educated at
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invasion in 1944, Harris was ordered to switch targets for the French railway network under the
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in February 1942. He was advanced to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 11 June 1942.
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War Damage in Western Europe: The Destruction of Historic Monuments During the Second World War
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In February 1953 Winston Churchill, now prime minister again, insisted that Harris accept a
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At the war's conclusion, Harris was given various decorations. He was awarded the Polish
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on Home Defence duties, Harris claimed five enemy aircraft destroyed and was awarded the
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Goulter, Christina. "Sir Arthur Harris: Different Perspectives". In Gary Sheffield, ed.
2708:"Sir Arthur Harris and some myths and controversies of the bomber offensive, Journal 47"
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The Last Word? Essays on Official History in the United States and British Commonwealth
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on 30 March 1944, when 94 bombers were shot down and 71 damaged, out of 795 aircraft.
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United States Army in World War II European Theater of Operations The Supreme Command
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squadron, where he continued to develop night flying techniques. He was promoted to
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3216:"SIR ARTHUR T. HARRIS IS DEAD AT 91; LED BRITAIN'S BOMBER COMMAND (Published 1984)"
1698:"The whole of the Balkans is not worth the bones of a single Pomeranian grenadier".
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argues that, because Harris lacked the necessary security clearance to know about
1079:(Köln) on the night of 30/31 May 1942. This operation included the first use of a
785:(AFC) on 2 November 1918. Intending to return to Rhodesia one day, Harris wore a "
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in 1918. Harris remained in the Air Force through the 1920s and 1930s, serving in
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A Thousand Shall Fall: The True Story of a Canadian Bomber Pilot in World War Two
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missions. The last big strategic raid was the destruction of the oil refinery in
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August 1943 following the tremendous success of the Battle of Hamburg (codenamed
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Airpower in Small Wars: Fighting Insurgents and Terrorists (Modern War Studies)
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campaign. It was accepted by Cabinet and Harris was directed to carry out the
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Bellamy, Alex J. "The ethics of terror bombing: Beyond supreme emergency".
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on its way to South Africa in November 1914. Harris was with the unit as a
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Ethics and Air Power in World War II: The British Bombing of German Cities
3193:"Therese (née Hearne), Lady Harris; Jacqueline Jill Assheton (née Harris)"
550:
in carrying out the United Kingdom's most devastating attacks against the
30:"Bomber Harris" redirects here. For the television film of that name, see
4788:
4710:
4448:
3856:
Getting MAD: Nuclear Mutual Assured Destruction, Its Origins and Practice
3445:
1379:
1021:
1014:
932:
in Egypt, as a senior Air Staff Officer. In 1936 Harris commented on the
921:
906:
658:
650:
149:
1260:
850:
during their suppression of various Middle Eastern revolts (such as the
1685:
expectancy than an infantryman in the trenches of the First World War.
910:
762:
758:
646:
586:
124:
1838:
Havers 2003, p. 69. See also Ben Macintyre's review of Richard Overy,
4998:
Foreign recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (United States)
4463:
4435:
1647:
1358:
1351:
1246:
1148:
1122:
1052:
902:
810:
765:
and in France during 1917 as a flight commander and ultimately CO of
735:
605:, while his two elder brothers were educated at the more prestigious
539:
4978:
British military personnel of the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
833:
tribesmen trouble. His squadron was equipped with poorly-maintained
684:
653:
in Ireland who had moved to Rhodesia and founded Lowdale Farm near
622:
2427:"The Thousand Bomber raids, 30/31 May (Cologne) to 17 August 1942"
1342:
in 1946; he was the sole commander-in-chief not to become a peer.
3737:
The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War Over Europe, 1940–1945
1840:
The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War Over Europe, 1940–1945
1339:
1159:
1076:
626:
retired and returned to England) that he intended to emigrate to
574:
54:
1186:
it was agreed that the Chief of the Air Staff, Royal Air Force (
1001:
Harris returned to Britain in September 1939 to take command of
1574:
1555:
1536:
1311:
1264:
826:
716:
688:
654:
642:
508:
4043:
Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation – MRAF Harris
633:
In early 1910, Harris senior paid his son's passage on the SS
3999:"Sir Arthur 'Bomber' Harris: An effective leader in command?"
1170:
A pile of bodies in Dresden awaiting cremation, February 1945
1075:
Harris launched the first RAF "thousand bomber raid" against
602:
3985:
Bomber Harris and the Strategie Bombing Offensive: 1939-1945
3056:"Grand Officier de l' Ordre National de la Legion d'Honneur"
1372:
In 1974 Harris appeared in the acclaimed documentary series
1267:
by a large group of Lancasters on the night of 25/26 April.
4033:
Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary, Commanders
3931:
7.1 (2008): 41–65. On the British decision to bomb Germany.
2498:
Barbarism and Civilization: A History of Europe in Our Time
2122:"The 1920s British air bombing campaign in Iraq – BBC News"
1058:
At the start of the bombing campaign, Harris said, quoting
594:
3037:"Whirlwind: Bombing Germany (September 1939 – April 1944)"
90:
Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Travers Harris, 24 April 1944
3990:
Neillands, Robin. "Facts and myths about Bomber Harris".
3646:
The Bombers: The RAF offensive against Germany 1939–1945
2817:
2815:
5038:
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
3681:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
2490:
2488:
789:" shoulder flash on his uniform. He finished the war a
3955:
The Challenges of High Command: The British Experience
2670:
The Strategic Air Offensive against Germany, 1939–1945
1990:
1988:
1520:
Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (Poland)
487:. In 1915, Harris returned to England to fight in the
4273:
Air Officer Commanding RAF Palestine and Transjordan
2812:
1318:
by the United States on 14 June 1946 and promoted to
1308:
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross
1190:), and the Commanding General, U.S. Army Air Forces (
4953:
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
4038:
The Destruction of Dresden – Die Zerstörung Dresdens
3249:"Grave Sir Arthur Harris - Goring - TracesOfWar.com"
2485:
2407:
2179:
1013:
in November 1940 and promoted to the acting rank of
726:, then served alongside the South African forces in
495:, with which he remained until the formation of the
2713:. RAF Historical Society. p. 6. Archived from
1985:
1099:), when he assured the Chief of the Air Staff, Sir
558:. Harris's orders from the war cabinet to focus on
432:(13 April 1892 – 5 April 1984), commonly known as "
4938:Recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)
4028:Personality Profile: Air Marshal Sir Arthur Harris
3962:
3600:
3151:
1205:, he had been given some information gleaned from
809:Harris was jointly appointed station commander of
641:in Mozambique, from where he travelled by rail to
4436:RAF strategic bombing during the Second World War
4390:(of Chipping Wycombe in the County of Buckingham)
3624:The Second World War: Europe, 1939–1943, Volume 4
4924:
2667:
1633:. He is buried in Burntwood Cemetery at Goring.
5008:Grand Crosses of the Order of Polonia Restituta
3078:
3076:
2668:Webster, Sir Charles; Frankland, Noble (1961).
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
3937:The Destruction of Memory: Architecture at War
3269:. British Film Institute. 1989. Archived from
1961:(Supplement). 10 December 1915. p. 12410.
336:Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross
5043:Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 1st class
4421:
3493:The Costs of War: America's Pyrrhic Victories
2910:
2908:
2887:
2885:
2864:
2862:
2841:
2839:
2755:
2753:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2605:(Supplement). 29 February 1944. p. 1010.
2217:Gilmour, Ian and Andrew. "Terrorism Review".
2141:
2139:
2018:(Supplement). 1 November 1918. p. 12958.
1881:
1879:
1314:on 13 November 1945. He was also awarded the
878:). His commander in Iraq had been the future
817:. He later served in different capacities in
722:The 1st Rhodesia Regiment briefly garrisoned
554:infrastructure and population, including the
331:Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta
5058:Royal Air Force air marshals of World War II
5018:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
3294:"Dresden protests statue of "Bomber" Harris"
3073:
2944:(Supplement). 28 December 1945. p. 187.
2546:
2461:(Supplement). 4 December 1942. p. 5338.
2331:
2080:
1929:
1927:
1775:Ordem Nacional do Cruzeiro do Sul – Grã-Cruz
1629:Harris died on 5 April 1984, at his home in
538:. Harris was given the task of implementing
5053:Rhodesian military personnel of World War I
4933:Officers of the Order of the British Empire
3543:. New York: Walker Publishing Company Inc.
2769:(Supplement). 26 January 1945. p. 640.
2657:(Supplement). 25 August 1944. p. 3995.
2580:(Supplement). 31 December 1943. p. 89.
2501:. Oxford: Oxford University press. p.
2494:
1888:
1378:produced by Thames Television and shown on
1304:Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
1245:by the RAF and USAAF resulting in a lethal
777:. Before he returned to Britain to command
299:Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
21:Sir Arthur Harris, 1st Baronet, of Stowford
4886:Air operations during the Battle of Europe
4428:
4414:
2905:
2882:
2859:
2836:
2750:
2682:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2609:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2481:(Supplement). 26 March 1943. p. 1468.
2136:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1876:
1858:
888:Officer of the Order of the British Empire
440:by the press and often within the RAF as "
303:Officer of the Order of the British Empire
84:
16:Marshal of the Royal Air Force (1892–1984)
5003:Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley
3960:
3213:
2924:(Supplement). 11 June 1946. p. 3007.
2855:(Supplement). 10 June 1948. p. 3084.
2672:. Vol. IV. London. pp. 135–137.
2269:(Supplement). 30 June 1939. p. 4452.
1924:
1302:First Class on 12 June 1945, advanced to
2998:
2934:
2914:
2901:(Supplement). 8 June 1945. p. 5534.
2891:
2878:(Supplement). 8 June 1945. p. 2936.
2868:
2845:
2759:
2647:
2595:
2570:
2471:
2451:
2365:(Supplement). 5 June 1942. p. 2478.
2355:
2317:
2307:(Supplement). 9 July 1940. p. 4245.
2297:
2259:
2239:
2197:
2165:
2155:(Supplement). 31 May 1927. p. 3611.
2145:
2008:
1971:
1951:
1617:
1165:
1154:
1143:
982:
837:aircraft. In Mesopotamia he commanded a
674:
456:during the height of the Anglo-American
4943:Chief Commanders of the Legion of Merit
4063:Newspaper clippings about Arthur Harris
4053:Imperial War Museum Interview from 1978
4048:Imperial War Museum Interview from 1977
3814:Bomber Harris: The Authorized Biography
3785:, Department of the United States Army.
3783:Office of the Chief of Military History
2805:
2803:
2584:
1997:
897:From 1927 to 1929, Harris attended the
621:. The lead character in the show was a
4973:British emigrants to Southern Rhodesia
4948:Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour
4925:
3957:(Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2003) 126–136.
3901:
3576:
3425:
3339:
2821:
2413:
2185:
2077:Probert, in chapter 'Carving a career'
1832:
1658:, London, in 1992. It was unveiled by
940:On 2 July 1937 Harris was promoted to
846:, which were subsequently utilised by
410:Sir Arthur Travers Harris, 1st Baronet
326:Chief Commander of the Legion of Merit
5033:People educated at Allhallows College
4881:United States Army Air Forces (USAAF)
4409:
3934:
3698:Dresden 1944/45: Leben im Bombenkrieg
3400:
1051:. It became an important part of the
585:Harris was born on 13 April 1892, at
577:in 1953. He died in England in 1984.
460:campaign against Nazi Germany in the
341:Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour
19:For the 17th century politician, see
4876:Aerial defence of the United Kingdom
3816:. New York: Time-Warner Paperbacks.
3428:Bomber Boys: Fighting Back 1940–1945
3314:
3164:from the original on 12 January 2022
2800:
1671:
1529:National Order of the Southern Cross
801:Harris remained in the newly formed
696:patriotically compelled to join the
4541:Combined Bomber Offensive (1943–44)
3734:(Published in the United States as
3626:. Abingdon, Oxford, UK: Routledge.
3475:. London: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
2221:, Volume 17, Issue 2, 1988, p. 131.
1608:Ralph Assheton, 1st Baron Clitheroe
1365:, located directly adjacent to the
978:
700:. He quickly attempted to join the
483:and saw action in South Africa and
13:
5028:Military personnel from Cheltenham
4897:Death by Moonlight: Bomber Command
4023:Biography at Spartacus Educational
3921:
3319:. London: Macmillan. p. 424.
3291:
1487:Order of Suvorov, 1st Class (USSR)
1007:Companion of the Order of the Bath
796:
670:
665:
14:
5074:
4016:
3904:Dresden: Tuesday 13 February 1945
3795:Bomber Harris: His Life and Times
3720:The Bombing War: Europe 1939–1945
3084:"Harris, Arthur Travers "Bomber""
2429:. Royal Air Force. Archived from
1981:. 11 February 1916. p. 1591.
1799:Légion d'honneur - Grand-officier
754:on probation on 6 November 1915.
4526:Area bombing of cities (1942–43)
4373:Baronetage of the United Kingdom
3374:
3348:
3333:
3308:
3285:
3259:
3241:
3214:Middleton, Drew (7 April 1984).
3207:
3185:
3176:
3144:
3135:
3008:. 13 February 1953. p. 906.
1660:Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother
1600:Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother
1561:
1542:
1523:
1497:
1464:
1451:Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)
1445:
1422:
1399:
1348:South African Marine Corporation
1306:on 14 June 1945 and appointed a
1237:Harris was awarded the American
815:No. 3 Flying Training School RAF
526:in 1939, Harris took command of
475:in 1910, aged 17. He joined the
399:South African Marine Corporation
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
161:
5023:Marshals of the Royal Air Force
4983:British World War I flying aces
4454:RAF strategic bombing 1942–1945
3677:Mierzejewski, Alfred C (1988).
3358:. UK Attraction. Archived from
3126:
3101:
3048:
3030:
3021:
3012:
2992:
2983:
2974:
2948:
2928:
2827:
2791:
2782:
2773:
2741:
2732:
2705:
2699:
2690:
2661:
2641:
2632:
2623:
2564:
2555:
2537:
2528:
2519:
2465:
2445:
2419:
2395:
2369:
2349:
2340:
2311:
2291:
2282:
2273:
2253:
2233:
2224:
2211:
2191:
2159:
2114:
2105:
2096:
2071:
2049:
2040:
2031:
2022:
1965:
1945:
1936:
1915:
1844:The New York Times Book Review,
1812:
1803:
1788:
1779:
1764:
1755:
1746:
1737:
1728:
1719:
1710:
1701:
1688:
1293:
890:on 3 June 1927 and promoted to
704:, which had been raised by the
546:Marshal of the Royal Air Force
536:"area bombing" of German cities
450:Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief
32:Bomber Harris (television film)
3987:(Arms and Armour Press, 1984).
3519:. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
3454:. University Press of Kansas.
1906:
1897:
1867:
1849:
1678:
1571:Étoile en bronze - Bronze star
1320:Marshal of the Royal Air Force
407:Marshal of the Royal Air Force
205:Marshal of the Royal Air Force
44:Marshal of the Royal Air Force
1:
4459:Area Bombing Directive (1942)
4327:Deputy Chief of the Air Staff
4211:RAF Deputy Director of Plans
3109:"Croix de Guerre (1939-1945)"
2495:Wasserstein, Bernard (2007).
2207:. 30 June 1933. p. 4386.
1490:Distinguished Service Medal (
1037:Professor Frederick Lindemann
1011:Deputy Chief of the Air Staff
988:
580:
225:RAF Palestine and Transjordan
3831:Shores, Christopher (1990).
3317:The making of modern Britain
2346:Longmate 1983, pp. 138, 140.
2327:. 6 June 1941. p. 3231.
2249:. 2 July 1937. p. 4253.
2219:Journal of Palestine Studies
2175:. 1 July 1927. p. 4240.
1825:
1009:on 11 July 1940 he was made
706:British South Africa Company
7:
5063:Royal Flying Corps officers
5048:Rhodesia Regiment personnel
4469:Casablanca directive (1943)
4067:20th Century Press Archives
3997:Quast, Lou, and David Lee.
3906:. New York: HarperCollins.
3861:Strategic Studies Institute
3797:. London: Greenhill Books.
3696:Neutzner, Matthias (2003).
3581:. London: Greenhill Books.
3577:Harris, Sir Arthur (2005).
3448:; Johnson, Wray R. (2003).
3195:. National Portrait Gallery
2124:. Bbc.co.uk. 7 October 2014
2057:"The bombing of Waziristan"
1428:Order of the British Empire
1316:Distinguished Service Medal
321:Distinguished Service Medal
316:Order of Suvorov, 1st Class
10:
5079:
4546:Battle of Berlin (1943–44)
4490:Frederick "Prof" Lindemann
3961:Lambourne, Nicola (2001).
3939:. London: Reaktion Books.
3929:Journal of Military Ethics
3859:. Carlisle, Pennsylvania:
3739:. New York: Viking. 2014.
3672:. Oxford University Press.
3515:Garret, Stephen A (1993).
3496:. Piscataway, New Jersey:
2989:Probert 2006, pp. 364–372.
2980:Probert 2006, pp. 346–351.
2102:Corum and Wray 2003, p. 65
1300:Order of Polonia Restituta
920:His next command was of a
491:of the war. He joined the
29:
18:
4868:
4817:
4771:
4698:
4632:
4589:
4536:Battle of the Ruhr (1943)
4513:
4477:
4441:
4396:
4383:
4378:
4371:
4361:
4351:
4343:
4333:
4324:
4316:
4306:
4296:
4288:
4278:
4271:
4263:
4253:
4243:
4226:
4216:
4209:
4201:
4189:
4181:
4171:
4163:
4153:
4143:
4138:
4128:
4118:
4113:
4103:
4091:
4083:
4078:
3902:Taylor, Fredrick (2004).
3863:, U.S. Army War College.
3411:. Pen & Sword Books.
1622:Statue of Harris outside
1613:
1581:
1567:Croix de guerre 1939–1945
1393:
757:Harris learned to fly at
393:
294:
276:
210:
200:
192:
174:
156:
135:
111:
103:
95:
83:
41:
4860:Light Night Strike Force
4292:William Bertram Callaway
3426:Bishop, Patrick (2007).
2696:Mierzejewski 1988, p. 47
2230:Probert 2006, pp. 72–74.
2111:Probert 2006, pp. 49–50.
2046:Probert 2006, pp. 45–46.
1942:Probert 2006, pp. 35–36.
1885:Probert 2006, pp. 27–30.
1864:Probert 2006, pp. 26–28.
1785:Awarded 13 November 1945
1734:Awarded 29 February 1944
1606:in 2002, younger son of
285:Arab revolt in Palestine
23:. For other people, see
4968:Aerial warfare pioneers
4298:Air Officer Commanding
4245:Air Officer Commanding
4058:RAF Interview from 1977
4004:25 October 2017 at the
3835:. London: Grub Street.
3812:Saward, Dudley (1990).
3669:The War, The Sixth Year
3490:Denson, John V (1999).
3384:. History Learning Site
2534:Garret 1993, pp. 32–33.
1752:Awarded 30 January 1945
1725:Awarded 2 November 1918
1474:Mentioned in Dispatches
1409:Knight/Dame Grand Cross
1336:France and Germany Star
1055:waged against Germany.
934:Palestinian Arab revolt
864:Mahmud Barzanji revolts
522:At the outbreak of the
479:at the outbreak of the
311:Mentioned in Despatches
4988:Burials in Oxfordshire
4500:Sir Archibald Sinclair
4485:Arthur "Bomber" Harris
4464:Dehousing paper (1942)
3935:Bevan, Robert (2006).
3884:Inside The Third Reich
3755:Peden, Murray (2003).
3722:. London: Allen Lane.
3648:. London: Hutchinson.
3622:Havers, Robin (2003).
3607:. Dial Press/J. Wade.
3498:Transaction Publishers
3042:British Film Institute
2377:"Blitzed by guidebook"
2337:Longmate 1983, p. 121.
2288:Longmate 1983, p. 140.
2093:Longmate 1983, p. 139.
1894:Longmate 1983, p. 138.
1798:
1774:
1626:
1287:Inside The Third Reich
1278:
1171:
1163:
1152:
1110:
1049:Area bombing directive
998:
880:Chief of the Air Staff
692:
544:Chief of the Air Staff
471:, Harris emigrated to
4645:Boston (Douglas DB-7)
4531:U-boat pens (1943–44)
4521:Oil targets (1940-45)
4008:(UK Dept of Defence,
3469:Cross, Robin (1995).
3409:The Salford Lancaster
3407:Bamford, Joe (1996).
3315:Marr, Andrew (2009).
3018:Probert 2006, p. 374.
2960:The National Archives
2809:Grayling 2006, p. 215
2620:Probert 2006, p. 358.
2561:Hastings 1979, p. 261
2552:Longmate 1983, p.137.
2543:Sokolski 2004, p. 36.
1846:23 March 2014, p. 16.
1621:
1470:War Medal 1939 – 1945
1354:) from 1946 to 1953.
1273:
1224:Air Historical Branch
1169:
1158:
1147:
1105:
986:
711:to help put down the
702:1st Rhodesia Regiment
681:1st Rhodesia Regiment
678:
477:1st Rhodesia Regiment
193:Years of service
99:Arthur Travers Harris
4891:Defence of the Reich
4365:Sir Norman Bottomley
3994:146.2 (2001): 69–73.
3983:Messenger, Charles.
3781:. Washington, D.C.:
3700:. Verlag Der Kunst.
3558:Grey, Peter (2003).
3430:. Harper Perennial.
2797:Bamford 1996, p. 143
2788:McInnis 1946, p. 115
2779:Neutzner 2003, p. 70
2638:Taylor 2004, p. 202.
2525:Denson 1999, p. 352.
2037:Probert 2006, p. 46.
2028:Probert 2006, p. 43.
1994:Shores 1990, p. 185.
1933:Probert 2006, p. 35.
1921:Probert 2006, p. 33.
1912:Probert 2006, p. 32.
1903:Probert 2006, p. 31.
1873:Probert 2006, p. 24.
1855:Probert 2006, p. 23.
1761:Awarded 12 June 1945
1743:Awarded 14 June 1946
1707:Awarded 14 June 1945
1332:Air Crew Europe Star
1073:Operation Millennium
965:Handley Page Halifax
860:Ahmed Barzani revolt
852:Iraqi revolt of 1920
4794:Intruder operations
4608:("Dambusters" raid)
4353:Commander-in-Chief
4191:Officer Commanding
4173:Officer Commanding
4145:Officer Commanding
4120:Officer Commanding
4093:Officer Commanding
4087:Pierre van Ryneveld
3562:. Praeger, London.
3273:on 14 November 2007
3153:"Nicholas Assheton"
3141:Saward 1990, p. 202
3113:www.tracesofwar.com
3088:www.tracesofwar.com
3060:www.tracesofwar.com
2747:Bishop 2007, p. 340
2629:Pogue 1954, p. 273.
1716:Awarded 3 June 1927
1650:in the title role.
1390:of Bomber Command.
1322:on 1 January 1946.
1215:Bernard Wasserstein
1141:Rhodesian request.
1134:Sir Godfrey Huggins
930:Middle East Command
835:Bristol F.2 Fighter
831:North West Frontier
771:Sopwith 1½ Strutter
564:precision targeting
4911:Target for Tonight
4495:Sir Charles Portal
4449:Butt Report (1941)
4231:Title last held by
4101:18–24 August 1917
4010:Geddes Papers 2004
3851:Sokolski, Henry D.
3401:General references
3362:on 1 November 2005
3220:The New York Times
3160:. 6 January 2013.
3132:Saward 1990, p. 48
3027:Peden 2003, p. 484
3005:The London Gazette
2941:The London Gazette
2921:The London Gazette
2898:The London Gazette
2875:The London Gazette
2852:The London Gazette
2833:Speer 2009, p. 381
2766:The London Gazette
2654:The London Gazette
2602:The London Gazette
2577:The London Gazette
2478:The London Gazette
2458:The London Gazette
2404:King James Version
2362:The London Gazette
2324:The London Gazette
2304:The London Gazette
2266:The London Gazette
2246:The London Gazette
2204:The London Gazette
2172:The London Gazette
2152:The London Gazette
2015:The London Gazette
1978:The London Gazette
1958:The London Gazette
1627:
1243:bombing of Dresden
1172:
1164:
1153:
1097:Operation Gomorrah
1091:on 18 March 1943.
1026:Commander-in-Chief
999:
915:Bernard Montgomery
899:Army Staff College
844:delay-action bombs
748:Royal Flying Corps
693:
568:continental Europe
556:Bombing of Dresden
493:Royal Flying Corps
454:RAF Bomber Command
4920:
4919:
4855:No. 100 Group RAF
4600:(Friedrichshafen)
4404:
4403:
4397:Succeeded by
4362:Succeeded by
4334:Succeeded by
4307:Succeeded by
4279:Succeeded by
4254:Succeeded by
4240:
4217:Succeeded by
4193:RAF Pembroke Dock
4182:Succeeded by
4154:Succeeded by
4129:Succeeded by
4104:Succeeded by
4079:Military offices
3946:978-1-86189-319-2
3823:978-0-72217-658-0
3775:Pogue, Forrest C.
3759:. Dundurn Group.
3633:978-0-415-96846-1
3614:978-0-8037-0154-0
3326:978-0-230-70942-3
3304:on 15 March 2012.
2738:Grey 2003, p. 166
2512:978-0-19-873074-3
2433:on 27 August 2014
1672:Explanatory notes
1624:St. Clement Danes
1405:Order of the Bath
1184:Quebec Conference
1089:air chief marshal
1045:strategic bombing
1041:Winston Churchill
813:and commander of
752:second lieutenant
728:South-West Africa
628:Southern Rhodesia
599:Allhallows School
519:, and elsewhere.
485:South West Africa
458:strategic bombing
404:
403:
235:RAF Pembroke Dock
49:Sir Arthur Harris
5070:
4993:English aviators
4845:No. 6 Group RCAF
4779:Area bombardment
4763:Target indicator
4736:Blockbuster bomb
4551:Transport (1944)
4430:
4423:
4416:
4407:
4406:
4344:Preceded by
4337:Norman Bottomley
4317:Preceded by
4310:Norman Bottomley
4289:Preceded by
4264:Preceded by
4238:
4202:Preceded by
4175:No. 210 Squadron
4164:Preceded by
4084:Preceded by
4076:
4075:
3992:The RUSI Journal
3980:
3969:. Edinburgh UP.
3968:
3950:
3917:
3898:
3874:
3846:
3827:
3808:
3786:
3770:
3750:
3733:
3711:
3692:
3673:
3659:
3642:Longmate, Norman
3637:
3618:
3606:
3592:
3579:Bomber Offensive
3573:
3554:
3530:
3511:
3486:
3465:
3441:
3422:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3300:. Archived from
3289:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3189:
3183:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3155:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3080:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3052:
3046:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2912:
2903:
2902:
2889:
2880:
2879:
2866:
2857:
2856:
2843:
2834:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2810:
2807:
2798:
2795:
2789:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2757:
2748:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2720:on 8 August 2014
2719:
2712:
2706:Cox, Sebastian.
2703:
2697:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2681:
2673:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2645:
2639:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2607:
2606:
2593:
2582:
2581:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2553:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2535:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2492:
2483:
2482:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2280:
2279:Saward 1990, p47
2277:
2271:
2270:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2222:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2143:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2078:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2006:
1995:
1992:
1983:
1982:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1922:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1874:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1847:
1836:
1819:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1801:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1777:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1726:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1699:
1692:
1686:
1682:
1665:Leonard Cheshire
1656:St Clement Danes
1565:
1548:Legion of Honour
1546:
1527:
1501:
1494:) (US Army type)
1468:
1449:
1426:
1403:
1384:Laurence Olivier
1375:The World At War
1363:Goring-on-Thames
1328:Bomber Offensive
1232:Dambusters' raid
1199:Frederick Taylor
1130:Order of Suvorov
1118:Battle of Berlin
1017:on 1 June 1941.
993:
990:
979:Second World War
956:on 1 July 1939.
954:air vice-marshal
894:on 1 July 1927.
848:RAF Iraq Command
788:
713:Maritz Rebellion
524:Second World War
489:European theatre
462:Second World War
431:
426:
419:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
289:Second World War
270:No. 191 Squadron
240:No. 210 Squadron
176:
167:
165:
164:
146:Goring-on-Thames
142:
121:
119:
88:
78:
73:
66:
59:
39:
38:
5078:
5077:
5073:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5068:
5067:
5013:Harris baronets
4923:
4922:
4921:
4916:
4864:
4850:No. 8 Group RAF
4840:No. 5 Group RAF
4835:No. 4 Group RAF
4830:No. 3 Group RAF
4825:No. 1 Group RAF
4813:
4809:Shuttle bombing
4767:
4741:Earthquake bomb
4694:
4628:
4585:
4509:
4473:
4437:
4434:
4400:
4393:
4388:
4367:
4358:
4349:
4339:
4330:
4322:
4312:
4303:
4294:
4284:
4275:
4269:
4259:
4250:
4237:
4232:
4222:
4213:
4207:
4196:
4185:
4178:
4169:
4159:
4150:
4147:No. 58 Squadron
4134:
4125:
4122:No. 45 Squadron
4109:
4100:
4097:
4095:No. 45 Squadron
4089:
4019:
4006:Wayback Machine
3977:
3947:
3924:
3922:Further reading
3914:
3895:
3877:
3871:
3849:
3843:
3830:
3824:
3811:
3805:
3789:
3773:
3767:
3754:
3747:
3735:
3730:
3714:
3708:
3695:
3689:
3676:
3662:
3656:
3640:
3634:
3621:
3615:
3595:
3589:
3570:
3557:
3551:
3535:Grayling, A. C.
3533:
3527:
3514:
3508:
3489:
3483:
3468:
3462:
3446:Corum, James S.
3444:
3438:
3419:
3406:
3403:
3398:
3397:
3387:
3385:
3382:"Harris Statue"
3380:
3379:
3375:
3365:
3363:
3356:"Harris Statue"
3354:
3353:
3349:
3340:Morris (2000).
3338:
3334:
3327:
3313:
3309:
3290:
3286:
3276:
3274:
3267:"Bomber Harris"
3265:
3264:
3260:
3253:tracesofwar.com
3247:
3246:
3242:
3232:
3230:
3212:
3208:
3198:
3196:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3167:
3165:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3117:
3115:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3092:
3090:
3082:
3081:
3074:
3064:
3062:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3013:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2965:
2963:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2933:
2929:
2913:
2906:
2890:
2883:
2867:
2860:
2844:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2820:
2813:
2808:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2758:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2710:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2675:
2674:
2666:
2662:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2610:
2594:
2585:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2493:
2486:
2470:
2466:
2450:
2446:
2436:
2434:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2400:
2396:
2386:
2384:
2383:. 27 March 2002
2375:
2374:
2370:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2316:
2312:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2258:
2254:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2216:
2212:
2196:
2192:
2184:
2180:
2164:
2160:
2144:
2137:
2127:
2125:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2060:
2059:. Air and Space
2055:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2007:
1998:
1993:
1986:
1970:
1966:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1616:
1598:, treasurer to
1590:, Marigold and
1584:
1507:Chief Commander
1503:Legion of Merit
1396:
1296:
1239:Legion of Merit
991:
981:
961:Avro Manchester
856:Adwan Rebellion
807:Squadron Leader
803:Royal Air Force
799:
797:Inter-war years
786:
783:Air Force Cross
779:No. 44 Squadron
767:No. 45 Squadron
744:Royal Artillery
673:
671:First World War
668:
666:Military career
619:summer holidays
591:Gloucestershire
583:
532:British Cabinet
528:No. 5 Group RAF
497:Royal Air Force
481:First World War
469:Gloucestershire
424:
417:
413:
397:Manager of the
394:Other work
349:
346:Croix de guerre
344:
339:
334:
329:
328:(United States)
324:
323:(United States)
319:
314:
309:
307:Air Force Cross
305:
301:
287:
283:
281:First World War
268:
265:No. 44 Squadron
263:
260:No. 50 Squadron
258:
255:No. 31 Squadron
253:
250:No. 45 Squadron
248:
245:No. 58 Squadron
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
186:Royal Air Force
184:
162:
160:
144:
140:
129:Gloucestershire
123:
117:
115:
91:
79:
71:
64:
57:
53:
51:
50:
47:
46:
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5076:
5066:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4907:
4904:Into the Storm
4900:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4821:
4819:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4775:
4773:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4738:
4733:
4731:"Monica" radar
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4702:
4700:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4636:
4634:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4618:
4610:
4602:
4593:
4591:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4432:
4425:
4418:
4410:
4402:
4401:
4399:Anthony Harris
4398:
4395:
4382:
4376:
4375:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4360:
4355:Bomber Command
4350:
4345:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4332:
4323:
4320:Sholto Douglas
4318:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4305:
4295:
4290:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4277:
4270:
4265:
4261:
4260:
4257:Charles Blount
4255:
4252:
4242:
4235:Charles Samson
4230:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4215:
4208:
4205:Charles Portal
4203:
4199:
4198:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4180:
4170:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4152:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4127:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4102:
4090:
4085:
4081:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4018:
4017:External links
4015:
4014:
4013:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3975:
3958:
3951:
3945:
3932:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3912:
3899:
3894:978-1842127353
3893:
3875:
3869:
3847:
3841:
3828:
3822:
3809:
3803:
3791:Probert, Henry
3787:
3771:
3766:978-1550024548
3765:
3752:
3746:978-0670025152
3745:
3729:978-0713995619
3728:
3716:Overy, Richard
3712:
3707:978-3865300300
3706:
3693:
3687:
3674:
3664:McInnis, Edgar
3660:
3654:
3638:
3632:
3619:
3613:
3603:Bomber Command
3593:
3587:
3574:
3568:
3555:
3549:
3531:
3525:
3512:
3506:
3487:
3481:
3466:
3461:978-0700612406
3460:
3442:
3437:978-0007192151
3436:
3423:
3418:978-0850525199
3417:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3373:
3347:
3344:. p. 427.
3332:
3325:
3307:
3298:Peace Magazine
3284:
3258:
3240:
3206:
3184:
3175:
3143:
3134:
3125:
3100:
3072:
3047:
3029:
3020:
3011:
2991:
2982:
2973:
2947:
2927:
2904:
2881:
2858:
2835:
2826:
2824:, p. 432.
2811:
2799:
2790:
2781:
2772:
2749:
2740:
2731:
2698:
2689:
2660:
2640:
2631:
2622:
2608:
2583:
2563:
2554:
2545:
2536:
2527:
2518:
2511:
2484:
2464:
2444:
2418:
2406:
2394:
2368:
2348:
2339:
2330:
2310:
2290:
2281:
2272:
2252:
2232:
2223:
2210:
2190:
2178:
2158:
2135:
2113:
2104:
2095:
2079:
2070:
2048:
2039:
2030:
2021:
1996:
1984:
1964:
1944:
1935:
1923:
1914:
1905:
1896:
1887:
1875:
1866:
1857:
1848:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1811:
1802:
1787:
1778:
1763:
1754:
1745:
1736:
1727:
1718:
1709:
1700:
1687:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1644:BBC Television
1615:
1612:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1559:
1540:
1521:
1518:
1495:
1488:
1485:
1462:
1443:
1420:
1395:
1392:
1295:
1292:
1284:from his book
1222:, head of the
1213:The historian
1180:Transport Plan
1101:Charles Portal
1085:Kammhuber Line
1030:Bomber Command
1005:. Appointed a
980:
977:
973:Avro Lancaster
969:Short Stirling
892:wing commander
839:Vickers Vernon
798:
795:
709:administration
672:
669:
667:
664:
582:
579:
548:Charles Portal
534:agreed to the
402:
401:
395:
391:
390:
296:
292:
291:
278:
274:
273:
215:Bomber Command
212:
208:
207:
202:
198:
197:
194:
190:
189:
178:
172:
171:
169:United Kingdom
158:
154:
153:
143:(aged 91)
137:
133:
132:
113:
109:
108:
105:
101:
100:
97:
93:
92:
89:
81:
80:
52:
48:
42:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5075:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4913:
4912:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4867:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4816:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4799:Master Bomber
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4784:Bomber stream
4782:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4758:Bouncing bomb
4756:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4697:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
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4653:
4651:
4648:
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4643:
4641:
4638:
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4617:
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4611:
4609:
4607:
4603:
4601:
4599:
4595:
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4592:
4588:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
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4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4512:
4506:
4505:Arthur Tedder
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4431:
4426:
4424:
4419:
4417:
4412:
4411:
4408:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4381:
4377:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4357:
4356:
4348:
4342:
4338:
4329:
4328:
4321:
4315:
4311:
4302:
4301:
4293:
4287:
4283:
4282:John D'Albiac
4274:
4268:
4262:
4258:
4249:
4248:
4241:
4236:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4212:
4206:
4200:
4195:
4194:
4188:
4177:
4176:
4168:
4167:Robert Leckie
4162:
4158:
4157:Ernest Norton
4149:
4148:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4124:
4123:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4107:Awdry Vaucour
4099:
4096:
4088:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4011:
4007:
4003:
4000:
3996:
3993:
3989:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3976:0-7486-1285-8
3972:
3967:
3966:
3959:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3942:
3938:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3925:
3915:
3913:0-06-000676-5
3909:
3905:
3900:
3896:
3890:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3879:Speer, Albert
3876:
3872:
3870:1-58487-172-5
3866:
3862:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3842:0-948817-19-4
3838:
3834:
3829:
3825:
3819:
3815:
3810:
3806:
3804:1-85367-555-5
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3742:
3738:
3731:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3703:
3699:
3694:
3690:
3688:0-8078-1792-9
3684:
3680:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3655:0-09-151580-7
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3629:
3625:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3605:
3604:
3598:
3597:Hastings, Max
3594:
3590:
3588:1-84415-210-3
3584:
3580:
3575:
3571:
3569:0-313-31083-1
3565:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3550:0-8027-1471-4
3546:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3526:0-312-08683-0
3522:
3518:
3513:
3509:
3507:0-7658-0487-5
3503:
3499:
3495:
3494:
3488:
3484:
3482:0-471-62079-3
3478:
3474:
3473:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3420:
3414:
3410:
3405:
3404:
3383:
3377:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3343:
3336:
3328:
3322:
3318:
3311:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3292:Kezwer, Gil.
3288:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3210:
3194:
3188:
3179:
3163:
3159:
3158:The Telegraph
3154:
3147:
3138:
3129:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3089:
3085:
3079:
3077:
3061:
3057:
3051:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3024:
3015:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2995:
2986:
2977:
2962:. p. 242
2961:
2957:
2951:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2888:
2886:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2842:
2840:
2830:
2823:
2818:
2816:
2806:
2804:
2794:
2785:
2776:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2756:
2754:
2744:
2735:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2693:
2685:
2679:
2671:
2664:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2644:
2635:
2626:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2567:
2558:
2549:
2540:
2531:
2522:
2514:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2491:
2489:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2448:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2416:, p. 52.
2415:
2410:
2403:
2398:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2343:
2334:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2314:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2294:
2285:
2276:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2256:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2227:
2220:
2214:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2194:
2188:, p. 24.
2187:
2182:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2162:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2142:
2140:
2123:
2117:
2108:
2099:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2074:
2058:
2052:
2043:
2034:
2025:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1991:
1989:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1948:
1939:
1930:
1928:
1918:
1909:
1900:
1891:
1882:
1880:
1870:
1861:
1852:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1831:
1815:
1806:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1782:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1758:
1749:
1740:
1731:
1722:
1713:
1704:
1697:
1691:
1681:
1677:
1669:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1639:Bomber Harris
1634:
1632:
1625:
1620:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1602:from 1998 to
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1552:Grand Officer
1549:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1459:Great Britain
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1440:Great Britain
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1417:Great Britain
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1220:Sebastian Cox
1216:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1168:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1081:bomber stream
1078:
1074:
1068:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
997:
996:William Timym
985:
976:
974:
970:
966:
962:
957:
955:
951:
947:
943:
942:air commodore
938:
935:
931:
927:
926:group captain
923:
918:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
794:
792:
784:
780:
776:
775:Sopwith Camel
772:
769:, flying the
768:
764:
760:
755:
753:
749:
746:, joined the
745:
741:
737:
732:
729:
725:
720:
718:
714:
710:
707:
703:
699:
690:
686:
682:
677:
663:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
631:
629:
624:
620:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
578:
576:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
430:
423:
416:
411:
408:
400:
396:
392:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
308:
304:
300:
297:
293:
290:
286:
282:
279:
275:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
213:
209:
206:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
182:
179:
173:
170:
159:
155:
151:
147:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:13 April 1892
114:
110:
107:Bomber Harris
106:
102:
98:
94:
87:
82:
77:
70:
63:
56:
45:
40:
37:
33:
26:
25:Arthur Harris
22:
4909:
4902:
4895:
4624:(Peenemünde)
4621:
4613:
4605:
4597:
4484:
4391:
4384:
4379:
4352:
4347:Jack Baldwin
4325:
4297:
4272:
4267:Roderic Hill
4244:
4233:
4227:
4220:John Slessor
4210:
4190:
4172:
4144:
4139:
4132:Roderic Hill
4119:
4114:
4092:
4009:
3991:
3984:
3964:
3954:
3936:
3928:
3903:
3882:
3855:
3832:
3813:
3794:
3778:
3756:
3736:
3719:
3697:
3678:
3668:
3645:
3623:
3602:
3578:
3559:
3539:
3516:
3492:
3472:Fallen Eagle
3471:
3450:
3427:
3408:
3386:. Retrieved
3376:
3364:. Retrieved
3360:the original
3350:
3341:
3335:
3316:
3310:
3302:the original
3297:
3287:
3275:. Retrieved
3271:the original
3261:
3252:
3243:
3231:. Retrieved
3219:
3209:
3197:. Retrieved
3187:
3178:
3166:. Retrieved
3157:
3146:
3137:
3128:
3116:. Retrieved
3112:
3103:
3091:. Retrieved
3087:
3063:. Retrieved
3059:
3050:
3040:
3032:
3023:
3014:
3003:
2994:
2985:
2976:
2964:. Retrieved
2950:
2939:
2930:
2919:
2896:
2873:
2850:
2829:
2793:
2784:
2775:
2764:
2743:
2734:
2722:. Retrieved
2715:the original
2701:
2692:
2669:
2663:
2652:
2643:
2634:
2625:
2600:
2575:
2566:
2557:
2548:
2539:
2530:
2521:
2497:
2476:
2467:
2456:
2447:
2435:. Retrieved
2431:the original
2421:
2409:
2397:
2385:. Retrieved
2380:
2371:
2360:
2351:
2342:
2333:
2322:
2313:
2302:
2293:
2284:
2275:
2264:
2255:
2244:
2235:
2226:
2218:
2213:
2202:
2193:
2181:
2170:
2161:
2150:
2126:. Retrieved
2116:
2107:
2098:
2073:
2061:. Retrieved
2051:
2042:
2033:
2024:
2013:
1976:
1967:
1956:
1947:
1938:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1890:
1869:
1860:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1818:Awarded 1945
1814:
1809:Awarded 1945
1805:
1790:
1781:
1766:
1757:
1748:
1739:
1730:
1721:
1712:
1703:
1690:
1680:
1652:
1638:
1635:
1628:
1585:
1570:
1551:
1532:
1510:
1506:
1491:
1482:South Africa
1477:
1473:
1454:
1435:
1431:
1412:
1408:
1373:
1371:
1367:River Thames
1356:
1344:
1327:
1324:
1297:
1294:Post-war era
1285:
1282:Albert Speer
1279:
1274:
1269:
1263:in southern
1236:
1228:Albert Speer
1212:
1196:
1173:
1127:
1112:Many senior
1111:
1106:
1093:
1069:
1065:London Blitz
1057:
1034:
1019:
1000:
958:
950:Trans-Jordan
939:
919:
896:
884:John Salmond
872:area bombing
868:
800:
756:
733:
724:Bloemfontein
721:
694:
634:
632:
615:
584:
572:
560:area bombing
521:
466:
445:
441:
437:
433:
409:
405:
277:Battles/wars
181:British Army
141:(1984-04-05)
139:5 April 1984
36:
4963:1984 deaths
4958:1892 births
4804:Pathfinders
4789:Firebombing
4300:No. 5 Group
4247:No. 4 Group
4184:R H Kershaw
3887:. Phoenix.
3233:20 December
3168:28 December
3000:"No. 39777"
2936:"No. 37414"
2916:"No. 37610"
2893:"No. 37347"
2870:"No. 37119"
2847:"No. 37125"
2822:Taylor 2004
2761:"No. 36915"
2649:"No. 36674"
2597:"No. 36401"
2572:"No. 36314"
2473:"No. 35958"
2453:"No. 35813"
2414:Harris 2005
2357:"No. 35586"
2319:"No. 35183"
2299:"No. 34893"
2261:"No. 34641"
2241:"No. 34414"
2199:"No. 33955"
2186:Harris 2005
2167:"No. 33290"
2147:"No. 33280"
2010:"No. 30989"
1973:"No. 29470"
1953:"No. 29399"
1842:(2014), in
1533:Grand Cross
1174:Before the
1022:Butt Report
1015:air marshal
1003:No. 5 Group
992: 1943
922:flying-boat
907:fox hunting
823:Mesopotamia
740:East Africa
683:parades in
659:Mashonaland
505:Mesopotamia
452:(AOC-in-C)
230:No. 4 Group
220:No. 5 Group
150:Oxfordshire
104:Nickname(s)
4927:Categories
4751:Grand Slam
4699:Technology
4685:Wellington
4665:Manchester
4590:Operations
4394:1953–1984
4359:1942–1945
4331:1940–1941
4304:1939–1940
4276:1938–1939
4251:1937–1938
4214:1934–1937
4151:1925–1927
4126:1922–1924
2966:13 January
2128:13 October
1771:Portuguese
763:home front
759:Brooklands
698:war effort
647:Manicaland
587:Cheltenham
581:Early life
157:Allegiance
125:Cheltenham
118:1892-04-13
96:Birth name
4711:H2S radar
4660:Lancaster
4614:Hurricane
4598:Bellicose
4581:The Hague
4571:Pforzheim
4561:Heilbronn
4514:Campaigns
4442:Overviews
4380:New title
4098:(acting)
3388:9 October
3366:9 October
3228:0362-4331
2678:cite book
2402:Hosea 8:7
1826:Citations
1648:John Thaw
1604:her death
1359:baronetcy
1352:Safmarine
1252:Pforzheim
1247:firestorm
1149:Heilbronn
1123:Nuremberg
1067:in 1940.
1053:total war
1035:In 1942,
946:Palestine
903:Camberley
811:RAF Digby
736:Cape Town
623:Rhodesian
607:Sherborne
540:Churchill
517:Palestine
348:(France)
262:(1918–19)
257:(1921–22)
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183:(1914–18)
152:, England
131:, England
4869:See also
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4670:Mosquito
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4633:Aircraft
4606:Chastise
4002:Archived
3881:(2009).
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3793:(2006).
3777:(1954).
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3666:(1946).
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3537:(2006).
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3162:Archived
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2387:4 August
2381:BBC News
2063:28 March
1696:Bismarck
1592:Rosemary
1388:AOC-in-C
1261:Tønsberg
1257:tactical
1138:Governor
987:Harris,
862:and the
787:rhodesia
685:Bulawayo
473:Rhodesia
467:Born in
343:(France)
338:(Brazil)
333:(Poland)
211:Commands
175:Service/
4772:Tactics
4746:Tallboy
4690:Whitley
4680:Ventura
4655:Hampden
4650:Halifax
4576:Dresden
4556:Hamburg
4478:Leaders
4386:Baronet
4239:In 1919
4140:Unknown
4115:Unknown
4069:of the
4065:in the
3045:, 1974.
1646:, with
1588:Anthony
1432:Officer
1340:peerage
1162:in 1945
1160:Dresden
1151:in 1945
1077:Cologne
575:baronet
196:1914–46
4721:"Oboe"
4616:(1944)
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1556:France
1537:Brazil
1484:) x 2
1394:Awards
1312:Brazil
1265:Norway
1207:Enigma
1192:Arnold
1188:Portal
1114:Allied
876:No. 58
858:, the
854:, the
827:Persia
717:bugler
689:bugler
643:Umtali
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552:German
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448:, was
446:Harris
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318:(USSR)
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1203:Ultra
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3368:2009
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3235:2020
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3201:2014
3170:2019
3120:2023
3095:2023
3067:2023
2968:2011
2726:2014
2684:link
2507:ISBN
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2130:2016
2065:2020
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