831:
764:
610:
1059:
686:
98:
2491:
82:
350:
236:
2448:
31:
718:
planners expected up to one third attrition in a conventional
European high-intensity war, and some aircraft were to be held back in reserve to ensure that if a conflict escalated to use of tactical nuclear weapons, there were sufficient aircraft surviving to deliver the squadron's full stockpile of eighteen nuclear weapons.
717:
weapons increased to eighteen to account for the greater capacity of the
Tornado, which could each carry two nuclear weapons, and the ratio of weapons to aircraft at full strength increased to 1.5 : 1. The apparent mismatch between aircraft numbers and WE.177 numbers is explained thus: RAF staff
815:
and II (AC) Squadron crews under the overall command of Wing
Commander Paddy Teakle (OC No. 31 Squadron at the time). His actions in command of the Squadron earned him the DSO. From Ali Al Salem Air Base, the squadron operated over Iraq during Operation Resonate South and
633:
flew their first
Phantom sortie on 20 July 1971. The squadron held their reformation parade at RAF Brüggen on 7 October 1971, with the occasion marked by a flypast of four Phantom FGR.2s. No. 31 Squadron were declared combat ready to
570:
received their
Squadron Standard, for 25 years of service, on 13 September 1956. Between 8 and 12 September 1958, No. 31 (Photographic Reconnaissance) Squadron participated in Royal Flush III, a reconnaissance competition between
760:. While all Tornado GR4s are capable of carrying the ALARM Anti Radiation Missile, only No. 31 Squadron and No. IX (Bomber) Squadrons specialise in the role. In this role they are known as "Pathfinder" squadrons.
791:. For the latter part of this operation the Squadron was temporarily based in Corsica. No. 31 Squadron was the last RAF Squadron to be based at RAF Brüggen in Germany, before returning to the UK to be based at
665:
strike aircraft, with the new OC Wg. Cdr. Terry Nash arriving at Brüggen on 12 January. The squadron's Jaguar GR.1s were declared operational on 30 June 1976, with the
Phantoms being given to both
888:
On 10 July 2018, to celebrate the RAF's 100th anniversary, nine
Tornado GR.4s from No. 31 Squadron and No. IX (B) Squadron participated in a flypast over London. On 13 November 2018, Tornado GR.4
881:, Afghanistan, for their (and the Tornado's) last Operation Herrick deployment – returning to Marham on 11 November 2014. No. 31 Squadron returned to RAF Akrotiri in February 2015 for their first
892:
was unveiled by the RAF in a special retirement scheme to mark 35 years of
Tornado operations. No. 31 Squadron was disbanded, along with No. IX (B) Squadron, on 14 March 2019 at RAF Marham.
916:(RPAS), which will be known as the Protector RG1 in RAF service. The first Protector was delivered to Waddington on 29 September 2023, with operational flying expected to start in 2025.
5828:
122:
5833:
725:(Gulf War 1). Under the overall command of Wing Commander Jeremy (Jerry) Witts, the composite squadron was principally comprised from No. 31 Squadron with elements of Nos.
713:
completed their conversion from the Jaguar on 1 November 1984. The squadron's assignment to SACEUR and its war role did not change, although the squadron's allocation of
1676:
5843:
432:
on 17, 20 and 24 May in which they lost three aircraft. In June 1919, the
Squadron's fleet was standardised with the replacement of the B.E.2s and HF.27s with the
1333:
Served most of his career as a Pilot (NCO Aircrew, later
Commissioned) on 31 Sqn (1939-1944). Later posted to 271 Sqn where he was posthumously awarded the
4733:
5853:
4693:
1543:
626:
4718:
2133:
2111:
2137:
5351:
5331:
5278:
1482:
1323:
MA MBE RAF former Goldstar Pilot, later Assistant Chief of the Air Staff & Director-General of Joint Force Development, Strategic Command
4813:
4658:
5823:
4663:
962:
941:
849:
In September 2012, they participated in Exercise Shaheen Star, a series of exercises in the United Arab Emirates with the host nation's
4673:
2497:
2174:
1364:
As part of the celebrations of its 100th birthday, a No. 31 Squadron memorial was unveiled at the National Arboretum in October 2015.
1326:
Air Cdre Paddy Teakle DSO OBE RAF, former Goldstars Navigator and OC, Commander of the Ali Al Salem Combat Air Wing during Gulf War 2.
409:
when it provided an initial nucleus in September 1917. No. 31 Squadron would remain operating in India throughout the entirety of the
2311:
752:
The squadron's nuclear strike role at RAF Bruggen finished in 1994. On 1 January 1995, the squadron was declared operational in the
4778:
4713:
2480:
909:
5753:
5059:
4738:
2258:
523:, it flew missions between Calcutta and Rangoon dropping supplies for the XIVth Army. After World War II the squadron moved to
378:
35:
2285:
5848:
5321:
2384:
2041:
1602:
389:
in January and April 1916, before joining up with 'A' flight in Risalpur in May. In 1917, the Squadron sent a detachment to
2452:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
2395:
RAF Squadrons, a Comprehensive Record of the Movement and Equipment of all RAF Squadrons and their Antecedents since 1912
1760:
956:
499:, No. 31 Squadron remained stationed at the North-West Frontier. In April 1941, the Squadron started to be equipped with
484:
830:
5707:
5124:
5119:
2421:
1899:
2197:
763:
4853:
4818:
4763:
4708:
3617:
2402:
1435:
753:
673:. In December 1976, No. 31 Squadron was declared combat ready to SACEUR, with conventional weapons and eight British
609:
4858:
4833:
4793:
4758:
4683:
4643:
1383:
576:
572:
386:
187:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5326:
5316:
5296:
4773:
2151:
635:
479:
and the Bomber Transport Flight. After re-equipping with the Valentia, the Squadron carried out attacks against
5311:
5306:
5291:
5286:
4678:
4668:
1744:
878:
850:
772:
606:
when they deployed to RAF Laarbruch in 1967. No. 31 (PR) Squadron disbanded at RAF Laarbruch on 31 March 1971.
779:
During 1999, the squadron re-equipped with the Tornado GR4. In the same year, No. 31 Squadron participated in
5150:
4848:
4808:
4768:
4723:
4688:
4648:
1347:
Flt Lt Ian 'Abbo' Abson RAF, former Goldstars Tornado Weapons System Operator (WSO), twice recipient of the
598:
of 4 ATAF for the high altitude part of the competition, with the RAF squadrons being awarded the trophy by
5129:
1348:
370:
354:
2362:
1295:
MRAF Sir Arthur 'Bomber' Harris GCB OBE AFC RAF, former Goldstars Pilot and OC, later CinC Bomber Command.
508:
4969:
4838:
4728:
2473:
1565:
999:
746:
333:
5683:
5222:
4868:
4798:
4572:
1313:
974:
780:
580:
2458:
5838:
5428:
1378:
563:
472:
1058:
5072:
5067:
4632:
2337:
1330:
1920:
721:
In 1991, No. 31 Squadron was the lead Squadron of the Dhahran Tornado GR1/GR1A detachment during
324:. No. 31 Squadron was disbanded on 14 March 2019 at RAF Marham and reformed on 11 October 2023 at
2436:
1456:
980:
913:
858:
111:
2079:
1736:
1730:
1704:
685:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5263:
5248:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4843:
4828:
4823:
4788:
4703:
2466:
947:
757:
595:
452:
425:
661:
No. 31 (Designate) Squadron was formed on 1 January 1976 in preparation for conversion to the
5232:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4803:
4783:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4698:
1427:
1420:
1398:
1344:
former Goldstars Pilot, separately famous as PoW during Gulf War 1 (while serving on XV Sqn).
788:
516:
30:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5405:
5400:
5384:
5379:
5301:
5268:
5258:
5253:
5227:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5145:
5049:
4613:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
1539:
1373:
812:
639:
476:
433:
402:
215:
8:
5374:
4602:
4596:
4590:
4584:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
1786:
1507:
Williams, Simon, ed. (6 November 2015). "Star attraction at 31 Squadron centenary bash".
742:
734:
730:
701:
No. 31 (Designate) Squadron was formed in September 1984, when the unit took delivery of
670:
666:
588:
362:
281:
97:
827:, accepting the weapon into RAF service at its home base, RAF Marham, on 7 April 2005.
2792:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2084:
925:
738:
726:
369:. The Squadron was initially composed of a single 'A' flight and was equipped with the
366:
50:
471:. In April 1939, No. 31 Squadron became a bomber-transport squadron when it inherited
2417:
2398:
2380:
2127:
2037:
1895:
1740:
1512:
1431:
1341:
1026:
843:
824:
603:
1478:
877:
in Iraq. However, they were shortly relieved in order for the squadron to deploy to
873:, with six Tornados after the UK government authorised reconnaissance missions over
5356:
4467:
1856:
1651:
1352:
1014:
882:
854:
722:
599:
554:. On 1 March 1955, No. 31 Squadron reverted to its previous identity, and moved to
528:
496:
5366:
2494:
2020:
1606:
1299:
1038:
1032:
968:
929:
817:
702:
512:
464:
456:
448:
410:
313:
285:
211:
133:
101:
2490:
2067:
1732:
The Royal Air Force - Volume 2: An Encyclopedia of the Inter-War Years 1930-1939
1351:(Cross of Military Valour with Bronze Star), while on exchange service with the
1309:
CB CBE RAF, former Goldstars Tornado Pilot, later Deputy Commander (Operations).
1334:
986:
901:
694:
662:
550:
took over the aircraft and role of the Metropolitan Communications Squadron at
468:
444:
regions as well as supporting the British Army in putting down any rebellions.
398:
394:
390:
325:
168:
143:
86:
81:
2098:
2056:
706:
622:
447:
In February 1931, the Squadron replaced their outdated Bristol F.2Bs with the
424:
The Squadron, along with No. 114 Squadron, took part in operations during the
305:
5817:
5578:
1978:
1516:
1098:
555:
524:
504:
460:
301:
4653:
1306:
905:
874:
866:
804:
559:
500:
480:
418:
414:
329:
297:
546:
At the end of 1947 it was again disbanded, but reformed in July 1948 when
2232:
838:
in a special scheme to mark No. 31 Squadron's disbandment, February 2019.
441:
382:
289:
214:. The badge was based on an unofficial emblem, the mullet indicating the
756:(SEAD) role equipped with the Air Launched Anti Radiation Missile ALARM
737:
Sqns together with a reconnaissance flight formed from elements of Nos.
385:, where they arrived on 26 December. 'B' and 'C' flights were formed at
2488:
1337:
for actions during Operation MARKET GARDEN dropping troops into Arnhem.
1020:
792:
655:
551:
437:
317:
658:, killing pilot Flt. Lt. Hugh Kennedy and WSO Sqn. Ldr. David Hodges.
429:
288:. The Squadron lays claim to being the first military unit to fly in
223:
207:
2286:"Tornado's final scheduled flight as Marham squadrons are disbanded"
218:
and the squadron's claim to being the first military unit to fly in
2110:
Andrew, Squadron Leader D. R., No. 31 Squadron RAF Bruggen (2000).
1320:
1269:
643:
638:(SACEUR) on 1 March 1972, with the unit shortly after deploying to
532:
374:
293:
2441:
617:
strike aircraft at the Queen's Silver Jubilee Review in July 1977.
428:
between May and August 1919. No. 31 Squadron carried out raids on
123:
Intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance
2068:
Weapon overview @ www.nuclear-weapons.info/vw.htm#WE.177 Carriage
1005:
796:
535:
349:
321:
1388:
31 (Tower Hamlets) Squadron, Air Training Corps (RAF Air Cadets)
846:
in 2012 providing fast air support to ground troops in contact.
2447:
1281:
Dec 2014 | Wg Cdr James (Freebs) Freeborough OBE; later Gp Capt
870:
808:
714:
674:
406:
203:
2175:"UAE and UK to begin two weeks of sky-high military exercises"
1302:
MA CBE RAF former Goldstar Pilot, later Chief of the Air Staff
527:. In 1946, the Squadron was disbanded in Java and reformed at
235:
1259:
Sep 2000 | Wg Cdr Iain (Paddy) D Teakle DSO OBE; later A/Cdre
928:. Those marked with an asterisk (*) may be emblazoned on the
520:
219:
1979:"Accident McDonnell Douglas Phantom FGR2 XV440, 25 Jun 1973"
823:
No. 31 Squadron became the lead RAF Tornado GR4 unit on the
436:. For the next ten years, No. 31 Squadron helped police the
1202:
Feb 1958 | Wg Cdr P A Kennedy DSO, DFC, AFC; later Air Cdre
1063:
784:
621:
In June 1971, crew from No. 31 Squadron began to arrive at
592:
1426:(1 ed.). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p.
5829:
Aircraft squadrons of the Royal Air Force in World War II
1265:
Jan 2006 | Wg Cdr Dean (Deano) R Andrew OBE; later A/Cdre
1262:
May 2003 | Wg Cdr Alistair (Al) J Byford MA; later A/Cdre
357:, similar to what No. 31 Squadron flew from 1915 to 1920.
179:
Flt Lt, The Right Honourable, "Arris Arietis" Esq (Panda)
1284:
2016 | Wg Cdr Matthew (Matt) Bressani OBE; later Gp Capt
646:, for an Armament Practice Camp (APC). On 25 June 1973,
316:, initially from RAF Brüggen and after August 2001 from
1163:
Sep 1945 | Wg Cdr Brian R Macnamara DSO; later Air Cdre
745:
Squadrons. Wg. Cdr. Witts was subsequently awarded the
625:
to help prepare the squadron for its conversion to the
515:. Returning to India the squadron re-equipped with the
344:
292:, where it was based from 1915 to 1947. Throughout the
1621:
1583:
5834:
Transport units and formations of the Royal Air Force
2312:"RAF reconstitutes 31 Squadron as new Protector unit"
1106:
May 1924 | Sqn Ldr A A Walser MC, DFC; later Air Cdre
811:; an amalgamated Composite squadron of Nos. 31, 9,
2198:"RAF Tornados leave Afghanistan for the last time"
2036:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Aviation. p. 57.
1857:"RAMSTEIN ARMED FORCES DAY, WEST GERMANY, JUNE 12"
1419:
1349:Croix de la Valeur Militaire avec Etoile de Bronze
1278:Oct 2012 | Wg Cdr Richard Yates OBE; later Gp Capt
5844:Military units and formations established in 1915
1223:Aug 1974 | Wg Cdr T H Stonor; later AM Sir Thomas
1208:Dec 1962 | Wg Cdr P H L Scott AFC; later Air Cdre
895:
5815:
1709:Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation
1656:Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation
1275:Oct 2010 | Wg Cdr James (Jim) Mullholland MA BSc
1103:May 1922 | Sqn Ldr A C Maund CBE, DSO; later AVM
842:The squadron completed a tour of Afghanistan on
767:No. 31 Squadron aircrew scramble to Tornado GR4
1062:A Protector RG1 in No. 31 Squadron markings at
900:No. 31 Squadron reformed on 11 October 2023 at
2021:RAF nuclear front line Order-of-Battle 1977-78
1735:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Aviation. p.
1511:. No. 1382. Royal Air Force. p. 25.
1238:Nov 1984 | Wg Cdr Richard Bogg; later Air Cdre
1097:Jan 1921 | Sqn Ldr A T Harris AFC; later MRAF
16:Defunct flying squadron of the Royal Air Force
2474:
2377:A Goldstar Century: 31 Squadron RAF 1915-2015
2152:"Tornado squadron receive Afghanistan medals"
1497:
1250:Aug 1994 | Wg Cdr S L Parkinson; later A/Cdre
308:. Between September 1984 and March 2019, the
2132:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1502:
1500:
1217:Oct 1967 | Wg Cdr R J Offord; later Air Cdre
2099:RAF nuclear front line Order-of-Battle 1994
2057:RAF nuclear front line Order-of-Battle 1985
1355:, for Operations in Afghanistan and Libya.
1220:Jun 1971 | Wg Cdr J C Sprent; later Gp Capt
1070:will begin operating the Protector in 2024.
924:No. 31 Squadron has received the following
161:
2481:
2467:
2136:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2112:"Suppression of Enemy Air Defences (SEAD)"
1316:KBE RAF, former Goldstars QWI Jaguar Pilot
1244:Aug 1989 | Wg Cdr J J Witts; later Air Cdr
602:. No. 31 Squadron hosted 3º Stormo of the
467:squadron badge was officially approved by
5854:1915 establishments in the United Kingdom
2259:"Second special RAF Tornado GR4 revealed"
1787:"No. 31 Squadron (RAF): Second World War"
1247:Feb 1992 | Wg Cdr I S Hall; later Gp Capt
1145:Jun 1941 | Wg Cdr S E Ubee AFC; later AVM
680:
2411:
2309:
2233:"RAF centenary: Thousands watch flypast"
2078:
1627:
1589:
1506:
1057:
829:
762:
684:
608:
566:, becoming a photo reconnaissance unit.
397:, to fly reconnaissance flights against
348:
2392:
2283:
2204:. Ministry of Defence. 11 November 2014
2088:(Supplement). 28 June 1991. p. 16.
1915:
1913:
1911:
1699:
1697:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1184:Apr 1952 | Sqn Ldr C G StD Jeffries DFC
541:
483:(known as the Faqir of Ipi) during the
373:. No. 31 Squadron was soon deployed to
5816:
2416:, Barnsley: Pen & Sword Aviation,
2379:, Barnsley: Pen & Sword Aviation,
2363:"RAF airman receives top French medal"
2335:
2109:
2031:
1889:
1705:"No 31 Squadron Aircraft and Markings"
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1289:
1211:May 1965 | Wg Cdr R G Price; later AVM
1160:Feb 1945 | Wg Cdr R O Altmann DSO, DFC
1157:Jan 1944 | Wg Cdr W H Burbury DFC, AFC
1091:Aug 1919 | Flt Lt D H M Carbery MC DFC
1053:
171:for 'First into Indian skies')
2462:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1256:Feb 1998 | Wg Cdr Robert (Robbie) Low
503:and began flying support missions to
2374:
2310:Jennings, Gareth (12 October 2023).
2172:
1908:
1694:
1566:"No. 31 Squadron Royal Flying Corps"
1546:from the original on 17 October 2012
1523:
1485:from the original on 20 October 2012
1417:
1172:Nov 1946 | Wg Cdr J M Cooke DSO, DFC
935:
413:, flying the B.E.2c, B.E.2e and the
345:First World War and Inter-War period
2034:Tornado GR1: An Operational History
1728:
1677:"British Military Aviation in 1919"
1633:
1196:Jul 1957 | Sqn Ldr F H P Cattle AFC
1187:Nov 1952 | Sqn Ldr N Williamson DFC
1178:Jul 1948 | Wg Cdr A R Fane de Salis
1124:Nov 1934 | Sqn Ldr R M C Macfarlane
490:
455:forced the Squadron to relocate to
13:
5824:Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons
2397:, Shrewsbury: Airlife Publishing,
2173:Awad, Mustafa (7 September 2012).
1894:. Life Publications. p. 189.
1444:
1169:Sep 1946 | Wg Cdr R G F Drinkwater
459:. In June 1937, No. 31 Squadron's
365:on 11 October 1915 as part of the
14:
5865:
2437:31 Squadron RAF official Web Page
2430:
1605:. Royal Air Force. Archived from
1181:Mar 1950 | Wg Cdr R E Ridgway DSO
1151:Jun 1942 | Wg Cdr W H Burbury AFC
1148:Sep 1941 | Wg Cdr H P Jenkins DFC
1121:Feb 1934 | Sqn Ldr C J S Dearlove
1115:Apr 1926 | Sqn Ldr J F Gordon DFC
1112:Nov 1925 | Sqn Ldr J O Archer CBE
919:
754:Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
538:, at that time in British India.
519:. After the Japanese invasion of
2489:
2446:
2414:The Birth of the Royal Air Force
1384:Honourable Company of Air Pilots
1229:Jul 1978 | Wg Cdr R J Howard AFC
1193:Mar 1955 | Sqn Ldr J C Stead DFC
1142:Dec 1940 | Wg Cdr W T H Nicholls
1139:Apr 1939 | Wg Cdr G J L Read AFC
1133:Oct 1938 | Sqn Ldr F F Wicks DFC
1127:Oct 1935 | Sqn Ldr J L Airey DFC
1109:Jun 1924 | Sqn Ldr H S Powell MC
1076:11 Oct 1915 | Capt C Y MacDonald
234:
96:
80:
29:
2355:
2329:
2303:
2277:
2251:
2225:
2216:
2190:
2181:
2166:
2144:
2103:
2092:
2072:
2061:
2050:
2025:
2014:
2005:
1996:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1944:
1935:
1883:
1874:
1849:
1840:
1831:
1822:
1813:
1804:
1779:
1761:"Group Captain Dudley Burnside"
1753:
1722:
1669:
1367:
1199:Jan 1958 | Sqn Ldr L A Ferguson
1136:Nov 1938 | Sqn Ldr C Stephenson
1118:Mar 1931 | Sqn Ldr B Ankers DCM
1094:Jan 1920 | Sqn Ldr A L Neale MC
1079:27 Mar 1916 | Maj C R S Bradley
636:Supreme Allied Commander Europe
627:McDonnell Douglas Phantom FGR.2
564:English Electric Canberra PR.7s
495:For the first 18 months of the
296:, No. 31 Squadron was based in
2336:Mander, Simon (19 June 2013).
2284:Russell, Sam (14 March 2019).
1595:
1558:
1471:
1411:
1241:Nov 1986 | Wg Cdr P Dunlop AFC
1235:May 1983 | Wg Cdr J W A Bolton
1226:Jul 1976 | Wg Cdr T J Nash AFC
1190:Nov 1954 | Sqn Ldr R F V Ellis
1175:Sep 1947 | Wg Cdr C Fothergill
1166:Sep 1946 | Sqn Ldr D W S Evans
1130:Oct 1936 | Sqn Ldr A V Hammond
1085:Jul 1917 | Maj R G H Murray MC
896:Protector RG1 (2023 – present)
789:Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
401:. No. 31 Squadron helped form
361:No. 31 Squadron was formed at
1:
1890:Franks, Norman L. R. (1981).
1404:
1214:May 1967 | Wg Cdr R L Bennett
1205:Jun 1960 | Wg Cdr C T Dalziel
1154:May 1943 | Wg Cdr H A Olivier
1088:Dec 1918 | Maj E L Millar MBE
421:against dissident tribesmen.
371:Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2c
355:Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2c
334:General Atomics Protector RG1
188:General Atomics Protector RG1
5849:Royal Flying Corps squadrons
1570:The Wartime Memories Project
613:No. 31 Squadron Jaguar GR.1
7:
1767:. London. 29 September 2005
1392:
1359:
1253:Feb 1997 | Wg Cdr S Randles
1232:Dec 1980 | Wg Cdr P Edwards
914:remotely piloted air system
825:Brimstone anti-tank missile
799:, in August 2001. In 2003,
747:Distinguished Service Order
417:, primarily supporting the
112:Remotely Piloted Air System
10:
5870:
4578:during the First World War
1331:David "Lummie" Lord VC DFC
1082:May 1917 | Maj S Hutcheson
775:in Afghanistan, June 2013.
339:
5740:
5694:
5682:
5577:
5472:
5436:
5429:Royal Auxiliary Air Force
5427:
5393:
5365:
5277:
5241:
5215:
5138:
5112:
5081:
5058:
5042:
5033:
5018:
4968:
4867:
4631:
4612:
4576:units attached to the RAF
4571:
2785:
2504:
1892:First in the Indian Skies
1379:3 Regiment Army Air Corps
677:nuclear bombs from 1977.
654:when it crashed into the
242:
230:
198:
193:
183:
175:
157:
149:
139:
129:
118:
107:
92:
75:
42:
28:
23:
5579:Fleet Air Arm of the RAF
2032:Napier, Michael (2017).
1923:. Royal Air Force Museum
996:North Burma (1943–1944)*
749:(DSO) for his actions.
600:General Alfred Gruenther
596:Douglas RB-66 Destroyers
485:1939 Waziristan campaign
4573:Australian Flying Corps
2442:31 Squadron Association
1983:Aviation Safety Network
1422:A dictionary of mottoes
859:United States Air Force
803:formed the core of the
199:Squadron badge heraldry
163:In cælum indicum primus
2412:Philpott, Ian (2013),
2393:Jefford, C.G. (1988),
2114:. RAF Air Power Review
1729:Ian, Philpott (2006).
1681:Royal Air Force Museum
1099:Arthur 'Bomber' Harris
1071:
839:
776:
758:Anti Radiation Missile
698:
693:of No. 31 Squadron at
681:Tornado GR (1984–2019)
618:
509:1941 Iraqi coup d'état
453:1935 Quetta earthquake
426:Third Anglo-Afghan War
358:
162:
2338:"Second French Medal"
1540:"31 Squadron History"
1399:List of RAF squadrons
1061:
910:General Atomics MQ-9B
861:. On 12 August 2014,
833:
766:
703:Panavia Tornado GR.1s
688:
612:
352:
314:Panavia Tornado GR1/4
254:(Jul 1948 – Mar 1955)
249:(Apr 1939 – Sep 1939)
5025:personnel during the
2455:at Wikimedia Commons
2290:Easter Daily Express
1810:Jefford, 1988, p. 35
1374:HMS Iron Duke (F234)
908:, equipped with the
787:operations over the
640:Decimomannu Air Base
542:Cold War (1948–1984)
434:Bristol F.2B Fighter
332:, equipped with the
5473:Auxiliary Air Force
2453:No. 31 Squadron RAF
2222:Hall, 2015, p. 318.
2187:Hall, 2015, p. 317.
2011:Hall, 2015, p. 230.
2002:Hall, 2015, p. 231.
1968:Hall, 2015, p. 220.
1959:Hall, 2015, p. 218.
1950:Hall, 2015, p. 217.
1941:Hall, 2015, p. 217.
1880:Hall, 2015, p. 204.
1846:Hall, 2015, p. 204.
1837:Hall, 2015, p. 199.
1828:Hall, 2015, p. 197.
1819:Hall, 2015, p. 187.
1542:. Royal Air Force.
1481:. Royal Air Force.
1418:Pine, L.G. (1983).
1290:Notable 'Goldstars'
1272:MBE; later AM, ACAS
1054:Commanding Officers
963:North West Frontier
942:North West Frontier
807:Air Combat Wing in
663:SEPECAT Jaguar GR.1
591:for 2 ATAF against
517:Douglas Dakota Mk.I
379:North-West Frontier
264:(Jun 1976–Mar 2019)
24:No. 31 Squadron RAF
2375:Hall, Ian (2015),
2265:. 13 November 2018
2085:The London Gazette
1270:Ian (Windy) D Gale
1268:May 2008 | Wg Cdr
1072:
1011:Burma (1944–1945)*
953:Mahoud (1919–1920)
840:
781:Operation Engadine
777:
699:
619:
511:and the following
415:Henri Farman HF.27
367:Royal Flying Corps
359:
274:Number 31 Squadron
125:(ISTAR) and attack
5811:
5810:
5807:
5806:
5684:Volunteer Gliding
5573:
5572:
5423:
5422:
5418:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5209:
5208:
5125:321 (Netherlands)
5120:320 (Netherlands)
5014:
5013:
4970:Royal New Zealand
2451:Media related to
2386:978-1-78340-058-4
2043:978-1-47387-302-5
1459:. Royal Air Force
1050:
1049:
930:squadron standard
879:Kandahar Airfield
844:Operation Herrick
773:Kandahar Airfield
604:Italian Air Force
473:Vickers Valentias
268:
267:
259:(Jul 1948 – 1951)
5861:
5839:RAF Marham units
5692:
5691:
5434:
5433:
5213:
5212:
5040:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5031:
5030:
5027:Second World War
5023:non-Commonwealth
4869:Royal Australian
4629:
4628:
4625:Second World War
2505:currently active
2498:flying squadrons
2493:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2460:
2459:
2450:
2426:
2407:
2389:
2367:
2366:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2229:
2223:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2131:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2107:
2101:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2076:
2070:
2065:
2059:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2029:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1921:"No.31 Squadron"
1917:
1906:
1905:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1701:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1652:"No 31 Squadron"
1648:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1536:
1521:
1520:
1504:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1453:
1442:
1441:
1425:
1415:
1353:French Air Force
936:
883:Operation Shader
855:French Air Force
723:Operation Granby
529:PAF Base Masroor
497:Second World War
491:Second World War
477:No. 216 Squadron
403:No. 114 Squadron
238:
231:Squadron Roundel
165:
100:
85:
84:
33:
21:
20:
5869:
5868:
5864:
5863:
5862:
5860:
5859:
5858:
5814:
5813:
5812:
5803:
5736:
5685:
5678:
5581:
5569:
5468:
5437:Special Reserve
5419:
5410:
5389:
5361:
5273:
5237:
5205:
5134:
5108:
5077:
5054:
5026:
5024:
5022:
5020:
5010:
4971:
4964:
4870:
4863:
4634:
4624:
4622:
4621:attached to the
4620:
4619:air force units
4618:
4616:
4608:
4577:
4575:
4567:
2781:
2500:
2495:Royal Air Force
2487:
2433:
2424:
2405:
2387:
2371:
2370:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2346:
2344:
2334:
2330:
2320:
2318:
2308:
2304:
2294:
2292:
2282:
2278:
2268:
2266:
2263:Combat Aircraft
2257:
2256:
2252:
2242:
2240:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2207:
2205:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2125:
2124:
2117:
2115:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2093:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1985:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1919:
1918:
1909:
1902:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1865:
1863:
1861:milaviation.com
1855:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1795:
1793:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1770:
1768:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1703:
1702:
1695:
1685:
1683:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1658:
1650:
1649:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1574:
1572:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1549:
1547:
1538:
1537:
1524:
1505:
1498:
1488:
1486:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1460:
1455:
1454:
1445:
1438:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1395:
1370:
1362:
1292:
1287:
1056:
1051:
981:Egypt and Libya
922:
898:
818:Operation Telic
683:
671:No. 92 Squadron
667:No. 19 Squadron
589:No. 17 Squadron
587:flew alongside
581:Spangdahlem AFB
544:
513:Anglo-Iraqi War
493:
449:Westland Wapiti
411:First World War
347:
342:
286:Royal Air Force
271:
260:
255:
250:
166:
102:Royal Air Force
79:
71:
38:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5867:
5857:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5809:
5808:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5801:
5798:
5795:
5792:
5789:
5786:
5783:
5780:
5777:
5774:
5771:
5768:
5765:
5762:
5759:
5756:
5751:
5748:
5744:
5742:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5734:
5731:
5728:
5725:
5722:
5719:
5716:
5713:
5710:
5705:
5702:
5698:
5696:
5689:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5585:
5583:
5575:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5476:
5474:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5440:
5438:
5431:
5425:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5416:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5408:
5403:
5397:
5395:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5371:
5369:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5283:
5281:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5245:
5243:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5219:
5217:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5142:
5140:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5116:
5114:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5085:
5083:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5075:
5070:
5064:
5062:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5046:
5044:
5034:
5028:
5016:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4977:
4975:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4876:
4874:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4640:
4638:
4633:Royal Canadian
4626:
4623:RAF during the
4617:(Commonwealth)
4610:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4600:
4594:
4588:
4581:
4579:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2486:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2444:
2439:
2432:
2431:External links
2429:
2428:
2427:
2423:978-1781593332
2422:
2409:
2403:
2390:
2385:
2369:
2368:
2354:
2342:www.raf.mod.uk
2328:
2302:
2276:
2250:
2239:. 10 July 2018
2224:
2215:
2189:
2180:
2165:
2143:
2102:
2091:
2071:
2060:
2049:
2042:
2024:
2013:
2004:
1995:
1970:
1961:
1952:
1943:
1934:
1907:
1901:978-0950631417
1900:
1882:
1873:
1848:
1839:
1830:
1821:
1812:
1803:
1791:History of War
1778:
1752:
1745:
1721:
1693:
1668:
1632:
1630:, p. 400.
1620:
1603:"114 Squadron"
1594:
1592:, p. 276.
1582:
1557:
1522:
1496:
1470:
1443:
1436:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1369:
1366:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1345:
1338:
1335:Victoria Cross
1327:
1324:
1317:
1314:Chris N Harper
1310:
1307:Greg J Bagwell
1303:
1296:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1003:
997:
992:
991:
990:
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
951:
945:
934:
926:battle honours
921:
920:Battle honours
918:
902:RAF Waddington
897:
894:
697:, August 1986.
695:RAF Waddington
682:
679:
543:
540:
492:
489:
469:King George VI
457:RAF Drigh Road
399:Ottoman forces
346:
343:
341:
338:
326:RAF Waddington
300:, flying from
269:
266:
265:
244:
243:Squadron codes
240:
239:
232:
228:
227:
224:King George VI
222:. Approved by
202:In front of a
200:
196:
195:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
177:
173:
172:
159:
155:
154:
151:
147:
146:
144:RAF Waddington
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
120:
116:
115:
109:
105:
104:
94:
90:
89:
87:United Kingdom
77:
73:
72:
70:
69:
68:2023 – present
66:
63:
60:
57:
54:
46:
44:
40:
39:
36:Squadron badge
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5866:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5799:
5796:
5793:
5790:
5787:
5784:
5781:
5778:
5775:
5772:
5769:
5766:
5763:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5749:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5739:
5732:
5729:
5726:
5723:
5720:
5717:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5693:
5690:
5687:
5681:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5471:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5426:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5392:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5368:
5367:United States
5364:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5280:
5276:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5240:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5214:
5211:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5137:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5111:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5080:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5061:
5057:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5032:
5029:
5017:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4967:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4866:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4630:
4627:
4615:
4611:
4604:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4592:
4589:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4574:
4570:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2484:
2479:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2425:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2404:1-85310-053-6
2400:
2396:
2391:
2388:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2372:
2364:
2358:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2219:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2184:
2176:
2169:
2153:
2147:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2113:
2106:
2100:
2095:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2053:
2045:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2022:
2017:
2008:
1999:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1965:
1956:
1947:
1938:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1903:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1877:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1843:
1834:
1825:
1816:
1807:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1766:
1765:The Telegraph
1762:
1756:
1748:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1725:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1698:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1629:
1628:Philpott 2013
1624:
1609:on 3 May 2016
1608:
1604:
1598:
1591:
1590:Philpott 2013
1586:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1501:
1484:
1480:
1479:"31 Squadron"
1474:
1458:
1457:"31 SQUADRON"
1452:
1450:
1448:
1439:
1437:0-7100-9339-X
1433:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1414:
1410:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1365:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
994:
993:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
939:
938:
937:
933:
931:
927:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
893:
891:
886:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
863:the Goldstars
860:
856:
852:
847:
845:
837:
834:Tornado GR.4
832:
828:
826:
821:
819:
814:
810:
806:
802:
801:the Goldstars
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
774:
770:
765:
761:
759:
755:
750:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
719:
716:
712:
708:
704:
696:
692:
689:Tornado GR.1
687:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
659:
657:
653:
650:lost Phantom
649:
648:the Goldstars
645:
641:
637:
632:
631:The Goldstars
628:
624:
616:
611:
607:
605:
601:
597:
594:
590:
586:
585:The Goldstars
582:
578:
574:
569:
568:The Goldstars
565:
561:
557:
556:RAF Laarbruch
553:
549:
548:the Goldstars
539:
537:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
505:RAF Habbaniya
502:
501:Douglas DC-2s
498:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
461:laurel wreath
458:
454:
450:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
356:
351:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
312:operated the
311:
307:
303:
302:RAF Laarbruch
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
278:the Goldstars
275:
270:Military unit
263:
258:
253:
248:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
226:in June 1937.
225:
221:
217:
216:Star of India
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
192:
189:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
145:
142:
138:
135:
132:
128:
124:
121:
117:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
95:
91:
88:
83:
78:
74:
67:
64:
61:
58:
55:
52:
48:
47:
45:
41:
37:
32:
27:
22:
19:
5082:Czechoslovak
2641:
2413:
2394:
2376:
2357:
2345:. Retrieved
2341:
2331:
2319:. Retrieved
2315:
2305:
2293:. Retrieved
2289:
2279:
2267:. Retrieved
2262:
2253:
2241:. Retrieved
2236:
2227:
2218:
2206:. Retrieved
2201:
2192:
2183:
2168:
2156:. Retrieved
2146:
2116:. Retrieved
2105:
2094:
2083:
2074:
2063:
2052:
2033:
2027:
2016:
2007:
1998:
1986:. Retrieved
1982:
1973:
1964:
1955:
1946:
1937:
1925:. Retrieved
1891:
1885:
1876:
1864:. Retrieved
1860:
1851:
1842:
1833:
1824:
1815:
1806:
1794:. Retrieved
1790:
1781:
1769:. Retrieved
1764:
1755:
1731:
1724:
1712:. Retrieved
1708:
1684:. Retrieved
1680:
1671:
1659:. Retrieved
1655:
1623:
1611:. Retrieved
1607:the original
1597:
1585:
1573:. Retrieved
1569:
1560:
1548:. Retrieved
1508:
1487:. Retrieved
1473:
1461:. Retrieved
1421:
1413:
1368:Affiliations
1363:
1300:Mike Wigston
1067:
1066:, 2018. The
1044:
1002:(1943–1944)*
989:(1941–1942)*
983:(1941–1942)*
944:(1916–1918)*
923:
906:Lincolnshire
899:
889:
887:
885:deployment.
875:Mount Sinjar
867:RAF Akrotiri
865:deployed to
862:
848:
841:
835:
822:
805:Ali Al Salem
800:
778:
768:
751:
720:
710:
700:
690:
660:
651:
647:
630:
620:
614:
584:
567:
560:West Germany
547:
545:
494:
481:Mirzali Khan
451:Mk.IIa. The
446:
423:
419:British Army
360:
330:Lincolnshire
309:
298:West Germany
277:
273:
272:
261:
256:
251:
246:
140:Home station
130:Part of
18:
5582:(1924–1939)
5130:322 (Dutch)
5021:formed from
4605:(4 Sqn AFC)
4599:(3 Sqn AFC)
4593:(2 Sqn AFC)
4587:(1 Sqn AFC)
2080:"No. 52588"
1796:22 February
1771:22 February
1714:22 February
1686:22 February
1661:21 February
1613:22 February
1575:22 February
1550:22 February
1489:22 February
1463:21 February
1342:John Peters
1041:(2003–2011)
1029:(2001–2014)
1027:Afghanistan
959:(1919–1925)
950:(1919–1920)
948:Afghanistan
707:RAF Brüggen
623:RAF Brüggen
507:during the
442:Afghanistan
383:British Raj
363:Farnborough
306:RAF Brüggen
276:, known as
153:'Goldstars'
150:Nickname(s)
134:No. 1 Group
49:1915–1918 (
5818:Categories
4614:Article XV
2321:17 October
2158:17 October
2118:17 October
1746:1844153916
1405:References
957:Waziristan
793:RAF Marham
656:Wadden Sea
552:RAF Hendon
438:Waziristan
391:Khormaskar
318:RAF Marham
5686:Squadrons
5242:Norwegian
5043:Argentine
5019:squadrons
4972:Air Force
4871:Air Force
4635:Air Force
2347:12 August
2316:Janes.com
1517:0035-8614
1068:Goldstars
851:air force
733:, 17 and
711:Goldstars
430:Jalalabad
377:, on the
310:Goldstars
176:Mascot(s)
65:1971–2019
62:1948–1971
59:1946–1947
56:1918–1946
5394:Yugoslav
2786:inactive
2295:14 March
2237:BBC News
2154:. Gov.uk
2128:cite web
1544:Archived
1509:RAF News
1483:Archived
1393:See also
1360:Memorial
1321:Ian Gale
1298:ACM Sir
857:and the
644:Sardinia
533:Mauripur
375:Risalpur
294:Cold War
282:squadron
194:Insignia
184:Aircraft
158:Motto(s)
114:squadron
5695:current
5060:Belgian
4974:(RNZAF)
1340:Flt Lt
1329:Flt Lt
1312:AM Sir
1035:(2003)*
1023:(1999)*
1017:(1991)*
1008:(1944)*
1006:Manipur
971:(1941)*
797:Norfolk
739:II (AC)
536:Karachi
387:Gosport
381:in the
340:History
322:Norfolk
284:of the
280:, is a
76:Country
5741:former
5279:Polish
5139:French
4873:(RAAF)
4637:(RCAF)
2420:
2401:
2383:
2202:gov.uk
2040:
1898:
1743:
1515:
1434:
1045:
1021:Kosovo
1000:Arakan
977:(1941)
965:(1939)
871:Cyprus
853:, the
809:Kuwait
727:IX (B)
715:WE.177
709:. The
675:WE.177
577:4 ATAF
573:2 ATAF
465:mullet
407:Lahore
212:mullet
208:laurel
204:wreath
93:Branch
43:Active
5688:(VGS)
5216:Greek
5113:Dutch
2269:4 May
2243:4 May
2208:4 May
1988:4 May
1927:4 May
1866:4 May
987:Burma
975:Syria
890:ZD716
836:ZD716
769:ZA606
691:ZD811
652:XV440
615:XZ387
562:with
521:Burma
475:from
290:India
262:DA–DZ
220:India
169:Latin
2418:ISBN
2399:ISBN
2381:ISBN
2349:2017
2323:2023
2297:2019
2271:2020
2245:2020
2210:2020
2160:2023
2138:link
2134:link
2120:2023
2038:ISBN
1990:2020
1929:2020
1896:ISBN
1868:2020
1798:2019
1773:2019
1741:ISBN
1716:2019
1688:2019
1663:2019
1615:2019
1577:2019
1552:2019
1513:ISSN
1491:2019
1465:2019
1432:ISBN
1064:RIAT
1039:Iraq
1033:Iraq
1015:Gulf
969:Iraq
912:, a
785:NATO
741:and
669:and
593:USAF
575:and
525:Java
463:and
440:and
395:Aden
304:and
210:, a
119:Role
108:Type
5800:664
5797:663
5794:662
5791:643
5788:642
5785:636
5782:635
5779:634
5776:633
5773:625
5770:624
5767:623
5764:618
5761:617
5758:616
5754:614
5750:613
5747:612
5733:661
5730:645
5727:644
5724:637
5721:632
5718:631
5715:626
5712:622
5708:621
5704:615
5701:611
5674:825
5669:824
5664:823
5659:822
5654:821
5649:820
5644:814
5639:813
5634:812
5629:811
5624:810
5619:803
5614:802
5609:801
5604:800
5599:718
5594:715
5589:712
5565:622
5560:616
5555:615
5550:614
5545:613
5540:612
5535:611
5530:610
5525:609
5520:608
5515:607
5510:606
5505:605
5500:604
5495:603
5490:602
5485:601
5480:600
5464:504
5459:503
5454:502
5449:501
5444:500
5406:352
5401:351
5385:133
5380:121
5357:663
5352:318
5347:317
5342:316
5337:315
5332:309
5327:308
5322:307
5317:306
5312:305
5307:304
5302:303
5297:302
5292:301
5287:300
5269:334
5264:333
5259:332
5254:331
5249:330
5233:336
5228:335
5201:347
5196:346
5191:345
5186:344
5181:343
5176:342
5171:341
5166:340
5161:329
5156:328
5151:327
5146:326
5104:313
5099:312
5094:311
5089:310
5073:350
5068:349
5050:164
5006:490
5001:489
4996:488
4991:487
4986:486
4981:485
4960:467
4955:466
4950:464
4945:463
4940:462
4935:461
4930:460
4925:459
4920:458
4915:457
4910:456
4905:455
4900:454
4895:453
4890:452
4885:451
4880:450
4859:443
4854:442
4849:441
4844:440
4839:439
4834:438
4829:437
4824:436
4819:435
4814:434
4809:433
4804:432
4799:431
4794:430
4789:429
4784:428
4779:427
4774:426
4769:425
4764:424
4759:423
4754:422
4749:421
4744:420
4739:419
4734:418
4729:417
4724:416
4719:415
4714:414
4709:413
4704:412
4699:411
4694:410
4689:409
4684:408
4679:407
4674:406
4669:405
4664:404
4659:403
4654:402
4649:401
4644:400
4563:695
4558:692
4553:691
4548:684
4543:683
4538:682
4533:681
4528:680
4523:679
4518:673
4513:672
4508:671
4503:670
4498:669
4493:668
4488:667
4483:666
4478:665
4473:664
4468:663
4463:662
4458:661
4453:660
4448:659
4443:658
4438:657
4433:656
4428:655
4423:654
4418:653
4413:652
4408:651
4403:650
4398:644
4393:640
4388:639
4383:635
4378:631
4373:630
4368:629
4363:628
4358:627
4353:626
4348:625
4343:624
4338:623
4333:621
4328:620
4323:619
4318:618
4313:598
4308:597
4303:595
4298:587
4293:586
4288:582
4283:578
4278:577
4273:576
4268:575
4263:571
4258:570
4253:569
4248:567
4243:550
4238:549
4233:548
4228:547
4223:544
4218:543
4213:542
4208:541
4203:540
4198:539
4193:538
4188:537
4183:536
4178:535
4173:534
4168:533
4163:532
4158:531
4153:530
4148:529
4143:528
4138:527
4133:526
4128:525
4123:524
4118:521
4113:520
4108:519
4103:518
4098:517
4093:516
4088:515
4083:514
4078:513
4073:512
4068:511
4063:510
4058:361
4053:360
4048:358
4043:357
4038:356
4033:355
4028:354
4023:353
4018:299
4013:298
4008:297
4003:296
3998:295
3993:294
3988:293
3983:292
3978:291
3973:290
3968:289
3963:288
3958:287
3953:286
3948:285
3943:284
3938:283
3933:282
3928:281
3923:280
3918:279
3913:278
3908:277
3903:276
3898:275
3893:274
3888:273
3883:272
3878:271
3873:270
3868:269
3863:268
3858:267
3853:266
3848:265
3843:264
3838:263
3833:262
3828:261
3823:260
3818:259
3813:258
3808:257
3803:256
3798:255
3793:254
3788:253
3783:252
3778:251
3773:250
3768:249
3763:248
3758:247
3753:246
3748:245
3743:244
3738:243
3733:242
3728:241
3723:240
3718:239
3713:238
3708:237
3703:236
3698:235
3693:234
3688:233
3683:232
3678:231
3673:229
3668:228
3663:227
3658:226
3653:225
3648:224
3643:223
3638:222
3633:221
3628:220
3623:219
3618:218
3613:217
3608:215
3603:214
3598:213
3593:212
3588:211
3583:210
3578:209
3573:208
3568:205
3563:204
3558:203
3553:200
3548:199
3543:198
3538:197
3533:196
3528:195
3523:194
3518:193
3513:192
3508:191
3503:190
3498:189
3493:188
3488:187
3483:186
3478:185
3473:184
3468:183
3463:182
3458:181
3453:180
3448:179
3443:178
3438:177
3433:176
3428:175
3423:174
3418:173
3413:172
3408:171
3403:170
3398:169
3393:168
3388:167
3383:166
3378:165
3373:164
3368:163
3363:162
3358:161
3353:160
3348:159
3343:158
3338:157
3333:156
3328:155
3323:154
3318:153
3313:152
3308:151
3303:150
3298:149
3293:148
3288:147
3283:146
3278:145
3273:144
3268:143
3263:142
3258:141
3253:140
3248:139
3243:138
3238:137
3233:136
3228:135
3223:134
3218:133
3213:132
3208:131
3203:130
3198:129
3193:128
3188:127
3183:126
3178:125
3173:124
3168:123
3163:122
3158:121
3153:119
3148:118
3143:117
3138:116
3133:114
3128:113
3123:112
3118:111
3113:110
3108:109
3103:108
3098:107
3093:106
3088:105
3083:104
3078:103
3073:102
3068:100
2777:617
2772:230
2767:216
2762:207
2757:206
2752:202
2747:201
2742:120
2737:115
2732:101
1737:307
1319:AM
1305:AM
813:617
771:at
705:at
579:at
558:in
405:at
206:of
51:RFC
5820::
5375:71
5223:13
4603:71
4597:69
4591:68
4585:67
3063:98
3058:97
3053:96
3048:95
3043:94
3038:93
3033:91
3028:90
3023:89
3018:88
3013:87
3008:86
3003:85
2998:83
2993:82
2988:81
2983:79
2978:77
2973:76
2968:75
2963:74
2958:73
2953:71
2948:69
2943:68
2938:67
2933:66
2928:65
2923:64
2918:63
2913:62
2908:61
2903:59
2898:58
2893:55
2888:53
2883:52
2878:50
2873:49
2868:48
2863:47
2858:46
2853:44
2848:43
2843:40
2838:39
2833:38
2828:37
2823:36
2818:35
2813:34
2808:26
2803:21
2798:15
2727:99
2722:92
2717:84
2712:80
2707:78
2702:72
2697:70
2692:60
2687:57
2682:56
2677:54
2672:51
2667:45
2662:42
2657:41
2652:33
2647:32
2642:31
2637:30
2632:29
2627:28
2622:27
2617:25
2612:24
2607:23
2602:22
2597:20
2592:19
2587:18
2582:17
2577:16
2572:14
2567:13
2562:12
2557:11
2552:10
2340:.
2314:.
2288:.
2261:.
2235:.
2200:.
2130:}}
2126:{{
2082:.
1981:.
1910:^
1859:.
1789:.
1763:.
1739:.
1707:.
1696:^
1679:.
1654:.
1635:^
1568:.
1525:^
1499:^
1446:^
1430:.
1428:35
932:.
904:,
869:,
820:.
795:,
783:,
743:13
735:27
731:14
729:,
642:,
629:.
583:.
531:,
487:.
393:,
353:A
336:.
328:,
320:,
257:VS
252:CB
247:ZA
2793:5
2547:9
2542:8
2537:7
2532:6
2527:4
2522:3
2517:2
2512:1
2482:e
2475:t
2468:v
2408:.
2365:.
2351:.
2325:.
2299:.
2273:.
2247:.
2212:.
2177:.
2162:.
2140:)
2122:.
2046:.
1992:.
1931:.
1904:.
1870:.
1800:.
1775:.
1749:.
1718:.
1690:.
1665:.
1617:.
1579:.
1554:.
1519:.
1493:.
1467:.
1440:.
167:(
53:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
