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713:, commander of the pilots' unit, of his command. After protests, three official investigations and a formal complaint by Barth against StrauĂź, the former was reinstated in his position. Kammhuber was the only inspector of a branch of the German Armed Forces to achieve the rank of (full) General in this office, although actually designated as a Lieutenant General, because of his services to the development of the post-war Air Force. He retired shortly after the crash of a
634:
153:
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457:(RAF) bombers flying into Germany or France would have to cross the line at some point and the radar would direct a searchlight to illuminate the aircraft. Once this had happened, other manually controlled searchlights would also pick up the aeroplane and the night fighter would be directed to intercept the illuminated bomber. Demands by
482:, with a range of about 30 km (19 mi). Unlike the early-warning Freya radar, WĂĽrzburgs were accurate (and complex) tracking radars. One would be locked onto the night fighter as soon as it entered the cell. After the Freya picked up a target the second WĂĽrzburg would lock onto it, thereby allowing controllers in the
588:
cells and allowing them to attack on their own. This was not all that easy, given the capabilities of the current generation of radars, but newer systems being developed would greatly increase the detection range and angles. In this role the existing cells created as part of the original
Kammhuber
509:
Another tactic that proved effective was to send their own planes to
England while the raids were taking off or landing. Radio operators listening to the RAF bomber frequencies were able to recognize the start of a raid and the raiding force of about 30 night fighters would be sent over the RAF
353:
in 1916 and was promoted to Second
Lieutenant in 1917. He remained in Germany's post-war army, and in 1925 was promoted to First Lieutenant. Between October 1926 and September 1928, he received division-level leadership training. From 1 May to 30 September 1930, he was sent to the
529:", carefully positioned to fly down the middle of a cell. The Himmelbett centers were faced with hundreds of bombers, countering with only a few aircraft of their own. So successful was this tactic that the success rate of the night fighters dropped almost to zero.
435:
stations with overlapping coverage. The stations were layered three deep from
Denmark to the middle of France, each covering a zone about 32 km (20 mi) long (north-south) and 20 km (12 mi) wide (east-west). Each control centre was known as a
1500:
549:("tame boar"). In the former, day fighters would be sent up and look for the enemy aircraft from the light of flares dropped from light bombers, searchlights set to a wide beam or illuminating lower clouds, or the fires on the ground below. The
565:
bombers had dropped target marker flares over Berlin and most of the night fighter force was sent there. When it was realized what was really happening, most of these aircraft were too far away and too slow to intercept the raid. However, the
510:
airbases to shoot down the bombers as they took off or landed. By the beginning of
October the night intruder force had claimed a hundred kills but on October 13, Hitler ordered the force sent to the Mediterranean, despite their success.
1035:
Die
Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des
1040:
The Knight's Cross
Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal
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486:
center to get continual readings on the positions of both aircraft, controlling them to a visual interception. To aid in this, a number of the night fighters were fitted with a short-range
621:
in Norway (September–October 1944). In 1945 Kammhuber was re-appointed to command of the night fighters, at this point a largely ceremonial position considering the state of the
517:
sent aircraft one at a time to force the defenses to be spread as far apart as possible, meaning that any one aircraft would have to deal with little concentrated flak. The
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653:, Kammhuber was held by the United States, but he was released in April 1948 without charges being brought against him. He wrote a series of monographs for the
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661:. These were later collected into book form (listed under References). In 1953 he published a definitive work on what he learned during the war as
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967:
The
Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches
963:
Die Träger des
Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile
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409:. In July 1940 he was placed in command of coordinating flak, searchlight and radar units at Luftwaffe's General Staff. The result was the
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with a range of about 100 km (62 mi), a number of searchlights spread through the cell, and one primary and one backup
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forces were able to reach them, and about 30 planes entered the third and last wave of the stream and shot down 29 of the 40
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He organised the night fighting units into a chain known to the
British as the Kammhuber Line, which was a series of
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centers were only dealing with perhaps one or two planes at a time, making their job much easier. At the urging of
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envisioned freeing the night fighters (now equipped with radar for the final stages of the interception) from the
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At the same time Kammhuber continued to press for a new dedicated nightfighter design, eventually selecting the
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British intelligence soon discovered the nature of the Kammhuber Line and started studying ways to defeat it.
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415:(12th Air Corps), a new dedicated night-fighting command, created on 1 August 1940. He reached the rank of
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by British military intelligence allowed them to render it ineffective. Personal battles between him and
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525:, Bomber Command planned attacks against a target at a time, sending all of the bombers in a "
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8:
1501:
Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
420:
373:
Kammhuber returned to active duty in February 1939 and was assigned as chief-of-staff of
603:, and conflict arose between the two. As a result, in 1943 Kammhuber was transferred to
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in Norway, in command of a handful of outdated planes. After the reorganization of the
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Line would be used primarily for early warning and vectoring the planes to the stream.
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Kammhuber started looking for solutions, and the result was the two-prong concept of
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1086:
Militärische Aufbaugenerationen der Bundeswehr 1955 bis 1970. Ausgewählte Biografien
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673:
350:
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197:
1093:
Fighting the Bombers: The Luftwaffe's Struggle Against the Allied Bomber Offensive
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349:
Kammhuber was 18 and joined a Bavarian engineer battalion. He participated in the
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after seeing it demonstrated in 1942. However Milch had decided to cancel the
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device known as 'Spanner anlage' but these proved almost useless in practice.
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270:(August 19, 1896 – January 25, 1986) was a career officer who served in the
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665:. He later spent time in Argentina, helping to train the air force under
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s in Germany led to the recall of the searchlights to the major cities.
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1018:] (in German). Moosburg, Germany: NeunundzwanzigSechs Verlag.
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in 1956. Pike had previously served as an RAF night fighter pilot.
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Kammhuber created the night fighter defense system, the so-called
1088:, München, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag 2011, pp. 351–381.
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725:
82:
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871:
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1043:] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag.
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317:, led to his dismissal in 1943. After the war, he joined the
1506:
Grand Officers of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
682:, serving in that role between 1956 and 1962. Following the
663:
Problems in the Conduct of a Day and Night Defensive Air War
305:, but the detailed knowledge of the system provided to the
657:
on the conduct of the German defenses against the RAF and
1084:, in: Helmut R. Hammerich / Rudolf J. Schlaffer (eds.),
924:
886:. 2001. Retrieved March 27, 2010 from Encyclopedia.com:
870:. 2001. Retrieved March 27, 2010 from Encyclopedia.com:
829:, 2001; Retrieved March 27, 2010 from Encyclopedia.com:
557:(the British operation against the V-weapon centre), at
936:
835:
790:
Great Cross of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
362:. On his return, Kammhuber joined the staff of General
969:] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas.
1400:
397:. On 3 June 1940, he flew with the wing (possibly on
1016:
Günther Rall: My Flight Book—Recollections 1938–2004
825:
Dear, I. C. B. and M. R. D. Foot, "Kammhuber Line."
909:, published: 9 May 1962, accessed: 30 November 2010
807:
672:Josef Kammhuber returned to Germany and joined the
1012:Günther Rall: Mein Flugbuch—Erinnerungen 1938–2004
912:
1457:
1082:"Seines Wertes bewusst"! General Josef Kammhuber
882:Dear, I. C. B. and M. R. D. Foot. "Zahme Sau",
866:Dear, I. C. B. and M. R. D. Foot; "Wilde Sau."
724:Kammhuber died on January 25, 1986, aged 89 in
553:force scored their most notable success during
1062:. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 20. Oxford:
676:while it was being formed. He was promoted to
1283:
1091:Kammhuber, Joseph, and David C. Isby (eds.);
379:. On January 11, 1940, he was reprimanded by
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773:and commander of the 1. Nachtjagd-Division
345:, the son of a farmer. At the outbreak of
31:
401:). He was shot down and briefly became a
1486:History of telecommunications in Germany
1060:German Night Fighter Aces of World War 2
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632:
492:
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762:Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918
532:
426:
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1057:
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813:
778:Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
617:, he became commanding general of the
613:in Scandinavia and the dissolution of
39:Inspector of the West German Air Force
1271:
1201:27 November 1943 – 16 September 1944
1476:German Army personnel of World War I
1429:
1226:16 September 1944 – 10 October 1944
1002:
988:. Bristol, UK: Cerberus Publishing.
918:
884:The Oxford Companion to World War II
868:The Oxford Companion to World War II
857:, Agency Publishing, 1999, pp. 50-56
827:The Oxford Companion to World War II
792:with Star and Sash, (21 August 1962)
470:Slot Zeist, Kammhubers headquarters.
13:
1526:Telecommunications in World War II
1304:Inspectors of the German Air Force
1170:9 August 1941 – 15 September 1943
698:, Kammhuber and his superior, the
405:. Kammhuber was released upon the
14:
1542:
1496:Commanders of the Legion of Merit
746:, 4th class with Swords (Bavaria)
387:. He was then transferred to the
1521:People from Altötting (district)
1481:Generals of the German Air Force
1438:
1410:
1298:
1253:1 June 1957 – 30 September 1962
767:Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
684:1961 F-84 Thunderstreak incident
260:Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
190:
177:
151:
138:
125:
112:
1531:Military personnel from Bavaria
1491:Luftwaffe World War II generals
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717:formation on 19 June 1962 near
700:West German Minister of Defence
1511:Burials at Munich Waldfriedhof
876:
860:
855:Air Defense of the Third Reich
847:
819:
637:Meeting between Kammhuber and
1:
986:"The Lent Papers" Helmut Lent
899:STRAUSS-BEFEHL: Bier-Order 61
796:
688:Republic F-84F Thunderstreaks
391:where he became commander of
1139:26 March 1940 – 3 June 1940
801:
360:Lipetsk fighter-pilot school
337:Josef Kammhuber was born in
7:
888:http://www.encyclopedia.com
872:http://www.encyclopedia.com
831:http://www.encyclopedia.com
786:, Commander (2 August 1961)
578:bombers lost on that raid.
10:
1547:
1249:Inspector of the Air Force
1235:Eduard Ritter von Schleich
1219:Commanding General of the
984:Hinchliffe, Peter (2003).
628:
383:personally because of the
358:for pilot training at the
327:Inspector of the Air Force
282:and the post-World War II
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1095:, Greenhill Books, 2003.
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407:Armistice of 22 June 1940
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959:Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer
679:Inspekteur der Luftwaffe
655:US Department of Defense
651:capitulation in May 1945
505:photograph, France, 1942
366:, chief of staff of the
1033:Scherzer, Veit (2007).
750:Clasp to the Iron Cross
740:1914, 1st and 2nd class
686:, when two West German
370:prior to World War II.
1380:Aarne Kreuzinger-Janik
1058:Scutts, Jerry (1998).
646:
506:
474:Later versions of the
471:
453:assigned to the cell.
445:zone, consisting of a
321:, the armed forces of
1375:Klaus Peter Stieglitz
1148:Johann-Volkmar Fisser
1124:Johann-Volkmar Fisser
776:Grand Officer of the
758:In Gold with Diamonds
728:and is buried there.
694:airspace and flew to
636:
563:De Havilland Mosquito
497:Kammhuber (left) and
496:
469:
325:serving as the first
208:Years of service
98:Westfriedhof (Munich)
1516:Generals of Aviators
756:Pilot/Observer Badge
533:Technological battle
427:Defence of the Reich
419:by October 1941 and
272:Imperial German Army
1187:Hans-JĂĽrgen Stumpff
752:, 1st and 2nd class
570:being flown by the
561:on 17 August 1943.
423:on 1 January 1943.
421:General der Flieger
290:, he was the first
37:Josef Kammhuber as
1325:Johannes Steinhoff
1133:Kampfgeschwader 51
1080:Wolfgang Schmidt,
769:on 9 July 1941 as
704:Franz-Josef StrauĂź
647:
568:Focke-Wulf Fw 190s
543:("wild boar") and
515:RAF Bomber Command
507:
472:
315:Reich Air Ministry
313:, director of the
298:in the Luftwaffe.
63:Kingdom of Bavaria
1398:
1397:
1340:Friedrich Obleser
1266:
1265:
1256:Succeeded by
1229:Succeeded by
1204:Succeeded by
1173:Succeeded by
1165:XII. Fliegerkorps
1142:Succeeded by
1113:Military offices
1073:978-1-85532-696-5
1064:Osprey Publishing
1050:978-3-938845-17-2
1025:978-3-9807935-3-7
995:978-1-84145-105-3
976:978-3-7909-0284-6
853:Murawski, Morek;
443:(four-poster bed)
412:XII. Fliegerkorps
385:Mechelen Incident
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1258:Generalleutnant
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1155:Preceded by
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674:German Air Force
649:After Germany's
351:Battle of Verdun
284:German Air Force
198:German Air Force
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1430:sister projects
1427:at Knowledge's
1425:Josef Kammhuber
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1399:
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1370:Gerhard W. Back
1350:Horst Jungkurth
1345:Eberhard Eimler
1335:Gerhard Limberg
1320:Werner Panitzki
1315:Josef Kammhuber
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842:Hinchliffe 2003
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784:Legion of Merit
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711:Siegfried Barth
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555:Operation Hydra
535:
503:Nazi propaganda
480:WĂĽrzburg radars
455:Royal Air Force
429:
417:Generalleutnant
403:prisoner of war
399:Operation Paula
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307:Royal Air Force
268:Josef Kammhuber
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625:at that time.
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576:Avro Lancaster
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1162:Commander of
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1004:Rall, GĂĽnther
1001:
997:
991:
987:
982:
978:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
955:
944:
943:Scherzer 2007
939:
932:
927:
920:
915:
908:
907:
900:
895:
889:
885:
879:
873:
869:
863:
856:
850:
844:, p. 84.
843:
838:
832:
828:
822:
816:, p. 17.
815:
810:
806:
791:
788:
785:
782:
780:10 March 1958
779:
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690:strayed into
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583:
579:
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569:
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541:
530:
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527:bomber stream
524:
520:
516:
511:
504:
500:
495:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
468:
464:
462:
461:
460:BĂĽrgermeister
456:
452:
451:night fighter
448:
444:
441:
440:
434:
424:
422:
418:
414:
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408:
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400:
396:
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390:
389:Western Front
386:
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149:
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136:
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123:
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120:German Empire
110:
109:
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103:
99:
95:
91:
88:
84:
75:
71:
68:
67:German Empire
64:
60:
48:
44:
40:
34:
29:
22:
19:
1450:from Commons
1445:
1424:
1385:Karl MĂĽllner
1355:Jörg Kuebart
1330:GĂĽnther Rall
1314:
1247:
1242:
1232:Generalmajor
1231:
1220:
1218:
1196:Luftflotte 5
1194:
1192:
1183:
1164:
1161:
1144:
1131:
1129:
1120:
1106:
1092:
1085:
1081:
1059:
1039:
1034:
1015:
1011:
1008:Braatz, Kurt
985:
966:
962:
952:Bibliography
938:
926:
914:
904:
894:
883:
878:
867:
862:
854:
849:
837:
826:
821:
809:
771:Generalmajor
770:
723:
707:
677:
671:
662:
648:
618:
615:Luftflotte 5
614:
610:
606:Luftflotte 5
604:
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550:
544:
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536:
518:
512:
508:
483:
475:
473:
458:
437:
430:
411:
393:
381:Adolf Hitler
376:Luftflotte 2
374:
372:
364:Walter Wever
336:
323:West Germany
311:Erhard Milch
300:
288:World War II
280:Nazi Germany
267:
266:
247:World War II
235:Battles/wars
159:West Germany
146:Nazi Germany
87:West Germany
78:(1986-01-25)
18:
1471:1986 deaths
1466:1896 births
1135:"Edelweiss"
906:Der Spiegel
902:(in German)
814:Scutts 1998
715:Starfighter
706:, relieved
696:West Berlin
692:East German
643:Thomas Pike
639:Air Marshal
623:Third Reich
523:R. V. Jones
499:Helmut Lent
447:Freya radar
347:World War I
242:World War I
200:(Luftwaffe)
1460:Categories
1223:in Norway
797:References
738:Iron Cross
667:Juan PerĂłn
586:Himmelbett
559:PeenemĂĽnde
519:Himmelbett
484:Himmelbett
478:added two
476:Himmelbett
439:Himmelbett
319:Bundeswehr
105:Allegiance
52:1896-08-19
1417:Biography
1243:New title
1221:Luftwaffe
1206:disbanded
961:(2000) .
919:Rall 2007
802:Citations
719:Nörvenich
619:Luftwaffe
611:Luftwaffe
582:Zahme Sau
572:Wilde Sau
551:Wilde Sau
546:Zahme Sau
540:Wilde Sau
368:Luftwaffe
286:. During
276:Luftwaffe
217:1955–1962
214:1914–1945
185:Luftwaffe
1041:Archives
1006:(2007).
488:infrared
168:Service/
1010:(ed.).
629:Postwar
343:Bavaria
339:TĂĽĂźling
292:general
229:General
59:TĂĽĂźling
1403:Portal
1145:Oberst
1121:Oberst
1099:
1070:
1047:
1022:
992:
973:
732:Awards
726:Munich
333:Career
274:, the
256:Awards
195:
182:
170:branch
156:
143:
130:
117:
93:Buried
83:Munich
1447:Media
1038:[
1014:[
965:[
659:USAAF
501:in a
433:radar
394:KG 51
1214:none
1175:none
1157:none
1097:ISBN
1068:ISBN
1045:ISBN
1020:ISBN
990:ISBN
971:ISBN
641:Sir
356:USSR
225:Rank
73:Died
46:Born
669:..
601:Uhu
597:Uhu
294:of
278:of
1462::
1066:.
721:.
702:,
341:,
329:.
85:,
65:,
61:,
1433::
1405::
1291:e
1284:t
1277:v
1103:.
1076:.
1053:.
1028:.
998:.
979:.
54:)
50:(
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