Night fighter - Knowledge

770: 61: 925: 50: 70: 41: 612: 802:, but it was given such a low priority that the British had ample supplies of their own designs by the time it was ready for production. The first USAAF unit using the P-61 did not move to Britain until February 1944; operational use did not start until the summer, and was limited throughout the war. Colonel Winston Kratz, director of night-fighter training in the USAAF, considered the P-61 as adequate in its role, "It was a good night fighter. It did not have enough speed". 620: 552:, for homing-in on German night fighters. The British also experimented with mounting pilot-operated AI Mark 6 radar sets in single-seat fighters, and the Hurricane II C(NF), a dozen of which were produced in 1942, became the first radar-equipped, single-seat night fighter in the world. It served with 245 and 247 Squadrons briefly and unsuccessfully before being sent to India to 176 Squadron, with which it served until the end of 1943. A similarly radar-equipped 560: 305: 647:, Scotland, by a defecting Luftwaffe crew, allowed British radio engineers to develop jamming equipment to counter it. A race developed with the Germans attempting to introduce new sets and the British attempting to jam them. The early Lichtenstein B/C was replaced by the similar UHF-band Lichtenstein C-1, but when the German night fighter defected and landed in Scotland in April 1943, that radar was quickly jammed. The low 521:, which offered significantly higher performance than the pre-war Blenheims; it was the highest performance aircraft capable of carrying the bulky early aircraft interception radars used for night fighter operations, and quickly became invaluable as a night fighter. Over the next few months, more and more Beaufighters arrived and the success of the night fighters roughly doubled every month until May, when the 600:; with only one or two searchlights or radars available per "cell", the system was able to handle perhaps six interceptions per hour. By flying all of the bombers over a cell in a short period, the vast majority of the bombers flew right over them without ever having been plotted, let alone attacked. German success against the RAF plummeted, reaching a nadir on 30/31 May 1942, when the first 821:. The Japanese Navy had long screened new recruits for exceptional night vision, using the best on their ships and aircraft instead of developing new equipment for this role. VF(N)-75 was established as the first USN night fighter squadron on 10 April 1943. Six pilots with six aircraft were sent to the South Pacific on 1 August 1943. A Night Fighter Training Unit (NFTU) was established at 282:, most combatants had little capability of flying at night, and little need to do so. The only targets that could be attacked with any possibility of being hit in limited visibility would be cities, an unthinkable target at the time. The general assumption of a quick war meant no need existed for strategic attacks. 766:-equipped fighter was typically a complete surprise to the bomber crew, who would only realise that a fighter was close by when they came under fire. Particularly in the initial stage of operational use until early 1944, the sudden fire from below was often attributed to ground fire rather than a fighter. 1031:

was the Navy's all-weather fighter. The Phantom was developed as the Navy's first supersonic, all-weather, radar-equipped fighter armed with radar-guided missiles. However, compared to early air-superiority designs such as the F-100 or F-8, the massive Phantom, nevertheless, had enough raw power from

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to "paint" the target, allowing the fighters to attack them without on-board aids. The searchlights were later supplanted with short-range radars that tracked both the fighters and bombers, allowing ground operators to direct the fighters to their targets. By July 1940, this system was well developed

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During the immediate postwar era, the RAF launched studies into new fighter designs, but gave these projects relatively low priority. By the time of the Soviet bomb test, the night-fighter design was still strictly a paper project, and the existing Mosquito fleet was generally unable to successfully

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Other forces did not have the pressing need to move to the jet engine; Britain and the US were facing enemies with aircraft of even lower performance than their existing night fighters. However, the need for new designs was evident, and some low-level work started in the closing stages of the war,

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aircraft, having been selected for this role as its fuselage was sufficiently roomy to accommodate the additional crew member and radar apparatus; the first prototype system went into service in November 1939, long before the opening of major British operations. These early systems had significant

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and cash prizes totaling £3,500 put up by a number of individuals. This downing was not an isolated victory; five more German airships were similarly destroyed between October and December 1916, and caused the airship campaign to gradually be diminished over the next year with fewer raids mounted.

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was also introduced; this was originally developed by the company as a private venture and initially ordered by Egypt, instead the RAF took over the order to serve an interim measure between the retirement of the Mosquito night fighter and the Meteor night fighter's introduction. These types were

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as night fighters. Pilot José Falcó had equipped his fighter with a radio receiver for land-based guidance for interception. One of the I-15s configured for night operations, fitted with tracer and explosive .30 rounds, scored a daylight double victory against Bf 109s in the closing stages of the

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The promising implications of the test were not lost on planners, who reorganised radar efforts and gave them increased priority. This led to efforts to develop an operational unit for aircraft interception (AI). The size of these early AI radars required a large aircraft to lift them, and their

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were dedicated to daytime bombing over Germany and Axis allies, that statistically were much more effective. The British night-bombing raids showed a success rate of only one out of 100 targets successfully hit. At the urging of the British, who were looking to purchase US-made aircraft, US day

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aircraft that gradually took over the offensive. While their early daylight raids in May 1917 were able to easily evade the weak defenses of London, the strengthening of the home defence fighter force led to the Germans switching to night raids from 3 September 1917. To counter night attacks,

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in aircraft. The addition of greatly improved landing and navigation equipment combined with radar led to the use of the term all-weather fighter or all-weather fighter attack, depending on the aircraft capabilities. The use of the term night fighter gradually faded away as a result of these

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were considered unsafe for firing incendiary ammunition. Further modification led to the cockpit being moved rearwards. The modified aircraft were nicknamed the "Sopwith Comic". To provide suitable equipment for Home Defence squadrons in the north of the UK,

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so seriously upset aircraft design that the need for dedicated jet-powered night fighters became clear. Both the British and Germans spent some effort on the topic, but as the Germans were on the defensive, their work was given a much higher priority. The

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German aircraft interception radar efforts at this point were about two years behind the British. Unlike in Britain, where the major targets lay only a few minutes' flight time from the coast, targets in Germany after the occupation of France in 1940 were

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on night missions, but these tended to work only under very favourable circumstances and were not widely successful. The war would see the first aircraft ever that was explicitly designed from the outset to function as a night fighter, the

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adapted for night flying to shoot them down visually. This proved almost impossible to arrange in practice, and the Cat Eye fighters had little luck during the closing months of 1940. The Turbinlite squadrons were disbanded in early 1943.

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aircraft capable of performing rapid ascents and attaining an altitude of 45,000 feet. However, due to rapid advances in aircraft capabilities, the Javelin quickly became considered to be outdated and the type was retired during 1968. In

576:, which gave German air defenses long times to deal with intruding bombers. Instead of airborne radar, they relied on ground-based systems; the targets would first be picked up by radar assigned to a "cell", the radar would then direct a 178:

but would not see widespread use until WWII. The term would be supplanted by “all-weather fighter/interceptor” post-WWII, with advancements in various technologies permitting the use of such aircraft in virtually all conditions.

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bomb-aiming radar, operating at a higher 10 GHz frequency for both RAF Pathfinder Mosquitos and USAAF B-24 Liberators that premiered their use over Europe, deployed a bombing radar that could not be detected by the German

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Through this period, the RAF experimented with many other aircraft and interception methods in an effort to get a working night fighter force. One attempt to make up for the small number of working radars was to fit an AI to a

655:(stag's antlers) antennae that slowed their fighters as much as 25 mph, making them easy prey for British night fighters that had turned to the offensive role. The capture in July 1944 of a Ju 88G-1 night fighter of 688:, were equipped only with a direction finder and landing lights to allow them to return to base at night. For the fighter to find their targets, other aircraft, which were guided from the ground, would drop strings of 390:

could fly about twice as fast, at over twice the altitude, with much greater bomb loads. They flew fast enough that the time between detecting them and the bombers reaching their targets left little time to launch

913:. When the Soviet plans to build an atomic bomb became known in the west in 1948, this project was still long from being ready to produce even a prototype, and in March 1949, they started development of both the 1676:

Madison, Rodney. "Air Warfare, Strategic Bombing". The Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social and Military History, Volume 1, Spencer C. Tucker, ed. (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2005), pp. 45–46.

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was introduced operationally for the first time. Initially, these systems were unwieldy, and development of IR systems continued. Realizing that radar was a far more practical solution to the problem,

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aircraft (the infamous "Fokker Fodder") were modified into the first night fighters. After lack of success while using darts and small incendiary bombs to attack Zeppelins from above, ultimately a

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occurred among all of the major forces, but in practice, these proved almost unusable. The only such system to see any sort of widespread operational use was the Spanner Anlage system used on the

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invested almost all of their efforts in developing a night bomber force, with the Central Flying School responsible for one of the most important developments in the period by introducing "

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on 18 April 1942 to develop night fighting equipment and tactics. Aircraft selection was limited to single-engine, single-seat planes by the requirement to be capable of operating from

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fighters fitted with compact, microwave-band radar sets in wing-mounted pods. The specially trained night fighter and torpedo planes of Night Air Group 41 (NAG-41) began flying from

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training aircraft to allow instructors to accompany student pilots. USN carrier-launched fighter combat missions began in January 1944 with six-plane detachments of single-engined

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The war opened on 1 September 1939, and by this time, the RAF were well advanced with plans to build a radar – then called 'RDF' in Britain – equipped night-fighter fleet. The

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bomber it was expected to face. This led to rushed programs to introduce new, interim night-fighter designs; these efforts led to several night-fighter versions of ubiquitous

174:: fighters and interceptors designed primarily for use during the day or during good weather. The concept of the night fighter was developed and experimented with during the 758:

during World War II, with the first victories for the Luftwaffe and IJNAS each occurring in May 1943. This innovation allowed the night fighters to approach and attack

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to attack them, badly limiting the number of guns available. At night, or with limited visibility, these problems were compounded. The widespread conclusion was that "

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As the German effort wound down, the RAF's own bombing campaign was growing. The Mosquitos had little to do over the UK, so a number of squadrons were formed within

643:(mattress) antenna array. This late date, and slow introduction, combined with the capture of a Ju 88R-1 night fighter equipped with it in April 1943 when flown to 2948: 308:

Operational B.E.2c with RAF 1a engine, "V" undercarriage, streamlined cowling on sump, and cut-out in upper centre section to improve field of fire for gunner

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from below, where they were outside the bomber crew's field of view. Few bombers of that era carried defensive guns in the ventral position. An attack by a

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methods, rather than AI radar-controlled interception. Several Me 262 pilots were able to attain a high number of kills in the type such as Oberleutnant

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Nevertheless, some new technologies appeared to offer potential ways to improve night-fighting capability. During the 1930s, considerable development of

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could take on the role of night fighters, thus the class went into decline. Examples of these latter-day interceptor/night-fighters include the

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facilities in Cologne and Düsseldorf. Although defences had been set up, all of them proved woefully inadequate. As early as 1915, a number of

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The Mosquito increased German night-fighter losses to such an extent the Germans were said to have awarded two victories for shooting one down.

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Into the 1960s, night fighters still existed as a separate class of aircraft. However, as they continued to grow in capability, radar-equipped

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By early 1941, the first examples of a production-quality radar, AI Mk. IV, were beginning to arrive. This coincided with the arrival of the

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without loss, as the MiG-15s lacked radar to shoot down individual fighters, though they were effective against bomber formations at night.

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ended their bombing efforts. Although night bombing never ended, its intensity was greatly decreased, giving the RAF time to introduce the

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was also an interceptor with enhanced agility, but did not carry the Phoenix in preference to the role of an air-superiority fighter.

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or other systems for providing some sort of detection capability in low visibility. Many night fighters of the conflict also included

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in the mid-1930s. In September 1937, he gave a working demonstration of the concept when a test aircraft was able to detect three

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Things changed on 22 September and 8 October 1914, when the Royal Naval Air Service bombed the production line and hangars of the

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along with other operators. An advanced night-fighter design was eventually introduced to RAF service in 1956 in the form of the

817:. Urgency for the night-fighting role increased when Japanese aircraft successfully harassed naval forces on night raids in the 301:, was mounted at an angle of 45° to fire upwards, to attack the enemy from below. This technique proved to be very effective. 3299: 3236: 3193: 3100: 3059: 3044: 3019: 2990: 2922: 2839: 2801: 2785: 2770: 2733: 2677: 2616: 2489: 2367: 2193: 1835:

Cotton, Frederick Sidney and William Helmore. "An improved method and means for intercepting night flying hostile aircraft."

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as the preferred platform for aircraft interception radars, and in May 1939, the first experimental flight took place, on a

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In the Korean War, after the Starfire proved to be ineffective against the latest Soviet-supplied aircraft, Marine Corps

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In the meantime, aircraft performance had improved tremendously; compared to their First World War counterparts, modern

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active search radars, as were Focke-Wulf Fw 190 A-6/R11 aircraft: these served as radar-equipped night-fighters with

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K trainers were converted to night fighters by removing the front cockpit and mounting a Lewis gun on the top wing.

1020: 1064:, which on top of the heavy Phoenix, retained the Phantom's versatility and improved agility for dogfighting. The 3185:

Nightfighter Navigator: Recollections of Service in the RAF, Compiled from Flying Log Books and Personal Records.

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Both the Meteor and Vampire conversions were rapidly followed by a more capable night fighter in the form of the

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During the Second World War, night fighters were either purpose-built night fighter designs, or more commonly,

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in front of the bombers. In other cases, the burning cities below provided enough light to see their targets.

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also widely exported; Meteor night fighters were acquired by France, Syria, Egypt and Israel amongst others.

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mounted over the wings, as the flash from the Vickers tended to dazzle the pilot when they were fired, and

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Encyclopedia of U.S. Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems: Volume 1 Post-World War II Fighters 1945–1973

438:. These were often also fitted with a large IR searchlight to improve the amount of light being returned. 3628: 3498: 3439: 1049: 585:, and proved able to deal with the small raids by isolated bombers the RAF was carrying out at the time. 485: 3011: 1526: 1075:

have allowed even smaller modern fighters to have night-interception capability. In the US Air Force's

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for landing at night, as turning on the runway lights made runways into an easy target for opposing

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as a medium fighter-bomber. The need for close-in dogfighting spelled the end for the specialised

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in August 1944. NAG-41 achieved full night status on 1 October 1944 in time to participate in the

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complex controls required a multiperson crew to operate them. This naturally led to the use of

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After over a year of night Zeppelin raids, on the night of 2–3 September 1916, a BE2c flown by

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aircraft were intended to find the targets and illuminate them with the searchlight, allowing

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to mount it. This combination remained the premier night fighter until the end of the war.

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its twin J79 engines to prove adaptable as the preferred platform for tangling with agile

924: 8: 3392: 3029: 2933: 2104: 1464: 1390: 1384: 1347: 1076: 1061: 1028: 1024: 830: 518: 450: 351: 60: 16:"Night Fighters" redirects here. For the 1960 film also known as The Night Fighters, see 1632:

The Hellcat proved to be the best single-engined night fighter deployed in World War II.

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offensive armament fitment was the German name given to installations of upward-firing

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also used single-engined aircraft in the night-fighter role, starting in 1939 with the

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Odell, William C. (Winter 1989). "The Development of Night Fighters in World War II".

1577:"October 13th 1915... lifted his BE2c into the blackness to search for the intruder." 3526: 3493: 3382: 3357: 3295: 3262: 3247: 3232: 3189: 3165: 3150: 3135: 3120: 3096: 3070: 3055: 3040: 3015: 2986: 2954: 2937: 2918: 2897: 2882: 2867: 2850: 2835: 2820: 2797: 2781: 2766: 2729: 2711: 2692: 2673: 2642: 2627: 2612: 2597: 2582: 2567: 2552: 2530: 2515: 2500: 2485: 2330: 2285: 2174: 2147: 2075: 1186: 1180: 1154: 921:

as stop-gap measures. All of these fighters entered service during the early 1950s.

685: 597: 541: 526: 427: 323:, the first German airship to be shot down over Britain. This action won the pilot a 2564:

Secret Projects: British Fighters and Bombers 1935 -1950 (British Secret Projects 3)

790:. The only purpose-built night fighter design deployed during the war, the American 493:

practical problems, and while work was underway to correct these flaws, by the time

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to shoot them down. Higher altitude bombers also required extremely large and heavy

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Night Fighter: A First-hand Account of a P-61 Radar Observer in World War II China.

1352: 1245: 1240: 1217: 1199: 1009: 814: 795: 592:, the RAF changed their raid tactics to gather all of their bombers into a single " 510: 489: 396: 376: 245: 155: 151: 738: 3434: 3387: 3289: 2980: 2279: 1856: 1775: 1484: 1283: 1230: 973: 818: 419: 404: 279: 218: 175: 2863:

To Destroy a City: Strategic Bombing and its Human Consequences in World War II.

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emissions of RAF bombers – the April 1944 combat debut of the American-designed

3563: 3558: 3531: 3261:. New York: Barnes & Noble Publishing, Inc. and Parragon Publishing, 2006. 1479: 1362: 1318: 1313: 1235: 1159: 1149: 1057: 949: 660: 582: 553: 324: 316: 313: 163: 895:("stag's antlers") antennae; intercepts were generally or entirely made using 559: 265:

improvements making the vast majority of fighters capable of night operation.

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The Wild Winds, The History of Number 486 RNZAF Fighter Squadron with the RAF

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Rise from the East: The story of 247 (China British) Squadron Royal Air Force

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to replace the Mosquitos during the early 1950s. A similar conversion of the

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Queen of the Midnight Skies: The Story of America's Air Force Night Fighters

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night-identification light to enhance its night-interception capabilities.

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missiles for fleet defense against bombers. The Navy instead developed the

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radar detectors also were fitted with the low- to mid-VHF band FuG 217/218

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Postwar Military Aircraft: De Havilland, Vampire, Venom and Sea Vixen v. 5

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fighters over the skies of Vietnam, as well as replacing the US Air Force

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adapted or designed for effective use at night, during periods of adverse

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Night Fighters: An Unofficial History of the 415th Night Fighter Squadron

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opened in August 1940, the night fighter fleet was still in its infancy.

203: 171: 3183: 3095:(Osprey Aircraft of the Aces #20). Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1998. 905:, who claimed a total of 25 Mosquitos downed during nighttime missions. 2748:

Air Force Victory Credits: World War I, World War II, Korea and Vietnam

1336: 1277: 1005: 977: 969: 876: 867:. In several cases these USN aircraft were used on raids of their own. 782:

fighters were initially adapted to a night role, including the Douglas

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radar (AI Mk. II) was being fitted experimentally to a small number of

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Deny Them the Night Sky: A History of the 548th Night Fighter Squadron

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Instruments of Darkness: The History of Electronic Warfare, 1939–1945.

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A restored Bf 110G night fighter with the VHF-band SN-2 radar antennae

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systems were greatly miniaturised over time, allowing the addition of

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Fighter: The World's Finest Combat Aircraft – 1913 to the Present Day

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Wixley, Kenneth E. "Gloster Javelin: a production history, Part 2".

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Night Fighters: Luftwaffe and RAF Air Combat over Europe, 1939–1945.

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had already been accepted as a "day" dogfighter, while the subsonic

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handed the task of developing a radar suitable for aircraft use to

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day fighters were deployed in the night fighter role. The Camels'

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In 1942, the Germans first started deploying the initial B/C low

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With little money to spend on development, especially during the

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By 1918, only four Zeppelin raids against London were mounted.

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equipped with an SN-2 Lichtenstein set, flown by mistake into

596:". This meant that the ground-based portion of the system was 2953:

Washington, DC: Air Force History and Museums Program, 1997.

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Darkly Dangerous: The Northrop P-61 Black Widow Night Fighter

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Conquering the Night: Army Air Forces Night Fighters at War.

2896:. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1996. 2579:

Storms of Controversy: The Secret Avro Arrow Files Revealed.

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Coniglio, Serigio. "F-94 Starfire (Monopama Special File)."

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The Ju 88R-1 night fighter captured by the RAF in April 1943

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Conquering the Night: Army Air Forces Night Fighters at War

3134:(Modern Fighting Aircraft). New York: Prentice Hall, 1986. 3067:

Nightfighter: A Concise History of Nightfighting since 1914

2968:. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1966. 2832:

The Wizard War: British Scientific Intelligence, 1939–1945.

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bomber which also carried a searchlight in its nose. These

261: 3217:, June 1995, Vol. 23, No 6, Issue No. 266, pp. 10–24. 3203:, April 1995, Vol. 23, No 4, Issue No. 264, pp. 6–10. 702:"Z" radar receivers for homing in on the 3-gigahertz band 3244:

Military Aircraft of the Cold War (The Aviation Factfile)

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Chesham, UK: Steemrok Publishing Services, 1996. No ISBN.

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The World's First Turbojet Fighter - Messerschmitt Me 262

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An F3D from VC-4 DET44(N) landing at K-6 airbase in Korea

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Men of Power, The Lives of Rolls-Royce Chief Test Pilots

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War Planes of the First World War: Volume Two: Fighters

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War Planes of the First World War: Volume One: Fighters

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equipment. The Bf 109G series aircraft fitted with the

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de Havilland Mosquito: An Illustrated History Volume 2

3119:. Dunedin, New Zealand: Otago University Press, 1998. 3054:. London: Ballantine Books, 1998, First edition 1957. 2881:. Gdansk, Poland: AJ Press Monografie Lotnicze, 1994. 2343: 2307: 2181: 608:, losing only four aircraft to German night fighters. 2849:. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History, 1978. 2458: 2329:. Washington D.C.: Defense Dept (U.S.). p. 241. 23:

Fighter aircraft adapted or designed for use at night

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Williams, Ray. "Meteor Night Fighters: Part Three".

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Cooper, Ralph, Jean-Claude Cailliez and Gian Picco.

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Vought F4U-5N/F4U-5NL Corsair/Goodyear FG-1E Corsair

3220:Williams, Ray. "Meteor Night Fighters: Part Four". 3039:London: Greenhill Books, 2006, First edition 1978. 684:(wild boar). In this case, the fighters, typically 3206:Williams, Ray. "Meteor Night Fighters: Part Two". 3199:Williams, Ray. "Meteor Night Fighters: Part One". 3164:. Manchester, UK: Crécy Publishing Limited, 2006. 2936:: 422nd Night Fighter Squadron Association, 1982. 2765:Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2008. 2581:Toronto: Stoddart, third paperback edition, 1998. 1726:"The War in the Air: Bombers: Germany, Zeppelins." 3242:Winchester, Jim, ed. "Convair F-106 Delta Dart." 2982:The F-15 Eagle: Origins and Development 1964–1972 2710:. Cambridge, UK: Patrick Stephens Limited, 1981. 3645: 2834:New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1978. 2746:Haulman, Daniel L. and William C. Stancik, eds. 2724:Night Fighters: A Development and Combat History 2271: 556:was also developed, but no production followed. 3231:(Bomber War Trilogy 2). London: Phoenix, 2008. 2966:The Bristol Blenheim I (Aircraft in Profile 93) 2910:Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II 696:had G6N and similar models fitted with FuG 350 635:, and in extremely limited numbers, using a 32- 3229:Men of Air: The Doomed Youth of Bomber Command 3112:Rome, Georgia: Family of James R. Smith, 2004. 2594:Aviator Extraordinary: The Sidney Cotton Story 2383: 1743: 1480:Gloster/Armstrong-Whitworth Meteor NF 11/12/14 849:. Night fighter patrols effectively countered 126:night fighter, with centimetric radar in nose 3341: 2431: 2374: 2298: 2249: 1734: 1023:was offered to the US Navy; at the time, the 441:Immediately prior to the opening of the war, 3287: 3026:Pilot's Manual for Northrop P-61 Black Widow 2778:Handbook of Infrared Detection Technologies. 2322: 2136: 1048:for continental interception duties and the 3069:. Shepperton, Surrey, UK: Ian Allan, 1988. 2917:, Alabama: USAF Historical Division, 1982. 2566:. Leicester, UK: Midland Publishing, 2004. 2499:. Somerset, UK: Patrick Stevens Ltd, 1996. 2413: 2366:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFBeamont1985 ( 2350:Pilot's Notes, Lightning F Mk.1 and F Mk.1A 2146:. Leicester, UK: Midland Publishing, 2001. 1711: 1709: 1667:19 November 2005. Retrieved: 15 April 2011. 3348: 3334: 2985:(Today's Best Military Writing ed.). 2482:Postwar Military Aircraft: Gloster Javelin 2422: 2222: 2192:sfn error: no target: CITEREFJackson1987 ( 2045: 2043: 1113:Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2 Night fighter 170:. Such designs were in direct contrast to 2728:New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976. 2323:Converse III, Elliott V. (12 June 2012). 1881: 1879: 1877: 1731:22 August 2009. Retrieved: 13 April 2011. 825:, on 25 August 1943 using radar-equipped 544:and fitted with special systems, such as 190:adapted for the mission, often employing 88:NF.51 (J 33), during night operation 1954 3093:German Night Fighter Aces of World War 2 2780:Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier Science, 2002. 2592:Cotton, Sidney as told to Ralph Barker. 1706: 1083:was originally envisaged as inexpensive 923: 809:(USN) Project Affirm was established at 768: 678:models, which they later referred to as 618: 610: 558: 303: 3316:Luftwaffe Night Fighter Control methods 3006:Pape, Garry R. and Ronald C. Harrison. 2978: 2791: 2683: 2637:Dorr, Robert F. and Chris Bishop, eds. 2464: 2361: 2213: 2187: 2040: 1865: 1811: 1056:, which was armed only with long-range 936:shot down six aircraft, including five 3646: 3147:United States Navy Aircraft since 1911 3145:Swanborough, Gordon and Peter Bowers. 2663:German Aircraft of the First World War 2641:. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1996. 2326:Rearming for the Cold War 1945 -- 1960 2262: 2019: 2017: 1874: 331:Because of airships' limitations, the 3329: 2877:Ledwoch, Janusz and Adam Skupiewski. 2691:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 2277: 2067: 2023: 1522:North American F-82F/G/H Twin Mustang 1133: 989:developed its own night fighter, the 202:. Some experiments tested the use of 154:) is a largely historical term for a 2761:Heaton, Colin and Anne-Marie Lewis. 2380:Swanborough and Bowers 1976, p. 301. 2005: 1391:Grumman F6F-3E/F6F-3N/F6F-5N Hellcat 2626:James Lorimer & Company, 1997. 2123: 2014: 1453: 1118:Sopwith Camel "Comic" Night fighter 1019:During this transition period, the 479: 32:Night fighter / All-weather fighter 13: 3429:Airborne early warning and control 3281: 3246:. London: Grange Books plc, 2006. 3050:Rawnsley, C.F. and Robert Wright. 2973:The Bristol Beaufighter I & II 2611:. London: Crecy Publishers, 1999. 1769:"Los chatos noctumos" (in Spanish) 1490: 1475:de Havilland Venom NF 2/2A/3/51/54 1406:Vought F4U-2/F4U-4E/F4U-4N Corsair 1271: 1106: 909:including the US contract for the 756:Imperial Japanese Army Air Service 752:Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service 748:large, twin-engined night fighters 401:the bomber will always get through 370: 14: 3670: 3309: 2758:Historical Research Center, 1988. 2131:Aviation and Marine International 1903:Rawnsley and Wright 1998, p. 151. 1324: 1123:Sopwith 1½ Strutter Night fighter 993:, which entered service with the 777:Rather than nighttime raids, the 273: 166:conditions, or in otherwise poor 2776:Henini, Mohamed and M. Razeghi. 2529:. Leicester, UK; Aerofax, 1993. 2419:Dorr and Bishop 1996, pp. 48–49. 1966:Scutts and Weal 1998, pp. 46–47. 1948:Jones 1978, pp. Preface, p. 500. 1790:Henini and Razeghi 2002, p. 128. 1697: 1396:Lockheed P-38M "Night Lightning" 1373: 1021:McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II 788:Lockheed P-38M "Night Lightning" 68: 59: 48: 39: 2912:(Perennial Works in Sociology). 2866:New York: Da Capo Press, 2003. 2661:Gray, Peter and Owen Thetford. 2525:Blazer, Gerald and Mike Dario. 2473: 2455:Gunston and Spick 1983, p. 112. 2449: 2440: 2316: 2240: 2231: 2157: 2097: 2094:Blazer and Dorio 1993, pp. 1–3. 2088: 2061: 2052: 2049:Gunston 1976, pp. 112, 183–184. 1996: 1987: 1978: 1969: 1960: 1951: 1942: 1933: 1924: 1915: 1906: 1897: 1888: 1850:"1459 Flight and 538 Squadron." 1842: 1829: 1820: 1802: 1793: 1784: 1761: 1752: 1718: 1715:Gray and Thetford 1962, p. 130. 1626: 1598: 1589: 1358:de Havilland Mosquito NF series 1307: 1089:McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet 855:attacks timed to arrive during 811:Naval Air Station Quonset Point 3032:: Aviation Publications, 1977. 2514:. Ian Allan Publishing, 1999. 2304:Campagna 1998, pp. 66–67. 2278:Peden, Murray (1 April 2003). 1688: 1679: 1670: 1654: 1645: 1580: 1571: 1527:North American F-86D/K/L Sabre 1512:McDonnell F2H-2N/F2H-4 Banshee 1460:de Havilland Mosquito NF 36/38 1071:The reduced size and costs of 875:Even while the war raged, the 750:by the Luftwaffe and both the 694:Messerschmitt Bf 109G variants 337:began to introduce long-range 1: 3091:Scutts, Jerry and John Weal. 2672:. Los Angeles: Tomash, 1987. 2596:. Chatto & Windus, 1969. 2034:United States Naval Institute 1559: 1470:de Havilland Vampire NF 10/54 1465:de Havilland Sea Hornet NF 21 1170:Messerschmitt Bf 110D/F-4/G-4 2930:422nd Night Fighter Squadron 1975:Ledwoch and Skupiewski 1994 1639: 1607:was derived from the German 1066:McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle 486:Aircraft Interception Mk. II 416:Spanish Republican Air Force 7: 3288:Shulenberger, Eric (2005). 2928:McEwen, Charles McEwen Jr. 2796:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. 2551:. London: Macdonald, 1968. 2446:Spick 2000, pp. 72–74, 112. 2437:Gunston 1978, pp. 8, 10–15. 2105:"William F. Barns Archives" 1930:Sortehaug 1998, pp. 23, 30. 1542: 1436: 1220:CN Serie I, II, III "Falco" 1050:Republic F-105 Thunderchief 798:and then saw action in the 10: 3675: 3188:London: V.P. White, 2004. 3012:West Chester, Pennsylvania 2544:. London: Macdonald, 1965. 1502:Grumman F7F-1N/2N Tigercat 1343:Boulton Paul Defiant Mk II 1337:Douglas Havoc (Turbinlite) 1138: 1042:Convair F-102 Delta Dagger 1014:English Electric Lightning 915:North American F-86D Sabre 870: 268: 254:inertial navigation system 196:instrument landing systems 15: 3572: 3421: 3414: 3365: 2879:Messerschmitt Me.109 Cz.2 2294:– via Google Books. 1894:Thirsk 2006, pp. 124–127. 1862:Retrieved: 1 August 2011. 1826:Cotton 1969, pp. 205–211. 1781:Retrieved: 4 August 2013. 1662:"Alfred Comte 1895–1965." 1615:Music" (the German word " 1441: 1411: 1401:Northrop P-61 Black Widow 1099:, was ordered with a 0.6 823:Charlestown, Rhode Island 792:Northrop P-61 Black Widow 773:A wartime P-61A in flight 565:instrument landing system 227:instrument landing system 209:Northrop P-61 Black Widow 110:Northrop P-61 Black Widow 3149:. London: Putnam, 1976. 2979:Neufeld, Jacob (2007) . 2830:Jones, Reginald Victor. 2397:, Boeing, archived from 2228:Birtles 1999, pp. 75–76. 2068:Hecht, Heinrich (1990). 1774:28 December 2009 at the 1703:Knell 2003, pp. 109–111. 1651:Winchester 2006, p. 184. 1564: 1424:Morane-Saulnier M.S. 408 1241:Mitsubishi Ki-46-III KAI 1224: 1193: 1046:Convair F-106 Delta Dart 1010:Convair F-106 Delta Dart 995:Royal Canadian Air Force 968:, which served with the 938:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15s 891:high-VHF band radar and 794:was introduced first in 574:far from Allied airbases 434:Z night fighters of the 231:microwave landing system 100:Messerschmitt Bf 110 G-4 18:A Terrible Beauty (film) 3177:India's Night Guardians 2845:Knaack, Marcelle Size. 2708:Fighters of the Fifties 2665:. London: Putnam, 1961. 2639:Vietnam Air War Debrief 2313:Winchester 2006, p. 55. 2259:September 1984, p. 422. 2144:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 1860:Nightfighter navigator. 223:terrain-following radar 148:all-weather interceptor 2947:McFarland, Stephen L. 2915:Maxwell Air Force Base 2819:: Bomber Books, 1981. 2811:Johnsen, Frederick A. 2752:Maxwell Air Force Base 2527:Northrop F-89 Scorpion 2133:, Issue 34, June 1976. 2002:Heaton and Lewis 2008 1885:Hastings 1979, p. 240. 1749:Bruce 1965, pp. 35–36. 1532:Northrop F-89 Scorpion 1517:McDonnell F-101 Voodoo 1507:Lockheed F-94 Starfire 1363:Fairey Firefly NF Mk 5 1353:Bristol Blenheim Mk IF 966:de Havilland Sea Venom 934:Douglas F3D Skyknights 929: 919:Lockheed F-94 Starfire 911:Northrop F-89 Scorpion 774: 624: 616: 568: 317:William Leefe Robinson 309: 3080:Sargent, Frederic O. 2743:Michael Joseph, 1979. 2670:Radar in World War II 2609:Battle Under the Moon 2163:Buttler 2004, p. 193. 2058:Gunston 1976, p. 184. 1939:Robinson 1988, p. 68. 1808:Robinson 1988, p. 28. 1799:Robinson 1988, p. 34. 1758:Robinson 1988, p. 24. 1497:Douglas F3D Skyknight 1128:Supermarine Nighthawk 927: 827:Douglas SBD Dauntless 772: 631:-band version of the 622: 614: 567:indicator, built 1943 562: 535:de Havilland Mosquito 307: 299:incendiary ammunition 124:de Havilland Mosquito 112:night fighter with a 94:The nose of a German 3274:Aircraft Illustrated 2792:Jackson, R. (2006). 2428:Knaack 1974, p. 274. 2257:Aircraft Illustrated 2237:Gunston 1981, p. 56. 2219:Birtles 1999, p. 72. 2109:This Day in Aviation 1694:Gunston 1976, p. 27. 1685:Evans 1996, pp. 3–4. 1554:Interceptor aircraft 1368:Supermarine Spitfire 1301:Messerschmitt Me 210 1295:Messerschmitt Bf 110 1289:Messerschmitt Bf 109 1175:Messerschmitt Me 262 997:(RCAF) during 1952. 954:de Havilland Vampire 882:Messerschmitt Me 262 847:Battle of Leyte Gulf 676:Messerschmitt Bf 109 341:, starting with the 278:At the start of the 160:interceptor aircraft 3499:Electronic warfare 3294:. E. Shulenberger. 3065:Robinson, Anthony. 3030:Appleton, Wisconsin 2971:Moyes, Philip J.R. 2964:Moyes, Philip J.R. 2934:Birmingham, Alabama 2892:Marchant, David J. 2655:The Dragon Slayers. 2577:Campagna, Palmiro. 2497:Flying to the Limit 2484:. Ian Allan, 1999. 2391:"Phantom 'Phirsts'" 2246:Allward 1983, p. 6. 2178:April 1995, p. 6–7. 1993:Currie 1999, p. 11. 1740:Bruce 1968, p. 151. 1385:Bristol Beaufighter 1348:Bristol Beaufighter 1319:Yakovlev Yak-9M PVO 1236:Kawasaki Ki-45 KAIc 1212:Caproni-Vizzola F-5 1077:lightweight fighter 1062:Grumman F-14 Tomcat 1029:McDonnell F3H Demon 1025:Vought F-8 Crusader 831:Grumman F6F Hellcat 144:all-weather fighter 3440:Counter-insurgency 3182:White, E.G., OBE. 3086:Madison, Wisconsin 3014:: Schiffer, 1992. 2817:Tacoma, Washington 2668:Guerlac, Henry E. 2480:Allward, Maurice. 2111:. 21 February 2019 2011:Pape 1992, p. 208. 1984:Wilson 2008, p. 3. 1957:Price 2006, p. 67. 1855:2011-07-09 at the 1729:firstworldwar.com, 1665:earlyaviators.com, 1448:Avro Canada CF-100 1387:(British supplied) 962:de Havilland Venom 930: 835:Vought F4U Corsair 807:United States Navy 779:US Army Air Forces 775: 686:Focke-Wulf Fw 190s 633:Lichtenstein radar 625: 617: 569: 447:Robert Watson-Watt 428:infrared detectors 310: 297:loaded with novel 116:nose for its radar 96:Lichtenstein radar 86:de Havilland Venom 3641: 3640: 3637: 3636: 3494:Close air support 3358:military aircraft 3301:978-0-9767355-0-2 3257:Winchester, Jim. 3237:978-0-7538-2398-9 3222:Aeroplane Monthly 3215:Aeroplane Monthly 3208:Aeroplane Monthly 3201:Aeroplane Monthly 3194:978-1-871330-08-3 3115:Sortehaug, Paul. 3101:978-1-85532-696-5 3060:978-0-907579-67-0 3045:978-1-85367-616-1 3020:978-0-88740-415-3 2992:978-1-4299-1069-9 2923:978-0-405-12194-4 2907:Maurer, Maurer. 2840:978-0-698-10896-7 2803:978-1-84415-427-2 2786:978-1-85617-388-9 2771:978-1-59114-360-4 2734:978-0-7509-3410-7 2678:978-0-7503-0659-1 2617:978-0-85979-109-0 2495:Beamont, Roland. 2490:978-0-711-01323-0 2210:June 1995, p. 12. 2208:Aeroplane Monthly 2175:Aeroplane Monthly 1871:Moyes 1966, p. 5. 1837:GB Patent 574970, 1817:Moyes 1966, p. 6. 1314:Petlyakov Pe-3bis 1246:Mitsubishi Ki-109 1187:Focke-Wulf Fw 190 1181:Focke-Wulf Fw 189 1155:Focke-Wulf Ta 154 1150:Dornier Do 217J/N 815:aircraft carriers 602:1,000-bomber raid 588:At the urging of 542:No. 100 Group RAF 527:AI Mk. VIII radar 397:antiaircraft guns 360:synchronised guns 354:were replaced by 3666: 3654:Fighter aircraft 3502: 3419: 3418: 3401: 3350: 3343: 3336: 3327: 3326: 3305: 3175:Thomas, Andrew. 3088:: Sargent, 1946. 3003: 3001: 2999: 2860:Knell, Hermann. 2807: 2702: 2510:Birtles, Philp. 2468: 2462: 2456: 2453: 2447: 2444: 2438: 2435: 2429: 2426: 2420: 2417: 2411: 2409: 2408: 2406: 2387: 2381: 2378: 2372: 2371: 2364:, p. 51-52. 2359: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2340: 2320: 2314: 2311: 2305: 2302: 2296: 2295: 2281:Fall of an Arrow 2275: 2269: 2268:Dow 1997, p. 72. 2266: 2260: 2253: 2247: 2244: 2238: 2235: 2229: 2226: 2220: 2217: 2211: 2204: 2198: 2197: 2185: 2179: 2170: 2164: 2161: 2155: 2140: 2134: 2127: 2121: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2101: 2095: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2065: 2059: 2056: 2050: 2047: 2038: 2037: 2021: 2012: 2009: 2003: 2000: 1994: 1991: 1985: 1982: 1976: 1973: 1967: 1964: 1958: 1955: 1949: 1946: 1940: 1937: 1931: 1928: 1922: 1919: 1913: 1910: 1904: 1901: 1895: 1892: 1886: 1883: 1872: 1869: 1863: 1846: 1840: 1839:29 January 1946. 1833: 1827: 1824: 1818: 1815: 1809: 1806: 1800: 1797: 1791: 1788: 1782: 1767:Lázaro, Carlos. 1765: 1759: 1756: 1750: 1747: 1741: 1738: 1732: 1722: 1716: 1713: 1704: 1701: 1695: 1692: 1686: 1683: 1677: 1674: 1668: 1658: 1652: 1649: 1633: 1630: 1624: 1602: 1596: 1593: 1587: 1584: 1578: 1575: 1218:Reggiane Re.2001 1177:A-1a/U2, B-1a/U1 1165:Junkers Ju 88C/G 1134:Second World War 1095:variant for the 490:Bristol Blenheim 480:Second World War 464:in bad weather. 420:Polikarpov I-15s 377:Great Depression 334:Luftstreitkräfte 152:Second World War 142:(later known as 72: 63: 52: 43: 33: 3674: 3673: 3669: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3664: 3663: 3644: 3643: 3642: 3633: 3568: 3544:Maritime patrol 3517:Air superiority 3500: 3410: 3399: 3361: 3360:types and roles 3354: 3312: 3302: 3284: 3282:Further reading 3279: 3227:Wilson, Kevin. 3035:Price, Alfred. 2997: 2995: 2993: 2804: 2741:Bomber Command. 2739:Hastings, Max. 2721:Gunston, Bill. 2706:Gunston, Bill. 2699: 2562:Buttler, Tony. 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1636: 1631: 1627: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1545: 1493: 1485:Gloster Javelin 1456: 1444: 1439: 1414: 1376: 1327: 1310: 1274: 1272:Hungary/Romania 1266:Yokosuka P1Y1-S 1261:Yokosuka D4Y2-S 1256:Nakajima J1N1-S 1251:Nakajima C6N1-S 1231:Aichi S1A Denko 1227: 1196: 1141: 1136: 1109: 1107:First World War 974:Gloster Javelin 873: 819:Solomon Islands 529:working in the 482: 405:Royal Air Force 373: 371:Interwar period 280:First World War 276: 271: 219:radar altimeter 176:First World War 136: 135: 134: 133: 132: 75: 74: 73: 65: 64: 55: 54: 53: 45: 44: 35: 34: 31: 24: 21: 12: 11: 5: 3672: 3662: 3661: 3656: 3639: 3638: 3635: 3634: 3632: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3610: 3609: 3599: 3598: 3597: 3590:Reconnaissance 3587: 3582: 3576: 3574: 3570: 3569: 3567: 3566: 3564:Strike fighter 3561: 3559:Fighter-bomber 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3540: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3509: 3504: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3485: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3449: 3448: 3447: 3442: 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950:Gloster Meteor 944:intercept the 872: 869: 859:conditions at 843: (CVL-22) 736:The effective 661:RAF Woodbridge 583:Kammhuber Line 554:Hawker Typhoon 533:band, and the 481: 478: 372: 369: 325:Victoria Cross 275: 274:Early examples 272: 270: 267: 184:heavy fighters 164:meteorological 131: 130: 117: 103: 89: 78: 77: 76: 67: 66: 58: 57: 56: 47: 46: 38: 37: 36: 30: 29: 28: 27: 22: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3671: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3608: 3605: 3604: 3603: 3600: 3596: 3593: 3592: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3571: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3514: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3467:Medium bomber 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3454: 3453: 3450: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3437: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3426: 3424: 3420: 3417: 3413: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3396: 3394: 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2913: 2911: 2906: 2903: 2902:0-85130-244-0 2899: 2895: 2891: 2888: 2887:83-86208-02-3 2884: 2880: 2876: 2873: 2872:0-306-81169-3 2869: 2865: 2864: 2859: 2856: 2855:0-912799-59-5 2852: 2848: 2844: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2742: 2738: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2725: 2720: 2717: 2716:0-85059-463-4 2713: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2698:0-684-15753-5 2694: 2690: 2686: 2685:Gunston, Bill 2682: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2664: 2660: 2657: 2656: 2651: 2648: 2647:1-874023-78-6 2644: 2640: 2636: 2633: 2632:1-5502855-4-8 2629: 2625: 2621: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2603: 2602:0-7011-1334-0 2599: 2595: 2591: 2588: 2587:0-7737-5990-5 2584: 2580: 2576: 2573: 2572:1-85780-179-2 2569: 2565: 2561: 2558: 2557:0-356-01473-8 2554: 2550: 2546: 2543: 2539: 2536: 2535:0-942548-45-0 2532: 2528: 2524: 2521: 2520:0-71101-566-X 2517: 2513: 2509: 2506: 2505:1-85260-553-7 2502: 2498: 2494: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2478: 2467:, p. 49. 2466: 2461: 2452: 2443: 2434: 2425: 2416: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2386: 2377: 2369: 2363: 2358: 2351: 2346: 2338: 2336:9780160911323 2332: 2328: 2327: 2319: 2310: 2301: 2293: 2291:9781459717749 2287: 2283: 2282: 2274: 2265: 2258: 2252: 2243: 2234: 2225: 2216: 2209: 2203: 2195: 2189: 2184: 2177: 2176: 2169: 2160: 2153: 2152:1-85780-105-9 2149: 2145: 2139: 2132: 2126: 2110: 2106: 2100: 2091: 2083: 2081:9780887402340 2077: 2073: 2072: 2064: 2055: 2046: 2044: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2026:Naval History 2020: 2018: 2008: 1999: 1990: 1981: 1972: 1963: 1954: 1945: 1936: 1927: 1918: 1909: 1900: 1891: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1868: 1861: 1858: 1854: 1851: 1848:White, E. G. 1845: 1838: 1832: 1823: 1814: 1805: 1796: 1787: 1780: 1777: 1773: 1770: 1764: 1755: 1746: 1737: 1730: 1727: 1721: 1712: 1710: 1700: 1691: 1682: 1673: 1666: 1663: 1657: 1648: 1644: 1629: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1609:colloquialism 1606: 1605:Schräge Musik 1601: 1592: 1583: 1574: 1570: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1549:Heavy fighter 1547: 1546: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1491:United States 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1374:United States 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1331:Douglas Havoc 1329: 1328: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1275: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1079:program, the 1078: 1074: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 998: 996: 992: 991:CF-100 Canuck 988: 984: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 958: 955: 951: 947: 941: 939: 935: 926: 922: 920: 916: 912: 906: 904: 900: 899: 894: 890: 889: 883: 878: 868: 866: 862: 858: 854: 853: 848: 844: 842: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 803: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 780: 771: 767: 765: 764:Schräge Musik 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 740: 739:Schräge Musik 734: 732: 728: 724: 723: 718: 714: 709: 705: 701: 700: 695: 691: 687: 683: 682: 677: 673: 669: 664: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 621: 613: 609: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 586: 584: 579: 575: 566: 561: 557: 555: 551: 547: 543: 538: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 515: 512: 508: 504: 503:Douglas Havoc 498: 496: 491: 487: 477: 475: 474:Fairey Battle 471: 470:light bombers 465: 463: 459: 458:capital ships 456: 452: 451:'Taffy' Bowen 448: 444: 439: 437: 433: 432:Dornier Do 17 429: 424: 421: 417: 412: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 389: 384: 382: 378: 368: 366: 361: 357: 353: 349: 348:Sopwith Camel 344: 340: 339:heavy bombers 336: 335: 329: 326: 322: 318: 315: 306: 302: 300: 296: 292: 288: 283: 281: 266: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 238:weather radar 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 210: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 188:light bombers 185: 180: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 140:night fighter 129: 125: 121: 120:Bottom right: 118: 115: 111: 107: 104: 102:night fighter 101: 97: 93: 90: 87: 83: 80: 79: 71: 62: 51: 42: 26: 19: 3659:Night flying 3602:Surveillance 3580:Experimental 3536: 3462:Light bomber 3457:Heavy bomber 3290: 3273: 3258: 3243: 3228: 3221: 3214: 3207: 3200: 3184: 3176: 3161: 3146: 3131: 3116: 3108: 3106:Smith, J.R. 3092: 3081: 3066: 3051: 3036: 3025: 3007: 2996:. Retrieved 2981: 2972: 2965: 2949: 2929: 2909: 2893: 2878: 2862: 2846: 2831: 2812: 2793: 2777: 2762: 2747: 2740: 2723: 2707: 2688: 2669: 2662: 2654: 2638: 2623: 2622:Dow, James. 2608: 2593: 2578: 2563: 2548: 2547:Bruce, J.M. 2541: 2540:Bruce, J.M. 2526: 2511: 2496: 2481: 2474:Bibliography 2465:Neufeld 2007 2460: 2451: 2442: 2433: 2424: 2415: 2403:, retrieved 2399:the original 2394: 2385: 2376: 2357: 2349: 2345: 2325: 2318: 2309: 2300: 2280: 2273: 2264: 2256: 2251: 2242: 2233: 2224: 2215: 2207: 2202: 2188:Jackson 1987 2183: 2173: 2168: 2159: 2143: 2138: 2130: 2125: 2113:. Retrieved 2108: 2099: 2090: 2074:. Schiffer. 2070: 2063: 2054: 2029: 2025: 2007: 1998: 1989: 1980: 1971: 1962: 1953: 1944: 1935: 1926: 1921:Thomas 1996 1917: 1908: 1899: 1890: 1867: 1859: 1844: 1836: 1831: 1822: 1813: 1804: 1795: 1786: 1778: 1763: 1754: 1745: 1736: 1728: 1720: 1699: 1690: 1681: 1672: 1664: 1656: 1647: 1628: 1616: 1604: 1600: 1591: 1582: 1573: 1430:Potez 631 C3 1380:Douglas P-70 1308:Soviet Union 1070: 1018: 1002:interceptors 999: 959: 946:Tupolev Tu-4 942: 931: 907: 896: 893:Hirschgeweih 892: 887: 874: 850: 841:Independence 840: 804: 776: 763: 737: 735: 720: 716: 712: 697: 679: 665: 653:Hirschgeweih 652: 640: 626: 587: 570: 539: 522: 516: 499: 483: 466: 440: 425: 413: 411:" training. 409:blind flying 393:interceptors 385: 381:World War II 374: 352:Vickers guns 332: 330: 311: 284: 277: 213: 204:day fighters 181: 172:day fighters 147: 143: 139: 137: 119: 106:Bottom left: 105: 91: 81: 25: 3554:Interdictor 3522:Interceptor 3431:(AEW&C) 2754:, Alabama: 2405:27 November 2284:. Dundurn. 1418:Mureaux 114 1208:/CN "Leone" 1206:CANT Z.1018 1085:day fighter 987:Avro Canada 903:Kurt Welter 746:mounted in 672:Arado Ar 68 598:overwhelmed 578:searchlight 519:Beaufighter 403:", and the 319:downed the 244:receivers, 225:, improved 3648:Categories 3573:Non-combat 3549:Multi-role 3482:Pathfinder 3477:Penetrator 3393:Helicopter 3383:Fixed-wing 2652:Evans, J. 2624:The Arrow. 1560:References 1339:(US-built) 1333:(US-built) 1284:MÁVAG Héja 1278:FIAT CR.42 1200:Fiat CR.42 1006:Avro Arrow 978:delta wing 970:Royal Navy 877:jet engine 786:and later 744:autocannon 674:and early 590:R.V. Jones 563:Luftwaffe 511:Hurricanes 507:Turbinlite 455:Home Fleet 418:used some 356:Lewis guns 343:Gotha G.IV 168:visibility 98:-equipped 92:Top right: 3629:Transport 3527:Emergency 3472:Strategic 3398:Unmanned 2206:Williams 2172:Williams 1640:Citations 898:Wilde Sau 839:USS 681:Wilde Sau 668:Luftwaffe 604:attacked 546:Perfectos 531:microwave 523:Luftwaffe 495:the Blitz 462:North Sea 436:Luftwaffe 295:Lewis gun 200:intruders 108:American 82:Top left: 3507:Intruder 2998:22 April 2825:11043715 2687:(1978). 2036:: 33–35. 1853:Archived 1772:Archived 1543:See also 1437:Post-war 1202:CN Falco 1073:avionics 886:FuG 218 857:twilight 852:kamikaze 645:RAF Dyce 641:Matratze 639:element 365:Avro 504 287:Zeppelin 215:Avionics 84:Swedish 3624:Trainer 3619:Testbed 3585:Liaison 3512:Fighter 3489:Carrier 3445:Gunship 3406:Stealth 3378:Balloon 3373:Airship 3356:Modern 2255:Wixley 1280:"Falco" 1189:A-5/R11 1139:Germany 1091:in its 871:Postwar 800:Pacific 760:bombers 727:NJGr 10 606:Cologne 581:as the 550:Serrate 460:in the 388:bombers 314:Captain 269:History 235:Doppler 156:fighter 3614:Tanker 3532:Escort 3452:Bomber 3435:Attack 3422:Combat 3388:Glider 3298: 3265: 3250: 3235: 3192: 3168: 3153: 3138: 3123: 3099: 3073: 3058: 3043: 3018: 2989: 2957: 2940: 2921: 2900: 2885: 2870: 2853: 2838: 2823: 2800: 2784: 2769: 2732: 2714: 2695: 2676: 2645: 2630: 2615: 2600: 2585: 2570: 2555: 2533: 2518: 2503: 2488: 2333: 2288: 2150: 2115:14 May 2078: 1617:schräg 1442:Canada 1412:France 1303:Ca-1/N 1038:MiG-21 1034:MiG-17 1012:, and 983:Canada 888:Neptun 796:Europe 731:NJG 11 722:Neptun 690:flares 637:dipole 594:stream 291:B.E.2c 260:, and 128:radome 114:radome 3607:Scout 3595:Scout 3537:Night 3415:Roles 3400:(UAV) 3366:Types 2689:F-111 2032:(1). 1779:Adar. 1621:queer 1611:for " 1565:Notes 1225:Japan 1194:Italy 1093:CF-18 717:Naxos 713:Naxos 699:Naxos 657:NJG 2 443:radar 423:war. 321:SL 11 250:TACAN 242:LORAN 192:radar 150:post- 3501:(EW) 3296:ISBN 3263:ISBN 3248:ISBN 3233:ISBN 3190:ISBN 3166:ISBN 3151:ISBN 3136:ISBN 3132:B-1B 3121:ISBN 3097:ISBN 3071:ISBN 3056:ISBN 3041:ISBN 3016:ISBN 3000:2017 2987:ISBN 2955:ISBN 2938:ISBN 2919:ISBN 2898:ISBN 2883:ISBN 2868:ISBN 2851:ISBN 2836:ISBN 2821:OCLC 2798:ISBN 2782:ISBN 2767:ISBN 2756:USAF 2730:ISBN 2712:ISBN 2693:ISBN 2674:ISBN 2643:ISBN 2628:ISBN 2613:ISBN 2598:ISBN 2583:ISBN 2568:ISBN 2553:ISBN 2531:ISBN 2516:ISBN 2501:ISBN 2486:ISBN 2407:2012 2368:help 2331:ISBN 2286:ISBN 2194:help 2148:ISBN 2117:2019 2076:ISBN 1613:Jazz 1420:/CN2 1297:G-4d 1097:RCAF 1081:F-16 1044:and 1036:and 976:, a 917:and 865:dusk 861:dawn 833:and 805:The 784:P-70 754:and 729:and 666:The 548:and 414:The 262:GNSS 1426:/CN 1214:/CN 1183:A-1 1101:Mcd 863:or 708:H2X 704:H2S 649:VHF 629:UHF 258:GPS 246:GEE 186:or 158:or 146:or 3650:: 3084:. 3028:. 3010:. 2932:. 2815:. 2750:. 2393:, 2107:. 2042:^ 2028:. 2016:^ 1876:^ 1708:^ 1623:") 1432:/N 1016:. 1008:, 985:, 476:. 383:. 256:, 252:, 248:, 240:, 233:, 229:, 221:, 211:. 138:A 122:A 3349:e 3342:t 3335:v 3304:. 3269:. 3254:. 3239:. 3196:. 3172:. 3157:. 3142:. 3127:. 3103:. 3077:. 3062:. 3047:. 3022:. 3002:. 2961:. 2944:. 2925:. 2904:. 2889:. 2874:. 2857:. 2842:. 2827:. 2808:. 2806:. 2788:. 2773:. 2736:. 2726:. 2718:. 2703:. 2701:. 2680:. 2649:. 2634:. 2619:. 2604:. 2589:. 2574:. 2559:. 2537:. 2522:. 2507:. 2492:. 2410:. 2370:) 2339:. 2196:) 2154:. 2119:. 2084:. 2030:3 1291:F 20:.

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