Battle of Thiepval Ridge

175: 2204: 1265: 2574: 1729: 1150:'s intention to proceed with vigorous co-ordinated attacks by the Anglo-French armies, which became disjointed and declined in effectiveness during late September, at the same time as a revival occurred in the German defence. The British experimented with new techniques in gas warfare, machine-gun bombardment and tank–infantry co-operation. The German defenders on the Somme front struggled to withstand the preponderance of men and material fielded by the Anglo–French, despite reorganisation and substantial reinforcement of troops, artillery and aircraft from Verdun. September became the month most costly in casualties for the German armies on the Somme. 1379: 1865: 2687: 1467:, to the east of Thiepval, had become dangerously isolated, 350 yd (320 m) beyond any support trenches, connected only by a half-demolished trench. The losses incurred in its defence weakened the garrison in the area, for little corresponding gain. Beyond the south-west of Thiepval, the original German front position ran northwards to St Pierre Divion and the Ancre. The German garrisons were alerted that an attack was imminent on 22 September and German artillery began harassing fire on British trenches and supply dumps. The British assembly for the attack early on 26 September went undisturbed. 189: 146: 45: 2044: 1682: 160: 132: 1428: 2468:. The digging of British assembly trenches was seen before the attack, alerting the defenders and the first two waves of British infantry were shot down. A tank appeared from Authuille Wood leading a third wave, which collected survivors of the first two and came close to the German position, just as IR 180 companies on the south and west sides of the Thiepval defences, were attacked from behind by British bombers moving west. Some British troops reached 1346:

infantry to occupy were not bombarded sufficiently for destruction. Two changes were introduced into the artillery plan, gas shell was to be fired by 4 in (100 mm) mortars and the machine guns of both attacking corps, were arranged to fire overhead barrages into the gaps between the artillery barrage lines. The creeping barrage was to move at 100 yd (91 m) in three minutes, then at 100 yd (91 m) in two minutes, when

1187:, was less certain but did lay stress on the supports crossing the danger zone swiftly. Gough also used the evidence of a film of an attack on 18 September, to decide against infantry advancing in groups, because of their vulnerability to artillery and because German defences in the gaps between groups were unsuppressed, allowing them to cut off the forward infantry and stop the advance of supporting groups and troops on the flanks. 1256:

screen, which enabled supplies to be moved up and wounded to be brought down, with little German shelling. The division arranged a stratagem, whereby the assembly and Hindenburg trenches were to be left empty after the first waves had advanced and the reserve battalion held back, to avoid the German counter-barrage. As soon as the counter-barrage stopped the troops were to advance rapidly in small columns.

2121: 1846:

troops moved forward before zero hour to avoid the German artillery and two tanks advanced from Caterpillar Copse. The advance through Thiepval went slowly, being held up by machine-gun fire from the château ruins, until a tank came up and suppressed the German machine-guns, before ditching a short time later. The infantry lost the barrage but fought on through the village until by

2525:

and aircraft were brought from Verdun and XXXII Corps took over on the right of I Corps. The Sixth Army was to advance 3,000 yd (1.7 mi; 2.7 km) close to the line Moislains–Le Transloy. Foch intervened on 25 September, to ensure that I Corps and XXXII Corps attacked north to Sailly-Saillisel, with V Corps as right flank guard. The big attacks on the afternoons of

2553:, which began on 1 October. Apart from here and at Sailly-Saillisel in the French Sixth Army area, Bazentin ridge had been captured, giving ground observation of the upper Ancre river and the spurs and valleys on the north bank. The British made better use of their artillery, while German artillery ammunition consumption in September rose to 1311:) and II Corps, each with two divisions in the attack. Three stages were set for the advance, with halts of ten minutes and one hour before the final advance. The Canadian Corps was to provide a flank guard on the right, by taking the German trenches on the spur north-west of Courcelette, the right of II Corps was to take 2542:

German accounts of the battle conclude that the break-ins north-west of Courcelette and just east of Thiepval led to the defeat. Lack of reserves forced the 7th Division to retreat in the east and the success of the British 11th Division allowed Thiepval to be outflanked from the right, with the loss

2268:, to hold the 1,700 yd (1,600 m) of the trench that the regiment was responsible for but they managed to stop the Canadian advance all afternoon, except for the loss of 200 yd (180 m) of the trench near the Courcelette–Grandcourt road. After dark the 7th Division withdrew south to 1998:

attacked at noon with the 11th Division on the left and reached Hessian Trench in places, which were lost and then regained during German shelling and counter-attacks. In the II Corps area, the 11th Division attacked Stuff Redoubt and Hessian Trench to the right, most of which were captured and touch

2524:

Careful planning for the combined attack at Morval was necessary, due to the French Sixth Army advance diverging east and north-east. The new attack northwards to keep touch with the British, needed reinforcements of troops and artillery, which were taken from the Tenth Army further south. Artillery

1845:

Trench at dark and then tried to bomb forward. The 54th Brigade attacked on a narrow 300 yd (270 m) front, with one battalion going through the village, a company advancing along the original German front line, with the other two battalions in support and reserve following on. The advanced

1359:

on the left. Zero hour was set for the afternoon instead of dawn, because Maxse wanted only three hours of daylight for the consolidation on the final objective, so that most of the work would be done after dark, to avoid exposure to observed artillery fire. The Thiepval attack was to be followed by

1699:

The battalion on the left had been delayed; German bombers counter-attacked the flank and were repulsed. The left battalion had formed up in no man's land to escape the German counter-barrage but had a harder fight to reach their objectives, taking until mid-afternoon to reach the second objective,

1874:

After a German artillery bombardment on the 6th Brigade, 2nd Canadian Division all night and the morning of 27 September, patrols found that the Germans had withdrawn and the brigade advanced to the German practice trenches up Dyke Road, running north-east from Courcelette and occupied the rest of

1329:

Redoubt, which overlooked the slope down to St Pierre Divion. It was emphasised that the Germans were to be driven off the crest, to deny the Germans observation towards Albert and gain observation over the Ancre valley. The German front line west of Thiepval was to be captured during the advance.

1255:

and two battalions of infantry dug about 2,500 yd (1.4 mi; 2.3 km) of assembly and communication trenches and existing positions were also improved; supply dumps were prepared over four nights of digging. The road from Authuille to Thiepval was repaired and hidden behind a brushwood

2190:

Redoubt, the denial of air observation to the Germans became more important and eleven aircraft raided Lagnicourt aerodrome again, escorted by 11 Squadron and 60 Squadron. Many German aircraft were able to take off and attack the British aircraft as they returned, three German aircraft being shot

1182:

after the beginning of British attacks. Jacob considered that the supporting lines played little part in the success of the attack and merely added to casualties. Jacob also advocated afternoon attacks, since the six made by his corps had succeeded and the two dawn attacks had failed. The Reserve

2213:

The 7th Division near Courcelette had all three regiments forward, with a battalion each in the front, support and reserve lines. The front trenches next to the Albert–Bapaume road were lost quickly, while Infantry Regiment 72 (IR 72) in the centre held its ground and the right-hand regiment was

1345:

north of the Ancre, being used to fire on the German river crossings and trenches on the south bank from behind. II Corps artillery was to pay special attention the demoralisation of the German garrisons of the redoubts and Thiepval village, while certain German trenches intended for the British

1942:

On 28 September, a cavalry patrol moved forward on the right of the 6th Brigade, 2nd Canadian Division at dawn but was quickly stopped by machine-gun fire. The brigade dug in facing north-east beyond the German practice trenches and a battalion advanced north up Courcelette Trench, meeting much

2742:

After the Battle of Flers–Courcelette on 22 September, the Anglo-French armies tried to press their advantage with several smaller attacks in quick succession, rather than pause to regroup and give the German armies time to recover. Periodisation by historians has given discrete dates for the

2406:

Redoubt held on, helped by an accurate counter-barrage falling 150 yd (140 m) beyond. A British artillery battery which tried to unlimber 1,000 yd (910 m) to the south-west, was knocked out with machine-gun fire. After another bombardment, the British resumed the attack at

1141:

Thiepval Ridge was well fortified and the German defenders fought with great determination, while the British co-ordination of infantry and artillery declined after the first day, due to the confused nature of the fighting in the mazes of trenches, dugouts and shell-craters. The final British

1738:

West of the Canadian Corps, II Corps attacked with the 11th and 18th (Eastern) divisions. The 11th Division advanced with two brigades. The 34th Brigade on the right attacked with two battalions; a bombing party attacking Mouquet Farm just before zero and then guarding the dugout exits. Both

1645:

A preliminary operation to capture Mouquet Farm began on the evening of 24 September, when a company from the 11th Division reached the farm, before a German bombardment and a bombing attack covered by accurate machine-gun fire, forced the British back. The creeping barrage began prompt at

2696:

Because of the significance that the positions at Thiepval as a first-day objective, which was not captured until almost three months later, the high ground on the point of the Thiepval Spur was selected to be the location of the Anglo-French memorial to the "missing of the Somme". The

2249:

into a moonscape, while British aircraft machine-gunned the trench from 150 ft (46 m). A Canadian attack was repulsed and a second attempt at midnight was stopped with the help of reinforcements. The Canadians had pressed forward on both flanks and got round either side of

1990:

and patrols from the 49th (West Riding) Division occupied parts of the German front line, then met the troops on the left of the 54th Brigade. Grenade skirmishes occurred intermittently during the night and a battalion from the 55th Brigade took over the front of the 54th Brigade.

2020:

Trench, which by nightfall had taken the southern half of the redoubt. Canadian bombers assisted the capture of Hessian Trench and the division was relieved by the 25th Division overnight. A dawn counter-attack drove the 18th (Eastern) Division from the south and west sides of

1420:(Grandcourt Trench). The cellars under Thiepval Château had been extended into a complex of tunnels used as storehouses and shelters. A sunken road running up the middle of the village to the cemetery had been lined with dug-outs and in the original front-line to the west were 1242:

since August. Two divisional field artilleries were attached to the division and II Corps put a battery of 6 in (150 mm) howitzers and four tanks at the disposal of the divisional commander. On 21 September, the trenches south of Thiepval were taken over from the

1360:

an attack astride the Ancre River. Orders for the capture of more objectives and to gain ground at every opportunity, were issued on 28 September and were intended to combine with the Fourth Army attacks planned for early October, which became known as the

1947:

which failed. During the night, the four Canadian brigades engaged were relieved by the 4th and 8th brigades. In II Corps the 32nd Brigade took over on the right of the 11th Division, ready to take Stuff Redoubt and Hessian Trench at

1739:

battalions got to the German support trench (first objective) although one of the supporting battalions was caught by the German counter-barrage at the British front-line. The right-hand battalion became bogged down fighting through

1776:

The battle for Mouquet Farm continued; two attached tanks ditched nearby and the machine-guns from one tank were removed and the crew carried on as infantry. Reinforcements were sent forward (including a pioneer battalion) and at

2543:

of the village and most of the garrison, the British advancing 1,000–2,000 yd (910–1,830 m) on the 6,000 yd (3.4 mi; 5.5 km) front attacked. The British pushed on in the next few days towards Stuff and

1669:

the 6th Canadian Brigade advanced behind a creeping barrage with three battalions and two attached tanks, though a German counter-barrage kept the right-hand battalion in its trenches. Both tanks were lost early but the

2009:

Redoubt, which lasted all day; the ground gained could not be held and the battalion later relieved troops in the captured German front system. On 30 September, the 11th Division resumed the attack on Stuff Redoubt at

1818:

The 18th (Eastern) Division attacked with two battalions of the 53rd Brigade on the right from Nab Valley with a battalion following-on. The plan to avoid the German counter-barrage worked and the first objective, at

2070:

British troops were photographed in Hessian Trench and air observers were able to report the capture of Thiepval, save for the north-west corner. Artillery observers in aircraft and observation balloons reported

1350:

and the German front position had been crossed. Six of the eight tanks available were allotted to II Corps. Divisional reliefs were to be delayed to keep the attacking troops fresh, beginning on the night of

1985:

the south side of the redoubt had been captured and linked with the troops in Midway Line to the right, as the left gained touch with mixed groups from the 54th Brigade. The west of the redoubt was taken by

3532:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: 1700:

which was just short of the ridge crest, linking with the left brigade later. The left brigade advanced with two reinforced battalions, which received machine-gun fire from the left flank but reached

1445:

Infantry Regiment 180 (WIR 180) since 1914, which still contained many pre-war trained soldiers. The regiment had not been moved and was allowed to make its own arrangements, using Bapaume as a base.

1710:

the advance resumed towards Hessian Trench, which was taken easily. Touch was gained with the right brigade but contact with the 11th Division on the left was not gained. The Canadians bombed down

2066:

and Corps squadron air observers on contact patrol, watched the infantry advance behind the creeping barrage and enter Thiepval with two tanks, which prompted some German soldiers to run away. At

2220:(Fabeck Trench) in no man's land, which the British artillery planners had ignored, thinking that it was derelict. The Germans were quickly outflanked and the fifty survivors surrendered at 1674:

in the centre reached the German front line in ten minutes, while the left battalion was stopped by machine-gun fire from ahead and the left flank, except for a few troops on the right. At

2098:

dropped a hundred and thirty-five 20-pound bombs on trenches, artillery and billets as III Brigade bombed Lagnicourt aerodrome despite poor visibility and attacked German kite balloons,

2561:

in August but had less effect, much of the ammunition being used inefficiently on unobserved area bombardments, while defensive barrage fire was limited to three-minute periods; up to

1292:, directed the Reserve Army to attack towards Achiet le Grand and the Third Army to stand ready to attack at Gommecourt as a flank guard. Gough, ordered the attack for 26 September at 2701:

is dedicated to the men who were killed and whose bodies were never recovered, during the fighting in the vicinity from 1916 to 1918. The piers of the memorial bear the names of over

1323:

in the second stage of the advance and Stuff Redoubt at the final objective on the crest of the ridge. On the left the corps was to take Thiepval in the second stage and then reach

597: 2529:

September took little ground in the face of very heavy German artillery fire. Fayolle concluded that an extensive artillery preparation would be needed before resuming the attack.

5283: 1408:. The German front position on the south face of Thiepval was about 300 yd (270 m) in front of the village; about 1,000 yd (910 m) back was the second line, 5298: 2743:

Anglo-French battles but there were considerable overlaps and continuity of operations, until the weather and supply difficulties in mid-November ended the battle. The British

2411:

and were repulsed. Canadian troops advancing to the left began to threaten the left flank, as British troops got past on the right and then caused the survivors to withdraw to

2117:

bombs. Two German aircraft were shot down and four damaged for the loss of one British aircraft over Bapaume but the faster German machines were able to avoid contact at will.

5482: 2423:

was made the first line and ground still occupied in front of it was to be held by advanced posts. By early morning the new divisional front line had been established between

1414:("Stuff Trench" to the British and "Regina Trench" to the Canadians) about 1,000 yd (910 m) and another 1,000 yd (910 m) further back was the third line, 2375:, were overrun by British infantry, hardly any escaping. Dust and smoke from the artillery hung in the air during the afternoon and shrouded the British infantry advance to 2494:

a carrier pigeon arrived at the 26th Reserve Division headquarters, with a message that eighteen men were left in the I Battalion dug-out. The Thiepval garrison lost about

5920: 1875:

the first objective. The 1st Canadian Division was counter-attacked at Kenora Trench in the early hours and was forced back until an attack re-occupied the trench. Around

1691:

The 1st Canadian Division attacked with two brigades. The right brigade with two battalions advanced 400 yd (370 m) to Sudbury Trench and resumed the advance at

2234:

IR 72 had both flanks in the air, when reinforcements from the support battalion made a defensive flank along the sunken part of the Courcelette–Miraumont road, south of

1905:

The attack was postponed but one of the two battalions attacked and reached the south side of Stuff Redoubt. An hour later Hessian Trench to the west was captured and at

1879:

a German bombing attack nearly retook the trench, until repulsed at the last moment; later the Canadians withdrew to the support trench and then made a counter-attack at

1935:

in company with a 146th Brigade battalion of the 49th (West Riding) Division, in the original British front line west of Thiepval. All of Thiepval had been captured by

1716:

Trench and built a barricade, as machine-gun fire forced a slight withdrawal from the left part of Hessian Trench, a defensive flank being thrown back from Hessian to

1178:, advocated attacks by one line, to avoid supporting lines being caught in German counter-bombardments on the British front-line and no man's land, which usually fell 5380: 5017: 4841: 4181: 1968:

Trench to Midway Line, while an extra battalion attacked the redoubt and a battalion from the 54th Brigade attacked on the left, down to the original front line.

1952:

but the attack was delayed. A bombing attack into the rest of Stuff Redoubt gained ground but this was later abandoned. The 18th (Eastern) Division was to attack

5459: 5487: 3994: 360: 5675: 5402: 5094: 4052: 590: 5782: 2176:

pits and blew up nine ammunition stores. Few German aircraft appeared but two were shot down and two damaged, one of the aircraft being shot down by a new

2349:. The defence of IR 153 on the outskirts of Thiepval collapsed when three tanks appeared, proving to be immune to machine-gun fire and hand-grenades. All 5925: 5690: 5445: 2759:

Air observers could identify troops from 700 ft (210 m) and in good light could distinguish occupied trenches from 2,000 ft (610 m).

1999:

gained with the Canadians, while the attack on the redoubt failed. After battalion reliefs in the 18th (Eastern) Division, a bombing fight began around

1785:

surrendered, after being attacked with smoke bombs. The 33rd Brigade on the left attacked from Nab Valley with two battalions, reached Joseph Trench at

5685: 5375: 5326: 5241: 2668:. In the Battle of the Ancre Heights, which began on 1 October, the final objectives of the Battle of Thiepval were reached; on 14 October the rest of 1931:

Trench behind a Stokes mortar barrage. Unit reliefs were completed quickly in the 54th Brigade on the left and the attack through Thiepval resumed at

5915: 5529: 5910: 827: 583: 286: 1981:

Redoubt was approached and touch was gained on the right with the 11th Division. Troops later reached the south-west corner of the redoubt and by

1815:

Trench and Midway Line was mopped up by a reserve battalion which also reinforced Hessian Trench, repelling a German counter-attack on the right.

5370: 4728: 1839:

against slight resistance. The advance was stopped by German machine-gun fire after another 250 yd (230 m) and the troops fell back to

889: 564: 1678:

the objective was captured from Twenty Road, westwards to the east end of Miraumont Road and held against two counter-attacks during the night.

2184:

photographs were obtained and low reconnaissance observed the state of German trenches and wire. With the capture of Stuff Redoubt and most of

4159: 4221: 2698: 1629:

The preliminary bombardment began on 23 September in poor visibility and mist rose morning and evening for the next few days. II Corps fired

2450:

Redoubt and the old front line north-west to St Pierre Divion were held by Infantry Regiment 66. The support and reserve battalions were in

5430: 5360: 4999: 4211: 4122: 2435:, touch on the left being gained at the Grandcourt–Courcelette road with the right of the 7th Division and the right being extended to the 5454: 4345: 3799: 2718: 1899:

was stopped by machine-gun fire from Stuff Redoubt and Hessian Trench. The 32nd Brigade in reserve was ordered to continue the attack at

1401: 522: 165: 2132:

Next day British offensive patrols met numerous German formations in the morning, before heavy rain interrupted flying. Six aircraft of

1238:. Howell briefed the division on the local situation and recent experience which the unit commanders found helpful, having only been in 4022: 4352: 1285: 810: 1134:) in the west, which overlooked the German defences further north in the Ancre valley, the rising ground towards Beaumont-Hamel and 4004: 79: 5680: 3742: 5612: 5450: 5437: 5394: 5303: 5029: 4831: 4738: 4640: 4398: 4045: 1296:

to push the Germans off the high ground of the Thiepval Ridge, from Courcelette 6,000 yd (3.4 mi; 5.5 km) west to

5930: 5804: 5794: 5662: 1405: 1308: 2262:, (Hessian Trench) which fell when the front and support battalions of IR 26 were annihilated, few soldiers making it back to 5576: 5510: 5347: 5226: 4899: 3918: 3774: 3686: 3659: 3640: 3621: 3602: 3579: 3560: 3541: 3518: 3492: 3451: 3429: 3410: 3388: 3369: 1397: 2062:

made a number of low reconnaissance flights to observe the condition of the German wire and trenches before the attack. GHQ

5751: 5171: 3956: 1895:

Trench was occupied westwards to the junction with Midway Line and eastwards to link with the Canadians. An advance due at

1244: 279: 3681:. Foreign Military Studies. Translated by Zabecki, D. T.; Biedekarken, D. J. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky. 5522: 4846: 4474: 3979: 1172: 532: 468: 5736: 5721: 5011: 4413: 4171: 1943:

German machine-gun fire from Regina Trench. Two more attempts were made in the afternoon and another in the evening at

1915:

Redoubt to the north-west. The left brigade attacked eastwards during the morning, linked with the 34th Brigade and at

1809:

except for the 250 yd (230 m) on the right. Touch was gained on the left with the 18th (Eastern) Division at

223: 3713:. Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War. Ottawa: Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery. 675: 5596: 5290: 5106: 4378: 3849: 2444:

Infantry Regiment 180 (IR 180) of the 26th Reserve Division held Thiepval with part of Reserve Infantry Regiment 77;

628: 4776: 3814: 2203: 1919:

the rest of Hessian Trench was occupied. The 53rd Brigade on the right of the 18th (Eastern) Division consolidated

1671: 1044: 348: 1755:

Trench, while others sheltered to the west of the redoubt. The left battalion was caught by machine-gun fire from

5847: 5652: 5632: 5419: 5355: 5178: 5047: 3951: 3871: 3809: 2474:(Bulgar Trench) behind Thiepval, where the support companies managed to stop the British moving further west. In 746: 458: 414: 272: 4512: 5945: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5627: 5321: 3966: 3941: 3839: 2180:, flown by a pilot of 60 Squadron. Poor weather grounded most aircraft on 29 September but next day was clear, 1205: 2384:

The German defence on either side was outflanked, on the left Mouquet Farm was surrounded (and held out until

5622: 5617: 5581: 5515: 5407: 5253: 4836: 4688: 4226: 4154: 4085: 3854: 3824: 3819: 3614:

Landrecies to Cambrai: Case Studies of German Offensive and Defensive Operations on the Western Front 1914–17

2789: 2313:(Mouquet Trench) to the Thiepval–Pozières road, with a company in Mouquet Farm and the support battalions in 1654: 1400:, from Courcelette westwards to Thiepval. The village was garrisoned by two regiments, one attached from the 1264: 1164: 1086: 768: 3737: 2573: 692: 5905: 5571: 5198: 5138: 5035: 4940: 4703: 4489: 4193: 4032: 3931: 3654:. The Official History of the Royal Canadian Air Force. Vol. I. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 2192: 1939:

and touch gained with the 53rd Brigade, 146th Brigade being relieved by a 25th Division brigade overnight.

1393: 1389: 1109: 867: 697: 527: 5809: 5246: 5231: 5089: 5041: 4806: 4357: 4231: 4144: 4139: 3908: 3896: 3891: 2649: 2550: 1728: 1305: 1289: 1277: 1212: 1143: 1101: 1067: 1039: 1019: 852: 607: 480: 475: 206: 4418: 2607:

German losses are uncertain but September is considered to be the most costly month of the battle, with

709: 5789: 5746: 5023: 4781: 4766: 4668: 4537: 4105: 4017: 3974: 3487:. Vol. II (Imperial War Museum and Naval & Military Press ed.). London: Clarendon Press. 2707:"but to whom the fortunes of war denied the known and honoured burial given to their comrades in death" 1228: 1097: 1014: 1004: 982: 916: 832: 822: 795: 623: 1378: 5731: 5499: 5083: 5071: 4826: 4811: 4532: 4423: 4117: 4095: 3844: 3834: 3767: 1864: 1464: 1168: 1062: 1034: 989: 972: 928: 842: 763: 719: 714: 502: 4678: 1146:(1 October – 11 November). Organisational difficulties and deteriorating weather frustrated General 365: 5940: 5706: 5193: 5183: 5112: 5065: 5053: 4993: 4801: 4796: 4718: 4127: 4100: 3804: 3747: 3530:

Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1916: 2nd July 1916 to the End of the Battles of the Somme

2744: 2653: 2083:. Ground observers were able to engage six German batteries, while air observation allowed another 1859: 1342: 1274: 1029: 967: 943: 847: 773: 490: 485: 355: 5935: 5777: 5769: 5711: 5471: 5166: 4929: 4756: 4751: 4683: 4542: 4527: 4522: 4502: 4383: 4260: 1216: 1201: 994: 955: 933: 783: 724: 650: 387: 343: 338: 313: 4723: 2095: 5544: 5268: 5203: 5059: 4786: 4713: 4663: 4648: 4630: 4603: 4517: 4484: 4149: 4110: 4090: 3901: 3794: 2665: 1009: 977: 938: 906: 837: 805: 778: 751: 660: 547: 441: 419: 397: 318: 3484:

The War in the Air, Being the Story of the Part Played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force

3422:

When the Barrage Lifts: A Topographical History and Commentary on the Battle of the Somme 1916

2686: 788: 517: 436: 5534: 5188: 5077: 4853: 4816: 4746: 4693: 4615: 4583: 4557: 4507: 4438: 4340: 4293: 4077: 3946: 3829: 2723: 2063: 1995: 1829:

Two tanks advanced in support but quickly ditched as the battalions advanced again, reaching

1662: 1658: 1637:

artillery rounds. On the afternoon of 24 September a detachment of the Special Brigade fired

1361: 1024: 999: 857: 739: 643: 453: 180: 1135: 392: 5884: 5799: 4479: 4453: 4403: 3760: 2094:

German troops on the road, who were scattered by British heavy artillery. The squadrons of

911: 404: 380: 323: 4428: 8: 5866: 5005: 4869: 4821: 4698: 4658: 4653: 4598: 4281: 4275: 4176: 2823:

Military units after the first one mentioned in this section are French unless specified.

2658:

British operations concluded on 30 September, with the capture of a large portion of the

2163: 2133: 2110: 2099: 921: 877: 872: 687: 665: 497: 375: 370: 333: 296: 32: 5819: 2043: 1695:

reaching Kenora Trench on the right which ran north-west back to Regina/Stuff Trench by

1404:; the ground from Thiepval to St Pierre Divion was held by a regiment detached from the 5826: 5741: 5100: 4964: 4946: 4911: 4875: 4708: 4673: 4625: 4610: 4497: 4448: 4287: 4246: 3926: 3701: 2664:

Redoubt, north of Thiepval, another first day objective which had been attacked by the

2059: 2055: 1825:

Trench on the right and the Pozières–St Pierre Divion road on the left, was reached in

1281: 1252: 1090: 894: 734: 655: 463: 431: 44: 2027:

Redoubt; the south side was recaptured and the north side of the redoubt was taken at

633: 5859: 5853: 5814: 5716: 5549: 5132: 4987: 4970: 4771: 4593: 4573: 4408: 4393: 4323: 4311: 4012: 3989: 3936: 3714: 3682: 3655: 3636: 3617: 3598: 3575: 3556: 3537: 3514: 3488: 3482: 3469: 3447: 3425: 3406: 3384: 3365: 2793: 1681: 960: 901: 704: 559: 328: 2240:(Stuff Trench) and the rest joined Reserve Infantry Regiment 393 on the left flank. 4917: 4887: 4881: 4791: 4620: 4588: 4578: 4317: 4241: 4236: 4164: 3984: 3884: 3405:. History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery. London: Royal Artillery Institution. 2781: 2159: 2106: 1971:

Bulgar Trench was taken quickly but the Germans in Midway Line held out longer. By

1347: 1297: 1125: 1113: 862: 638: 426: 409: 227: 3732: 3572:

Bloody Victory: The Sacrifice on the Somme and the Making of the Twentieth Century

2162:. Another British aircraft was lost on an early morning railway reconnaissance by 5726: 5566: 4905: 4458: 4433: 4132: 4040: 3879: 3398: 1248: 1105: 1057: 729: 554: 231: 36: 2498:

casualties and the survivors rallied astride the Thiepval–Grandcourt road, from

5559: 5539: 5210: 4923: 4761: 4552: 4443: 4299: 4203: 4186: 3439: 2785: 2768:

By the beginning of the Battle of the Somme, the Imperial German Flying Corps (

2155: 1301: 1235: 1142:

objectives were not reached until a reorganisation of the Reserve Army and the

800: 670: 537: 218: 137: 1442: 5899: 5670: 4958: 4952: 4388: 4305: 4216: 3718: 3444:

Battle Tactics of the Western Front: The British Army's Art of Attack 1916–18

2797: 2675: 2143: 1773:

Trench and the remnants of the support battalion advanced to reinforce them.

1231: 1147: 682: 214: 194: 94: 81: 3473: 1795:

Trench between Mouquet Farm and the east end of Thiepval where they dug in.

1370:

redoubts were to be captured by 29 September and Stuff Trench by 1 October.

5120: 4547: 3461: 2803: 2137: 1184: 1093: 210: 3591: 2565:

the German guns became unserviceable in battle due to mechanical failure.

5331: 5236: 4934: 4362: 3783: 3705: 3337: 2337:

from the Pozières road to the east edge of Thiepval with the supports in

2102: 2048: 1175: 1121: 2747:

continues the narrative to 30 September, despite dating the battle from

2214:

pushed back slowly, having managed to ambush the Canadians by occupying

2035:

retook the north face, up to the entrance to Stuff Trench on the right.

1427: 2603:

the men being wounded). Casualties in the 18th (Eastern) Division were

2177: 2125: 1505: 1433: 1208: 542: 2166:. On 28 September V Brigade aircraft reported the British advances at 5126: 4893: 2674:

Redoubt was captured and the Canadian Corps completed the capture of

2578:

Stretcher bearers during the Battle of Thiepval Ridge, September 1916

1220: 2814:), new specialist German fighter squadrons, formed from August 1916. 2087:

be bombarded. South of Miraumont a 4 Squadron air observer reported

1641:(gas) shells into Thiepval, which silenced German trench mortars by 5386: 2208:

Aerial photograph of Thiepval under bombardment, 1916 (IWM Q 63740)

2014:

with bombing parties advancing west along Hessian Trench and along

1239: 68: 3748:

Battle of Thiepval Ridge, 26–30 September 1916 at historyofwar.org

3679:

Lossberg's War: The World War I Memoirs of a German Chief of Staff

264: 3513:(Arms & Armour Press ed.). London: Weidenfeld Military. 3468:(repr. Cedric Chivers ed.). London: Hodder & Stoughton. 2224:

The Canadians pressed forward on both flanks and quickly overran

1451:

Redoubt guarded the first line between Courcelette and Thiepval,

1224: 3697:

1914–1918 (Berlin, Verlag Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn 1939)

1883:

which failed. In the II Corps area, the 11th Division found the

575: 1124:

in the east, near the Albert–Bapaume road, to Thiepval and the

151: 72: 3752: 3078: 3076: 3024: 3022: 3020: 1463:

redoubts anchored the west end of the first and second lines.

1227:

commanders reconnoitred the ground and a lecture was given by

5554: 3325: 2925: 2549:

redoubts, where the Germans were eventually dislodged in the

2120: 3171: 3169: 3156: 3154: 3533: 3088: 3073: 3061: 3017: 2113:

attacked a German divisional headquarters at Barastre with

3555:(Naval & Military Press ed.). London: Blackwood. 3265: 3217: 3181: 3129: 3127: 3051: 3049: 3007: 3005: 2978: 3635:(Pen & Sword Military ed.). London: Leo Cooper. 3253: 3193: 3166: 3151: 2966: 2394:

was captured, IR 165 to the left being forced back along

1653:

On the right flank, the Canadian Corps attacked with the

1211:), moved south after three weeks' battle training in the 3313: 3241: 3139: 3112: 2836: 1761:

Redoubt and Midway Line, which ran from Mouquet Farm to

3383:(Phoenix ed.). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 3124: 3046: 3034: 3002: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2913: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2884: 2860: 2848: 1269:

Schwaben Redoubt aerial photograph, 1916 (IWM HU 91107)

3364:(Littlehampton Book Services ed.). London: Dent. 3301: 2872: 1745:

Redoubt and most of the moppers-up were killed. About

1650:

on 26 September and the infantry began their advance.

16:

Battle on the Western Front during the First World War

3229: 2990: 2109:

and bombing grounded balloons with phosphorus bombs.

1733:

British Tank (male) Mark I, Somme, 25 September 1916.

3289: 3277: 3205: 2954: 2937: 2896: 2705:

soldiers, who were killed on the Somme battlefields

5921:

Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom

3381:

Through German Eyes: The British and the Somme 1916

3100: 3738:Thiepval Memorial to the Missing at greatwar.co.uk 3590: 1706:Trench, taking the western part after a delay. At 1120:afterwards. The battle was fought on a front from 1767:Redoubt, north of Thiepval. A few troops reached 1383:Mouquet Farm before its destruction. (AWM J00181) 1195: 5897: 2796:and other older British and French designs. The 1869:Thiepval aerial photograph, 1916. (IWM HU 91108) 156: 4729:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 2295:to the east edge of Thiepval, with supports in 2158:, which shot down three and damaged one of the 1341:guns and howitzers were available, the guns of 1247:and work begun to prepare them for the attack. 2771:Die Fliegertruppen des deutschen Kaiserreiches 1108:. The attack was intended to benefit from the 3768: 2699:Thiepval Memorial to the Missing of the Somme 591: 280: 3553:The 18th (Eastern) Division in the Great War 2809: 2801: 2775: 2769: 2669: 2659: 2544: 2511: 2505: 2499: 2485: 2479: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2401: 2395: 2389: 2381:, where two reserve companies held them up. 2376: 2370: 2364: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2283:IR 93, 8th Division, held the defences from 2275: 2269: 2263: 2257: 2251: 2244: 2235: 2225: 2215: 2185: 2167: 2149: 2141: 2022: 2015: 2004: 1976: 1963: 1953: 1926: 1920: 1910: 1890: 1884: 1850:all but the north-west corner was captured. 1840: 1830: 1820: 1810: 1796: 1790: 1768: 1762: 1756: 1750: 1740: 1717: 1711: 1701: 1458: 1452: 1446: 1415: 1409: 1365: 1324: 1318: 1312: 1129: 5219: 3588: 3271: 3223: 2719:List of Canadian battles during World War I 2363:battalions of German troops in the area of 1215:area, joining II Corps on 8 September. All 5926:Battles of the Western Front (World War I) 3775: 3761: 1994:On 29 September, the 8th Brigade from the 1388:The German front position was held by the 598: 584: 287: 273: 3700: 1259: 5916:Battles of World War I involving Germany 5018:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 3676: 3569: 3508: 3438: 3397: 3359: 3343: 3307: 3094: 3082: 3067: 3055: 3040: 3028: 3011: 2878: 2842: 2685: 2643: 2572: 2202: 2119: 2042: 1863: 1727: 1680: 1426: 1377: 1263: 1158: 171: 5911:Battles of World War I involving Canada 5395:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 3652:Canadian Airmen and the First World War 3630: 3574:(1st ed.). London: Little, Brown. 3550: 3419: 3187: 2996: 2984: 2907: 2890: 2854: 2307:. IR 165 continued the line west along 2191:down and one damaged for a loss of one 2172:Redoubt and directed artillery fire on 1909:a battalion began bombing forward from 5898: 3707:Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914–1919 3633:The German Army on the Somme 1914–1916 3611: 3235: 3199: 3175: 3160: 2972: 2691:Thiepval mémorial (silhouette floue) 1 2583:The 1st Canadian Division losses from 1373: 5348:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 4684:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 3756: 3527: 3480: 3460: 3378: 3331: 3319: 3295: 3283: 3259: 3247: 3211: 3145: 3118: 2960: 2948: 2931: 2919: 2866: 2243:At dusk the British artillery turned 1661:on the right, as flank guard and the 1085:was the first large offensive of the 579: 268: 5752:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 3649: 3133: 3106: 2519: 5681:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 4475:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 3743:Thiepval Memorial at webmatters.net 3733:Thiepval Memorial FirstWorldWar.com 1432:Mouquet Farm Pozieres. (Painted by 1183:Army commander, Lieutenant-General 1163:Some debate had occurred among the 294: 13: 4414:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 3670: 2198: 1853: 1480: 14: 5957: 3726: 3511:The Somme: The Day-by-Day Account 3346:, pp. 538–539, 545–546, 619. 2038: 1337:guns, howitzers and mortars with 605: 4777:Second Battle of the Piave River 4399:Russian invasion of East Prussia 2681: 2079:and identified the positions of 187: 173: 158: 144: 130: 43: 5848:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 5048:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 3782: 3607:– via Archive Foundation. 2817: 2762: 2753: 2319:(Green Redoubt), (Midway Line) 1475: 5671:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 5530:Deportations from East Prussia 5327:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 3589:Prior, R.; Wilson, T. (2005). 2736: 2591:the 11th Division losses from 2075:German batteries in the first 1484: 1196:British offensive preparations 1167:staffs on attack tactics. The 1: 5931:History of Somme (department) 5582:Ukrainian Canadian internment 3695:Meine Tätigkeit im Weltkriege 3362:Sir Douglas Haig's Despatches 3352: 2790:Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.12 2619: 2608: 2568: 2478:the British had also reached 2274:and east to cover Pys in the 2088: 1153: 5737:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 5036:Estonian War of Independence 4704:Southern Palestine offensive 3677:Lossberg, Fritz von (2017). 2830: 2532: 7: 5691:USA against Austria-Hungary 5090:Turkish War of Independence 5042:Latvian War of Independence 4767:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 4358:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 3551:Nichols, G. H. F. (2004) . 2712: 2650:Capture of Schwaben Redoubt 2551:Battle of the Ancre Heights 2537: 1749:dug in on the right facing 1286:British Expeditionary Force 1245:49th (West Riding) Division 1144:Battle of the Ancre Heights 1068:Western Front tactics, 1917 10: 5962: 5774:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 5322:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 4782:Second Battle of the Marne 4669:Second battle of the Aisne 4538:Second Battle of Champagne 4379:German invasion of Belgium 3424:. Norwich: Gliddon Books. 2647: 2612: 135,000 casualties. 2003:along the western edge of 1962:, the right brigade along 1925:Trench, then took part of 1857: 1441:Thiepval had been held by 1402:2nd Guard Reserve Division 1190: 309:Battles of the Somme, 1916 5880: 5839: 5760: 5699: 5661: 5605: 5594: 5555:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 5498: 5470: 5418: 5340: 5314: 5266: 5159: 5152: 5084:Irish War of Independence 4980: 4862: 4827:Armistice of Villa Giusti 4812:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 4737: 4639: 4566: 4467: 4424:First Battle of the Marne 4371: 4333: 4268: 4259: 4202: 4076: 4065: 4031: 4003: 3965: 3917: 3870: 3863: 3790: 3360:Boraston, J. H. (1979) . 2934:, pp. 412 & 420. 2625:by the Reserve Army from 2031:Another German attack at 1470: 615: 306: 250: 237: 200: 122: 51: 42: 30: 25: 5707:Constantinople Agreement 5000:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 4863:Co-belligerent conflicts 4832:Second Romanian campaign 4802:Third Transjordan attack 4513:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 4419:Battle of Grand Couronné 3612:Rogers, D., ed. (2010). 3334:, pp. 447–454, 465. 2729: 2654:Capture of Regina Trench 1860:Capture of Stuff Redoubt 1083:Battle of Thiepval Ridge 26:Battle of Thiepval Ridge 5770:Modus vivendi of Acroma 5722:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 5030:Greater Poland Uprising 4930:National Protection War 4807:Meuse–Argonne offensive 4757:German spring offensive 4752:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 4528:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 4503:Second Battle of Artois 4384:Battle of the Frontiers 3272:Prior & Wilson 2005 3224:Prior & Wilson 2005 2105:shooting down two with 1686:Night scene at Thiepval 1672:29th Canadian Battalion 1202:18th (Eastern) Division 956:German spring offensive 5795:Paris Peace Conference 5783:Ukraine–Central Powers 5577:Massacres of Albanians 5545:Late Ottoman genocides 5352:Bulgarian occupations 5060:Third Anglo-Afghan War 5024:Hungarian–Romanian War 4842:Naval Victory Bulletin 4837:Armistice with Germany 4787:Hundred Days Offensive 4714:Battle of La Malmaison 4664:Second battle of Arras 4631:Battle of Transylvania 4485:Second Battle of Ypres 4353:Sarajevo assassination 4242:South African Republic 3509:McCarthy, C. (1995) . 3481:Jones, H. A. (2002) . 2810: 2802: 2776: 2770: 2693: 2670: 2666:36th (Ulster) Division 2660: 2623: 10,000 captured 2580: 2545: 2512: 2506: 2500: 2486: 2480: 2470: 2464: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2402: 2396: 2390: 2377: 2371: 2365: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2327: 2321: 2315: 2309: 2303: 2297: 2291: 2285: 2276: 2270: 2264: 2258: 2252: 2245: 2236: 2226: 2216: 2210: 2186: 2168: 2150: 2142: 2136:were attacked by five 2129: 2052: 2023: 2016: 2005: 1977: 1964: 1954: 1927: 1921: 1911: 1891: 1885: 1871: 1841: 1831: 1821: 1811: 1805:and Hessian Trench by 1801:Trench was reached by 1797: 1791: 1769: 1763: 1757: 1751: 1741: 1735: 1718: 1712: 1702: 1688: 1459: 1453: 1447: 1438: 1416: 1410: 1385: 1366: 1325: 1319: 1313: 1271: 1260:British plan of attack 1130: 224:Crown Prince Rupprecht 201:Commanders and leaders 95:50.054528°N 2.688389°E 5946:September 1916 events 5805:Treaty of St. Germain 5778:Russia–Central Powers 5732:Sykes–Picot Agreement 5560:Pontic Greek genocide 5535:Destruction of Kalisz 5511:Eastern Mediterranean 5072:Polish–Lithuanian War 4854:Armistice of Belgrade 4817:Armistice of Salonica 4747:Operation Faustschlag 4694:Third Battle of Oituz 4616:Baranovichi offensive 4584:Lake Naroch offensive 4558:Battle of Robat Karim 4533:Vistula–Bug offensive 4508:Battles of the Isonzo 4439:First Battle of Ypres 3631:Sheldon, J. (2006) . 3570:Philpott, W. (2009). 3403:Western Front 1914–18 2788:which outclassed the 2780:) had received a few 2724:Ulster Tower Thiepval 2689: 2644:Subsequent operations 2576: 2230:(Zollern Trench). By 2206: 2123: 2046: 1996:3rd Canadian Division 1867: 1731: 1722:Trench and dug in by 1684: 1663:1st Canadian Division 1659:2nd Canadian Division 1430: 1398:26th Reserve Division 1381: 1362:Battle of Le Transloy 1267: 1159:Tactical developments 259:2,300–2,329 prisoners 251:Casualties and losses 5800:Treaty of Versailles 5516:Mount Lebanon famine 5431:in the United States 5399:Russian occupations 5113:Turkish–Armenian War 5054:Polish–Ukrainian War 4994:Ukrainian–Soviet War 4941:Central Asian Revolt 4724:Armistice of Focșani 4454:Battle of Sarikamish 4404:Battle of Tannenberg 3800:Military engagements 3650:Wise, S. F. (1981). 3616:. Solihull: Helion. 3420:Gliddon, G. (1987). 3262:, pp. 411, 422. 2289:Redoubt and part of 2256:and the east end of 1655:6th Canadian Brigade 1491:23–30 September 1916 1063:French Army mutinies 1058:1914 Christmas truce 828:Hohenzollern Redoubt 469:Butte de Warlencourt 59:26–28 September 1916 5906:Battle of the Somme 5867:They shall not pass 5790:Treaty of Bucharest 5747:Treaty of Bucharest 5686:USA against Germany 5663:Declarations of war 5367:German occupations 5280:British casualties 5139:Soviet–Georgian War 5066:Egyptian Revolution 5006:Armeno-Georgian War 4870:Somaliland campaign 4822:Armistice of Mudros 4699:Battle of Caporetto 4689:Battle of Mărășești 4659:Zimmermann telegram 4654:February Revolution 4599:Battle of the Somme 4523:Bug-Narew Offensive 4498:Battle of Gallipoli 4490:Sinking of the RMS 4282:Scramble for Africa 4276:Franco-Prussian War 3932:Sinai and Palestine 3702:Nicholson, G. W. L. 3528:Miles, W. (1992) . 3379:Duffy, C. (2007) . 3322:, pp. 417–420. 3250:, pp. 242–243. 3202:, pp. 130–131. 3190:, pp. 303–306. 3178:, pp. 127–129. 3163:, pp. 126–127. 3148:, pp. 293–296. 3136:, pp. 383–384. 3121:, pp. 291–293. 3097:, pp. 124–125. 3085:, pp. 123–124. 3070:, pp. 122–123. 3031:, pp. 119–120. 2987:, pp. 419–421. 2975:, pp. 124–125. 2922:, pp. 391–394. 2869:, pp. 391–393. 2749:26 to 28 September. 2627:14 to 30 September, 2417:. During the night 1493: 1374:German preparations 1098:Battle of the Somme 1052:Associated articles 769:Hartmannswillerkopf 629:Invasion of Belgium 512:Associated articles 100:50.054528; 2.688389 91: / 33:Battle of the Somme 5827:Treaty of Lausanne 5742:Paris Economy Pact 5676:UK against Germany 5606:Entry into the war 5572:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 5291:Ottoman casualties 5101:Franco-Turkish War 4981:Post-War conflicts 4965:Russian Revolution 4947:Invasion of Darfur 4912:Kelantan rebellion 4900:Kurdish rebellions 4876:Mexican Revolution 4709:October Revolution 4674:Kerensky offensive 4649:Capture of Baghdad 4626:Monastir offensive 4611:Brusilov offensive 4449:Battle of Kolubara 4288:Russo-Japanese War 3462:Gough, H. de la P. 2777:Die Fliegertruppen 2694: 2618:casualties of the 2581: 2484:and probed beyond 2280:(Below Position). 2211: 2130: 2053: 1872: 1736: 1689: 1485: 1439: 1386: 1306:Lieutenant-General 1282:Commander-in-chief 1272: 1173:Lieutenant-General 1091:Lieutenant General 5893: 5892: 5876: 5875: 5860:The Golden Virgin 5854:Mutilated victory 5835: 5834: 5815:Treaty of Trianon 5810:Treaty of Neuilly 5717:Damascus Protocol 5590: 5589: 5550:Armenian genocide 5507:Allied blockades 5479:Belgian refugees 5262: 5261: 5172:Strategic bombing 5148: 5147: 5133:Franco-Syrian War 5107:Greco-Turkish War 5095:Anglo-Turkish War 5078:Polish–Soviet War 5012:German Revolution 4988:Russian Civil War 4971:Finnish Civil War 4797:Battle of Megiddo 4772:Battle of Goychay 4719:Battle of Cambrai 4679:Battle of Mărăști 4594:Battle of Jutland 4574:Erzurum offensive 4429:Siege of Przemyśl 4409:Siege of Tsingtao 4394:Battle of Galicia 4324:Second Balkan War 4312:Italo-Turkish War 4269:Pre-War conflicts 4255: 4254: 4145:Portuguese Empire 4061: 4060: 4023:German New Guinea 4005:Asian and Pacific 3688:978-0-8131-6980-4 3661:978-0-8020-2379-7 3642:978-1-84415-269-8 3623:978-1-906033-76-7 3604:978-0-300-10694-7 3581:978-1-4087-0108-9 3562:978-1-84342-866-4 3543:978-0-901627-76-6 3520:978-1-85409-330-1 3494:978-1-84342-413-0 3453:978-0-300-06663-0 3431:978-0-947893-02-6 3412:978-1-870114-00-4 3390:978-0-7538-2202-9 3371:978-0-460-04371-7 2893:, pp. 79–83. 2857:, pp. 78–83. 2845:, pp. 75–76. 2794:Morane-Saulnier L 2614:The Germans lost 2520:French operations 2400:. The Germans in 2369:(Big Trench) and 2107:Le Prieur rockets 2096:IV and V Brigades 1627: 1626: 1492: 1417:Grandcourt Riegel 1355:on the right and 1251:field companies, 1229:Brigadier-General 1076: 1075: 902:Nivelle offensive 676:Trouée de Charmes 573: 572: 560:Thiepval Memorial 415:Flers–Courcelette 263: 262: 118: 117: 5953: 5820:Treaty of Sèvres 5712:Treaty of London 5603: 5602: 5381:Northeast France 5312: 5311: 5284:Parliamentarians 5217: 5216: 5179:Chemical weapons 5157: 5156: 4918:Senussi campaign 4888:Muscat rebellion 4882:Maritz rebellion 4850: 4792:Vardar offensive 4621:Battle of Romani 4589:Battle of Asiago 4579:Battle of Verdun 4543:Kosovo offensive 4318:First Balkan War 4266: 4265: 4165:Russian Republic 4074: 4073: 3868: 3867: 3810:Economic history 3777: 3770: 3763: 3754: 3753: 3722: 3712: 3692: 3665: 3646: 3627: 3608: 3597:. London: Yale. 3596: 3585: 3566: 3547: 3524: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3477: 3457: 3446:. London: Yale. 3435: 3416: 3394: 3375: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3164: 3158: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3015: 3009: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2946: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2905: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2870: 2864: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2824: 2821: 2815: 2813: 2807: 2782:Halberstadt D.II 2779: 2773: 2766: 2760: 2757: 2751: 2750: 2745:Official History 2740: 2704: 2678:on 11 November. 2673: 2663: 2639: 2635: 2634:200 machine-guns 2632: 2628: 2624: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2548: 2528: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2483: 2477: 2473: 2467: 2461: 2455: 2449: 2440: 2434: 2428: 2422: 2416: 2410: 2405: 2399: 2393: 2387: 2380: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2361: 2357: 2354: 2348: 2342: 2336: 2331:and IR 153 held 2330: 2324: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2300: 2294: 2288: 2279: 2273: 2267: 2261: 2255: 2248: 2239: 2233: 2229: 2223: 2219: 2189: 2183: 2175: 2171: 2153: 2147: 2116: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2019: 2013: 2008: 2002: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1975:the east end of 1974: 1967: 1961: 1957: 1951: 1946: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1924: 1918: 1914: 1908: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1888: 1882: 1878: 1849: 1844: 1838: 1834: 1828: 1824: 1814: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1794: 1789:and advanced to 1788: 1784: 1780: 1772: 1766: 1760: 1754: 1748: 1744: 1725: 1721: 1715: 1709: 1705: 1698: 1694: 1677: 1668: 1665:on the left. At 1649: 1644: 1640: 1639:500 lachrymatory 1636: 1632: 1494: 1490: 1462: 1456: 1450: 1423: 1419: 1413: 1369: 1358: 1354: 1340: 1336: 1328: 1322: 1316: 1298:Schwaben Redoubt 1295: 1284:(C-in-C) of the 1278:Sir Douglas Haig 1181: 1133: 1126:Schwaben Redoubt 1119: 1114:Battle of Morval 1015:St Quentin Canal 610: 600: 593: 586: 577: 576: 518:Hébuterne (1915) 481:Schwaben Redoubt 301: 299: 289: 282: 275: 266: 265: 228:Max von Gallwitz 193: 191: 190: 183: 179: 177: 176: 168: 164: 162: 161: 150: 148: 147: 136: 134: 133: 106: 105: 103: 102: 101: 96: 92: 89: 88: 87: 84: 53: 52: 47: 23: 22: 5961: 5960: 5956: 5955: 5954: 5952: 5951: 5950: 5941:Battles in 1916 5896: 5895: 5894: 5889: 5872: 5831: 5763: 5756: 5727:Treaty of Darin 5695: 5657: 5613:Austria-Hungary 5599: 5586: 5567:Rape of Belgium 5494: 5466: 5414: 5408:Western Armenia 5403:Eastern Galicia 5336: 5310: 5274: 5273:Civilian impact 5272: 5258: 5215: 5144: 4976: 4906:Ovambo Uprising 4858: 4844: 4733: 4635: 4562: 4480:Battle of Łomża 4463: 4459:Christmas truce 4434:Race to the Sea 4367: 4329: 4251: 4222:Austria-Hungary 4198: 4133:Empire of Japan 4070: 4068: 4057: 4041:U-boat campaign 4027: 3999: 3961: 3913: 3859: 3840:Popular culture 3786: 3781: 3729: 3710: 3693:Translation of 3689: 3673: 3671:Further reading 3668: 3662: 3643: 3624: 3605: 3582: 3563: 3544: 3521: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3454: 3432: 3413: 3391: 3372: 3355: 3350: 3342: 3338: 3330: 3326: 3318: 3314: 3306: 3302: 3294: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3270: 3266: 3258: 3254: 3246: 3242: 3234: 3230: 3222: 3218: 3210: 3206: 3198: 3194: 3186: 3182: 3174: 3167: 3159: 3152: 3144: 3140: 3132: 3125: 3117: 3113: 3105: 3101: 3093: 3089: 3081: 3074: 3066: 3062: 3054: 3047: 3039: 3035: 3027: 3018: 3010: 3003: 2995: 2991: 2983: 2979: 2971: 2967: 2959: 2955: 2947: 2938: 2930: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2906: 2897: 2889: 2885: 2877: 2873: 2865: 2861: 2853: 2849: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2827: 2822: 2818: 2800:began to equip 2786:LFG Roland D.Is 2767: 2763: 2758: 2754: 2748: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2715: 2702: 2692: 2684: 2656: 2648:Main articles: 2646: 2637: 2633: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2615: 2611: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2593:26–30 September 2592: 2588: 2584: 2579: 2571: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2540: 2535: 2526: 2522: 2495: 2491: 2475: 2453:Schwaben Riegel 2408: 2385: 2372:Schwaben Riegel 2359: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2340:Schwaben Riegel 2231: 2221: 2209: 2201: 2199:German 1st Army 2181: 2173: 2128: 2114: 2091: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2067: 2051: 2041: 2032: 2028: 2011: 2000: 1987: 1982: 1972: 1959: 1949: 1944: 1936: 1932: 1916: 1906: 1900: 1896: 1889:Redoubt empty. 1880: 1876: 1870: 1862: 1856: 1854:27–30 September 1847: 1836: 1826: 1806: 1802: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1746: 1734: 1723: 1707: 1696: 1692: 1687: 1675: 1666: 1647: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1538: 1501: 1489: 1483: 1481:23–26 September 1478: 1473: 1437: 1421: 1384: 1376: 1357:24/25 September 1356: 1353:22/23 September 1352: 1338: 1334: 1293: 1270: 1262: 1234:, the II Corps 1198: 1193: 1179: 1161: 1156: 1117: 1106:First World War 1079: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1049: 853:Vimy Ridge 1916 730:Race to the Sea 698:1st St. Quentin 620: 611: 606: 604: 574: 569: 555:Leipzig Salient 523:Order of Battle 509: 302: 298:Somme Offensive 297: 295: 293: 232:Fritz von Below 230: 226: 217: 213: 209: 188: 186: 174: 172: 159: 157: 145: 143: 131: 129: 114:British victory 99: 97: 93: 90: 85: 82: 80: 78: 77: 76: 37:First World War 17: 12: 11: 5: 5959: 5949: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5936:1916 in France 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5887: 5881: 5878: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5870: 5863: 5856: 5851: 5843: 5841: 5837: 5836: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5829: 5824: 5823: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5792: 5787: 5786: 5785: 5780: 5772: 5766: 5764: 5762:Peace treaties 5761: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5703: 5701: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5667: 5665: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5655: 5650: 5648:United Kingdom 5645: 5640: 5638:Ottoman Empire 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5609: 5607: 5600: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5588: 5587: 5585: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5563: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5542: 5540:Sack of Dinant 5537: 5532: 5527: 5526: 5525: 5520: 5519: 5518: 5504: 5502: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5492: 5491: 5490: 5488:United Kingdom 5485: 5476: 5474: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5464: 5463: 5462: 5457: 5448: 5442:POW locations 5440: 5435: 5434: 5433: 5424: 5422: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5412: 5411: 5410: 5405: 5397: 5392: 5391: 5390: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5365: 5364: 5363: 5358: 5350: 5344: 5342: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5318: 5316: 5309: 5308: 5307: 5306: 5301: 5293: 5288: 5287: 5286: 5277: 5275: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5256: 5251: 5250: 5249: 5242:United Kingdom 5239: 5237:Ottoman Empire 5234: 5229: 5223: 5221: 5214: 5213: 5211:Trench warfare 5208: 5207: 5206: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5175: 5174: 5163: 5161: 5154: 5150: 5149: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5142: 5136: 5130: 5124: 5118: 5117: 5116: 5110: 5104: 5098: 5087: 5081: 5075: 5069: 5063: 5057: 5051: 5045: 5039: 5033: 5027: 5021: 5015: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4984: 4982: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4974: 4968: 4962: 4956: 4950: 4944: 4938: 4932: 4927: 4924:Volta-Bani War 4921: 4915: 4909: 4903: 4897: 4891: 4885: 4879: 4873: 4866: 4864: 4860: 4859: 4857: 4856: 4851: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4762:Zeebrugge Raid 4759: 4754: 4749: 4743: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4645: 4643: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4607: 4606: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4570: 4568: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4560: 4555: 4553:Battle of Loos 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4471: 4469: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4444:Black Sea raid 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4375: 4373: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4349: 4348: 4346:Historiography 4337: 4335: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4327: 4321: 4315: 4309: 4303: 4300:Bosnian Crisis 4297: 4294:Tangier Crisis 4291: 4285: 4279: 4272: 4270: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4227:Ottoman Empire 4224: 4219: 4214: 4208: 4206: 4204:Central Powers 4200: 4199: 4197: 4196: 4191: 4190: 4189: 4187:British Empire 4182:United Kingdom 4179: 4174: 4169: 4168: 4167: 4162: 4160:Russian Empire 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4136: 4135: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4114: 4113: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4082: 4080: 4078:Entente Powers 4071: 4066: 4063: 4062: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4055: 4050: 4049: 4048: 4046:North Atlantic 4037: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4009: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3971: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3959: 3957:Central Arabia 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3923: 3921: 3919:Middle Eastern 3915: 3914: 3912: 3911: 3906: 3905: 3904: 3894: 3889: 3888: 3887: 3876: 3874: 3865: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3820:Historiography 3817: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3791: 3788: 3787: 3780: 3779: 3772: 3765: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3728: 3727:External links 3725: 3724: 3723: 3698: 3687: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3666: 3660: 3647: 3641: 3628: 3622: 3609: 3603: 3586: 3580: 3567: 3561: 3548: 3542: 3525: 3519: 3506: 3493: 3478: 3466:The Fifth Army 3458: 3452: 3436: 3430: 3417: 3411: 3395: 3389: 3376: 3370: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3348: 3336: 3324: 3312: 3300: 3298:, p. 149. 3288: 3286:, p. 242. 3276: 3274:, p. 258. 3264: 3252: 3240: 3238:, p. 131. 3228: 3226:, p. 358. 3216: 3214:, p. 390. 3204: 3192: 3180: 3165: 3150: 3138: 3123: 3111: 3109:, p. 382. 3099: 3087: 3072: 3060: 3058:, p. 123. 3045: 3043:, p. 122. 3033: 3016: 3014:, p. 119. 3001: 2989: 2977: 2965: 2963:, p. 239. 2953: 2951:, p. 394. 2936: 2924: 2912: 2895: 2883: 2881:, p. 154. 2871: 2859: 2847: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2816: 2761: 2752: 2734: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2727: 2726: 2721: 2714: 2711: 2703:72,000 British 2690: 2683: 2680: 2645: 2642: 2601:70 per cent of 2585:1–30 September 2577: 2570: 2567: 2563:25 per cent of 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2521: 2518: 2465:Staufen Riegel 2432:Staufen Riegel 2420:Staufen Riegel 2391:Mouquet Riegel 2366:Grosser Riegel 2334:Grosser Riegel 2328:Staufen Riegel 2310:Mouquet Riegel 2304:Staufen Riegel 2292:Zollern Riegel 2271:Staufen Riegel 2265:Staufen Riegel 2253:Zollern Graben 2246:Zollern Graben 2237:Staufen Riegel 2227:Zollern Graben 2207: 2200: 2197: 2156:Oswald Boelcke 2124: 2047: 2040: 2039:Air operations 2037: 1868: 1858:Main article: 1855: 1852: 1732: 1685: 1633:artillery and 1625: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1611: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1597: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1583: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1555: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1541: 1540: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1525: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1511: 1510: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1431: 1411:Staufen Riegel 1382: 1375: 1372: 1302:Canadian Corps 1268: 1261: 1258: 1249:Royal Engineer 1236:Chief of Staff 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1131:Schwaben-Feste 1116:, by starting 1112:attack in the 1096:), during the 1074: 1073: 1071: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1048: 1047: 1045:Lys and Escaut 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 997: 992: 987: 986: 985: 980: 975: 970: 965: 947: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 925: 924: 919: 914: 909: 899: 892: 881: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 830: 825: 814: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 792: 791: 781: 776: 774:Neuve Chapelle 771: 766: 755: 754: 749: 747:Winter actions 744: 743: 742: 737: 727: 722: 717: 712: 710:Grand Couronné 707: 702: 701: 700: 695: 690: 680: 679: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 648: 647: 646: 641: 636: 626: 616: 613: 612: 603: 602: 595: 588: 580: 571: 570: 568: 567: 562: 557: 552: 551: 550: 548:Hawthorn Ridge 545: 540: 530: 525: 520: 508: 507: 506: 505: 503:Beaumont-Hamel 495: 494: 493: 488: 483: 473: 472: 471: 466: 461: 451: 449:Thiepval Ridge 446: 445: 444: 439: 434: 424: 423: 422: 412: 407: 402: 401: 400: 390: 385: 384: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 356:Bazentin Ridge 353: 352: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 307: 304: 303: 292: 291: 284: 277: 269: 261: 260: 257: 253: 252: 248: 247: 244: 240: 239: 235: 234: 221: 219:Ferdinand Foch 203: 202: 198: 197: 184: 170: 169: 166:United Kingdom 154: 138:British Empire 125: 124: 120: 119: 116: 115: 112: 108: 107: 67: 65: 61: 60: 57: 49: 48: 40: 39: 28: 27: 21: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5958: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5886: 5883: 5882: 5879: 5869: 5868: 5864: 5862: 5861: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5849: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5838: 5828: 5825: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5797: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5759: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5698: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5668: 5666: 5664: 5660: 5654: 5653:United States 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5604: 5601: 5598: 5593: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5547: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5524: 5521: 5517: 5514: 5513: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5501: 5497: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5469: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5417: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5389: 5388: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5313: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5285: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5270: 5265: 5255: 5254:United States 5252: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5218: 5212: 5209: 5205: 5204:Convoy system 5202: 5201: 5200: 5199:Naval warfare 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5173: 5170: 5169: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5158: 5155: 5151: 5140: 5137: 5134: 5131: 5128: 5125: 5122: 5119: 5114: 5111: 5108: 5105: 5102: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5092: 5091: 5088: 5085: 5082: 5079: 5076: 5073: 5070: 5067: 5064: 5061: 5058: 5055: 5052: 5049: 5046: 5043: 5040: 5037: 5034: 5031: 5028: 5025: 5022: 5019: 5016: 5013: 5010: 5007: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4979: 4972: 4969: 4966: 4963: 4960: 4959:Kaocen revolt 4957: 4954: 4953:Easter Rising 4951: 4948: 4945: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4925: 4922: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4910: 4907: 4904: 4901: 4898: 4895: 4892: 4889: 4886: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4874: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4861: 4855: 4852: 4848: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4736: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4638: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4565: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4518:Great Retreat 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4493: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4466: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4389:Battle of Cer 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4370: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4347: 4344: 4343: 4342: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4332: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4307: 4306:Agadir Crisis 4304: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4289: 4286: 4283: 4280: 4277: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4258: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4201: 4195: 4194:United States 4192: 4188: 4185: 4184: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4157: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4134: 4131: 4130: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4112: 4111:French Empire 4109: 4108: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4075: 4072: 4064: 4054: 4053:Mediterranean 4051: 4047: 4044: 4043: 4042: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4033:Naval warfare 4030: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4002: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3964: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3916: 3910: 3909:Italian Front 3907: 3903: 3900: 3899: 3898: 3897:Eastern Front 3895: 3893: 3892:Western Front 3890: 3886: 3883: 3882: 3881: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3866: 3862: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3850:Puppet states 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3792: 3789: 3785: 3778: 3773: 3771: 3766: 3764: 3759: 3758: 3755: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3730: 3720: 3716: 3709: 3708: 3703: 3699: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3674: 3663: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3644: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3625: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3606: 3600: 3595: 3594: 3587: 3583: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3564: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3545: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3526: 3522: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3496: 3490: 3486: 3485: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3427: 3423: 3418: 3414: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3373: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3357: 3345: 3344:Philpott 2009 3340: 3333: 3328: 3321: 3316: 3310:, p. 44. 3309: 3308:Boraston 1979 3304: 3297: 3292: 3285: 3280: 3273: 3268: 3261: 3256: 3249: 3244: 3237: 3232: 3225: 3220: 3213: 3208: 3201: 3196: 3189: 3184: 3177: 3172: 3170: 3162: 3157: 3155: 3147: 3142: 3135: 3130: 3128: 3120: 3115: 3108: 3103: 3096: 3095:McCarthy 1995 3091: 3084: 3083:McCarthy 1995 3079: 3077: 3069: 3068:McCarthy 1995 3064: 3057: 3056:McCarthy 1995 3052: 3050: 3042: 3041:McCarthy 1995 3037: 3030: 3029:McCarthy 1995 3025: 3023: 3021: 3013: 3012:McCarthy 1995 3008: 3006: 2999:, p. 82. 2998: 2993: 2986: 2981: 2974: 2969: 2962: 2957: 2950: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2933: 2928: 2921: 2916: 2910:, p. 81. 2909: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2892: 2887: 2880: 2879:Farndale 1986 2875: 2868: 2863: 2856: 2851: 2844: 2843:Griffith 1996 2839: 2835: 2820: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2799: 2798:Albatros D.II 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2772: 2765: 2756: 2746: 2739: 2735: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2716: 2710: 2708: 2700: 2688: 2682:Commemoration 2679: 2677: 2676:Regina Trench 2672: 2667: 2662: 2655: 2651: 2641: 2575: 2566: 2552: 2547: 2530: 2517: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2488: 2482: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2382: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2311: 2305: 2299: 2293: 2287: 2281: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2247: 2241: 2238: 2228: 2218: 2217:Fabeck Graben 2205: 2196: 2194: 2188: 2179: 2170: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2146: 2145: 2144:Jagdstaffel 2 2139: 2135: 2127: 2122: 2118: 2115:64 x 20-pound 2112: 2108: 2104: 2101: 2097: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2050: 2045: 2036: 2025: 2018: 2007: 1997: 1992: 1979: 1969: 1966: 1956: 1940: 1929: 1923: 1913: 1903: 1893: 1887: 1866: 1861: 1851: 1843: 1833: 1823: 1816: 1813: 1799: 1793: 1774: 1771: 1765: 1759: 1753: 1743: 1730: 1726: 1720: 1714: 1704: 1683: 1679: 1673: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1499: 1496: 1495: 1488: 1487:Somme weather 1468: 1466: 1461: 1455: 1449: 1444: 1435: 1429: 1425: 1418: 1412: 1407: 1406:52nd Division 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1380: 1371: 1368: 1363: 1349: 1348:no man's land 1344: 1331: 1327: 1321: 1320:Zollern-Feste 1315: 1310: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1291: 1290:Western Front 1288:(BEF) on the 1287: 1283: 1279: 1276: 1266: 1257: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1232:Philip Howell 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1207: 1206:Major-General 1203: 1188: 1186: 1177: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1151: 1149: 1148:Joseph Joffre 1145: 1139: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1123: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1102:Western Front 1099: 1095: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1053: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1020:Meuse-Argonne 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 963: 959: 958: 957: 954: 953: 952: 951: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 934:Passchendaele 932: 930: 927: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 904: 903: 900: 898: 897: 893: 891: 888: 887: 886: 885: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 820: 819: 818: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 796:2nd Champagne 794: 790: 787: 786: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 764:1st Champagne 762: 761: 760: 759: 753: 750: 748: 745: 741: 738: 736: 733: 732: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 685: 684: 683:Great Retreat 681: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 653: 652: 649: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 631: 630: 627: 625: 622: 621: 619: 614: 609: 608:Western Front 601: 596: 594: 589: 587: 582: 581: 578: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 535: 534: 533:Mines, 1 July 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 515: 514: 513: 504: 501: 500: 499: 496: 492: 491:Regina Trench 489: 487: 486:Stuff Redoubt 484: 482: 479: 478: 477: 476:Ancre Heights 474: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 456: 455: 452: 450: 447: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 429: 428: 425: 421: 418: 417: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 399: 396: 395: 394: 391: 389: 388:Delville Wood 386: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 358: 357: 354: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 316: 315: 312: 311: 310: 305: 300: 290: 285: 283: 278: 276: 271: 270: 267: 258: 255: 254: 249: 245: 242: 241: 236: 233: 229: 225: 222: 220: 216: 215:Joseph Joffre 212: 208: 205: 204: 199: 196: 195:German Empire 185: 182: 167: 155: 153: 142: 141: 140: 139: 127: 126: 121: 113: 110: 109: 104: 74: 70: 66: 63: 62: 58: 55: 54: 50: 46: 41: 38: 34: 29: 24: 19: 5865: 5858: 5846: 5453: / 5385: 5220:Conscription 5184:Cryptography 5121:Iraqi Revolt 4548:Siege of Kut 4491: 4069:participants 4018:German Samoa 3952:South Arabia 3706: 3694: 3678: 3651: 3632: 3613: 3592: 3571: 3552: 3529: 3510: 3498:. Retrieved 3483: 3465: 3443: 3440:Griffith, P. 3421: 3402: 3399:Farndale, M. 3380: 3361: 3339: 3327: 3315: 3303: 3291: 3279: 3267: 3255: 3243: 3231: 3219: 3207: 3195: 3188:Sheldon 2006 3183: 3141: 3114: 3102: 3090: 3063: 3036: 2997:Nichols 2004 2992: 2985:Gliddon 1987 2980: 2968: 2956: 2927: 2915: 2908:Nichols 2004 2891:Nichols 2004 2886: 2874: 2862: 2855:Nichols 2004 2850: 2838: 2819: 2804:Jagdstaffeln 2764: 2755: 2738: 2706: 2695: 2657: 2582: 2557:shells from 2541: 2523: 2507:Bulgaren Weg 2471:Bulgaren Weg 2443: 2383: 2282: 2242: 2212: 2138:Albatros D.I 2131: 2092: 1,000 2054: 1993: 1970: 1941: 1904: 1873: 1817: 1775: 1747:50 survivors 1737: 1690: 1652: 1635:45,000 heavy 1631:60,000 field 1628: 1486: 1476:Reserve Army 1465:Mouquet Farm 1457:(Stuff) and 1440: 1394:8th Division 1390:7th Division 1387: 1364:; Stuff and 1332: 1273: 1199: 1185:Hubert Gough 1165:Reserve Army 1162: 1140: 1094:Hubert Gough 1087:Reserve Army 1082: 1080: 1051: 1050: 1010:Saint-Mihiel 978:Belleau Wood 961: 949: 948: 939:La Malmaison 895: 883: 882: 848:Kink Salient 816: 815: 811:Gas: Wieltje 757: 756: 617: 511: 510: 448: 398:Mouquet Farm 344:La Boisselle 339:Contalmaison 308: 211:Hubert Gough 207:Douglas Haig 128: 123:Belligerents 75:and vicinity 31:Part of The 18: 5483:Netherlands 5460:Switzerland 5341:Occupations 5332:Spanish flu 5109:(1919–1922) 5103:(1918–1921) 5097:(1918–1923) 5086:(1919–1921) 5080:(1919–1921) 5074:(1919–1920) 5050:(1918–1920) 5044:(1918–1920) 5038:(1918–1920) 5020:(1918–1920) 5002:(1918–1920) 4996:(1917–1921) 4990:(1917–1921) 4937:(1916-1918) 4935:Arab Revolt 4926:(1915–1917) 4920:(1915–1917) 4908:(1914-1917) 4902:(1914–1917) 4896:(1914–1921) 4890:(1913–1920) 4878:(1910–1920) 4872:(1900–1920) 4845: [ 4363:July Crisis 4284:(1880–1914) 3947:Mesopotamia 3825:Home fronts 3784:World War I 3236:Rogers 2010 3200:Rogers 2010 3176:Rogers 2010 3161:Rogers 2010 2973:Rogers 2010 2629:along with 2616:2,300–2,329 2559:1.5 million 2555:4.1 million 2513:Grüne-Feste 2496:75 per cent 2481:Grüne-Feste 2459:Grüne-Feste 2438:Feste Grüne 2397:Grüne-Feste 2316:Grüne-Feste 2277:Below-Feste 2164:70 Squadron 2160:Martinsydes 2134:27 Squadron 2111:19 Squadron 2100:60 Squadron 2049:Nieuport 17 1958:Redoubt at 1827:12 minutes. 1667:12:35 p.m., 1443:Württemberg 1309:Julian Byng 1294:12:35 p.m., 1180:6–8 minutes 1176:Claud Jacob 1171:commander, 1122:Courcelette 1110:Fourth Army 1104:during the 1030:2nd Cambrai 868:Boar's Head 858:Mont Sorrel 565:Ancre, 1917 528:Boar's Head 454:Le Transloy 442:Gueudecourt 420:Martinpuich 366:Trônes Wood 246:3 divisions 243:6 divisions 98: / 86:2°41′18.2″E 83:50°3′16.3″N 5900:Categories 5700:Agreements 5500:War crimes 5376:Luxembourg 5269:Casualties 4140:Montenegro 3975:South West 3855:Technology 3845:Propaganda 3835:Opposition 3353:References 3332:Miles 1992 3320:Miles 1992 3296:Gough 1968 3284:Duffy 2007 3260:Miles 1992 3248:Duffy 2007 3212:Miles 1992 3146:Jones 2002 3119:Jones 2002 2961:Duffy 2007 2949:Miles 1992 2932:Miles 1992 2920:Miles 1992 2867:Miles 1992 2605:4,000 men. 2569:Casualties 2487:Hessen Weg 2476:30 minutes 2426:Hessen Weg 2414:Hessen Weg 2378:Hessen Weg 2346:Hessen Weg 2322:Hessen Weg 2298:Hessen Weg 2259:Hessen Weg 2222:12:55 p.m. 2178:Spad S.VII 2126:Airco DH.2 2060:7 Squadron 2056:4 Squadron 2012:4:00 p.m., 1983:5:00 p.m., 1973:2:30 p.m., 1937:11:00 a.m. 1933:5:45 a.m., 1917:3:00 p.m., 1897:10:00 a.m. 1848:2:30 p.m., 1835:Trench by 1787:12:45 p.m. 1783:56 Germans 1724:10:30 p.m. 1708:1:00 p.m., 1693:1:00 p.m., 1676:10:50 p.m. 1648:12:35 p.m. 1434:Fred Leist 1424:dug-outs. 1213:Third Army 1209:Ivor Maxse 1154:Background 843:Wulverghem 806:3rd Artois 784:2nd Artois 752:1st Artois 405:Guillemont 349:Gommecourt 5597:Diplomacy 5304:Olympians 5227:Australia 5194:Logistics 5127:Vlora War 5056:(1918–19) 5032:(1918–19) 5026:(1918–19) 5014:(1918–19) 4961:(1916–17) 4943:(1916–17) 4894:Zaian War 4884:(1914–15) 4604:first day 4492:Lusitania 4320:(1912–13) 4314:(1911–12) 4302:(1908–09) 4296:(1905–06) 4278:(1870–71) 4067:Principal 3927:Gallipoli 3830:Memorials 3815:Geography 3805:Aftermath 3719:557523890 3593:The Somme 3464:(1968) . 3442:(1996) . 3134:Wise 1981 3107:Wise 1981 2831:Footnotes 2640:mortars. 2638:40 trench 2533:Aftermath 2527:26 and 27 2501:Hohen Weg 2492:6:30 p.m. 2409:3:00 p.m. 2386:6:00 p.m. 2232:1:30 p.m. 2154:) led by 2103:Nieuports 2073:64 active 2068:1:10 p.m. 2033:9:00 p.m. 2029:4:00 p.m. 2001:7:30 a.m. 1988:8:00 p.m. 1960:1:00 p.m. 1950:6:00 p.m. 1945:8:30 p.m. 1907:9:00 p.m. 1901:3:00 p.m. 1881:2:00 a.m. 1877:6:00 p.m. 1837:1:15 p.m. 1807:4:00 p.m. 1803:1:30 p.m. 1781:the last 1779:5:30 p.m. 1697:2:40 p.m. 1643:5:00 p.m. 1339:570 field 1335:230 heavy 1300:, by the 1221:battalion 1025:5th Ypres 1005:2nd Somme 983:2nd Marne 973:3rd Aisne 922:The Hills 917:2nd Aisne 878:Fromelles 873:1st Somme 823:The Bluff 789:Hébuterne 779:2nd Ypres 740:1st Ypres 720:1st Aisne 715:1st Marne 688:Le Cateau 666:Charleroi 651:Frontiers 538:Lochnagar 381:High Wood 376:Fromelles 361:Longueval 324:Montauban 319:First day 5885:Category 5472:Refugees 5438:Italians 5427:Germans 5387:Ober Ost 5167:Aviation 4261:Timeline 4232:Bulgaria 4013:Tsingtao 3990:Togoland 3937:Caucasus 3872:European 3864:Theatres 3704:(1962). 3474:59766599 3401:(1986). 2713:See also 2671:Schwaben 2661:Schwaben 2631:27 guns, 2546:Schwaben 2538:Analysis 2447:Schwaben 2187:Schwaben 2169:Schwaben 2081:103 more 2077:24 hours 2024:Schwaben 2006:Schwaben 1978:Schwaben 1955:Schwaben 1928:Bulgaren 1822:Schwaben 1792:Schwaben 1764:Schwaben 1460:Schwaben 1422:144 deep 1396:and the 1367:Schwaben 1326:Schwaben 1317:Redoubt 1253:pioneers 1240:Flanders 1169:II Corps 1138:beyond. 1118:24 hours 1035:Courtrai 990:Soissons 929:Messines 896:Alberich 705:Maubeuge 661:Ardennes 656:Lorraine 624:Moresnet 459:Eaucourt 437:Lesbœufs 393:Pozières 371:Ovillers 334:Fricourt 238:Strength 69:Thiepval 64:Location 5623:Germany 5523:Germany 5451:Germany 5371:Belgium 5356:Albania 5315:Disease 5295:Sports 5247:Ireland 5160:Warfare 5153:Aspects 4341:Origins 4334:Prelude 4237:Senussi 4217:Germany 4212:Leaders 4150:Romania 4091:Belgium 4086:Leaders 3985:Kamerun 3967:African 3902:Romania 3880:Balkans 3795:Outline 3500:3 April 2599:(about 2510:to the 2403:Zollern 2358:⁄ 2286:Zollern 2193:F.E. 2b 2182:500 air 2151:Jasta 2 2017:Zollern 1965:Zollern 1922:Zollern 1912:Zollern 1892:Zollern 1886:Zollern 1842:Zollern 1832:Zollern 1812:Zollern 1798:Zollern 1770:Zollern 1758:Zollern 1752:Zollern 1742:Zollern 1719:Zollern 1713:Zollern 1703:Zollern 1657:of the 1620:63°–41° 1606:61°–54° 1592:73°–54° 1578:72°–52° 1564:75°–54° 1550:73°–50° 1534:72°–45° 1520:66°–43° 1454:Staufen 1448:Zollern 1343:V Corps 1314:Zollern 1275:General 1225:brigade 1217:company 1191:Prelude 1100:on the 1000:Ailette 968:The Lys 962:Michael 944:Cambrai 838:Hulluch 833:St Eloi 725:Antwerp 464:Le Sars 432:Combles 35:of the 5643:Russia 5618:France 5446:Canada 5361:Serbia 5232:Canada 5189:Horses 5141:(1921) 5135:(1920) 5129:(1920) 5123:(1920) 5115:(1920) 5068:(1919) 5062:(1919) 5008:(1918) 4973:(1918) 4967:(1917) 4955:(1916) 4949:(1916) 4914:(1915) 4326:(1913) 4308:(1911) 4290:(1905) 4247:Darfur 4172:Serbia 4155:Russia 4118:Greece 4106:France 4096:Brazil 3942:Persia 3885:Serbia 3717: 3685: 3658: 3639: 3620: 3601: 3578: 3559: 3540: 3517: 3491: 3472: 3450: 3428: 3409: 3387: 3368: 2811:Jastas 2174:31 gun 1471:Battle 1333:About 1040:Sambre 995:Amiens 863:Verdun 693:Étreux 639:Dinant 427:Morval 410:Ginchy 329:Mametz 314:Albert 256:12,500 192: 181:France 178: 163: 152:Canada 149: 135: 111:Result 73:France 5840:Other 5633:Japan 5628:Italy 5455:camps 5299:Rugby 4849:] 4128:Japan 4123:Italy 4101:China 3995:North 3711:(PDF) 2730:Notes 2597:3,615 2595:were 2589:6,254 2587:were 2490:. At 2085:22 to 1623:dull 1609:rain 1595:rain 1581:rain 1567:fine 1553:fine 1523:fine 1502:rain 1497:Date 1136:Serre 907:Arras 890:Ancre 644:Namur 634:Liège 543:Y Sap 498:Ancre 5420:POWs 4739:1918 4641:1917 4567:1916 4468:1915 4372:1914 4177:Siam 3980:East 3715:OCLC 3683:ISBN 3656:ISBN 3637:ISBN 3618:ISBN 3599:ISBN 3576:ISBN 3557:ISBN 3538:ISBN 3534:HMSO 3515:ISBN 3502:2016 3489:ISBN 3470:OCLC 3448:ISBN 3426:ISBN 3407:ISBN 3385:ISBN 3366:ISBN 2784:and 2652:and 2636:and 2504:and 2462:and 2429:and 2343:and 2325:and 2301:and 2064:Wing 2058:and 1539:sun 1537:mist 1223:and 1200:The 1081:The 950:1918 912:Vimy 884:1917 817:1916 801:Loos 758:1915 735:Yser 671:Mons 618:1914 56:Date 2388:). 2140:of 1575:0.1 1561:0.1 5902:: 4847:It 3536:. 3168:^ 3153:^ 3126:^ 3075:^ 3048:^ 3019:^ 3004:^ 2939:^ 2898:^ 2792:, 2709:. 2620:c. 2609:c. 2516:. 2456:, 2441:. 2195:. 2089:c. 1614:30 1603:17 1600:29 1586:28 1572:27 1558:26 1544:25 1528:24 1514:23 1506:°F 1500:mm 1436:.) 1392:, 1280:, 1219:, 71:, 5271:/ 3776:e 3769:t 3762:v 3721:. 3691:. 3664:. 3645:. 3626:. 3584:. 3565:. 3546:. 3523:. 3504:. 3476:. 3456:. 3434:. 3415:. 3393:. 3374:. 2808:( 2774:/ 2360:2 2356:1 2353:+ 2351:1 2148:( 1617:0 1589:1 1547:0 1531:0 1517:0 1304:( 1204:( 1128:( 1089:( 599:e 592:t 585:v 288:e 281:t 274:v

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Battle of Thiepval Ridge

Index