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Companies and regiments became jumbled together, and where the lines had been two men deep, now just a crowd resulted. The
Russians, seeing this, began to advance down the hill from either side of the great redoubt, firing on the British below. Mounted British officers galloped round their men, urging them to reform their lines, but were unsuccessful in persuading them to move from the shelter of the riverbank. Some sat down and took out their water cans; others began to eat. Aware of the danger of the situation and unable to reorganize, Major-general
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until some of the Light
Division's advanced guard tumbled over the walls of the greater redoubt. As the Russians were trying to redeploy their cannons, soldiers clambered over the parapets and through the embrasures, capturing two guns in the confusion. However, realizing their lack of reinforcements, and as the Vladimirsky Regiment poured into the redoubt from the open higher ground, British buglers sounded the withdraw order. Russian infantry charged with fixed bayonets, driving out the British and firing at them as they retreated down the hill.
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783:'s commander on his left, calling on the British to advance and take some pressure off the French. Raglan was still waiting for the French attack to succeed before committing British troops, and at first told Evans not to take orders from the French, but under pressure from Evans, he relented. At 14:45, he commanded the British Light, 1st and 2nd Divisions to advance, although without further orders. The British army was arrayed in two lines; the first consisted of the
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force that the line was broken in many places. The Scots faltered, but emerged on the other side with only half their numbers and continued towards the great redoubt in a chaotic state. When they were 37 m (40 yd) from the redoubt, the
Russians mounted a massive volley. The Scots Fusiliers were forced to retreat, stopping only when they reached the river; they remained in the riverbank shelter for the rest of the battle, ignoring repeated orders to advance.
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and
Bosquet's riflemen kept the Russian gunners at a distance where only the heavier French guns could take effect. The guns of the allied fleet also started pounding the Russian positions on the cliffs, undermining the morale of their troops. By the time the first Russian battery of artillery arrived, it found the remnants of the Moscow Regiment already in retreat. Under heavy fire from the Zouaves, the Minsk Regiment also began to retreat.
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a broad front and try to turn the enemy's flank on the left further inland. At the final moment, Raglan decided to delay the
British advance until the French had broken through on the right; the troops were ordered to lie on the ground, within range of the Russian guns, in a position from which they could scramble to the river when the time was right. They lay there from 13:15 to 14:45, losing men as the Russian gunners found their range.
186:
237:
702:' scouting party. As the Light Brigade prepared to charge the Cossacks, Lord Raglan sent an order for it to retreat when a large Russian infantry force was discovered in a dip in the terrain ahead. The next morning, the allied army marched down the valley to engage the Russians, whose forces were on the other side of the river, on the Alma heights.
597:, commander of Russian forces in the Crimea, was taken by surprise. He had not thought the allies would attack so close to the onset of winter, and had failed to mobilize sufficient troops to defend Crimea. He had only 38,000 soldiers and 18,000 sailors along the southwestern coast, and 12,000 more around Kerch and Theodosia.
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from all directions, with the Guards on the left overcoming the last
Russian reserves on the Kurgan Hill, Codrington's men and the other Guards closing in on the great redoubt, and the 2nd Division pushing up the Sevastopol Road. With the French in command of the cliffs above the Alma, the battle clearly had been decided.
762:
Following the
Zouaves, more soldiers scaled the cliffs and carried 12 guns up a ravine. They arrived just in time to meet the extra infantry and artillery that Menshikov had transferred from the center in an attempt to organize the resistance and prevent the Russian Army from being outflanked on its left.
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river's mouth for almost two mi (3 km), where they met a less steep, but equally high hill known as
Telegraph Hill across the river from the village of Bourliouk. To its east lay Kourgane Hill, a natural strongpoint with fields of fire covering most approaches, and the key to the whole position. Two
623:'s 3rd Division were ashore with their artillery. The British landing took much longer to complete compared to the French, as the infantry was landed first, when the sea was calm, but by the time the British tried to get their cavalry ashore, the wind was up and the horses struggled in the heavy surf.
809:
The densely packed
Codrington's Brigade started to advance uphill in a thick crowd. Without time and unable to put the soldiers in formation, the officers gave up and urged them to charge toward the Russian guns in the redoubt. As Russian artillery opened fire, the British continued scrambling upward
552:
The allies made a series of disjointed attacks. The French turned the
Russian left flank with an attack up cliffs that the Russians had considered unscalable. The British initially waited to see the outcome of the French attack, then twice unsuccessfully assaulted the Russians' main position on their
905:
The battle cost the French 1,600 casualties, the British 2,000, the Ottomans 503, and the Russians some 5,000. The British took two days to clear the battlefield of their wounded. Without any medical supplies, they had to requisition the commissariat carts to remove the wounded from the battlefield.
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could clearly see the gunners of three Russian batteries from the riverbank and take them out with their Minié rifles before they could redeploy the guns. As the Russian infantry and artillery withdrew, the British slowly advanced uphill. By 16:00, the allies were converging on the Russian positions
752:
By mid-morning, the allied army was assembling on the plain, the British on the left of the Sevastopol Road, the French and the Turks on the right, stretching out towards the coast. According to the plan that the allies had agreed upon the day before, the two armies were to advance simultaneously on
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was numerically inferior to the combined Franco-British force (35,000 Russian troops as opposed to 60,000 Anglo-French-Ottoman troops), the heights they occupied were a natural defensive position, indeed, the last natural barrier to the allied armies on their approach to Sevastopol. Furthermore, the
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The Russians fled in all directions, running down into the valley and away from the enemy. Mounted officers tried in vain to stop the panicked flight, but the men had decided they had had enough. Most of the Russian soldiers retreated towards the Kacha River in small groups, without officers or any
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The Russian situation became hopeless. Before a counterattack could be made, the whole of Bosquet's division and many of the Turks had reached the plateau. The Russians had more guns – 28 to the French 12 – , but the French guns were of larger caliber and longer range,
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The Scots Fusiliers, by then ahead of the rest of the division, started to move uphill immediately, repeating the Light Division's mistake, which at that moment was running down from the redoubt, pursued by Russian infantry. The Light Division crashed into the advancing Scots Fusiliers with such
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The Light Division had not extended itself far enough left and advanced at an angle. Soon, the troops on the right of the Light Division and the left of the 2nd Division began merging. The strategic formation of the British line was lost. Once they had crossed the river, all order was also lost.
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While the British were holding their advance, on the far right, Bosquet's 2nd Division arrived at the river's mouth and encountered steep cliffs rising 50 m above the river. The Russians considered the cliffs so steep that they deemed it unnecessary to defend the position with artillery. Leaving
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on the northern bank of the Bulganak, next day marching the 6 km (4 mi) to the north bank of the Alma, where the ground sloped gently down to the river. The precipitous cliffs running along the southern bank of the river were 107 m (350 ft) high and continued inland from the
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at the division's head started to swim across the river and rapidly climbed the cliffs using the trees to scale it. Once they had reached the plateau, they hid behind rocks and bushes to engage the defending forces of the Moscow Regiment and held the position until reinforcements could arrive.
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September, the army finally started to head south, with its fleets supporting them. The French were on the right of the allied line near the shore, with the Turks following them, and the British were on the left further inland. The march involved crossing five rivers: the Bulganak, the
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In the meantime on Bousquet's left, Canrobert's 1st Division and to Canrobert's left Prince Napoleon's 3rd Division were unable to cross the river in the face of heavy fire coming from Telegraph Hill, and their advance stalled. Prince Napoleon sent word to Lieutenant-General
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in Constantinople. The allied commanders had no idea of the heavy losses on the Russian side. The necessity of collecting equipment scattered though the battlefield delayed the pursuit, and the lack of cavalry ruled out any possibility of an immediate chase of the Russians.
638:
farms. The only food or water for the men was the three days' rations they had been given at Varna. No tents or kitbags were offloaded from the ships, so the soldiers spent their first nights without shelter, unprotected from the heavy rain or the blistering heat.
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The British troops and cavalry took five days to disembark. Many of the men were sick with cholera and had to be carried off the boats. No facilities for moving equipment overland existed, so parties had to be sent out to steal carts and wagons from the local
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Without entrenchments to protect its infantry and artillery, the Russian Army was unable to defend its position on the heights against the deadly Minié rifles. Soon, the fire of the Guards was joined by the 2nd Division under Evans, on the British right. Its
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had been constructed to protect Kourgane Hill from infantry assault; the lesser redoubt on the eastern slope and the greater redoubt on the west. The road to Sevastopol ran between Telegraph and Kourgane Hills, covered by Russian
906:
As the Russian army had to abandon its wounded on the battlefield, many of the injured limped back to Sevastopol over the course of the next days. Some 1600 wounded had to wait several days before they could sail to the
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The two other guards regiments filled the gap left by the Scots Fusiliers, but refused orders to charge with bayonets up the hill. Instead, the Grenadiers and the Coldstream formed into lines and started firing
881:
clear idea of what to do or where to go. Many were not reunited with their regiments for several days. At the top of Telegraph Hill, the French captured the abandoned carriage of Menshikov. In it they found a
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volleys into the Russian advance parties. This stopped the Russians, and the Grenadiers and the Coldstream were soon able to close the gap between them; the Russians were again forced back into the redoubt.
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right. Eventually, superior British rifle fire forced the Russians to retreat. With both flanks turned, the Russian position collapsed and they fled. The lack of cavalry meant that little pursuit occurred.
889:, 50,000 francs, pornographic French novels, the general's boots, and some ladies' underwear. On the hill were abandoned picnics, parasols and field glasses, left behind by the spectators from Sevastopol.
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on the heights they could employ with devastating effect from the elevated position; however, none were on the cliffs facing the sea, which were considered too steep for the enemy to climb.
630:) Suleiman Pasha Al Arnauti, the 3rd Brigade was made up of the 13th Infantry Regiment (commanded by Brigadier Mustafa Bek) and 14th Infantry Regiment (commanded by Brigadier Ali Bek)
798:, consisting of the Highland and the Guards Brigades, which were deployed to support the first line's advance. The remaining British troops were held in reserve.
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At the Alma, Prince Menshikov, commander-in-chief of Russian forces in the Crimea, decided to make his stand on the high ground south of the river. Although the
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Engraving of a piece of Russian artillery captured by British forces following the conclusion of the battle probably from a contemporary newspaper
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By now, the 1st Division had finally crossed the river and the Russians in the greater redoubt saw approaching them the Guards' Brigade, with the
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between an allied expeditionary force (made up of French, British, and Ottoman forces) and Russian forces defending the
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The battle cost the French roughly 1,600 casualties, the British 2,000, the Ottomans 503, and the Russians some 5,000.
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rushed his available forces to the last natural defensive position before the city, the Alma Heights, south of the
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on the western coast of the Crimea, 45 km (28 mi) north of Sevastopol, and started disembarking on 14
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September 1854 with no clear objective or specified landing point. The allies had been planning to capture
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Despite the plans for a surprise attack on Sevastopol being undermined by the delays, six days later on 19
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846:. Campbell was irritated by the Guards' delay and ordered an immediate advance. A firm believer in the
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and Lacy Evans' 2nd Division on the right. Behind them was a second line - the 1st Division under
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806:, commander of the Light Division's 1st Brigade, ordered his troops to fix bayonets and advance.
694:. By midday, the allied army reached the Bulganak and had its first sight of the Russians when a
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Surgeon in the Crimea: The Experiences of George Lawson Recorded in Letters to His Family
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The Ottoman forces sent to Alma consisted of the 3rd Brigade commanded by Major General (
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on the left. Out of sight on the far left was the Highland Brigade, commanded by Sir
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The British force comprised 26,000 infantry: the 1st Infantry Division under the
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This article is about a battle in the Crimean War. For the battle in 1871, see
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September 1854. The allies had made a surprise landing in Crimea on 14
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1708:
The Destruction of Lord Raglan: A tragedy of the Crimean War 1854–55
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723:
1677:
Victoria's Scottish Lion: The Life of Colin Campbell, Lord Clyde
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534:, then marched toward the strategically important port city of
1459:
The Crimean Expedition, to the Capture of Sebastopol, Volume 1
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274:
1760:
The Egyptian Army in the Russian War Known as the Crimean War
1353:
919:
662:. The British also had a 1,000-strong Cavalry Division under
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Hell Riders: The Truth about the Charge of the Light Brigade
1595:
The Crimean War: Queen Victoria's War with the Russian Tsars
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located on the hills and in the narrow valley between them.
1604:
The Thin Red Line: An Eyewitness History of the Crimean War
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September. The French disembarked first, and by nightfall,
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See the map on the bottom of page XXVII of Orlando Figes,
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See the map on the bottom of page XXVII of Orlando Figes,
998:
See the map on the bottom of page XXVII of Orlando Figes,
922:. The British gave the name Alma to a small settlement in
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The French commemorated the battle with the naming of the
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938:, Canada, The Parish of Alma was created surrounding the
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1762:] (in Arabic). Hindawi Foundation (published 2011).
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British: 27,000 men; French: 25,000; Turkish: 6,000 men.
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in 1856, commemorating the then-recent Battle of Alma.
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The allied fleet of 400 ships left the Ottoman port of
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986:See the map on top of page XXVII in Orlando Figes,
538:, 45 km (28 mi) away. Russian commander
1755:الجيش المصري في الحرب الروسية المعروفة بحرب القرم
1039:
1783:
1480:Bonham-Carter, V.; Lawson, Monica, eds. (1968).
769:
1656:Fletcher, Ian & Ishchenko, Natalia (2004).
1491:Death of Glory: The Legacy of the Crimean War
290:
813:
1817:Battles involving the French Foreign Legion
740:The French attack on the Russian left flank
1616:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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1736:Crimea: The Great Crimean War 1854–1856
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748:French troops at the Battle of the Alma
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822:The Coldstream Guards at the Alma, by
586:, which a landing party captured on 13
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1807:Battles involving the United Kingdom
1572:The Crimean War: A Russian Chronicle
1563:The British Expedition to the Crimea
1452:. New York: Oxford University Press.
757:their kitbags on the riverbank, the
1715:The Invasion of the Crimea, 8 vols.
1658:The Crimean War: A Clash of Empires
710:Russians had more than one hundred
24:
1680:. UK: History Press. p. 496.
1626:
1545:Battle Honours of the British Army
646:; the 2nd Infantry Division under
523:September. The allied commanders,
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1838:
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1125:Bonham-Carter & Lawson (1968)
582:, but decided instead to sail to
1561:Russell, William Howard (1858).
1457:Bazancourt, César Lecat (1856).
235:
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595:Alexander Sergeyevich Menshikov
543:Alexander Sergeyevich Menshikov
304:
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934:(both in New Zealand). In the
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27:1854 battle of the Crimean War
13:
1:
1720:Pemberton, W. Baring (1962).
1706:Hibbert, Christopher (1963).
1521:La Guerre de Crimée 1853–1856
1417:
770:Attack at the greater redoubt
559:
528:Jacques Leroy de Saint-Arnaud
1713:Kinglake, Alexander William
1032:
958:are named after the battle.
892:
698:vanguard opened fire on the
7:
1489:Egerton, Robert B (2000) .
1448:Baumgart, Winfried (1999).
619:'s 2nd Division and Prince
459:Charge of the Light Brigade
10:
1843:
1802:Battles of the Crimean War
1797:1854 in the Russian Empire
1722:Battles of the Crimean War
1556:– via Gutenberg.org.
1504:. Henry Holt and Company.
1501:The Crimean War: A History
1450:The Crimean War, 1853–1856
1024:The Crimean War: A History
1012:The Crimean War: A History
1000:The Crimean War: A History
988:The Crimean War: A History
29:
1493:. London: Westview Press.
936:Province of New Brunswick
814:Retreat and second attack
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615:'s 1st Division, Général
314:
269:~5,000 killed and wounded
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247:
196:
143:
73:
56:
48:
43:
1812:Battles involving France
1754:
1642:Brighton, Terry (2005).
964:
648:Sir George de Lacy Evans
507:) took place during the
505:Battle of the Alma River
266:4,103 killed and wounded
32:Battle of Alma (Algeria)
1498:Figes, Orlando (2011).
1425:Annesley, Hugh (1854),
838:in the centre, and the
824:Richard Caton Woodville
804:William John Codrington
617:Pierre François Bosquet
116:44.831036°N 33.668879°E
1734:Royle, Trevor (2007).
1660:. Spellmount Limited.
1602:Spilsbury, J. (2005).
1542:Norman, C. B. (1911).
902:
827:
749:
600:Allied forces reached
197:Commanders and leaders
1827:September 1854 events
1565:. Routledge & Co.
1548:. London: John Murray
1519:Gouttman, A. (1995).
900:
874:30th Regiment of Foot
836:Scots Fusilier Guards
821:
747:
672:Royal Horse Artillery
666:); four batteries of
261:Casualties and losses
1633:ffrench Blake, R.L.V
1593:Small, Hugh (2007).
1484:. London: Constable.
1427:Crimean Journal 1854
848:charge with bayonets
777:George de Lacy Evans
121:44.831036; 33.668879
1822:Taurida Governorate
1694:on 21 February 2016
1570:Seaton, A. (1977).
1523:(in French). Paris.
1362:, pp. 260–262.
1230:, pp. 294–298.
885:, letters from the
787:on the left led by
700:13th Light Dragoons
670:; and one troop of
652:Sir George Cathcart
242:Alexander Menshikov
112: /
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834:on the right, the
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613:François Canrobert
501:Battle of the Alma
64:Battle of the Alma
44:Battle of the Alma
1792:Conflicts in 1854
1769:978-1-5273-0352-2
1744:978-0-349-11284-8
1724:. Pan Books Ltd.
1687:978-0-75095-685-7
1672:Greenwood, Adrian
1652:978-0-14-101831-7
1646:. Penguin Books.
1597:. Stroud: Tempus.
1511:978-1-4299-9724-9
1398:, pp. 96–97.
1360:Bazancourt (1856)
1338:, pp. 51–54.
1302:, pp. 54–55.
1290:, pp. 64–65.
944:Alma, Nova Scotia
840:Coldstream Guards
796:Duke of Cambridge
644:Duke of Cambridge
513:Crimean Peninsula
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464:The Thin Red Line
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81:20 September 1854
16:(Redirected from
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1637:The Crimean War.
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1696:. Retrieved
1692:the original
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1550:. Retrieved
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1408:Figes (2011)
1403:
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1384:Figes (2011)
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1372:Figes (2011)
1367:
1355:
1348:Figes (2011)
1343:
1336:Small (2007)
1331:
1324:Figes (2011)
1319:
1312:Figes (2011)
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1276:Figes (2011)
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1264:Figes (2011)
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1252:Figes (2011)
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1240:Small (2007)
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1216:Figes (2011)
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1204:Small (2007)
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1180:Figes (2011)
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1168:Figes (2011)
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1156:Small (2007)
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781:2nd Division
773:
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602:Kalamita Bay
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579:coup de main
577:
563:
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431:
144:Belligerents
63:
49:Part of the
36:
1750:Toson, Omar
1698:26 November
932:Marlborough
924:North Otago
867:Final stage
717:The allies
590:September.
532:Lord Raglan
509:Crimean War
503:(short for
447:Great Redan
408:Suomenlinna
356:Başgedikler
351:Akhaltsikhe
307:Crimean War
210:Lord Raglan
119: /
68:Eugene Lami
51:Crimean War
1786:Categories
1738:. Abacus.
1418:References
719:bivouacked
712:field guns
664:Lord Lucan
654:; and the
574:Sevastopol
560:Background
547:Alma River
536:Sevastopol
437:Sevastopol
107:33°40′08″E
104:44°49′52″N
91:Alma River
1717:Edinburgh
1612:cite book
1606:. London.
1580:cite book
1574:. London.
1529:cite book
1467:cite book
1461:. London.
1033:Citations
893:Aftermath
729:batteries
584:Evpatoria
476:Eupatoria
454:Balaclava
403:Bomarsund
398:Halkokari
393:Åland War
371:Kurekdere
339:Silistria
1752:(1936).
1674:(2015).
1635:(1973).
1435:citation
1429:, London
724:redoubts
692:Chernaya
628:Amirliwa
621:Napoleon
525:Maréchal
486:Chernaya
481:Taganrog
471:Inkerman
442:Malakoff
345:Caucasus
324:Oltenița
248:Strength
86:Location
1552:5 April
928:a river
926:and to
759:Zouaves
696:Cossack
610:Général
420:Kinburn
366:Choloki
361:Nigoiti
334:Calafat
318:Balkans
157:Britain
1766:
1742:
1728:
1684:
1664:
1650:
1508:
954:, and
735:Battle
679:
658:under
606:
592:Prince
588:
570:
540:Prince
521:
517:
426:Crimea
329:Cetate
256:37,500
191:Russia
168:France
132:Result
1758:[
965:Notes
920:Paris
860:Minié
688:Kacha
636:Tatar
576:in a
566:Varna
515:on 20
388:Sinop
1764:ISBN
1740:ISBN
1726:ISBN
1700:2015
1682:ISBN
1662:ISBN
1648:ISBN
1618:link
1586:link
1554:2021
1535:link
1506:ISBN
1473:link
1441:link
887:Tsar
826:1896
684:Alma
568:on 7
530:and
499:The
432:Alma
376:Kars
78:Date
930:in
918:in
789:Sir
674:).
66:by
1788::
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1443:)
1055:.
298:e
291:t
284:v
34:.
20:)
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