Electric battery - Knowledge

848: 2488:. Because of internal resistance loss and the chemical processes inside the cells, a battery rarely delivers nameplate rated capacity in only one hour. Typically, maximum capacity is found at a low C-rate, and charging or discharging at a higher C-rate reduces the usable life and capacity of a battery. Manufacturers often publish datasheets with graphs showing capacity versus C-rate curves. C-rate is also used as a rating on batteries to indicate the maximum current that a battery can safely deliver in a circuit. Standards for rechargeable batteries generally rate the capacity and charge cycles over a 4-hour (0.25C), 8 hour (0.125C) or longer discharge time. Types intended for special purposes, such as in a computer 2693: 128: 941:, can produce current immediately on assembly. These are most commonly used in portable devices that have low current drain, are used only intermittently, or are used well away from an alternative power source, such as in alarm and communication circuits where other electric power is only intermittently available. Disposable primary cells cannot be reliably recharged, since the chemical reactions are not easily reversible and active materials may not return to their original forms. Battery manufacturers recommend against attempting to recharge primary cells. In general, these have higher 324: 2556:

side reactions is reduced for batteries stored at lower temperatures, although some can be damaged by freezing and storing in a fridge will not meaningfully prolong shelf life and risks damaging condensation. Old rechargeable batteries self-discharge more rapidly than disposable alkaline batteries, especially nickel-based batteries; a freshly charged nickel cadmium (NiCd) battery loses 10% of its charge in the first 24 hours, and thereafter discharges at a rate of about 10% a month. However, newer

1220:, "that could lead to safer, faster-charging, longer-lasting rechargeable batteries for handheld mobile devices, electric cars and stationary energy storage". The solid-state battery is also said to have "three times the energy density", increasing its useful life in electric vehicles, for example. It should also be more ecologically sound since the technology uses less expensive, earth-friendly materials such as sodium extracted from seawater. They also have much longer life. 2808:. Batteries that successfully traverse the esophagus are unlikely to lodge elsewhere. The likelihood that a disk battery will lodge in the esophagus is a function of the patient's age and battery size. Older children do not have problems with batteries smaller than 21–23 mm. Liquefaction necrosis may occur because sodium hydroxide is generated by the current produced by the battery (usually at the anode). Perforation has occurred as rapidly as 6 hours after ingestion. 2525: 2824: 1354: 261: 6501: 2601:

benefit of the lead–acid battery is its low cost; its main drawbacks are large size and weight for a given capacity and voltage. Lead–acid batteries should never be discharged to below 20% of their capacity, because internal resistance will cause heat and damage when they are recharged. Deep-cycle lead–acid systems often use a low-charge warning light or a low-charge power cut-off switch to prevent the type of damage that will shorten the battery's life.

2917: 2743: 6525: 362:, in 1800. This was a stack of copper and zinc plates, separated by brine-soaked paper disks, that could produce a steady current for a considerable length of time. Volta did not understand that the voltage was due to chemical reactions. He thought that his cells were an inexhaustible source of energy, and that the associated corrosion effects at the electrodes were a mere nuisance, rather than an unavoidable consequence of their operation, as 5192: 1011: 2931: 2903: 2630: 1471: 2247: 486: 308: 6537: 6513: 4928: 2612:, which slows the side reactions. Such storage can extend the life of alkaline batteries by about 5%; rechargeable batteries can hold their charge much longer, depending upon type. To reach their maximum voltage, batteries must be returned to room temperature; discharging an alkaline battery at 250 mA at 0 °C is only half as efficient as at 20 °C. Alkaline battery manufacturers such as 2568:

high-capacity NiMH batteries (above 2,500 mA·h) last about 500 cycles. NiCd batteries tend to be rated for 1,000 cycles before their internal resistance permanently increases beyond usable values. Fast charging increases component changes, shortening battery lifespan. If a charger cannot detect when the battery is fully charged then overcharging is likely, damaging it.

2293:(A·h) (mAh for small batteries). The rated capacity of a battery is usually expressed as the product of 20 hours multiplied by the current that a new battery can consistently supply for 20 hours at 20 °C (68 °F), while remaining above a specified terminal voltage per cell. For example, a battery rated at 100 A·h can deliver 5 A over a 20-hour period at 974:, must be charged before first use; they are usually assembled with active materials in the discharged state. Rechargeable batteries are (re)charged by applying electric current, which reverses the chemical reactions that occur during discharge/use. Devices to supply the appropriate current are called chargers. The oldest form of rechargeable battery is the 544:) migrate. Cations are reduced (electrons are added) at the cathode, while metal atoms are oxidized (electrons are removed) at the anode. Some cells use different electrolytes for each half-cell; then a separator is used to prevent mixing of the electrolytes while allowing ions to flow between half-cells to complete the electrical circuit. 2716:

indicates that this type uses "liquid electrolytes to transport lithium ions between the anode and the cathode. If a battery cell is charged too quickly, it can cause a short circuit, leading to explosions and fires". Car batteries are most likely to explode when a short circuit generates very large currents. Such batteries produce

505:. In many cases, the electrical energy released is the difference in the cohesive or bond energies of the metals, oxides, or molecules undergoing the electrochemical reaction. For instance, energy can be stored in Zn or Li, which are high-energy metals because they are not stabilized by d-electron bonding, unlike 2758:

cardboard and plastic that form the remainder of the container. The active chemical leakage can then damage or disable the equipment that the batteries power. For this reason, many electronic device manufacturers recommend removing the batteries from devices that will not be used for extended periods of time.

994:. The lead–acid battery is relatively heavy for the amount of electrical energy it can supply. Its low manufacturing cost and its high surge current levels make it common where its capacity (over approximately 10 Ah) is more important than weight and handling issues. A common application is the modern 2867:

of 1996 banned the sale of mercury-containing batteries, enacted uniform labeling requirements for rechargeable batteries and required that rechargeable batteries be easily removable. California and New York City prohibit the disposal of rechargeable batteries in solid waste. The rechargeable battery

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it can deliver at a voltage that does not drop below the specified terminal voltage. The more electrode material contained in the cell the greater its capacity. A small cell has less capacity than a larger cell with the same chemistry, although they develop the same open-circuit voltage. Capacity is

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methods. In accordance with this directive all batteries to be sold within the EU must be marked with the "collection symbol" (a crossed-out wheeled bin). This must cover at least 3% of the surface of prismatic batteries and 1.5% of the surface of cylindrical batteries. All packaging must be marked

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batteries have many thin plates to maximize current. In general, the thicker the plates the longer the life. They are typically discharged only slightly before recharge. "Deep-cycle" lead–acid batteries such as those used in electric golf carts have much thicker plates to extend longevity. The main

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Disposable batteries typically lose 8–20% of their original charge per year when stored at room temperature (20–30 °C). This is known as the "self-discharge" rate, and is due to non-current-producing "side" chemical reactions that occur within the cell even when no load is applied. The rate of

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provided the fastest charging and energy delivery, discharging all its energy into a load in 10 to 20 seconds. In 2024 a prototype battery for electric cars that could charge from 10% to 80% in five minutes was demonstrated, and a Chinese company claimed that car batteries it had introduced charged

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Batteries of all types are manufactured in consumer and industrial grades. Costlier industrial-grade batteries may use chemistries that provide higher power-to-size ratio, have lower self-discharge and hence longer life when not in use, more resistance to leakage and, for example, ability to handle

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These wet cells used liquid electrolytes, which were prone to leakage and spillage if not handled correctly. Many used glass jars to hold their components, which made them fragile and potentially dangerous. These characteristics made wet cells unsuitable for portable appliances. Near the end of the

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is common in laptop computers, digital cameras, camcorders, and cellphones. Very low rate of self-discharge. Terminal voltage varies from 4.2 to 3.0 volts during discharge. Volatile: Chance of explosion if short-circuited, allowed to overheat, or not manufactured with rigorous quality standards.

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of work. In actual cells, the internal resistance increases under discharge and the open-circuit voltage also decreases under discharge. If the voltage and resistance are plotted against time, the resulting graphs typically are a curve; the shape of the curve varies according to the chemistry and

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Battery life (or lifetime) has two meanings for rechargeable batteries but only one for non-chargeables. It can be used to describe the length of time a device can run on a fully charged battery—this is also unambiguously termed "endurance". For a rechargeable battery it may also be used for the

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that consume charge carriers without producing current. The rate of self-discharge depends upon battery chemistry and construction, typically from months to years for significant loss. When batteries are recharged, additional side reactions reduce capacity for subsequent discharges. After enough

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occurs, either spontaneously or through accident, the chemicals released may be dangerous. For example, disposable batteries often use a zinc "can" both as a reactant and as the container to hold the other reagents. If this kind of battery is over-discharged, the reagents can emerge through the

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The active material on the battery plates changes chemical composition on each charge and discharge cycle; active material may be lost due to physical changes of volume, further limiting the number of times the battery can be recharged. Most nickel-based batteries are partially discharged when

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Smaller volume than equivalent Li-ion. Extremely expensive due to silver. Very high energy density. Very high drain capable. For many years considered obsolete due to high silver prices. Cell suffers from oxidation if unused. Reactions are not fully understood. Terminal voltage very stable but

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uses a paste electrolyte, with only enough moisture to allow current to flow. Unlike a wet cell, a dry cell can operate in any orientation without spilling, as it contains no free liquid, making it suitable for portable equipment. By comparison, the first wet cells were typically fragile glass

455:, are active participants in smart power supply grids. New methods of reuse, such as echelon use of partly-used batteries, add to the overall utility of electric batteries, reduce energy storage costs, and also reduce pollution/emission impacts due to longer lives. In echelon use of batteries, 427:

Important reasons for this high rate of growth of the electric battery industry include the electrification of transport, and large-scale deployment in electricity grids, supported by anthropogenic climate change-driven moves away from fossil-fuel combusted energy sources to cleaner, renewable

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may be produced faster than it can escape from within the battery (e.g. through a built-in vent), leading to pressure build-up and eventual bursting of the battery case. In extreme cases, battery chemicals may spray violently from the casing and cause injury. An expert summary of the problem

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and equals the emf of the cell. Because of internal resistance, the terminal voltage of a cell that is discharging is smaller in magnitude than the open-circuit voltage and the terminal voltage of a cell that is charging exceeds the open-circuit voltage. An ideal cell has negligible internal

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of the water in the electrolyte). During normal use, the amount of overcharging is usually very small and generates little hydrogen, which dissipates quickly. However, when "jump starting" a car, the high current can cause the rapid release of large volumes of hydrogen, which can be ignited

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can be swallowed, in particular by young children. While in the digestive tract, the battery's electrical discharge may lead to tissue damage; such damage is occasionally serious and can lead to death. Ingested disk batteries do not usually cause problems unless they become lodged in the

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Some deterioration occurs on each charge–discharge cycle. Degradation usually occurs because electrolyte migrates away from the electrodes or because active material detaches from the electrodes. Low-capacity NiMH batteries (1,700–2,000 mA·h) can be charged some 1,000 times, whereas

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can be stored unassembled (unactivated and supplying no power) for a long period (perhaps years). When the battery is needed, then it is assembled (e.g., by adding electrolyte); once assembled, the battery is charged and ready to work. For example, a battery for an electronic artillery

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to vary. Above a minimum threshold, discharging at a low rate delivers more of the battery's capacity than at a higher rate. Installing batteries with varying A·h ratings changes operating time, but not device operation unless load limits are exceeded. High-drain loads such as

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capacitors. Franklin grouped a number of the jars into what he described as a "battery", using the military term for weapons functioning together. By multiplying the number of holding vessels, a stronger charge could be stored, and more power would be available on discharge.

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Moderately inexpensive. High drain device suitable. Low self-discharge rate. Voltage closer to alkaline primary cells than other secondary cells. No toxic components. Newly introduced to the market (2009). Has not yet established a track record. Limited size availability.

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might be activated by the impact of firing a gun. The acceleration breaks a capsule of electrolyte that activates the battery and powers the fuze's circuits. Reserve batteries are usually designed for a short service life (seconds or minutes) after long storage (years). A

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suddenly drops to 1.5 volts at 70–80% charge (believed to be due to presence of both argentous and argentic oxide in positive plate; one is consumed first). Has been used in lieu of primary battery (moon buggy). Is being developed once again as a replacement for Li-ion.

2297:. The fraction of the stored charge that a battery can deliver depends on multiple factors, including battery chemistry, the rate at which the charge is delivered (current), the required terminal voltage, the storage period, ambient temperature and other factors. 914:

batteries are designed to be used until exhausted of energy then discarded. Their chemical reactions are generally not reversible, so they cannot be recharged. When the supply of reactants in the battery is exhausted, the battery stops producing current and is

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is a measure of the rate at which a battery is being charged or discharged. It is defined as the current through the battery divided by the theoretical current draw under which the battery would deliver its nominal rated capacity in one hour. It has the units

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from the grid or a power plant and then discharge that energy at a later time to provide electricity or other grid services when needed. Grid scale energy storage (either turnkey or distributed) are important components of smart power supply grids.

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in 2018. Conservatively, the growth rate is expected to be maintained at an estimated 25%, culminating in demand reaching 2600 GWh in 2030. In addition, cost reductions are expected to further increase the demand to as much as 3562 GWh.

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Inexpensive. High-/low-drain, moderate energy density. Can withstand very high discharge rates with virtually no loss of capacity. Moderate rate of self-discharge. Environmental hazard due to Cadmium, use now virtually prohibited in Europe.

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difference is delivered to the external circuit as electrical energy. Historically the term "battery" specifically referred to a device composed of multiple cells; however, the usage has evolved to include devices composed of a single cell.

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Almost any liquid or moist object that has enough ions to be electrically conductive can serve as the electrolyte for a cell. As a novelty or science demonstration, it is possible to insert two electrodes made of different metals into a

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can reduce total capacity of rechargeable or disposable batteries. For example, a battery rated at 2 A·h for a 10- or 20-hour discharge would not sustain a current of 1 A for a full two hours as its stated capacity suggests.

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reached an agreement to force, from 2026, manufacturers to design all electrical appliances sold in the EU (and not used predominantly in wet conditions) so that consumers can easily remove and replace batteries themselves.

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drain, and temperature. At low temperatures, a battery cannot deliver as much power. As such, in cold climates, some car owners install battery warmers, which are small electric heating pads that keep the car battery warm.

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in the form of a paste next to the zinc anode. The remaining space between the electrolyte and carbon cathode is taken up by a second paste consisting of ammonium chloride and manganese dioxide, the latter acting as a

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services recover toxic substances, which can then be used for new batteries. Of the nearly three billion batteries purchased annually in the United States, about 179,000 tons end up in landfills across the country.

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is used to describe how long a battery will retain its performance between manufacture and use. Available capacity of all batteries drops with decreasing temperature. In contrast to most of today's batteries, the

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Moderately expensive. Moderate energy density. Moderate rate of self-discharge. Higher discharge rates result in considerable loss of capacity. Environmental hazard due to Lead. Common use: automobile batteries

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circuits, were restored to operation by replacing the electrodes. Secondary batteries are not indefinitely rechargeable due to dissipation of the active materials, loss of electrolyte and internal corrosion.

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containers with lead rods hanging from the open top and needed careful handling to avoid spillage. Lead–acid batteries did not achieve the safety and portability of the dry cell until the development of the

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that generates electricity from sugar in a way that is similar to the processes observed in living organisms. The battery generates electricity through the use of enzymes that break down carbohydrates.

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The higher the discharge rate, the lower the capacity. The relationship between current, discharge time and capacity for a lead acid battery is approximated (over a typical range of current values) by

667: 174:. The terminal marked negative is the source of electrons that will flow through an external electric circuit to the positive terminal. When a battery is connected to an external electric load, a 986:

applications. This technology contains liquid electrolyte in an unsealed container, requiring that the battery be kept upright and the area be well ventilated to ensure safe dispersal of the

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Many important cell properties, such as voltage, energy density, flammability, available cell constructions, operating temperature range and shelf life, are dictated by battery chemistry.

1291:(Li-ion) cells. Li-ion has by far the highest share of the dry cell rechargeable market. NiMH has replaced NiCd in most applications due to its higher capacity, but NiCd remains in use in 2466:

recharges, in essence all capacity is lost and the battery stops producing power. Internal energy losses and limitations on the rate that ions pass through the electrolyte cause battery

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used for electric watches, to the No. 6 cell used for signal circuits or other long duration applications. Secondary cells are made in very large sizes; very large batteries can power a

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such as gasoline. In automobiles, this is somewhat offset by the higher efficiency of electric motors in converting electrical energy to mechanical work, compared to combustion engines.

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Inexpensive. Performs better than alkaline batteries in higher drain devices. Traditional chemistry has high energy density, but also a high rate of self-discharge. Newer chemistry has

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can be discharged and recharged multiple times using an applied electric current; the original composition of the electrodes can be restored by reverse current. Examples include the

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Although early batteries were of great value for experimental purposes, in practice their voltages fluctuated and they could not provide a large current for a sustained period. The

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that have their battery capacity reduced to less than 80%, usually after service of 5–8 years, are repurposed for use as backup supply or for renewable energy storage systems.

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Insight Report — A Vision for a Sustainable Battery Value Chain in 2030 : Unlocking the Full Potential to Power Sustainable Development and Climate Change Mitigation

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In response to reported accidents and failures, occasionally ignition or explosion, recalls of devices using lithium-ion batteries have become more common in recent years.

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Charged batteries (rechargeable or disposable) lose charge by internal self-discharge over time although not discharged, due to the presence of generally irreversible

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Expensive. Used only in high-drain devices or for long shelf-life due to very low rate of self-discharge. 'Lithium' alone usually refers to this type of chemistry.

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as an electrode or electrolyte. When each battery reaches end of life it must be disposed of to prevent environmental damage. Batteries are one form of

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But even John Goodenough's work doesn't change my forecast that EVs will take at least 50 years to reach 70 to 80 percent of the global vehicle market.

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are primary or secondary batteries that use a molten salt as electrolyte. They operate at high temperatures and must be well insulated to retain heat.

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Line art drawing of a dry cell: 1. brass cap, 2. plastic seal, 3. expansion space, 4. porous cardboard, 5. zinc can, 6. carbon rod, 7. chemical mixture

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historically used a wet cell for the "A" battery (to provide power to the filament) and a dry cell for the "B" battery (to provide the plate voltage).

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purchased, and must be charged before first use. Newer NiMH batteries are ready to be used when purchased, and have only 15% discharge in a year.

2548:, invented in 1812, offers a very long service life without refurbishment or recharge, although it can supply very little current (nanoamps). The 4707: 3810: 3758: 793:

cells have different chemistries, but approximately the same emf of 1.2 volts. The high electrochemical potential changes in the reactions of

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of the European Union has similar requirements, in addition to requiring increased recycling of batteries and promoting research on improved

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A battery explosion is generally caused by misuse or malfunction, such as attempting to recharge a primary (non-rechargeable) battery, or a

3211: 4301: 1445:. It covered 2,000 square metres (22,000 sq ft)—bigger than a football pitch—and weighed 1,300 tonnes. It was manufactured by 1267:

Other portable rechargeable batteries include several sealed "dry cell" types, that are useful in applications such as mobile phones and

4170: 1238:(VRLA battery) is popular in the automotive industry as a replacement for the lead–acid wet cell. The VRLA battery uses an immobilized 4947: 3143: 3858: 3239: 2977: 2855: 1742: 1437:, China, which can store 36 MWh of electricity was built in 2013 at a cost of $ 500 million. Another large battery, composed of 3795: 3731: 3044: 2539:

number of charge/discharge cycles possible before the cells fail to operate satisfactorily—this is also termed "lifespan". The term

1457:. A 4.4 MWh battery system that can deliver 11 MW for 25 minutes stabilizes the output of the Auwahi wind farm in Hawaii. 5121: 847: 4609: 2732:

Overcharging (attempting to charge a battery beyond its electrical capacity) can also lead to a battery explosion, in addition to

5614: 4990: 4583: 4440: 3713: 6234: 2575:". The effect can be avoided with simple practices. NiMH cells, although similar in chemistry, suffer less from memory effect. 1568: 1535: 1388:

in the device that uses them. When a device does not uses standard-format batteries, they are typically combined into a custom

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developed across a cell's terminals depends on the energy release of the chemical reactions of its electrodes and electrolyte.

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to the cell. This regenerates the original chemical reactants, so they can be used, recharged, and used again multiple times.

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and wristwatches to, at the largest extreme, huge battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby or emergency power for

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or irreversible damage. It may also cause damage to the charger or device in which the overcharged battery is later used.

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industry operates nationwide recycling programs in the United States and Canada, with dropoff points at local retailers.

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to provide backup power in the event of a blackout. The battery can provide 40 MW of power for up to seven minutes.

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rechargeable batteries must endure stress due to vibration, shock, and temperature range. Because of these stresses and

1514: 5392: 5279: 2669: 2647: 1554: 1488: 4638: 4324: 683: 6583: 6361: 5432: 4938: 3159: 2133: 1284: 790: 3599: 1521: 559:. The net emf of the cell is the difference between the emfs of its half-cells. Thus, if the electrodes have emfs 5442: 2557: 2147: 1323: 536:(negatively charged ions) migrate; the other half-cell includes electrolyte and the positive electrode, to which 2552:

has been ringing almost continuously since 1840 on its original pair of batteries, thought to be Zamboni piles.

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Many types of electrochemical cells have been produced, with varying chemical processes and designs, including

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and modern lithium designs display a lower self-discharge rate (but still higher than for primary batteries).

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packs with state-of-charge monitors and battery protection circuits that prevent damage on over-discharge.

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first used the term "battery" in 1749 when he was doing experiments with electricity using a set of linked

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Disposing of a battery via incineration may cause an explosion as steam builds up within the sealed case.

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than rechargeable batteries, but disposable batteries do not fare well under high-drain applications with

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of their lead plates, few automotive batteries last beyond six years of regular use. Automotive starting

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until exhausted, then dropping to zero. If such a cell maintained 1.5 volts and produced a charge of one

556: 4958: 4772:[New EU rules: Everyone should be able to replace smartphone batteries themselves]. Wirtschaft. 3654: 3124: 3091: 593: 562: 5457: 5427: 5412: 5380: 3905: 2835: 2585: 2095: 1438: 1365: 1276: 786: 456: 272: 4735: 4275: 3301:

The applications of echelon use batteries from electric vehicles to distributed energy storage systems

6563: 6366: 6224: 5886: 5831: 5811: 5806: 5472: 5219: 4016:"Cambridge spin-out's sportscar prototype takes ultra-fast charging out of the lab and onto the road" 1641: 1393: 954: 432: 98: 3600:"Lithium-Ion Battery Inventor Introduces New Technology for Fast-Charging, Noncombustible Batteries" 2804:. The most common place for disk batteries to become lodged is the esophagus, resulting in clinical 740: 6295: 5639: 5487: 5385: 3814: 2692: 405:, which replaced the liquid electrolyte with a paste, made portable electrical devices practical. 6573: 6517: 6455: 6440: 5836: 5816: 5492: 5437: 5422: 5375: 5355: 5314: 5289: 5269: 5249: 5107: 3836: 2922: 2640: 2231: 2157: 1611: 1481: 1280: 1202: 1144: 1061:, for demonstrations of how electrochemical cells work. A particular type of wet cell known as a 921:

batteries can be recharged; that is, they can have their chemical reactions reversed by applying

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for oceanographic instruments or military applications becomes activated on immersion in water.

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NiCd cells, if used in a particular repetitive manner, may show a decrease in capacity called "

1105:. The Leclanche cell chemistry was adapted to the first dry cells. Wet cells are still used in 991: 970: 292: 4083: 4048: 2786: 1528: 489:

A voltaic cell for demonstration purposes. In this example the two half-cells are linked by a

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University of Sheffield Centre for Research into Electrical Energy Storage and Applications

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Fascinating facts about the invention of the Electric Battery by Alessandro Volta in 1800.

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Legislation around electric batteries includes such topics as safe disposal and recycling.

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Very expensive. Very high energy density. Not usually available in "common" battery sizes.

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Kang, B.; Ceder, G. (2009). "Battery materials for ultrafast charging and discharging".

3714:"Powering Tomorrow's Medicine: Critical Decisions for Batteries in Medical Applications" 3697: 2811:

Some battery manufactures have added a bad taste to batteries to discourage swallowing.

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cells have different chemistries, but approximately the same emf of 1.5 volts; likewise

732:. The terminal voltage of a cell that is neither charging nor discharging is called the 532:. One half-cell includes electrolyte and the negative electrode, the electrode to which 6415: 6393: 6383: 6219: 5467: 5338: 5149: 4963: 4870: 4712: 4617: 4101: 3987: 3299:

Pan, AQ; Li, XZ; Shang, J; Feng, JH; Tao, YB; Ye, JL; Yang, X; Li, C; Liao, QQ (2019).

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Between 2010 and 2018, annual battery demand grew by 30%, reaching a total of 180

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High-drain and constant voltage. Banned in most countries because of health concerns.

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reaction can occur only when electrons move through the external part of the circuit.

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Battery life can be extended by storing the batteries at a low temperature, as in a

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the high temperature and humidity associated with medical autoclave sterilization.

1156: 1054: 942: 922: 778: 721: 355: 330: 198: 4656:"Guidelines on Portable Batteries Marking Requirements in the European Union 2008" 4407: 4343:"Solid-state EV battery breakthrough from Li-ion battery inventor John Goodenough" 4181: 3924: 3627:"Solid-state EV battery breakthrough from Li-ion battery inventor John Goodenough" 6505: 6486: 6400: 6167: 6082: 5938: 5928: 5913: 5871: 5776: 5726: 5677: 5274: 5201: 5073: 4414: 4328: 4305: 4282: 4259: 4129: 4003: 3912: 3680: 3661: 3575:"Spotlight on Photovoltaics & Fuel Cells: A Web-based Study & Comparison" 3542: 3131: 2754: 2746: 2733: 2687: 2533: 2285: 2255: 2078: 1920: 1853: 1820: 1787: 1752: 1722: 1597: 1423: 1217: 1192: 946: 498: 452: 436: 363: 241: 186: 137: 4171:

Rechargeable battery Tips. NIMH Technology Information. Retrieved 10 August 2007

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Bill No. 1125 - Rechargeable Battery Recycling Act of 2006, State of California

3331:(Report). National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) & greeningthegrid.org 3325: 3277: 2472: 2084: 1434: 1385: 1318:

that allow for a discharge rate about 100x greater than current batteries, and

1306:

In the 2000s, developments include batteries with embedded electronics such as

1082: 1074: 821: 444: 386: 155: 73: 57: 3457: 3171: 2707:

When a battery is recharged at an excessive rate, an explosive gas mixture of

6557: 6529: 6388: 6348: 6312: 6268: 6194: 6157: 6075: 5998: 5766: 5761: 5714: 5694: 5144: 5088: 5050: 3811:"Auwahi Wind | Energy Solutions | Sempra U.S. Gas & Power, LLC" 3285: 3245:(Report). World Economic Forum & Global Battery Alliance. pp. 11, 29 3238:

Brudermüller, Martin; Sobotka, Benedikt; Dominic, Waughray (September 2019).

2908: 2887: 2701: 2581: 2572: 1319: 1296: 1272: 1251: 1239: 1185: 1019: 802: 674: 394: 197:

materials are irreversibly changed during discharge; a common example is the

4736:"Batteries: deal on new EU rules for design, production and waste treatment" 1081:

were built as open-top glass jar wet cells. Other primary wet cells are the

537: 533: 228:

Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from miniature cells used to power

6285: 6229: 6179: 6162: 5983: 5756: 5689: 5348: 5304: 5239: 5181: 5159: 5060: 5015: 3983: 3189: 2726: 2721: 2605: 2545: 2290: 2269: 1977: 1389: 1078: 1070: 1031: 938: 883: 817: 517: 480: 370: 359: 314: 222: 141: 4084:

Self discharge of batteries. Corrosion Doctors. Retrieved 9 September 2007

3092:""Electrical battery" of Leyden jars - The Benjamin Franklin Tercentenary" 3010:

Pauling, Linus (1988). "15: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions; Electrolysis".

2524: 1400:

which ensure that the batteries within are charged and discharged evenly.

178:

reaction converts high-energy reactants to lower-energy products, and the

140:. It originated as a schematic drawing of the earliest type of battery, a 6290: 6256: 6130: 6120: 6063: 6046: 6031: 5978: 5876: 5576: 5561: 5299: 5224: 5083: 5078: 5045: 5020: 4774: 4321: 4123:

Energizer Rechargeable Batteries and Chargers: Frequently Asked Questions

3906:

Battery Knowledge – AA Portable Power Corp. Retrieved 16 April 2007.

2796: 2513: 1430: 1415: 1181: 1140: 1106: 1102: 1090: 1042: 995: 900: 895: 889: 820:. Such a pile generates a very low voltage but, when many are stacked in 813: 525: 490: 390: 378: 237: 229: 214: 166:

devices. When a battery is supplying power, its positive terminal is the

163: 61: 5099: 4865:

Chs. 28–31 (pp. 879–995) contain information on electric potential.

4561: 4441:"Product Safety DataSheet. Energizer (p. 2). Retrieved 9 September 2007" 3975: 2823: 1429:

As of 2017, the world's largest battery was built in South Australia by

1353: 1077:(rechargeable). Originally, all practical primary batteries such as the 462:

Grid scale energy storage envisages the large-scale use of batteries to

260: 6324: 6246: 6184: 6152: 6092: 5786: 5520: 5254: 5234: 5025: 4322:

Ask Yahoo: Does putting batteries in the freezer make them last longer?

2792: 2654: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2512:

10% to 80% in 10.5 minutes—the fastest batteries available—compared to

1454: 1292: 1263:(AGM) batteries absorb the electrolyte in a special fiberglass matting. 1243: 1110: 1098: 1086: 979: 930: 448: 347: 202: 45: 3527:, D. Van Nostrand Company, New York, 1899, pp. 7–11. Available on the 3109:

Bellis, Mary. Biography of Alessandro Volta, Inventor of the Battery.

2742: 2272:, and over lifetime due to many factors including internal chemistry, 6334: 6261: 6135: 6115: 6087: 6026: 5566: 5556: 5546: 5515: 5171: 5040: 5035: 5030: 4911:

Charged: A History of Batteries and Lessons for a Clean Energy Future

3796:"Storing the Breeze: New Battery Might Make Wind Power More Reliable" 3264:

Siano, Pierluigi (2014). "Demand response and smart grids-A survey".

1446: 1419: 1121:

have been used instead. These applications commonly use lead–acid or

1066: 1027: 865: 859: 521: 194: 69: 65: 53: 49: 4154: 2916: 2629: 1470: 6070: 6051: 6036: 5736: 5244: 4501:"Disk Battery Ingestion: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology" 2930: 2805: 2717: 2708: 2613: 1134: 1118: 987: 877: 402: 2246: 808:

A voltaic pile can be made from two coins (such as a nickel and a

485: 6204: 5746: 5551: 4476: 3732:"Elon Musk wins $ 50m bet with giant battery for South Australia" 2902: 2766: 2720:, which is very explosive, when they are overcharged (because of 2609: 2410: 1886: 1414:

Primary batteries readily available to consumers range from tiny

1392:

which holds multiple batteries in addition to features such as a

1307: 1010: 983: 871: 794: 774: 762: 167: 4968: 4708:"Samsung's Recall – The Problem with Lithium Ion Batteries" 4473:"Swallowed a Button Battery? | Battery in the Nose or Ear?" 1246:. VRLA batteries immobilize the electrolyte. The two types are: 737:

resistance, so it would maintain a constant terminal voltage of

307: 5751: 5672: 5623: 4942: 4927: 4906:

Chs. 8–9 (pp. 336–418) have more information on batteries.

4770:"Neue EU-Regeln: Jeder soll Handy-Akkus selbst tauschen können" 2712: 1619: 1268: 1172: 999: 218: 4031:"Zeekr: China EV firm claims world's fastest-charging battery" 1326:(LSD) allows secondary cells to be charged prior to shipping. 5536: 4426:"San Francisco Supervisor Takes Aim at Toxic Battery Waste". 3324:

Leisch, Jennifer E.; Chernyakhovskiy, Ilya (September 2019).

2761:

Many types of batteries employ toxic materials such as lead,

1057:. They can be built with common laboratory supplies, such as 809: 766: 510: 509:. Batteries are designed so that the energetically favorable 175: 171: 4830:

Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers, Eleventh Edition

4534:"Mercury-Containing and Rechargeable Battery Management Act" 4211: 3326:

Grid-Scale Battery Storage : Frequently Asked Questions

2753:

Many battery chemicals are corrosive, poisonous or both. If

2435:

is the amount of time (in hours) that a battery can sustain.

1690:

Moderate energy density. Good for high- and low-drain uses.

669:; in other words, the net emf is the difference between the 44:

Various cells and batteries (top left to bottom right): two

39: 6125: 6058: 6041: 5709: 4097:"In Battery Buying, Enough Decisions to Exhaust That Bunny" 2485: 2268:

A battery's characteristics may vary over load cycle, over

1332:

were used on the longest and highest solar-powered flight.

1223: 1197: 1168: 1160: 1152: 907:

Batteries are classified into primary and secondary forms:

853: 729: 358:

built and described the first electrochemical battery, the

245: 4850:

Physics for Scientists and Engineers: A Strategic Approach

3558:

Alkaline Manganese Dioxide Handbook and Application Manual

3237: 2865:

Mercury-Containing and Rechargeable Battery Management Act

2028:

Very expensive. Used only commercially in 'button' cells.

1242:

electrolyte, reducing the chance of leakage and extending

1216:, developed by a team led by lithium-ion battery inventor 805:, potato, etc. and generate small amounts of electricity. 5592: 5571: 3172:

Battery History, Technology, Applications and Development

2725:

explosively by a nearby spark, e.g. when disconnecting a

1311: 1175:

cathode in the form of a central rod. The electrolyte is

950: 541: 420: 189:(single-use or "disposable") batteries are used once and 4182:

Battery Myths vs Battery Facts. Retrieved 10 August 2007

3859:"Lithium Iron Disulfide Handbook and Application Manual" 2558:

low self-discharge nickel–metal hydride (NiMH) batteries

1184:. In some designs, the ammonium chloride is replaced by 1171:

anode, usually in the form of a cylindrical pot, with a

998:, which can, in general, deliver a peak current of 450 929:

Some types of primary batteries used, for example, for

765:

then on complete discharge it would have performed 1.5

4498:

Dire, Daniel J. (9 June 2016), Vearrier, David (ed.),

3525:

Modern Practice of the Electric Telegraph 15th Edition

2241: 824:, they can replace normal batteries for a short time. 797:

compounds give lithium cells emfs of 3 volts or more.

431:

Distributed electric batteries, such as those used in

4868: 4212:

RechargheableBatteryInfo.com, ed. (28 October 2005),

3416:

Terminal Voltage. Tiscali Reference. Originally from

3323: 2443: 2421: 2395: 2366: 2313: 1212:

at Austin issued a press release about a new type of

953:(75 Ω). Common types of disposable batteries include 743: 687: 686: 662:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}_{2}-{\mathcal {E}}_{1}} 627: 596: 565: 385:

networks. It consisted of a copper pot filled with a

4192: 2898: 4964:

DoITPoMS Teaching and Learning Package- "Batteries"

2387:

is the capacity when discharged at a rate of 1 amp.

1495:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4824: 4499: 3011: 2449: 2427: 2401: 2379: 2346: 1741:No longer manufactured. Replaced by silver oxide ( 1715:Moderate energy density. Good for high drain uses. 842: 753: 712: 661: 613: 582: 4821:Ch. 21 (pp. 662–695) is on electrochemistry. 3491:Howstuffworks "Battery Experiments: Voltaic Pile" 2783:Lithium battery § Health issues on ingestion 1335: 6555: 4562:"Battery Recycling in New York... it's the law!" 1779:Expensive. Used in 'plus' or 'extra' batteries. 1606:Shelf life at 25 °C, 80% capacity (months) 1310:, which allows charging an AA battery through a 1049:, since the liquid covers all internal parts or 217:batteries used for portable electronics such as 205:and a multitude of portable electronic devices. 3942:A Guide to Understanding Battery Specifications 3781:"World's biggest battery switched on in Alaska" 1995:Very long life. Very low (nanoamp, nA) current 3511:Fink, Ch. 11, Sec. "Batteries and Fuel Cells." 3349: 3298: 2982:(third ed.). Newnes. p. Glossary 3. 1167:combination). A standard dry cell comprises a 713:{\displaystyle \displaystyle {\Delta V_{bat}}} 428:sources, and more stringent emission regimes. 5608: 5115: 4984: 4071:NREL - Transportation & Mobility Research 3257: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3018:. New York: Dover Publications, Inc. p. 2814: 1701:(zinc–manganese dioxide/nickel oxyhydroxide) 1344: 1271:. Cells of this type (in order of increasing 1255:(or "gel cell") use a semi-solid electrolyte. 4639:Disposal of spent batteries and accumulators 4610:"Rechargeable Battery Recycling Corporation" 4520:Bitter tasting battey discourages ingestion. 3674:Dynasty VRLA Batteries and Their Application 3655:Sony Develops A Bio Battery Powered By Sugar 1384:Standard-format batteries are inserted into 389:solution, in which was immersed an unglazed 4166: 4164: 3210:. American Chemical Society. Archived from 470: 5615: 5601: 5122: 5108: 4991: 4977: 4475:. Poison.org. 3 March 2010. Archived from 3944:, MIT Electric Vehicle Team, December 2008 3367: 3226: 3078:"The history and development of batteries" 3003: 2616:do not recommend refrigerating batteries. 1433:. It can store 129 MWh. A battery in 5129: 4804: 4576: 3953: 3553: 3551: 3538: 3536: 3402: 3400: 3390: 3388: 3308: 2856:Battery regulations in the United Kingdom 2670:Learn how and when to remove this message 2519: 1659:Also known as "heavy-duty", inexpensive. 1555:Learn how and when to remove this message 333:demonstrating his pile to French emperor 4913:(University of Washington Press, 2022). 4678: 4195:"Sci.Electronics FAQ: More Battery Info" 4161: 4028: 3901: 3899: 3317: 3266:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2975: 2741: 2691: 2523: 2347:{\displaystyle t={\frac {Q_{P}}{I^{k}}}} 2245: 2150:, but also a ~25% lower energy density. 1009: 846: 484: 4869:Linden, David; Thomas B. Reddy (2001). 4805:Dingrando, Laurel; et al. (2007). 4049:"Battery cycling and endurance testing" 4018:. University of Cambridge. 1 July 2024. 3917: 3606:. University of Texas. 28 February 2017 3292: 3043:Pistoia, Gianfranco (25 January 2005). 3042: 3009: 2787:Button cell § Accidental ingestion 162:with external connections for powering 27:Power source with electrochemical cells 14: 6556: 6235:Integrated gasification combined cycle 4889: 4846: 4705: 4681:"Lithium Batteries: The Pros and Cons" 4554: 4340: 4094: 3893:Excludes the mass of the air oxidizer. 3756: 3624: 3548: 3533: 3479:ZOOM activities: phenom Potato Battery 3397: 3385: 3187: 1569:Comparison of commercial battery types 1109:and in industry for standby power for 373:, invented in 1836 by British chemist 6279:Radioisotope thermoelectric generator 5954:Quantum chromodynamics binding energy 5596: 5103: 4972: 4782:from the original on 11 December 2022 4750:from the original on 11 December 2022 4706:Fowler, Suzanne (21 September 2016). 3896: 3711: 3263: 2791:Batteries may be harmful or fatal if 851:From top to bottom: a large 4.5-volt 516:A battery consists of some number of 401:nineteenth century, the invention of 6512: 4853:. San Francisco: Pearson Education. 4602: 4497: 3208:National Historic Chemical Landmarks 3188:Borvon, Gérard (10 September 2012). 2818: 2652:adding citations to reliable sources 2623: 1493:adding citations to reliable sources 1464: 1348: 1117:, but in many places batteries with 524:connected in series by a conductive 377:, was the first practical source of 255: 6536: 6421:World energy supply and consumption 4564:. call2recycle.org. 31 October 2013 3847:from the original on 26 March 2022. 2409:is the current drawn from battery ( 2242:Performance, capacity and discharge 964:Secondary batteries, also known as 555:, measured in volts) relative to a 244:(energy per unit mass) than common 24: 4408:Battery Recycling » Earth 911 4095:Tugend, Alina (10 November 2007). 3158:for instance, in the discovery of 3125:Alessandro Volta and Luigi Galvani 2212:Lithium–Iron–Phosphate chemistry. 746: 689: 648: 631: 614:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}_{2}} 600: 583:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}_{1}} 569: 493:that permits the transfer of ions. 207:Secondary (rechargeable) batteries 25: 6595: 4998: 4954:HowStuffWorks: How batteries work 4920: 4892:Electricity, Magnetism, and Light 4809:. New York: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill. 4029:da Silva, João (14 August 2024). 3757:Dillow, Clay (21 December 2012). 3698:"Solar plane makes record flight" 3190:"History of the electrical units" 2976:Crompton, T. R. (20 March 2000). 2684:Lithium-ion battery § Safety 2250:A device to check battery voltage 1823:(lithium–carbon fluoride) Li–(CF) 1790:(lithium–manganese dioxide) LiMnO 1236:valve regulated lead–acid battery 170:and its negative terminal is the 6535: 6523: 6511: 6500: 6499: 5190: 4926: 4679:Schweber, Bill (4 August 2015). 3813:. Semprausgp.com. Archived from 3354:. N.D. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. 3134:(PDF). Retrieved 11 August 2008. 2929: 2915: 2901: 2822: 2628: 1469: 1352: 1151:, with a nominal voltage of 1.5 680:The electrical driving force or 409:Batteries in vacuum tube devices 322: 306: 259: 126: 38: 4798: 4762: 4728: 4699: 4672: 4648: 4632: 4526: 4511: 4491: 4465: 4433: 4420: 4401: 4386: 4361: 4341:Hislop, Martin (1 March 2017). 4334: 4315: 4292: 4269: 4264:Northern Arizona Wind & Sun 4246: 4233: 4215:What does 'memory effect' mean? 4205: 4186: 4175: 4139: 4116: 4088: 4077: 4059: 4041: 4022: 4008: 3947: 3935: 3887: 3851: 3829: 3803: 3788: 3773: 3750: 3724: 3705: 3690: 3667: 3648: 3625:Hislop, Martin (1 March 2017). 3618: 3592: 3567: 3514: 3505: 3496: 3484: 3472: 3442: 3433: 3424: 3409: 3376: 3358: 3350:Ashcroft, N.W.; Mermin (1976). 3343: 3196: 3181: 3165: 2639:needs additional citations for 1856:(lithium–chromium oxide) Li–CrO 1594:Nominal voltage, practical (V) 1480:needs additional citations for 1426:and help level out peak loads. 843:Primary and secondary batteries 770:internal arrangement employed. 4778:(in German). 9 December 2022. 4276:Car and Deep Cycle Battery FAQ 3794:Biello, D. (22 December 2008) 3779:Conway, E. (2 September 2008) 3712:Adams, Louis (November 2015). 3310:10.1088/1755-1315/354/1/012012 3152: 3137: 3117: 3102: 3084: 3070: 3046:Batteries for Portable Devices 3036: 2969: 1755:(lithium–iron disulfide) LiFeS 1725:(lithium–copper oxide) Li–CuO 1591:Max. voltage, theoretical (V) 1336:Consumer and industrial grades 1115:uninterruptible power supplies 1065:is important in understanding 1005: 754:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}} 13: 1: 4894:. Toronto: Thomson Learning. 4417:. Retrieved 9 September 2007. 4397:. Retrieved 11 September 2007 3604:University of Texas at Austin 2962: 2528:An analog camcorder battery 1970:Used mostly in hearing aids. 1460: 1113:, telecommunication or large 726:terminal voltage (difference) 4807:Chemistry: Matter and Change 4312:. Retrieved 3 February 2009. 4289:. Retrieved 3 February 2009. 4266:. Retrieved 3 February 2009. 4241:The International Lead Trade 4136:. Retrieved 3 February 2009. 2956:Search for the Super Battery 2596:Starting, Lighting, Ignition 2490:uninterruptible power supply 520:. Each cell consists of two 297: 240:. Batteries have much lower 7: 4847:Knight, Randall D. (2004). 4243:. Cambridge: Woodhead. 129. 3564:. Retrieved 25 August 2008. 3545:. Retrieved 10 August 2008. 3204:"Columbia Dry Cell Battery" 2894: 2516:15 minutes to half-charge. 1147:, sometimes called the dry 1143:. A common dry cell is the 978:, which are widely used in 10: 6600: 5622: 4950:(archived 22 October 2013) 4948:Non-rechargeable batteries 4428:Environmental News Network 4349:. The American Energy News 4347:North American Energy News 4193:Filip M. Gieszczykiewicz. 3696:Amos, J. (24 August 2008) 3685:C&D Technologies, Inc. 3664:. Accessed 24 August 2007. 3633:. The American Energy News 3631:North American Energy News 3278:10.1016/j.rser.2013.10.022 3178:. Retrieved 19 March 2007. 3148:. Retrieved 11 August 2008 2863:In the United States, the 2853: 2815:Legislation and regulation 2780: 2681: 2619: 2531: 2253: 1566: 1407: 1345:Combination and management 831: 724:of a cell is known as the 474: 457:vehicle electric batteries 447:and that are connected to 290: 251: 158:consisting of one or more 6495: 6469: 6345: 6225:Fossil fuel power station 6193: 6106: 6012: 5887:Electric potential energy 5852: 5832:Thermodynamic temperature 5812:Thermodynamic free energy 5807:Thermodynamic equilibrium 5653: 5630: 5529: 5501: 5323: 5280:Metal–air electrochemical 5199: 5188: 5137: 5059: 5006: 4890:Saslow, Wayne M. (2002). 4875:. New York: McGraw-Hill. 4832:. New York: McGraw-Hill. 4828:; H. Wayne Beaty (1978). 4661:. EPBA-EU. Archived from 4645:. Retrieved 27 July 2009. 4331:. Retrieved 7 March 2007. 3687:Retrieved 26 August 2008. 3493:. Accessed 10 April 2007. 3481:. Accessed 10 April 2007. 3130:10 September 2008 at the 3113:. Retrieved 7 August 2008 2749:-damaged alkaline battery 2457:is a constant around 1.3. 1669:(zinc–manganese dioxide) 1394:battery management system 1208:On 28 February 2017, the 1159:(since both use the same 433:battery electric vehicles 414: 125: 118: 108: 99:Electrochemical reactions 89: 81: 37: 6296:Concentrated solar power 4959:Other Battery Cell Types 4740:News European Parliament 4304:17 February 2009 at the 4299:Deep cycle battery guide 4151:www.panasonic-eneloop.eu 4002:22 February 2012 at the 3420:. Retrieved 7 April 2007 3418:Hutchinson Encyclopaedia 2497:lithium iron phosphate ( 1453:have been used to store 1403: 1330:Lithium–sulfur batteries 827: 471:Chemistry and principles 464:collect and store energy 6584:18th-century inventions 5837:Volume (thermodynamics) 5817:Thermodynamic potential 5720:Mass–energy equivalence 4413:12 October 2008 at the 4281:6 November 2020 at the 4128:9 February 2009 at the 3679:6 February 2009 at the 3660:11 October 2007 at the 3049:. Elsevier. p. 1. 2923:Renewable energy portal 2696:Battery after explosion 2232:Lithium polymer battery 2148:low self-discharge rate 1745:-type "SR") batteries. 1451:Sodium–sulfur batteries 1203:water-activated battery 990:gas it produces during 5792:Quantum thermodynamics 5782:Laws of thermodynamics 5663:Conservation of energy 5582:Semipermeable membrane 5371:Lithium–iron–phosphate 4909:Turner, James Morton. 4253:Deep Cycle Battery FAQ 4239:Rich, Vincent (1994). 3543:Duracell: Battery Care 3192:. Association S-EAU-S. 3096:www.benfranklin300.org 2979:Battery Reference Book 2802:gastrointestinal tract 2750: 2697: 2529: 2520:Lifespan and endurance 2451: 2429: 2403: 2381: 2348: 2251: 1073:(non-rechargeable) or 1015: 971:rechargeable batteries 937:Primary batteries, or 904: 755: 714: 663: 621:, then the net emf is 615: 584: 547:Each half-cell has an 494: 397:and a zinc electrode. 393:container filled with 293:History of the battery 110:First production 5909:Interatomic potential 5700:Energy transformation 5453:Rechargeable alkaline 5131:Electrochemical cells 4872:Handbook of Batteries 4327:27 April 2006 at the 4287:Rainbow Power Company 3837:"How a battery works" 3718:Medical Design Briefs 3521:Franklin Leonard Pope 3272:. Elsevier: 461–478. 3146:The Great Idea Finder 2781:Further information: 2745: 2695: 2527: 2495:In 2009 experimental 2452: 2430: 2404: 2382: 2380:{\displaystyle Q_{P}} 2349: 2249: 1410:List of battery sizes 1127:Molten salt batteries 1041:battery has a liquid 1013: 955:zinc–carbon batteries 850: 838:List of battery types 756: 715: 664: 616: 585: 488: 375:John Frederic Daniell 213:used in vehicles and 160:electrochemical cells 18:Battery (electricity) 6579:Consumer electronics 6357:Efficient energy use 6330:Airborne wind energy 6308:Solar thermal energy 6215:Electricity delivery 5827:Thermodynamic system 5772:Irreversible process 5433:Nickel–metal hydride 4935:at Wikimedia Commons 4453:on 27 September 2007 4258:22 July 2010 at the 3843:. 25 February 2016. 3176:MPower Solutions Ltd 2648:improve this article 2550:Oxford Electric Bell 2509:) battery technology 2441: 2419: 2393: 2364: 2311: 2067:Secondary batteries 1489:improve this article 1285:nickel–metal hydride 1107:automobile batteries 834:Battery nomenclature 741: 734:open-circuit voltage 684: 671:reduction potentials 625: 594: 563: 540:(positively charged 477:Electrochemical cell 383:electrical telegraph 6379:Energy conservation 6301:Photovoltaic system 6274:Nuclear power plant 5959:Quantum fluctuation 5822:Thermodynamic state 5797:Thermal equilibrium 5443:Polysulfide–bromide 5285:Nickel oxyhydroxide 5177:Thermogalvanic cell 4746:. 9 December 2022. 4744:European Parliament 4157:on 2 February 2010. 3976:10.1038/nature07853 3968:2009Natur.458..190K 3911:23 May 2007 at the 3799:Scientific American 3450:"The Lemon Battery" 3352:Solid State Physics 3214:on 23 February 2013 2886:On 2022-12-09, the 2152:Used in some cars. 2068: 1699:Nickel oxyhydroxide 1578: 1214:solid-state battery 1210:University of Texas 1145:zinc–carbon battery 1069:. Wet cells may be 1034:and voltaic piles. 728:and is measured in 549:electromotive force 441:home energy storage 317:, the first battery 234:telephone exchanges 211:lead–acid batteries 136:for a battery in a 103:Electromotive force 34: 6569:Italian inventions 6416:Sustainable energy 6394:Energy development 6384:Energy consumption 6220:Energy engineering 5206:(non-rechargeable) 5150:Concentration cell 4933:Electric batteries 4713:The New York Times 4668:on 7 October 2011. 4102:The New York Times 4067:"Battery Lifespan" 3925:"Battery Capacity" 3738:. 24 November 2017 2937:Electronics portal 2834:. You can help by 2751: 2698: 2530: 2447: 2425: 2399: 2377: 2344: 2289:usually stated in 2260:Depth of discharge 2252: 2066: 1577:Primary batteries 1576: 1504:"Electric battery" 1364:. You can help by 1324:Low self-discharge 1316:nanoball batteries 1275:and cost) include 1260:Absorbed Glass Mat 1228:biological battery 1155:, the same as the 1063:concentration cell 1045:. Other names are 1024:electrolytic cells 1016: 959:alkaline batteries 905: 751: 710: 709: 659: 611: 580: 497:Batteries convert 495: 403:dry cell batteries 354:Italian physicist 335:Napoleon Bonaparte 329:Italian physicist 271:. You can help by 32: 6551: 6550: 6318:Solar power tower 5964:Quantum potential 5802:Thermal reservoir 5705:Energy transition 5590: 5589: 5097: 5096: 4931:Media related to 4901:978-0-12-619455-5 4882:978-0-07-135978-8 4860:978-0-8053-8960-9 4839:978-0-07-020974-9 4816:978-0-07-877237-5 4742:(Press release). 4620:on 12 August 2008 4479:on 16 August 2013 4369:"battery hazards" 4055:. 5 October 2020. 3997:1:00–6:50 (audio) 3962:(7235): 190–193. 3123:Stinner, Arthur. 3056:978-0-08-045556-3 3029:978-0-486-65622-9 3014:General Chemistry 2989:978-0-08-049995-6 2945:Battery simulator 2877:battery recycling 2873:Battery Directive 2852: 2851: 2775:E-waste recycling 2680: 2679: 2672: 2599: 2450:{\displaystyle k} 2428:{\displaystyle t} 2402:{\displaystyle I} 2342: 2284:is the amount of 2239: 2238: 2064: 2063: 1565: 1564: 1557: 1539: 1443:Fairbanks, Alaska 1382: 1381: 1301:medical equipment 1177:ammonium chloride 1165:manganese dioxide 1095:Chromic acid cell 976:lead–acid battery 903:(CR2032 and LR44) 812:) and a piece of 528:containing metal 507:transition metals 503:electrical energy 344:Benjamin Franklin 289: 288: 148: 147: 120:Electronic symbol 91:Working principle 16:(Redirected from 6591: 6564:Electric battery 6539: 6538: 6527: 6515: 6514: 6503: 6502: 6477:Carbon footprint 6411:Renewable energy 6252:Hydroelectricity 6242:Geothermal power 5685:Energy condition 5617: 5610: 5603: 5594: 5593: 5386:Lithium–titanate 5331: 5207: 5194: 5155:Electric battery 5124: 5117: 5110: 5101: 5100: 4993: 4986: 4979: 4970: 4969: 4930: 4905: 4886: 4864: 4843: 4820: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4766: 4760: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4660: 4652: 4646: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4616:. Archived from 4606: 4600: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4590: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4538: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4503: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4452: 4446:. Archived from 4445: 4437: 4431: 4424: 4418: 4405: 4399: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4338: 4332: 4319: 4313: 4296: 4290: 4273: 4267: 4250: 4244: 4237: 4231: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4218:, archived from 4209: 4203: 4202: 4190: 4184: 4179: 4173: 4168: 4159: 4158: 4153:. Archived from 4143: 4137: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4092: 4086: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4073:. 30 March 2023. 4063: 4057: 4056: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4012: 4006: 3995: 3951: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3921: 3915: 3903: 3894: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3875:on 17 March 2006 3874: 3868:. Archived from 3863: 3855: 3849: 3848: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3807: 3801: 3792: 3786: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3709: 3703: 3694: 3688: 3671: 3665: 3652: 3646: 3645: 3640: 3638: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3579: 3571: 3565: 3555: 3546: 3540: 3531: 3529:Internet Archive 3518: 3512: 3509: 3503: 3500: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3456:. Archived from 3446: 3440: 3437: 3431: 3428: 3422: 3413: 3407: 3404: 3395: 3392: 3383: 3380: 3374: 3371: 3365: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3330: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3312: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3244: 3235: 3224: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3185: 3179: 3169: 3163: 3160:electromagnetism 3156: 3150: 3141: 3135: 3121: 3115: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3080:. 30 April 2015. 3074: 3068: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3017: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2973: 2950:Nanowire battery 2939: 2934: 2933: 2925: 2920: 2919: 2911: 2906: 2905: 2847: 2844: 2826: 2819: 2771:electronic waste 2675: 2668: 2664: 2661: 2655: 2632: 2624: 2589: 2508: 2507: 2506: 2456: 2454: 2453: 2448: 2434: 2432: 2431: 2426: 2408: 2406: 2405: 2400: 2386: 2384: 2383: 2378: 2376: 2375: 2353: 2351: 2350: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2340: 2331: 2330: 2321: 2295:room temperature 2264:Trickle charging 2069: 2065: 1579: 1575: 1560: 1553: 1549: 1546: 1540: 1538: 1497: 1473: 1465: 1422:or stabilize an 1398:battery isolator 1377: 1374: 1356: 1349: 1269:laptop computers 1226:has developed a 1157:alkaline battery 1055:electrochemistry 943:energy densities 923:electric current 899:, and a pair of 760: 758: 757: 752: 750: 749: 719: 717: 716: 711: 708: 707: 706: 668: 666: 665: 660: 658: 657: 652: 651: 641: 640: 635: 634: 620: 618: 617: 612: 610: 609: 604: 603: 589: 587: 586: 581: 579: 578: 573: 572: 366:showed in 1834. 356:Alessandro Volta 331:Alessandro Volta 326: 310: 284: 281: 263: 256: 199:alkaline battery 152:electric battery 130: 111: 95: 94: 42: 35: 31: 21: 6599: 6598: 6594: 6593: 6592: 6590: 6589: 6588: 6554: 6553: 6552: 6547: 6491: 6487:Waste-to-energy 6465: 6401:Energy security 6347: 6341: 6197: 6189: 6168:Natural uranium 6102: 6083:Mechanical wave 6014:Energy carriers 6008: 5848: 5777:Isolated system 5655: 5649: 5626: 5621: 5591: 5586: 5525: 5504: 5497: 5418:Nickel–hydrogen 5376:Lithium–polymer 5332: 5329: 5328: 5319: 5208: 5205: 5204: 5195: 5186: 5133: 5128: 5098: 5093: 5069:Nine-volt (PP3) 5055: 5002: 4997: 4923: 4902: 4883: 4861: 4840: 4826:Fink, Donald G. 4817: 4801: 4796: 4795: 4785: 4783: 4768: 4767: 4763: 4753: 4751: 4734: 4733: 4729: 4719: 4717: 4704: 4700: 4690: 4688: 4677: 4673: 4665: 4658: 4654: 4653: 4649: 4637: 4633: 4623: 4621: 4608: 4607: 4603: 4594: 4592: 4588: 4582: 4581: 4577: 4567: 4565: 4560: 4559: 4555: 4545: 4543: 4536: 4532: 4531: 4527: 4517: 4516: 4512: 4496: 4492: 4482: 4480: 4471: 4470: 4466: 4456: 4454: 4450: 4443: 4439: 4438: 4434: 4430:(11 July 2001). 4425: 4421: 4415:Wayback Machine 4406: 4402: 4391: 4387: 4377: 4375: 4367: 4366: 4362: 4352: 4350: 4339: 4335: 4329:Wayback Machine 4320: 4316: 4306:Wayback Machine 4297: 4293: 4283:Wayback Machine 4274: 4270: 4260:Wayback Machine 4251: 4247: 4238: 4234: 4225: 4223: 4222:on 15 July 2007 4210: 4206: 4191: 4187: 4180: 4176: 4169: 4162: 4145: 4144: 4140: 4130:Wayback Machine 4121: 4117: 4107: 4105: 4093: 4089: 4082: 4078: 4065: 4064: 4060: 4047: 4046: 4042: 4027: 4023: 4014: 4013: 4009: 4004:Wayback Machine 3952: 3948: 3940: 3936: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3913:Wayback Machine 3904: 3897: 3892: 3888: 3878: 3876: 3872: 3861: 3857: 3856: 3852: 3835: 3834: 3830: 3820: 3818: 3809: 3808: 3804: 3793: 3789: 3784:Telegraph.co.uk 3778: 3774: 3764: 3762: 3755: 3751: 3741: 3739: 3730: 3729: 3725: 3710: 3706: 3695: 3691: 3681:Wayback Machine 3672: 3668: 3662:Wayback Machine 3653: 3649: 3636: 3634: 3623: 3619: 3609: 3607: 3598: 3597: 3593: 3583: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3572: 3568: 3556: 3549: 3541: 3534: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3497: 3489: 3485: 3477: 3473: 3463: 3461: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3425: 3414: 3410: 3405: 3398: 3393: 3386: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3359: 3348: 3344: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3322: 3318: 3297: 3293: 3262: 3258: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3236: 3227: 3217: 3215: 3202: 3201: 3197: 3186: 3182: 3170: 3166: 3157: 3153: 3142: 3138: 3132:Wayback Machine 3122: 3118: 3107: 3103: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3041: 3037: 3030: 3008: 3004: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2935: 2928: 2921: 2914: 2907: 2900: 2897: 2858: 2848: 2842: 2839: 2832:needs expansion 2817: 2789: 2690: 2688:Battery leakage 2676: 2665: 2659: 2656: 2645: 2633: 2622: 2536: 2534:State of health 2522: 2505: 2502: 2501: 2500: 2498: 2473:digital cameras 2442: 2439: 2438: 2420: 2417: 2416: 2394: 2391: 2390: 2371: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2361: 2336: 2332: 2326: 2322: 2320: 2312: 2309: 2308: 2286:electric charge 2266: 2256:State of charge 2244: 2199: 2151: 2079:Specific energy 2047: 2015: 1958: 1903: 1899: 1891:lithium-silicon 1868: 1859: 1835: 1826: 1802: 1793: 1767: 1758: 1678: 1598:Specific energy 1571: 1561: 1550: 1544: 1541: 1498: 1496: 1486: 1474: 1463: 1424:electrical grid 1412: 1406: 1378: 1372: 1369: 1362:needs expansion 1347: 1338: 1218:John Goodenough 1193:reserve battery 1075:secondary cells 1008: 966:secondary cells 845: 840: 830: 745: 744: 742: 739: 738: 696: 692: 688: 685: 682: 681: 653: 647: 646: 645: 636: 630: 629: 628: 626: 623: 622: 605: 599: 598: 597: 595: 592: 591: 574: 568: 567: 566: 564: 561: 560: 499:chemical energy 483: 475:Main articles: 473: 453:demand response 437:vehicle-to-grid 417: 364:Michael Faraday 341: 340: 339: 338: 337: 327: 319: 318: 311: 300: 295: 285: 279: 276: 269:needs expansion 254: 242:specific energy 154:is a source of 138:circuit diagram 131: 109: 92: 90: 77: 52:, one handheld 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6597: 6587: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6574:Electric power 6571: 6566: 6549: 6548: 6546: 6545: 6533: 6521: 6509: 6496: 6493: 6492: 6490: 6489: 6484: 6482:Jevons paradox 6479: 6473: 6471: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6406:Energy storage 6403: 6398: 6397: 6396: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6375: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6353: 6351: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6339: 6338: 6337: 6332: 6322: 6321: 6320: 6315: 6305: 6304: 6303: 6298: 6288: 6283: 6282: 6281: 6276: 6266: 6265: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6244: 6239: 6238: 6237: 6232: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6210:Electric power 6207: 6201: 6199: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6171: 6170: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6139: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6118: 6112: 6110: 6108:Primary energy 6104: 6103: 6101: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6079: 6078: 6068: 6067: 6066: 6056: 6055: 6054: 6049: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6018: 6016: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5905: 5904: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5868: 5867: 5856: 5854: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5846: 5845: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5742:Entropic force 5739: 5732:Thermodynamics 5729: 5724: 5723: 5722: 5717: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5681: 5680: 5670: 5665: 5659: 5657: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5631: 5628: 5627: 5620: 5619: 5612: 5605: 5597: 5588: 5587: 5585: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5533: 5531: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5511:Atomic battery 5507: 5505: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5483:Vanadium redox 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5458:Silver–cadmium 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5428:Nickel–lithium 5425: 5420: 5415: 5413:Nickel–cadmium 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5389: 5388: 5383: 5381:Lithium–sulfur 5378: 5373: 5368: 5358: 5353: 5352: 5351: 5341: 5335: 5333: 5330:(rechargeable) 5326:Secondary cell 5324: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5250:Edison–Lalande 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5211: 5209: 5200: 5197: 5196: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5168: 5167: 5165:Trough battery 5162: 5152: 5147: 5141: 5139: 5135: 5134: 5127: 5126: 5119: 5112: 5104: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5065: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5012: 5010: 5004: 5003: 4996: 4995: 4988: 4981: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4945: 4936: 4922: 4921:External links 4919: 4918: 4917: 4907: 4900: 4887: 4881: 4866: 4859: 4844: 4838: 4822: 4815: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4793: 4761: 4727: 4698: 4671: 4647: 4643:European Union 4631: 4601: 4575: 4553: 4525: 4510: 4490: 4464: 4432: 4419: 4400: 4385: 4360: 4333: 4314: 4310:Energy Matters 4291: 4268: 4245: 4232: 4204: 4185: 4174: 4160: 4138: 4115: 4087: 4076: 4058: 4040: 4021: 4007: 3946: 3934: 3916: 3895: 3886: 3850: 3828: 3802: 3787: 3772: 3749: 3723: 3704: 3689: 3666: 3647: 3617: 3591: 3580:. pp. 1–2 3566: 3547: 3532: 3513: 3504: 3502:Dingrando 675. 3495: 3483: 3471: 3441: 3439:Dingrando 677. 3432: 3430:Dingrando 674. 3423: 3408: 3396: 3384: 3382:Dingrando 666. 3375: 3366: 3364:Dingrando 665. 3357: 3342: 3316: 3291: 3256: 3225: 3195: 3180: 3164: 3151: 3136: 3116: 3101: 3083: 3069: 3055: 3035: 3028: 3002: 2988: 2967: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2960: 2959: 2952: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2926: 2912: 2896: 2893: 2850: 2849: 2829: 2827: 2816: 2813: 2678: 2677: 2636: 2634: 2627: 2621: 2618: 2521: 2518: 2503: 2463:side reactions 2459: 2458: 2446: 2436: 2424: 2414: 2398: 2388: 2374: 2370: 2355: 2354: 2339: 2335: 2329: 2325: 2319: 2316: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2214: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2191: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2173: 2172: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2154: 2153: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2130: 2129: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2092: 2091: 2088: 2085:Energy density 2082: 2076: 2073: 2062: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2033: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2006:(silver–zinc) 2000: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1974: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1917: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1897: 1894: 1883: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1850: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1817: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1784: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1749: 1748: 1746: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1719: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1695: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1663: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1617: 1614: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1567:Main article: 1563: 1562: 1477: 1475: 1468: 1462: 1459: 1441:cells, was in 1435:Hebei Province 1408:Main article: 1405: 1402: 1386:battery holder 1380: 1379: 1359: 1357: 1346: 1343: 1337: 1334: 1297:two-way radios 1277:nickel–cadmium 1265: 1264: 1256: 1149:Leclanché cell 1123:nickel–cadmium 1083:Leclanche cell 1020:galvanic cells 1007: 1004: 927: 926: 916: 844: 841: 829: 826: 748: 705: 702: 699: 695: 691: 675:half-reactions 656: 650: 644: 639: 633: 608: 602: 577: 571: 472: 469: 445:smart metering 416: 413: 387:copper sulfate 328: 321: 320: 312: 305: 304: 303: 302: 301: 299: 296: 291:Main article: 287: 286: 266: 264: 253: 250: 156:electric power 146: 145: 123: 122: 116: 115: 112: 106: 105: 96: 87: 86: 83: 79: 78: 74:cordless phone 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6596: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6544: 6543: 6534: 6532: 6531: 6526: 6522: 6520: 6519: 6510: 6508: 6507: 6498: 6497: 6494: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6474: 6472: 6468: 6462: 6461:United States 6459: 6457: 6456:South America 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6390: 6389:Energy policy 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6359: 6358: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6344: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6327: 6326: 6323: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6313:Solar furnace 6311: 6310: 6309: 6306: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6271: 6270: 6269:Nuclear power 6267: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6196: 6195:Energy system 6192: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6169: 6166: 6165: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6148:Gravitational 6146: 6144: 6141: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6123: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6105: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6077: 6076:Hydrogen fuel 6074: 6073: 6072: 6069: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6060: 6057: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6044: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6011: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5898: 5897:Gravitational 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5866: 5863: 5862: 5861: 5858: 5857: 5855: 5851: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5767:Heat transfer 5765: 5763: 5762:Heat capacity 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5715:Negative mass 5713: 5712: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5695:Energy system 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5652: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5632: 5629: 5625: 5618: 5613: 5611: 5606: 5604: 5599: 5598: 5595: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5528: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5500: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5473:Sodium–sulfur 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5448:Potassium ion 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5363: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5350: 5347: 5346: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5327: 5322: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5265:Lithium metal 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5220:Aluminium–air 5218: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5210: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5157: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5145:Galvanic cell 5143: 5142: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5125: 5120: 5118: 5113: 5111: 5106: 5105: 5102: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5061:Multiple-cell 5058: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5005: 5001: 5000:Battery sizes 4994: 4989: 4987: 4982: 4980: 4975: 4974: 4971: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4940: 4937: 4934: 4929: 4925: 4924: 4916: 4915:online review 4912: 4908: 4903: 4897: 4893: 4888: 4884: 4878: 4874: 4873: 4867: 4862: 4856: 4852: 4851: 4845: 4841: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4818: 4812: 4808: 4803: 4802: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4771: 4765: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4731: 4715: 4714: 4709: 4702: 4686: 4682: 4675: 4664: 4657: 4651: 4644: 4640: 4635: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4605: 4587: 4586: 4579: 4563: 4557: 4542: 4535: 4529: 4522: 4521: 4514: 4507: 4502: 4494: 4478: 4474: 4468: 4449: 4442: 4436: 4429: 4423: 4416: 4412: 4409: 4404: 4398: 4396: 4389: 4374: 4370: 4364: 4348: 4344: 4337: 4330: 4326: 4323: 4318: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4300: 4295: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4277: 4272: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4254: 4249: 4242: 4236: 4221: 4217: 4216: 4208: 4200: 4199:repairfaq.org 4196: 4189: 4183: 4178: 4172: 4167: 4165: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4142: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4124: 4119: 4104: 4103: 4098: 4091: 4085: 4080: 4072: 4068: 4062: 4054: 4050: 4044: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4017: 4011: 4005: 4001: 3998: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3950: 3943: 3938: 3930: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3910: 3907: 3902: 3900: 3890: 3871: 3867: 3866:energizer.com 3860: 3854: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3832: 3817:on 2 May 2014 3816: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3782: 3776: 3760: 3753: 3737: 3733: 3727: 3719: 3715: 3708: 3702: 3699: 3693: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3675: 3670: 3663: 3659: 3656: 3651: 3644: 3632: 3628: 3621: 3605: 3601: 3595: 3576: 3570: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3552: 3544: 3539: 3537: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3517: 3508: 3499: 3492: 3487: 3480: 3475: 3460:on 9 May 2007 3459: 3455: 3454:ushistory.org 3451: 3445: 3436: 3427: 3421: 3419: 3412: 3403: 3401: 3391: 3389: 3379: 3370: 3361: 3353: 3346: 3327: 3320: 3311: 3306: 3302: 3295: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3260: 3241: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3199: 3191: 3184: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3147: 3140: 3133: 3129: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3112: 3105: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3079: 3073: 3058: 3052: 3048: 3047: 3039: 3031: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3015: 3006: 2991: 2985: 2981: 2980: 2972: 2968: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2932: 2927: 2924: 2918: 2913: 2910: 2909:Energy portal 2904: 2899: 2892: 2889: 2888:EU Parliament 2884: 2881: 2878: 2874: 2869: 2866: 2861: 2857: 2846: 2843:February 2022 2837: 2833: 2830:This section 2828: 2825: 2821: 2820: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2756: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2730: 2728: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2703: 2702:short circuit 2694: 2689: 2685: 2674: 2671: 2663: 2653: 2649: 2643: 2642: 2637:This section 2635: 2631: 2626: 2625: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2597: 2593: 2587: 2583: 2580: 2576: 2574: 2573:memory effect 2569: 2565: 2561: 2559: 2553: 2551: 2547: 2542: 2535: 2526: 2517: 2515: 2510: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2444: 2437: 2422: 2415: 2412: 2396: 2389: 2372: 2368: 2360: 2359: 2358: 2337: 2333: 2327: 2323: 2317: 2314: 2307: 2306: 2305: 2303: 2302:Peukert's law 2298: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2275: 2271: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2248: 2233: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2215: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2155: 2149: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2131: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2093: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2075:Cell voltage 2074: 2071: 2070: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2034: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2002: 2001: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1921:Mercury oxide 1919: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1895: 1892: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1864: 1861: 1855: 1852: 1851: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1831: 1828: 1822: 1819: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1798: 1795: 1789: 1786: 1785: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1763: 1760: 1754: 1751: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1642:Zinc–chloride 1640: 1639: 1635: 1633:Inexpensive. 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1574: 1570: 1559: 1556: 1548: 1537: 1534: 1530: 1527: 1523: 1520: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1506: – 1505: 1501: 1500:Find sources: 1494: 1490: 1484: 1483: 1478:This article 1476: 1472: 1467: 1466: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1411: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1376: 1373:February 2022 1367: 1363: 1360:This section 1358: 1355: 1351: 1350: 1342: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1320:smart battery 1317: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1273:power density 1270: 1262: 1261: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1252:Gel batteries 1249: 1248: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1240:sulfuric acid 1237: 1232: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1206: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1187: 1186:zinc chloride 1183: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1136: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1071:primary cells 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1012: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 972: 967: 962: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 939:primary cells 935: 932: 924: 920: 917: 913: 910: 909: 908: 902: 898: 897: 892: 891: 886: 885: 880: 879: 874: 873: 868: 867: 862: 861: 856: 855: 849: 839: 835: 825: 823: 819: 815: 811: 806: 804: 798: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 771: 768: 764: 735: 731: 727: 723: 703: 700: 697: 693: 678: 676: 672: 654: 642: 637: 606: 575: 558: 554: 550: 545: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 518:voltaic cells 514: 512: 508: 504: 500: 492: 487: 482: 478: 468: 465: 460: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 429: 425: 422: 412: 410: 406: 404: 398: 396: 395:sulfuric acid 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 367: 365: 361: 357: 352: 349: 345: 336: 332: 325: 316: 309: 294: 283: 280:February 2022 274: 270: 267:This section 265: 262: 258: 257: 249: 247: 243: 239: 236:and computer 235: 231: 226: 224: 223:mobile phones 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 143: 139: 135: 129: 124: 121: 117: 113: 107: 104: 100: 97: 88: 84: 80: 75: 72:battery, one 71: 67: 63: 59: 56:battery, two 55: 51: 47: 41: 36: 30: 19: 6540: 6528: 6516: 6504: 6286:Oil refinery 6230:Cogeneration 6163:Nuclear fuel 6021: 5969:Quintessence 5757:Free entropy 5690:Energy level 5654:Fundamental 5488:Zinc–bromine 5295:Silver oxide 5230:Chromic acid 5202:Primary cell 5182:Voltaic pile 5160:Flow battery 5154: 4910: 4891: 4871: 4849: 4829: 4806: 4799:Bibliography 4784:. Retrieved 4773: 4764: 4752:. Retrieved 4739: 4730: 4718:. Retrieved 4711: 4701: 4689:. Retrieved 4687:. GlobalSpec 4684: 4674: 4663:the original 4650: 4642: 4634: 4622:. Retrieved 4618:the original 4614:www.rbrc.org 4613: 4604: 4593:, retrieved 4584: 4578: 4566:. Retrieved 4556: 4544:. Retrieved 4540: 4528: 4519: 4513: 4505: 4493: 4481:. Retrieved 4477:the original 4467: 4455:. Retrieved 4448:the original 4435: 4427: 4422: 4403: 4394: 4388: 4378:20 September 4376:. Retrieved 4372: 4363: 4351:. Retrieved 4346: 4336: 4317: 4309: 4294: 4286: 4271: 4263: 4248: 4240: 4235: 4224:, retrieved 4220:the original 4214: 4207: 4198: 4188: 4177: 4155:the original 4150: 4141: 4133: 4118: 4106:. Retrieved 4100: 4090: 4079: 4070: 4061: 4052: 4043: 4034: 4024: 4010: 3959: 3955: 3949: 3937: 3928: 3919: 3889: 3879:20 September 3877:. Retrieved 3870:the original 3865: 3853: 3840: 3831: 3819:. Retrieved 3815:the original 3805: 3798: 3790: 3783: 3775: 3763:. Retrieved 3761:. Popsci.com 3752: 3742:20 September 3740:. Retrieved 3735: 3726: 3717: 3707: 3700: 3692: 3684: 3669: 3650: 3642: 3635:. Retrieved 3630: 3620: 3608:. Retrieved 3603: 3594: 3582:. Retrieved 3569: 3561: 3524: 3516: 3507: 3498: 3486: 3474: 3462:. Retrieved 3458:the original 3453: 3444: 3435: 3426: 3417: 3411: 3378: 3369: 3360: 3351: 3345: 3333:. Retrieved 3319: 3300: 3294: 3269: 3265: 3259: 3247:. Retrieved 3216:. Retrieved 3212:the original 3207: 3198: 3183: 3175: 3167: 3154: 3145: 3139: 3119: 3110: 3104: 3095: 3086: 3072: 3060:. Retrieved 3045: 3038: 3013: 3005: 2993:. Retrieved 2978: 2971: 2954: 2885: 2882: 2870: 2862: 2859: 2840: 2836:adding to it 2831: 2810: 2797:button cells 2790: 2760: 2752: 2738: 2731: 2727:jumper cable 2722:electrolysis 2706: 2699: 2666: 2657: 2646:Please help 2641:verification 2638: 2606:refrigerator 2603: 2595: 2577: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2554: 2546:Zamboni pile 2540: 2537: 2494: 2478: 2462: 2460: 2356: 2299: 2291:ampere-hours 2281: 2280:A battery's 2279: 2270:charge cycle 2267: 2004:Silver oxide 1978:Zamboni pile 1603:Elaboration 1588:Cathode (+) 1572: 1551: 1542: 1532: 1525: 1518: 1511: 1499: 1487:Please help 1482:verification 1479: 1428: 1416:button cells 1413: 1390:battery pack 1383: 1370: 1366:adding to it 1361: 1339: 1328: 1305: 1287:(NiMH), and 1266: 1258: 1250: 1233: 1222: 1207: 1190: 1133: 1131: 1079:Daniell cell 1050: 1047:flooded cell 1046: 1038: 1036: 1017: 992:overcharging 969: 965: 963: 936: 928: 918: 911: 906: 901:button cells 894: 888: 882: 876: 870: 864: 858: 852: 807: 799: 772: 725: 679: 552: 546: 529: 515: 501:directly to 496: 481:Voltaic cell 461: 430: 426: 418: 407: 399: 371:Daniell cell 368: 360:voltaic pile 353: 342: 315:voltaic pile 277: 273:adding to it 268: 238:data centers 230:hearing aids 227: 185: 151: 149: 142:voltaic pile 85:Power source 29: 6542:WikiProject 6362:Agriculture 6291:Solar power 6257:Tidal power 6131:Natural gas 6121:Fossil fuel 6064:Latent heat 6032:Electricity 5577:Salt bridge 5562:Electrolyte 5493:Zinc–cerium 5478:Solid state 5463:Silver–zinc 5438:Nickel–zinc 5423:Nickel–iron 5398:Molten salt 5366:Dual carbon 5361:Lithium ion 5356:Lithium–air 5315:Zinc–carbon 5290:Silicon–air 5270:Lithium–air 5046:Button cell 5008:Single-cell 4786:11 December 4775:Der Spiegel 4754:11 December 4546:15 February 4457:9 September 4393:Batteries. 3929:techlib.com 3406:Knight 976. 3394:Knight 943. 3373:Saslow 338. 2773:(e-waste). 2218:Lithium ion 2087:(kJ/liter) 1612:Zinc–carbon 1314:connector, 1293:power tools 1289:lithium-ion 1281:nickel–zinc 1234:The sealed 1182:depolariser 1141:gel battery 1103:Weston cell 1091:Bunsen cell 1051:vented cell 1043:electrolyte 1006:Composition 996:car battery 896:PP3 battery 893:, a 9-volt 890:A23 battery 857:battery, a 814:paper towel 783:zinc–carbon 720:across the 526:electrolyte 491:salt bridge 449:smart grids 391:earthenware 379:electricity 215:lithium-ion 203:flashlights 180:free-energy 60:(PP3), two 6558:Categories 6325:Wind power 6247:Hydropower 6198:components 6153:Hydropower 6143:Geothermal 6093:Sound wave 6004:Zero-point 5934:Mechanical 5919:Ionization 5892:Electrical 5787:Negentropy 5668:Energetics 5530:Cell parts 5521:Solar cell 5503:Other cell 5468:Sodium ion 5339:Automotive 4716:. New York 4685:GlobalSpec 4624:15 January 2963:References 2880:likewise. 2854:See also: 2682:See also: 2660:April 2017 2579:Automotive 2541:shelf life 2532:See also: 2468:efficiency 2254:See also: 2072:Chemistry 1998:>2,000 1585:Anode (−) 1582:Chemistry 1515:newspapers 1461:Comparison 1455:wind power 1244:shelf life 1111:switchgear 1099:Clark cell 1087:Grove cell 1032:flow cells 1028:fuel cells 980:automotive 832:See also: 818:salt water 816:dipped in 522:half-cells 439:), and in 348:Leyden jar 164:electrical 6436:Australia 6372:Transport 6367:Computing 6335:Wind farm 6262:Wave farm 6136:Petroleum 6116:Bioenergy 6088:Radiation 6027:Capacitor 5949:Potential 5567:Half-cell 5557:Electrode 5516:Fuel cell 5393:Metal–air 5344:Lead–acid 5260:Leclanché 5172:Fuel cell 4939:Batteries 4226:10 August 4134:Energizer 3562:Energizer 3313:. 012012. 3286:1364-0321 3111:About.com 2793:swallowed 2586:sulfation 2582:lead–acid 2181:1.86 1.5 2115:Lead–acid 2090:Comments 2037:Magnesium 1985:Ag or Au 1810:830–1010 1545:June 2021 1420:submarine 1119:gel cells 1067:corrosion 949:under 75 931:telegraph 919:Secondary 884:AAAA cell 722:terminals 690:Δ 643:− 298:Invention 201:used for 195:electrode 193:, as the 191:discarded 70:camcorder 54:ham radio 6506:Category 6071:Hydrogen 6037:Enthalpy 5939:Negative 5929:Magnetic 5914:Internal 5872:Chemical 5737:Enthalpy 5656:concepts 5547:Catalyst 5408:Nanowire 5403:Nanopore 5349:gel–VRLA 5310:Zinc–air 5215:Alkaline 4780:Archived 4748:Archived 4720:15 March 4691:15 March 4506:Medscape 4411:Archived 4353:15 March 4325:Archived 4302:Archived 4279:Archived 4256:Archived 4126:Archived 4035:BBC News 4000:Archived 3992:20592628 3984:19279634 3909:Archived 3845:Archived 3736:Sky News 3701:BBC News 3677:Archived 3658:Archived 3637:15 March 3610:15 March 3584:14 March 3464:10 April 3218:25 March 3128:Archived 3062:18 March 2995:18 March 2895:See also 2806:sequelae 2795:. Small 2718:hydrogen 2709:hydrogen 2614:Duracell 2282:capacity 2081:(kJ/kg) 1948:Zinc–air 1687:400–590 1667:Alkaline 1600:(kJ/kg) 1283:(NiZn), 1279:(NiCd), 1135:dry cell 1039:wet cell 988:hydrogen 915:useless. 878:AAA cell 779:Alkaline 557:standard 6518:Commons 6346:Use and 6205:Biomass 6175:Radiant 6022:Battery 5994:Thermal 5989:Surface 5974:Radiant 5944:Phantom 5924:Kinetic 5902:Binding 5882:Elastic 5865:Nuclear 5860:Binding 5747:Entropy 5645:Outline 5635:History 5552:Cathode 5305:Zamboni 5275:Mercury 5240:Daniell 5074:Lantern 4483:26 July 4373:YouTube 3964:Bibcode 3841:Curious 3821:31 July 3765:31 July 3560:(PDF). 3162:in 1820 2767:cadmium 2763:mercury 2755:leakage 2734:leakage 2620:Hazards 2610:freezer 2514:Tesla's 2274:current 2203:3.3 3.0 1887:Lithium 1854:Lithium 1821:Lithium 1788:Lithium 1753:Lithium 1723:Lithium 1529:scholar 1308:USBCELL 1125:cells. 1059:beakers 1000:amperes 984:boating 912:Primary 872:AA cell 795:lithium 775:voltage 763:coulomb 673:of the 538:cations 530:cations 443:, with 252:History 219:laptops 187:Primary 168:cathode 93:‍ 76:battery 33:Battery 6530:Portal 6451:Mexico 6446:Europe 6441:Canada 6426:Africa 6349:supply 6158:Marine 6047:Fossil 5999:Vacuum 5752:Exergy 5673:Energy 5624:Energy 5542:Binder 5300:Weston 5225:Bunsen 4943:Curlie 4898: 4879: 4857: 4836: 4813: 4595:2 June 4591:, 2006 4568:2 June 4108:6 July 3990: 3982: 3956:Nature 3335:21 May 3284: 3249:2 June 3053: 3026: 2986: 2785:, and 2765:, and 2713:oxygen 2686:, and 2499:LiFePO 2481:C-rate 2357:where 2262:, and 2196:LiFePO 1531: 1524: 1517: 1510: 1502: 1299:, and 1173:carbon 1101:, and 866:C cell 860:D Cell 822:series 767:joules 534:anions 415:Future 134:symbol 68:, one 64:, one 58:9-volt 48:, one 6470:Misc. 6180:Solar 5984:Sound 5853:Types 5727:Power 5678:Units 5640:Index 5537:Anode 5255:Grove 5235:Clark 5138:Types 5089:CR-V3 5051:18650 4666:(PDF) 4659:(PDF) 4589:(PDF) 4537:(PDF) 4451:(PDF) 4444:(PDF) 3988:S2CID 3873:(PDF) 3862:(PDF) 3578:(PDF) 3329:(PDF) 3243:(PDF) 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