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negative ionised dopants near the junction. These layers of fixed positive and negative charges are collectively known as the depletion layer because they are depleted of free electrons and holes. The depletion layer at the junction is at the origin of the diode's rectifying properties. This is due to the resulting internal field and corresponding potential barrier which inhibit current flow in reverse applied bias which increases the internal depletion layer field. Conversely, they allow it in forwards applied bias where the applied bias reduces the built in potential barrier.
355:
229:
inappropriate, whereas "cathode" meaning 'West electrode' would have remained correct with respect to the unchanged direction of the actual phenomenon underlying the current, then unknown but, he thought, unambiguously defined by the magnetic reference. In retrospect the name change was unfortunate, not only because the Greek roots alone do not reveal the cathode's function any more, but more importantly because, as we now know, the Earth's magnetic field direction on which the "cathode" term is based is subject to
599:. Treated cathodes require less surface area, lower temperatures and less power to supply the same cathode current. The untreated tungsten filaments used in early tubes (called "bright emitters") had to be heated to 1,400 °C (2,550 °F), white-hot, to produce sufficient thermionic emission for use, while modern coated cathodes produce far more electrons at a given temperature so they only have to be heated to 425–600 °C (797–1,112 °F) There are two main types of treated cathodes:
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diffusing into the N-doped layer become minority carriers and tend to recombine with electrons. In equilibrium, with no applied bias, thermally assisted diffusion of electrons and holes in opposite directions across the depletion layer ensure a zero net current with electrons flowing from cathode to anode and recombining, and holes flowing from anode to cathode across the junction or depletion layer and recombining.
713:
578:: In this type, the filament is not the cathode but rather heats the cathode which then emits electrons. Indirectly heated cathodes are used in most devices today. For example, in most vacuum tubes the cathode is a nickel tube with the filament inside it, and the heat from the filament causes the outside surface of the tube to emit electrons. The filament of an indirectly heated cathode is usually called the
316:, the cathode is where the negative polarity is applied to drive the cell. Common results of reduction at the cathode are hydrogen gas or pure metal from metal ions. When discussing the relative reducing power of two redox agents, the couple for generating the more reducing species is said to be more "cathodic" with respect to the more easily reduced reagent.
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Electrons which diffuse from the cathode into the P-doped layer, or anode, become what are termed "minority carriers" and tend to recombine there with the majority carriers, which are holes, on a timescale characteristic of the material which is the p-type minority carrier lifetime. Similarly, holes
210:
The use of 'West' to mean the 'out' direction (actually 'out' → 'West' → 'sunset' → 'down', i.e. 'out of view') may appear unnecessarily contrived. Previously, as related in the first reference cited above, Faraday had used the more straightforward term "exode" (the doorway where the current exits).
114:
move towards the anode, although cathode polarity depends on the device type, and can even vary according to the operating mode. Whether the cathode is negatively polarized (such as recharging a battery) or positively polarized (such as a battery in use), the cathode will draw electrons into it from
276:
occurs. The cathode can be negative like when the cell is electrolytic (where electrical energy provided to the cell is being used for decomposing chemical compounds); or positive as when the cell is galvanic (where chemical reactions are used for generating electrical energy). The cathode supplies
738:
When P and N-doped layers are created adjacent to each other, diffusion ensures that electrons flow from high to low density areas: That is, from the N to the P side. They leave behind the fixed positively charged dopants near the junction. Similarly, holes diffuse from P to N leaving behind fixed
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with a high density of free electrons due to doping, and an equal density of fixed positive charges, which are the dopants that have been thermally ionized. In the anode, the converse applies: It features a high density of free "holes" and consequently fixed negative dopants which have captured an
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from the filament surface would affect the movement of the electrons and introduce hum into the tube output. It also allows the filaments in all the tubes in an electronic device to be tied together and supplied from the same current source, even though the cathodes they heat may be at different
198:
over some new names needed to complete a paper on the recently discovered process of electrolysis. In that paper
Faraday explained that when an electrolytic cell is oriented so that electric current traverses the "decomposing body" (electrolyte) in a direction "from East to West, or, which will
366:
In a vacuum tube or electronic vacuum system, the cathode is a metal surface which emits free electrons into the evacuated space. Since the electrons are attracted to the positive nuclei of the metal atoms, they normally stay inside the metal and require energy to leave it; this is called the
158:, the cathode is the negative terminal at the pointed end of the arrow symbol, where current flows out of the device. Note: electrode naming for diodes is always based on the direction of the forward current (that of the arrow, in which the current flows "most easily"), even for types such as
228:
field oriented like the Earth's. This made the internal current East to West as previously mentioned, but in the event of a later convention change it would have become West to East, so that the West electrode would not have been the 'way out' any more. Therefore, "exode" would have become
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occurs. For example, in some fluorescent tubes a momentary high voltage is applied to the electrodes to start the current through the tube; after starting the electrodes are heated enough by the current to keep emitting electrons to sustain the discharge.
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can be applied to the surface by placing an electrode with a high positive voltage near the cathode. The positively charged electrode attracts the electrons, causing some electrons to leave the cathode's surface. This process is used in
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electrons to the positively charged cations which flow to it from the electrolyte (even if the cell is galvanic, i.e., when the cathode is positive and therefore would be expected to repel the positively charged cations; this is due to
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direction, which at that time was believed to be invariant. He fundamentally defined his arbitrary orientation for the cell as being that in which the internal current would run parallel to and in the same direction as a hypothetical
142:
performing electrolysis has its cathode as the negative terminal, from which current exits the device and returns to the external generator as charge enters the battery/ cell. For example, reversing the current direction in a
746:
Like a typical diode, there is a fixed anode and cathode in a Zener diode, but it will conduct current in the reverse direction (electrons flow from anode to cathode) if its breakdown voltage or "Zener voltage" is exceeded.
211:
His motivation for changing it to something meaning 'the West electrode' (other candidates had been "westode", "occiode" and "dysiode") was to make it immune to a possible later change in the direction convention for
130:
to the positive cathode (chemical energy is responsible for this "uphill" motion). It is continued externally by electrons moving into the battery which constitutes positive current flowing outwards. For example, the
340:
When metal ions are reduced from ionic solution, they form a pure metal surface on the cathode. Items to be plated with pure metal are attached to and become part of the cathode in the electrolytic solution.
382:: The cathode can be heated. The increased thermal motion of the metal atoms "knocks" electrons out of the surface, an effect called thermionic emission. This technique is used in most vacuum tubes.
126:
in use has a cathode that is the positive terminal since that is where conventional current flows out of the device. This outward current is carried internally by positive ions moving from the
174:) it is the negative terminal where electrons enter the device from the external circuit and proceed into the tube's near-vacuum, constituting a positive current flowing out of the device.
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is used. The layer of thorium on the surface which reduces the work function of the cathode is continually replenished as it is lost by diffusion of thorium from the interior of the metal.
95:
Conventional current flows from cathode to anode outside the cell or device (with electrons moving in the opposite direction), regardless of the cell or device type and operating mode.
68:. A conventional current describes the direction in which positive charges move. Electrons have a negative electrical charge, so the movement of electrons is opposite to that of the
568:: In this type, the filament itself is the cathode and emits the electrons directly. Directly heated cathodes were used in the first vacuum tubes, but today they are only used in
1078:
637:
bombardment can destroy the coating on a coated cathode. In these tubes a directly heated cathode consisting of a filament made of tungsten incorporating a small amount of
582:. The main reason for using an indirectly heated cathode is to isolate the rest of the vacuum tube from the electric potential across the filament. Many vacuum tubes use
332:
is connected to allow the circuit to be completed: as the anode of the galvanic cell gives off electrons, they return from the circuit into the cell through the cathode.
987:
680:. They do not necessarily operate at room temperature; in some devices the cathode is heated by the electron current flowing through it to a temperature at which
411:: An electron, atom or molecule colliding with the surface of the cathode with enough energy can knock electrons out of the surface. These electrons are called
538:
heated red-hot by an electric current passing through it. Before the advent of transistors in the 1960s, virtually all electronic equipment used hot-cathode
199:
strengthen this help to the memory, that in which the sun appears to move", the cathode is where the current leaves the electrolyte, on the West side: "
244:, an easier to remember, and more durably technically correct (although historically false), etymology has been suggested: cathode, from the Greek
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greater than the threshold frequency falls on it. This effect is called photoelectric emission, and the electrons produced are called
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the device's cathode from the external circuit. For example, the end of a household battery marked with a + (plus) is the cathode.
542:. Today hot cathodes are used in vacuum tubes in radio transmitters and microwave ovens, to produce the electron beams in older
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can be positive or negative depending on how the device is being operated. Inside a device or a cell, positively charged
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In order to improve electron emission, cathodes are treated with chemicals, usually compounds of metals with a low
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relative to the electrolyte solution being different for the anode and cathode metal/electrolyte systems in a
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Ross, S (1 November 1961). "Faraday consults the scholars: the origins of the terms of electrochemistry".
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converts it into an electrolytic cell where the copper electrode is the positive terminal and also the
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The electrode through which conventional current flows the other way, into the device, is termed an
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33:(e.g., a battery). Positively charged cations move towards the cathode allowing a positive current
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direction convention on which the "exode" term was based has no reason to change in the future.
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to heat the filament. In a tube in which the filament itself was the cathode, the alternating
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This is a cathode that is not heated by a filament. They may emit electrons by
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Two indirectly-heated cathodes (orange heater strip) in ECC83 dual triode tube
248:, 'way down', 'the way (down) into the cell (or other device) for electrons'.
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826:, Daniell cell can be reversed to, technically, produce an electrolytic cell.
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of the metal. Cathodes are induced to emit electrons by several mechanisms:
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tube in a radio transmitter. The cathode filament is not directly visible.
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is the flow of electrons into the anode from a species in solution.
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Coated cathode – In these the cathode is covered with a coating of
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around the local line of latitude which would induce a magnetic
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135:'s copper electrode is the positive terminal and the cathode.
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572:, some large transmitting vacuum tubes, and all X-ray tubes.
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Encyclopedic
Dictionary of Condensed Matter Physics, Vol. 1
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Glow from the directly heated cathode of a 1 kW power
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from the cathode interface to a species in solution. The
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where the current of interest is the reverse current. In
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Light and Light
Sources: High-Intensity Discharge Lamps
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always move towards the cathode and negatively charged
811:
1036:Ferris, Clifford "Electron tube fundamentals" in
546:(CRT) type televisions and computer monitors, in
1670:
909:A Textbook Of Engineering Physics For B.E., B.Sc
880:. Vol. 1. London: The University of London.
838:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
1134:Microwave Active Devices Vacuum and Solid State
1103:A Practical Introduction to Electronic Circuits
1077:. Radio-Electronics.com, Adrio Communications.
522:A hot cathode is a cathode that is heated by a
115:outside, as well as attract positively charged
57:. This definition can be recalled by using the
53:leaves a polarized electrical device such as a
496:vacuum tube with an indirectly-heated cathode
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336:Electroplating metal cathode (electrolysis)
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906:Avadhanulu, M.N.; P.G. Kshirsagar (1992).
735:electron (hence the origin of the holes).
633:Thoriated tungsten – In high-power tubes,
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1106:. UK: Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 49.
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688:Cold cathodes may also emit electrons by
630:oxide. These are used in low-power tubes.
431:: Electrons can also be emitted from the
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455:Cathodes can be divided into two types:
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672:(CCFLs) used as backlights in laptops,
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1137:. New Age International. p. 2.5.
1021:from the original on 24 December 2017.
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990:from the original on 24 December 2017.
944:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2014.
877:Experimental Researches In Electricity
403:, and in microelectronics fabrication,
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1099:
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969:
561:There are two types of hot cathodes:
182:The word was coined in 1834 from the
16:Electrode where reduction takes place
1151:from the original on 2 January 2014.
1120:from the original on 2 January 2014.
1081:from the original on 4 November 2013
1058:from the original on 2 January 2014.
960:
948:from the original on 2 December 2013
926:from the original on 2 January 2014.
835:
704:tubes used in night vision goggles.
530:. The filament is a thin wire of a
328:, the cathode is where the positive
307:
207:a way; the way which the sun sets".
700:used in scientific instruments and
500:, showing the heater element inside
138:A battery that is recharging or an
13:
1075:Vacuum Tube Theory Basics Tutorial
664:. Some examples are electrodes in
14:
1690:
1159:
344:
240:Since the later discovery of the
72:flow. Consequently, the mnemonic
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1041:The Electronics Handbook, 2nd Ed
518:for vacuum tube, showing cathode
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473:
435:of certain metals when light of
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1171:How to define anode and cathode
1044:. CRC Press. pp. 354–356.
976:. Academic Press. p. 468.
645:
349:
251:
190:), 'descent' or 'way down', by
76:also means that electrons flow
1100:Jones, Martin Hartley (1995).
1007:. Springer. pp. 102–103.
970:Poole, Charles P. Jr. (2004).
942:Encyclopædia Britannica online
930:
912:. S. Chand. pp. 345–348.
864:
829:
670:cold-cathode fluorescent lamps
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1:
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660:, and in gas-filled tubes by
415:. This mechanism is used in
194:, who had been consulted by
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7:
1038:Whitaker, Jerry C. (2013).
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37:to flow out of the cathode.
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443:. This effect is used in
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1356:Metal–air electrochemical
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1166:The Cathode Ray Tube site
1001:Flesch, Peter G. (2007).
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692:. These are often called
576:Indirectly heated cathode
1071:"Vacuum tube electrodes"
526:to produce electrons by
222:magnetizing current loop
1131:Sisodia, M. L. (2006).
658:field electron emission
566:Directly heated cathode
387:Field electron emission
74:cathode current departs
66:Cathode Current Departs
1658:Semipermeable membrane
1447:Lithium–iron–phosphate
850:10.1098/rsnr.1961.0038
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690:photoelectric emission
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428:Photoelectric emission
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217:Earth's magnetic field
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1207:Electrochemical cells
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145:Daniell galvanic cell
133:Daniell galvanic cell
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1509:Nickel–metal hydride
608:(lefthand electrode)
552:electron microscopes
401:electron microscopes
270:electrochemical cell
102:with respect to the
70:conventional current
51:conventional current
1519:Polysulfide–bromide
1361:Nickel oxyhydroxide
1253:Thermogalvanic cell
1069:Poole, Ian (2012).
822:4 June 2011 at the
788:Oxidation-reduction
768:Cathodic protection
682:thermionic emission
584:alternating current
528:thermionic emission
417:gas-discharge lamps
413:secondary electrons
379:Thermionic emission
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492:Cutaway view of a
408:Secondary emission
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570:fluorescent tubes
556:fluorescent tubes
449:image intensifier
314:electrolytic cell
308:Electrolytic cell
296:, is the flow of
172:cathode-ray tubes
140:electrolytic cell
55:lead-acid battery
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696:and are used in
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1550:
1549:Sodium–sulfur
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1524:Potassium ion
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1403:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1341:Lithium metal
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1296:Aluminium–air
1294:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1221:Galvanic cell
1219:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1127:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1096:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1006:
1005:
997:
989:
985:
979:
975:
974:
966:
964:
947:
943:
939:
933:
925:
921:
915:
911:
910:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
879:
878:
873:
867:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
832:
825:
821:
818:
814:
810:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
755:
748:
744:
740:
736:
733:
730:layer of the
729:
725:
722:
721:semiconductor
714:
705:
703:
699:
695:
694:photocathodes
691:
686:
683:
679:
678:Crookes tubes
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
653:
640:
636:
632:
629:
625:
621:
617:
616:
613:
609:
606:Cold cathode
604:
600:
598:
597:work function
589:
585:
581:
577:
574:
571:
567:
564:
563:
562:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
517:
513:
509:
499:
498:(orange tube)
495:
488:
476:
466:
456:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
429:
425:
422:
418:
414:
410:
409:
405:
402:
398:
397:cold cathodes
393:
389:
388:
384:
381:
380:
376:
375:
374:
372:
371:
370:work function
361:
356:
342:
333:
331:
327:
326:galvanic cell
320:Galvanic cell
317:
315:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
286:
284:
283:galvanic cell
280:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
249:
247:
243:
238:
236:
232:
227:
223:
218:
214:
208:
206:
202:
197:
193:
189:
185:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
152:
150:
146:
141:
136:
134:
129:
125:
124:galvanic cell
122:A battery or
120:
119:from inside.
118:
113:
109:
105:
101:
96:
88:
86:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
60:
56:
52:
49:from which a
48:
44:
36:
32:
31:galvanic cell
29:cathode in a
28:
25:Diagram of a
23:
19:
1627:
1564:Zinc–bromine
1371:Silver oxide
1306:Chromic acid
1278:Primary cell
1258:Voltaic pile
1236:Flow battery
1133:
1126:
1102:
1095:
1083:. Retrieved
1074:
1064:
1040:
1003:
996:
972:
950:. Retrieved
941:
932:
908:
876:
866:
841:
837:
831:
813:
773:Electrolysis
763:Cathode bias
745:
741:
737:
732:p–n junction
718:
693:
687:
655:
652:Cold cathode
646:Cold cathode
620:alkali metal
607:
594:
579:
575:
565:
560:
540:vacuum tubes
521:
497:
454:
440:
426:
412:
406:
385:
377:
368:
365:
350:Vacuum tubes
339:
323:
311:
301:
289:
287:
261:
255:
252:In chemistry
245:
239:
233:whereas the
209:
204:
200:
187:
181:
168:vacuum tubes
160:Zener diodes
153:
137:
121:
97:
94:
82:
77:
73:
65:
61:
42:
40:
34:
18:
1653:Salt bridge
1638:Electrolyte
1569:Zinc–cerium
1554:Solid state
1539:Silver–zinc
1514:Nickel–zinc
1499:Nickel–iron
1474:Molten salt
1442:Dual carbon
1437:Lithium ion
1432:Lithium–air
1391:Zinc–carbon
1366:Silicon–air
1346:Lithium–air
798:Vacuum tube
676:tubes, and
666:neon lights
591:potentials.
465:Hot cathode
459:Hot cathode
390:: A strong
203:downwards,
170:(including
164:solar cells
128:electrolyte
91:Charge flow
1679:Electrodes
1606:Cell parts
1597:Solar cell
1579:Other cell
1544:Sodium ion
1415:Automotive
805:References
698:phototubes
445:phototubes
433:electrodes
421:neon lamps
1643:Half-cell
1633:Electrode
1592:Fuel cell
1469:Metal–air
1420:Lead–acid
1336:Leclanché
1248:Fuel cell
1085:3 October
858:145600326
674:thyratron
628:strontium
612:neon lamp
437:frequency
298:electrons
274:reduction
272:at which
266:electrode
258:chemistry
231:reversals
186:κάθοδος (
178:Etymology
47:electrode
1673:Category
1623:Catalyst
1484:Nanowire
1479:Nanopore
1425:gel–VRLA
1386:Zinc–air
1291:Alkaline
1149:Archived
1118:Archived
1079:Archived
1056:Archived
1019:Archived
988:Archived
952:15 March
946:Archived
924:Archived
874:(1849).
820:Archived
751:See also
536:tungsten
524:filament
514:used in
419:such as
399:in some
246:kathodos
242:electron
188:kathodos
100:polarity
98:Cathode
59:mnemonic
1628:Cathode
1381:Zamboni
1351:Mercury
1316:Daniell
758:Battery
728:N–doped
639:thorium
360:tetrode
264:is the
262:cathode
235:current
213:current
117:cations
108:cations
45:is the
43:cathode
1618:Binder
1376:Weston
1301:Bunsen
1141:
1110:
1048:
1011:
980:
916:
856:
708:Diodes
624:barium
580:heater
554:, and
494:triode
451:tubes.
312:In an
268:of an
226:dipole
112:anions
27:copper
1613:Anode
1331:Grove
1311:Clark
1214:Types
854:S2CID
793:PEDOT
724:diode
719:In a
534:like
324:In a
292:, in
205:`odos
184:Greek
156:diode
154:In a
149:anode
104:anode
85:anode
1648:Ions
1139:ISBN
1108:ISBN
1087:2013
1046:ISBN
1009:ISBN
978:ISBN
954:2014
914:ISBN
626:and
447:and
330:pole
288:The
260:, a
201:kata
78:into
64:for
1321:Dry
846:doi
635:ion
610:in
285:).
256:In
162:or
62:CCD
1675::
1147:.
1116:.
1073:.
1054:.
1027:^
1017:.
986:.
962:^
940:.
922:.
886:^
852:.
842:16
840:.
668:,
558:.
550:,
151:.
87:.
41:A
1199:e
1192:t
1185:v
1089:.
956:.
860:.
848::
423:.
35:i
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