1012:; the second contact was a movable metal loop that could be flipped down to touch the ring, completing the circuit. A wide variety of mechanical switch designs using slide switches, rocker switches, or side-mounted or end-mounted pushbuttons has been used in flashlights. A common combination is a slide switch that allows the light to be left on for an extended time, combined with a momentary button for intermittent use or signalling. (On earlier models, the button was a switch and the slider simply locked the button down.) Since voltages and currents are low, switch design is limited only by the available space and desired cost of production. Switches may be covered with a flexible rubber boot to exclude dirt and moisture and may be backlit for easy location. Another common type of switch relies on twisting the head of the light. Weapon-mounted lights may have remote switches for convenience in operation.
840:
1130:. This voluntary standard defines test procedures and conditions for total light output, beam intensity, working distance, impact and water resistance, and battery running time to 10% of initial light output. The FL1 standard gives definitions for terms used in marketing flashlights, with the intention of allowing the consumer to compare products tested to the standard. The standard recommends particular graphic symbols and wording for the product package, so that the consumer can identify products tested to the standard. Testing may be carried out by the manufacturer itself or by a third-party test laboratory.
271:
1165:. This is comparable to a full moon on a clear night. The distance is calculated from the square root of (the beam intensity in candelas divided by 0.25 lux); for example, a beam intensity of 1000 candelas produces a working range rating of the square root of (1000/0.25), or 63 meters. The result is reported in meters or feet. The working distance is from the point of view of the user of the flashlight. A light directly pointed at an observer may be visible against a dark background for many times this distance, especially if the observer has night-vision equipment.
1194:
it will also have a higher working distance. If two lights have similar candela ratings, the light with higher lumen value will produce a wider beam and will light a wider area overall. A beam width (containing most of the power of the beam, or "hot spot") of a few degrees corresponds to a spot light, useful for searching for distant objects; beam widths of 20 degrees or more are described as flood lights, suitable for lighting a wide nearby area. Typically even a flashlight beam with a small hot spot will have some light visible as "spill" around the spot.
180:
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29:
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363:, introduced the Luxeon LED, a high-power white-light emitter. This made possible LED flashlights with lower power consumption and running time better than incandescent flashlights with similar light output. The first Luxeon LED flashlight was the Arc LS, designed in 2001. White LEDs in 5 mm diameter packages produce only a few lumens each; many units may be grouped together to provide additional light. Higher-power LEDs, drawing more than 100
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743:, use "nonincendive", "intrinsically safe", or "explosion-proof" flashlights constructed so that any spark in the flashlight is not likely to set off an explosion outside the light. The flashlight may require approval by an authority for the particular service and particular gases or dusts expected. The external temperature rise of the flashlight must not exceed the
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at only a slowly declining output and then abruptly cut off, but unregulated types may have steeply-declining light output after only a short time. Manufacturers of headlamps may use a different standard which rates run times until light output falls to 1 lux at 2 meters distance; this value is not comparable to the FL 1 runtime measurement.
142:, which could not provide a steady electric current and required periodic "rest" to continue functioning. Because these early flashlights also used energy-inefficient carbon-filament bulbs, "resting" occurred at short intervals. Consequently, they could be used only in brief flashes, hence the common North American name "flashlight".
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when needed. Some rechargeable flashlights have indicators for the state of charge of the battery. Power-failure lights are designed to keep their batteries charged from a wall plug and to automatically turn on after an AC power failure; the power-failure light can be removed from the wall socket and used as a portable flashlight.
255:
appliances. Flashlights became very popular in China; by the end of the 1930s, 60 companies made flashlights, some selling for as little as one-third the cost of equivalent imported models. Miniature lamps developed for flashlight and automotive uses became an important sector of the incandescent lamp manufacturing business.
795:, consisting of a battery box with a handle and the lamp and reflector attached to the front. Electric lanterns are used for lighting the broad area immediately around the lantern, as opposed to forming a narrow beam; they can be set down on a level surface or attached to supports. Some electric lanterns use miniature
676:, instead of using straps; other types resemble eyeglass frames. Similar to the headlamp, an angle-head flashlight emits light perpendicular to the length of the battery tube; it can be clipped to a headband, belt, or webbing or set on a flat surface. Some types allow the user to adjust the angle of the head. The
980:" assembly have a transparent optical element (light pipe) to guide light from the source into a beam; no reflector surface is required. For a given size of light source, a larger reflector or lens allows a tighter beam to be produced, while capturing the same fraction of the emitted light. Some flashlights use
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modules used. The laser light either shines through the phosphor layer to produce white light, or is directed at the layer by a mirror. The mirror-type is built inside a plastic module, while the shine-through models are usually built with a copper/aluminum shell, and much smaller than the plastic type.
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but the candela intensity and total lumen ratings can be used by the consumer to assess the beam characteristics. Where two flashlights have similar total light (lumen) measures, the unit with the higher candela rating produces a more concentrated beam of light, suitable for lighting distant objects;
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terms, where jet spray corresponds to IP X6, brief immersion to IPX7, 30 minutes immersion at 1 meter or more is IP X8; (the depth is reported if greater than 1 meter). An IP X8 rating by FL1 does not imply that the lamp is suitable for use as a diver's light since the test protocol examines function
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Run time is measured using the supplied or specified batteries and letting the light run until the intensity of the beam has dropped to 10% of the value 30 seconds after switching on. The standard does not evaluate the behavior of the flashlight output during run time. A regulated flashlight may run
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Aboard naval ships, battle lanterns may be used as emergency portable lighting. Installed in major compartments of the ship, a battle lantern can be detached from its mounting and used as portable lighting in the event primary lighting is out of service. Battle lanterns may use either incandescent or
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are frequently used for directing automobiles or aircraft at night. Colored lenses placed over the end of the flashlight are used for signalling, for example, in railway yards. Colored light is occasionally useful for hunters tracking wounded game after dusk, or for forensic examination of an area.
402:
regardless of input voltage or current, while the color temperature of an incandescent bulb rapidly declines as the battery discharges, becoming redder and less visible. Regulated LED flashlights may also have user-selectable levels of output appropriate to a task, for example, low light for reading
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Industrial, marine, public safety, and military organizations develop specifications for flashlights in specialized roles. Typically, light output, overall dimensions, and battery compatibility and durability are required to meet minimum limits. Flashlights may be tested for impact resistance, water
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shape concentrates the light emitted by the bulb into a directed beam. Some flashlights allow the user to adjust the relative position of the lamp and reflector, giving a variable-focus effect from a wide floodlight to a narrow beam. Reflectors may be made of polished metal, glass, or plastic with
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Impact resistance is measured by dropping the flashlight in six different orientations and observing that it still functions and has no large cracks or breaks in it; the height used in the test is reported. Water resistance, if specified, is evaluated after impact testing; no water is to be visible
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Electronic controls allow the user to select variable output levels or different operating modes such as pre-programmed flashing beacon or strobe modes. Electronic controls may be operated by buttons, sliders, magnets, rotating heads, or rotating control rings. Some models of flashlight include an
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Flashlights used for extended periods every day may be more economically operated on rechargeable (secondary) batteries. Flashlights designed for rechargeable batteries may allow charging without removing the batteries; for example, a light kept in a vehicle may be trickle-charged and always ready
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Inspection flashlights have permanently mounted light guides containing optical fibers or plastic rods. Another style has a lamp mounted at the end of a flexible cable, or a semirigid or articulated probe. Such lamps are used for inspection inside tanks, or inside structures such as aircraft. Where
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that focuses the light, so no reflector is built into the penlight. Others use incandescent bulbs mounted in reflectors. LED penlights are becoming increasingly common. Low-cost units may be disposable with no provision to replace batteries or bulbs and are sometimes imprinted with advertising for
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The consumer must decide how well the ANSI test conditions match their requirements, but all manufacturers testing to the FL1 standard can be compared on a uniform basis. The light measurements are more directly related to the use of flashlights than is the nominal power input to the lamp (watts),
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The United States Army former standard MIL-F-3747E described the performance standard for plastic flashlights using two or three D-cell dry batteries, in either straight or angle form, and in standard, explosion-proof, heat-resistant, traffic direction, and inspection types. The standard described
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Regulations for ships and aircraft specify the number and general properties of flashlights included as part of the standard safety equipment of the vessel. Flashlights for small boats may be required to be waterproof and to float. Uniformed services may issue particular models of flashlights, or
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Primary cells are most economical for infrequent use. Some types of lithium primary cell can be stored for years with less risk of leakage compared with zinc-type batteries. Long storage life is useful where flashlights are required only in emergencies. Lithium primary batteries are also useful at
196:
battery was invented in 1887. Unlike previous batteries, it used a paste electrolyte instead of a liquid. This was the first battery suitable for portable electrical devices, as it did not spill or break easily and worked in any orientation. The first mass-produced dry cell batteries came in 1896,
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A reflector forms a narrow beam called the "throw" in hobbyist parlance, while light emitted forward misses the reflector and forms a wide flood or "spill" of light. Because LEDs emit most light in a hemisphere, lens lights with the LED facing forward or reflector lights with it facing backwards
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Detachable light guides, consisting of rigid, bent plastic rods or semirigid or flexible tubes containing optical fibers, are available for some flashlights for inspection inside tanks, or within walls or structures; when not required, the light guide can be removed and the light used for other
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for close work, and large reflector searchlight-type lamps for lighting distant objects. In 1922 there were an estimated 10 million flashlight users in the United States, with annual sales of renewal batteries and flashlights at $ 20 million, comparable to sales of many line-operated electrical
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The reflector may have a flat transparent cover to keep out dirt and moisture, but some designs have a plastic or glass "bulls-eye" lens to form a concentrated beam. The lens or reflector cover must resist impacts and the heat of the lamp, and must not lose too much of the transmitted light to
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or a rechargeable battery that supplies current to a light source. Such flashlights can be useful during an emergency, when utility power and batteries may not be available. Dynamo-powered flashlights were popular during the Second World War since replacement batteries were difficult to find.
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LEP stands for Laser
Excited Phosphor. The light source is a blue laser diode, which is directed at a phosphor layer to make white light. With the first LEP flashlight available in 2018, there are currently a few dozen LEP flashlights, mainly from China. At the moment, there are 2 types of LEP
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as a filler. HID lamps produce more light than a traditional incandescent flashlight using the same amount of electricity, though not as much as high power LEDs. The lamp lasts longer and is more shock resistant than a regular incandescent bulb, since it lacks the relatively fragile electrical
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LEDs are highly efficient at producing colored light compared with incandescent lamps and filters. An LED flashlight may contain different LEDs for white and colored light, selectable by the user for different purposes. Colored LED flashlights are used for signalling, special inspection tasks,
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to provide the higher voltage required by a white LED, which needs around 3.4 volts to function. Flashlights using three or more dry cells may only use a resistor to limit current. Some flashlights electronically regulate the current through the LEDs to stabilize light output as the batteries
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is designed to be worn on the head, often having separate lamp and battery components. The battery pack may be attached at the back of the head or in a pocket to improve balance. Headlamps leave the users' hands' free. A headlamp can be clipped to the brim of a hat, or built to mount on a
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or glass-reinforced epoxies. Some manufacturers have proprietary plastic formulations for their products. A desirable plastic for manufacturing flashlights allows for ease of molding and adequate mechanical properties of the finished flashlight case. Aluminum, either plain, painted or
374:, with white LEDs producing on the order of 100 lumens for every watt, compared to 8-10 lumens per watt of small incandescent bulbs. An LED flashlight has a longer battery life than an incandescent flashlight with comparable output. LEDs are also less fragile than glass lamps.
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Left to right: 3x AA to D parallel battery converter with rechargeable NiMH AA-size batteries inserted. MY DAY vintage flashlight. It uses 1.5 V D-size batteries. Sofirn SP36 flashlight. It features a 5 V 2 A USB-C charging port to load 3.7 V 18650 rechargeable lithium-ion
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into a tubular shape, or tubular extruded stock can be machined to add threads for the head and tail cap, knurling for grip, and decorative and functional flats or holes in the body. LED flashlights may have cooling fins machined into their metal cases. Plastics are often
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an aluminized reflective finish. Some manufacturers use a pebbled or "orange peel", instead of a smooth reflector, to improve the uniformity of the light beam emitted. Where multiple LEDs are used, each one may be put in its own parabolic reflector. Flashlights using a "
430:, or lights using a single 5 mm LED, may only produce a few lumens. Even a small LED flashlight operating on an AA cell, but equipped with an LED, can emit 100 lumens. The most powerful LED flashlights produce more than 100,000 lumens and may use multiple LEDs.
242:
of carbon filament types, along with improved batteries in varying sizes made flashlights more useful and popular. The advantage of instant control, and the absence of flame, meant that hand-held electric lights began to replace combustion-based lamps such as the
313:
The light output of an incandescent lamp in a flashlight varies widely depending on the type of lamp. A miniature keychain lamp produces one or two lumens. A two-D-cell flashlight using a common prefocus-style miniature lamp produces on the order of 15 to 20
602:
Accessories for a flashlight allow the color of the light to be altered or allow light to be dispersed differently. Translucent colored plastic cones slipped over the lens of a flashlight increase the visibility when looking at the side of the light. Such
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or hard rubber tubes with metal end caps. Many other materials including drawn steel, plated brass, copper, or silver, and even wood and leather have been used. Modern flashlights are generally made of plastic or aluminum. Plastics range from low-cost
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to store energy. The capacitor can be recharged more rapidly than a battery and can be recharged many times without loss of capacity; however, the running time is limited by the relative bulk of capacitors compared to electrochemical batteries.
406:
LED flashlights may consume 1 watt or much more from the battery, producing heat as well as light. In contrast to tungsten filaments, which must be hot to produce light, both the light output and the life of an LED decrease with temperature.
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radiate less spill. Variable focus "zoom" or "flood to throw" lights may move the reflector or lens or they may move the emitter; moving the emitter presents the designer with the problem of maintaining heat dissipation for the LED.
821:
In addition to utilitarian flashlights, novelty, toy, and ornamental portable electric lights have been made in a myriad of shapes; in the 1890s, one of the earliest portable battery light applications was a type of novelty porcelain
330:
or lumens produced per watt of input of flashlight bulbs varies over the approximate range of 8 to 22 lumens/watt, depending on the size of the bulb and the fill gas, with halogen-filled 12-volt lamps having the highest efficiency.
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acceleration sensor to allow them to respond to shaking, or to select modes based on what direction the light is held when switched on. At least one manufacturer allows user programming of the features of the flashlight through a
1063:, which can be polished to provide a decorative finish. Zinc can be die-cast into intricate shapes. Magnesium and its alloys provide strength and heat dissipation similar to aluminum with less weight, but they corrode easily.
1075:
into nearly final shape, requiring only a few more process steps to complete assembly. Metal cases provide better heat dissipation for the LED, but plastics are not electrically conductive and may resist corrosion and wear.
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Flashlights intended for use in hazardous areas with flammable gas or dust are tested to ensure they cannot set off an explosion. Flashlights approved for flammable gas areas have markings indicating the approving agency
1020:
port. An electronic control may also provide an indication of remaining battery capacity, voltage, or provide information regarding recharging or automatic step-down of brightness as the battery nears full discharge.
1133:
The FL1 standard requires measurements reported on the packaging to be made with the type of batteries packaged with the flashlight, or with an identified type of battery. Initial light output is measured with an
386:. Since the LED has a long life compared to the usual life of a flashlight, very often it is permanently installed. Flashlights made for an incandescent lamp can often be upgraded to a more efficient LED lamp.
1186:. Even the same LED or lamp in different optical systems will show different beam characteristics. The visibility of objects depends on many factors as well as the amount of light emitted by the flashlight.
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for higher efficiency than incandescent bulbs. Portable hand-held electric spotlights can provide larger reflectors and lamps and more powerful batteries than tubular flashlights meant to fit in a pocket.
1106:, etc.) and symbols for the conditions that were tested. Flashlights for hazardous areas may be designed to automatically disconnect the lamp if the bulb is broken, to prevent ignition of flammable gas.
446:, or checking UV-fluorescing marks on laundry or event ticket holders. Infrared LEDs can be used for illuminators for night-vision systems. LED flashlights may be specified to be compatible with
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used for inspecting the interior of tanks containing flammable liquids, the inspection lights may also be rated as flame-proof (explosion-proof) so that they cannot ignite liquids or vapors.
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891:. The choice of batteries plays a determining role in the size, weight, run time, and shape of the flashlight. Flashlight users may prefer a common battery type to simplify replacement.
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have a button or software application available to turn up their screen backlights to full intensity or to switch on the camera flash or video light, providing a "flashlight" function.
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where surface light cannot reach. The battery compartment of a dive lamp may have a catalyst to recombine any hydrogen gas emitted from the battery since gas cannot be vented in use.
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1051:, is a popular choice. It is electrically conductive, can be easily machined, and dissipates heat well. Several standard alloys of aluminum are used. Other metals include
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reflection or absorption. Very small flashlights may not have a reflector or lens separate from the lamp. Some types of penlight bulbs or small LEDs have a built-in lens.
99:
and miniature incandescent electric lamps made the first battery-powered flashlights possible around 1899. Today, flashlights use mostly light-emitting diodes and run on
326:
of rechargeable focusing flashlight uses a halogen lamp and produces 218 lumens. By comparison, a 60-watt household incandescent lamp will produce about 900 lumens. The
403:
a map and high output for checking a road sign. This would be difficult to do with a single incandescent bulb since efficacy of the lamp drops rapidly at low output.
209:. The electric lamp was odorless, smokeless, and emitted less heat than combustion-powered lighting. It could be instantly turned on and off, and avoided fire risk.
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Many flashlights are cylindrical in design, with the lamp assembly attached to one end. However, early designs came in a variety of other shapes. Some resembled
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to improve the life and efficacy of the bulb. In all but disposable or novelty flashlights, the bulb is user-replaceable; the bulb life may be only a few hours.
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929:(dynamo). Some types use the dynamo to charge a capacitor or battery, while others only light while the dynamo is moving. Others generate electricity using
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By 1907, several types of flashlights were available: the tubular hand-held variety, a lantern style that could be set down for extended use, pocket-size
122:
In addition to the general-purpose, hand-held flashlight, many forms have been adapted for special uses. Head- or helmet-mounted flashlights designed for
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1934:
2016:
80:(LEDs) since the early 2000s. A typical flashlight consists of the light source mounted in a reflector, a transparent cover (sometimes combined with a
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LEDs may be used for inspection lights, for example, detecting fluorescent dyes added to air conditioning systems to detect leakage, examining paper
274:
Miniature incandescent bulbs for use in flashlights: The tungsten filament bulb was essential to turn the flashlight from a novelty to a useful tool.
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1779:
355:(LEDs) have mostly replaced incandescent bulbs in practical flashlights. LEDs existed for decades, mainly as low-power indicator lights. In 1999,
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and the invention of portable electric lights soon followed. Portable hand-held electric lights offered advantages in convenience and safety over
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laid front to back in a paper tube with the light bulb and a rough brass reflector at the end. The company donated some of these devices to the
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flashlights, such as inexpensive keyring lights, are made. When the batteries are depleted or the bulb fails, the entire product is discarded.
814:
Multifunction portable devices may include a flashlight as one of their features, for example, a portable radio/flashlight combination. Many
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are medical instruments that combine a hand-held light source and magnifying lenses for examination of the ear canal and eyes, respectively.
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and fairly crude dry cells made early flashlights an expensive novelty, with low sales and low manufacturer interest. Development of the
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Switches or focus adjustments may not work properly while the flashlight is under external pressure, even if no water gets into the case.
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photometer, 30 seconds after the light is switched on with fresh (or newly charged) batteries. The total light emitted is reported in
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forensic examination, or to track the blood trail of wounded game animals. A flashlight may have a red LED intended to preserve dark
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A red filter helps preserve night vision after the flashlight is turned off, and can be useful to observe animals (such as nesting
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to recharge the battery. Flashlights are used as a light source outdoors, in places without permanently installed lighting, during
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Flashlights in Kenya: revealing the social, economic, health and environmental implications in the absence of quality assurance
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to a gun barrel. Tactical lights must withstand the impact of recoil and must be easily controlled while holding the weapon.
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lower temperatures than zinc batteries, all of which have water-based electrolytes. Lithium primary batteries have a lower
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Light output from LED flashlights varies even more widely than for incandescent lights. "Keychain" type lamps operating on
72:), usually shortened to torch, is a portable hand-held electric lamp. Formerly, the light source typically was a miniature
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circuit required to start and operate the lamp. An HID lamp requires a short warm-up time before it reaches full output.
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or other high heat-conductivity bodies, reflectors, and other parts to dissipate heat; they can become warm during use.
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with significant concentrations of flammable gases or dusts, such as mines, engine rooms of ships, chemical plants, or
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January 1899 Ever-Ready flashlight ad mentioning the proceedings against the alleged patent-infringing rival companies.
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that can freely slide up and down a tube, passing through a coil of wire as it does. Shaking the flashlight charges a
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Although most flashlights are designed for user replacement of the batteries and the bulb as needed, fully sealed
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Outdoors, search and rescue, caving, night orienteering, high-speed bicycle use, night mountain biking, diving
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published UL standard 1576 for flashlights and lanterns, outlining safety requirements and performance tests.
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may provide minimum performance standards for their members to follow when purchasing their own flashlights.
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The original 1890s flashlights used a metal ring around the fiber body of the flashlight as one contact of a
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Misell's Patent 617,592 line drawings show cross section of flashlight with three cells, reflector, and lens
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filament found in incandescent bulbs. However, they are much more expensive than incandescent, due to the
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Two LED flashlight extremes: Olight SR90, 2,200 lumens (left), Foursevens Mini MLR2, 180 lumens (middle),
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to limit current through the diode. Flashlights using one or two disposable 1.5-volt cells require a
1484:"Electropaedia History of Science and Technology, Development of Science, Technology and Inventions"
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have different spectra of light compared to incandescent sources, and are made in several ranges of
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was an angle-head flashlight issued to US military personnel; similar style lights remain popular.
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The working distance is defined as the distance at which the maximum light falling on a surface (
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One type of mechanically powered flashlight has a winding crank and spring connected to a small
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each, simplify the optical design problem of producing a powerful and tightly controlled beam.
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point of the gas, so substitution of more powerful lamps or batteries may void the approval.
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The 1899 flashlight was a fiber tube with brass end caps and bulls-eye glass lens at one end.
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leave both hands free. Some flashlights can be used under water or in flammable atmospheres.
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Incandescent flashlights use incandescent light bulbs, which consists of a glass bulb and a
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is determined by measuring the brightest spot in the beam produced by the flashlight, in
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Flashlight in the shape of a gun (mid-20th century) from the permanent collection of the
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The
Flashlight Museum, a collector's Web site with many old or unusual flashlights shown
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44:, while the adjustable angle-head flashlight (Streamlight Sidewinder) on the right uses
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On
January 10, 1899, British inventor David Misell obtained U.S. Patent No. 617,592,
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702:. They allow momentary illumination of a target. They are small enough to be easily
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than zinc primary batteries, so are more efficient in high-drain flashlights.
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81:
784:
LED lamps and may have either disposable primary or rechargeable batteries.
470:(HID lamp) as the light source. An HID gas discharge lamp uses a mixture of
270:
3359:
3334:
3329:
3309:
3254:
3144:
3119:
3109:
3104:
2970:
2866:
2861:
2836:
2826:
2787:
2608:
2563:
2440:
2291:
2256:
2192:
2150:
2135:
2091:
1597:
1440:
1362:
1296:
1139:
1067:
1039:
981:
725:
687:
Nonincendive flashlight for use when inspecting areas full of flammable gas
629:
471:
315:
295:
167:
116:
3259:
1754:. U.S. Department of Transportation. 1997. pp. 96–100. Archived from
683:
418:
3324:
3319:
3279:
3129:
3114:
3011:
2965:
2841:
2700:
2428:
2423:
2383:
2355:
2350:
2281:
2276:
2261:
2219:
2140:
1357:
1352:
1158:
1151:
1048:
1035:
857:
788:
656:
439:
427:
390:
319:
112:
2620:
967:
Dive flashlight with different reflectors and collimator for LED XHP70.2
3349:
3344:
3249:
3244:
3224:
3204:
3174:
2955:
2821:
2816:
2705:
2668:
2583:
2578:
2553:
2248:
1989:
1387:
1311:
908:
853:
815:
803:
718:
652:
521: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
344:
1894:"Introduction and table of contents to ANSI FL1 retrieved 2011 Oct 17"
1874:. Energizerlightingproducts.com (2003-07-01). Retrieved on 2013-12-09.
1483:
950:
At least one manufacturer makes a rechargeable flashlight that uses a
3369:
3234:
3159:
3086:
3065:
3001:
2898:
2851:
2416:
2345:
2325:
1301:
938:
807:
475:
412:
221:
1707:"The 2 types of LEP modules currently available | LEPflashlight.com"
1570:
1173:
inside the unit and it must remain functional. Ratings are given in
496:
3384:
3076:
2733:
2673:
2370:
2340:
2301:
2266:
2236:
2025:
1316:
1182:
since different LED and incandescent lamp types vary widely in the
1060:
972:
773:
750:
673:
453:
443:
375:
352:
279:
251:
193:
96:
49:
36:
28:
3299:
3199:
3154:
3124:
3081:
2685:
2630:
2330:
2308:
1332:
1174:
1147:
1090:
and chemical resistance, and the lifespan of the control switch.
823:
792:
695:
323:
307:
299:
287:
259:
206:
155:
127:
1267:
Light use depends on speed, quality of trail, surrounding light
1245:
Household use, car repairs, hiking on a trail, cave exploration
758:
724:
Diving lamps must be watertight under pressure and are used for
3394:
3284:
3229:
3179:
2313:
2271:
1052:
1009:
934:
709:
639:
624:
364:
303:
202:
123:
89:
40:
The angle-head flashlight (Fulton MX-991U) on the left uses an
1119:
only incandescent lamp flashlights and was withdrawn in 1996.
3139:
3034:
2996:
2360:
2286:
1538:
Exotic commodities: modern objects and everyday life in China
1367:
963:
848:
The most common power source for flashlights is the battery.
699:
659:. In some types, the incandescent light bulb has an integral
339:
291:
283:
198:
1825:
Energizer
Flashlight, Headlight and Handheld Light Materials
1994:
1668:
Partnerships for solid-state lighting: report of a workshop
1123:
1099:
411:
often dictates that small, high-power LED flashlights have
220:. This "electric device" designed by Misell was powered by
1985:, a Master's thesis that discusses flashlight use in Kenya
1560:, Gizmodo-com.cdn.ampproject.org, Wes Siler, June 23, 2014
754:
Inspection light with flexible gooseneck mounting for lamp
1834:. Energizerlightingproducts.com. Retrieved on 2013-12-09.
1749:"Advisory Circular 43-204 Visual Inspection for Aircraft"
1178:
of the light only after immersion, not during immersion.
1162:
1017:
648:
1865:
Energizer
Lighting Products Safety Approvals and Testing
1400:
1150:. Since this is a measure of all the light emitted in a
1189:
ANSI standard FL1 does not specify measurements of the
1954:
A New, Dedicated
Standard for Flashlights and Lanterns
218:
American
Electrical Novelty and Manufacturing Company
1805:
984:, which allow the weight of the lens to be reduced.
457:
Multiple 5 mm LEDs may be used in small flashlights.
282:
filament. The bulbs are under vacuum or filled with
258:
LED flashlights were introduced in the early 2000s.
1606:Handbook of energy efficiency and renewable energy
1435:
1433:
619:
1644:"How to Replace a Flashlight's Bulb With an LED?"
1558:How LED Flashlights Are Designed And Manufactured
1513:
294:. Some high-power incandescent flashlights use a
3482:
1430:
111:, shaking the lamp, or squeezing it. Some have
84:) to protect the light source and reflector, a
1942:Collateral-library-production.s3.amazonaws.com
370:LEDs can be significantly more efficient than
3050:
2010:
911:to charge an on-board battery for later use.
119:, or when a portable light source is needed.
1803:Francois Beguin, Elzbieta Frackowiak (ed),
1593:
1591:
1476:
1451:
1004:A rechargeable, programmable LED flashlight
3057:
3043:
2017:
2003:
1883:Underwriter's Laboratories Standard UL 783
1406:
1128:FL1 Flashlight basic performance standard
581:Learn how and when to remove this message
398:discharge. LEDs maintain nearly constant
262:made their first LED flashlight in 2006.
107:. Some are powered by the user turning a
1966:A Flashaholic's Guide to LED Flashlights
1588:
1504:, Routledge and Kegan, 1958, pages 90-91
1113:
1079:
999:
962:
958:
838:
802:
757:
749:
708:
682:
651:-sized flashlight, often containing two
638:
623:
466:A less common type of flashlight uses a
452:
417:
338:
269:
35:
27:
3511:Military equipment of the United States
3483:
1516:"Flashlights and Flashlight Batteries"
875:Secondary, rechargeable types include
864:in both regular and heavy duty types,
856:) types used in flashlights include
389:LEDs generally must have some kind of
3038:
1998:
1084:
519:adding citations to reliable sources
490:
1845:Handbook of Manufacturing Processes
914:
826:with a concealed bulb and battery.
228:, who responded favorably to them.
76:, but these have been displaced by
13:
1540:, Columbia University Press, 2006
971:A reflector with an approximately
318:of light and a beam of about 200
14:
3527:
1974:
1689:"IMALENT M series LED flashlight"
1413:The Electrochemistry Encyclopedia
1184:amount of light produced per watt
995:
16:Portable hand-held electric light
1968:, CoastPortland.com, 2011, p. 10
1514:Eugene H. Mathews (March 1922).
1490:from the original on 2011-05-12.
1447:from the original on 2017-01-17.
829:
495:
178:
166:
154:
2534:Parabolic aluminized reflector
1959:
1927:
1918:
1886:
1877:
1858:
1837:
1818:
1797:
1786:from the original on 2017-03-26
1772:
1741:
1723:
1699:
1681:
1670:National Academies Press, 2002
1660:
1636:
1619:
1502:The Social History of Lighting
1204:
1197:In 2018, in the United States,
921:Mechanically powered flashlight
620:Formats and specialized designs
506:needs additional citations for
265:
3064:
2479:Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide
1847:, Industrial Press Inc., 2007
1563:
1551:
1530:
1507:
1494:
933:. They use a strong permanent
597:
238:in 1904, with three times the
48:to give white, red, blue, and
1:
1394:
468:high-intensity discharge lamp
2024:
1441:"Flashlight Museum page one"
1210:Lumen ranges of flashlights
1042:to more complex mixtures of
1024:
945:
834:
409:Heat dissipation for the LED
133:
7:
2724:Automotive light bulb types
2574:Intelligent street lighting
1735:Tacticalflashlightguide.com
1633:, November 2003 pages 81-88
1409:"Nonrechargeable Batteries"
1284:
764:Museo del Objeto del Objeto
694:are sometimes mounted to a
612:) without disturbing them.
347:for size comparison (right)
21:Flashlight (disambiguation)
10:
3534:
2487:Hydrargyrum quartz iodide
1199:Underwriter's Laboratories
918:
298:where the bulb contains a
145:
92:, all enclosed in a case.
18:
3403:
3095:
3072:
2979:
2934:
2926:Stage lighting instrument
2875:
2798:
2714:
2639:
2509:
2449:
2397:
2369:
2247:
2149:
2121:
2112:
2032:
1319:(for automobile lighting)
978:total internal reflection
931:electromagnetic induction
905:Solar powered flashlights
730:supplemental illumination
713:One style of diver's lamp
678:Fulton MX991/U Flashlight
138:Early flashlights ran on
3444:Machine and metalworking
3375:Tongue-and-groove pliers
2987:Battlefield illumination
2744:high-intensity discharge
2176:Electrochemiluminescence
1666:Charles W. Wessner (ed)
32:A set of LED flashlights
3454:Measuring and alignment
2847:Electroluminescent wire
1843:James G. Bralla (ed.),
1520:Transactions of the IES
1029:Early flashlights used
647:A penlight is a small,
74:incandescent light bulb
2529:Multifaceted reflector
1256:Weapon mounted lights
1122:In the United States,
1005:
968:
845:
811:
766:
755:
714:
688:
664:promotional purposes.
644:
636:
634:pupillary light reflex
610:loggerhead sea turtles
486:
461:
458:
423:
348:
334:
275:
236:tungsten-filament lamp
105:rechargeable batteries
53:
33:
2919:ellipsoidal reflector
2524:Ellipsoidal reflector
2208:Fluorescent induction
2186:field-induced polymer
1348:List of battery types
1343:List of battery sizes
1253:Tactical flashlights
1161:) would fall to 0.25
1114:Performance standards
1080:Ratings and standards
1003:
966:
959:Reflectors and lenses
889:lithium-ion batteries
862:carbon-zinc batteries
842:
806:
761:
753:
712:
686:
642:
627:
456:
421:
384:color rendering index
353:light-emitting diodes
342:
273:
232:Carbon-filament bulbs
140:zinc–carbon batteries
95:The invention of the
78:light-emitting diodes
39:
31:
3419:Cutting and abrasive
2756:Rear position lights
2729:Daytime running lamp
2657:Mechanically powered
2544:Aviation obstruction
1378:Tritium illumination
927:electrical generator
515:improve this article
448:night vision devices
361:San Jose, California
357:Lumileds Corporation
226:New York City police
199:(combustion) torches
70:Commonwealth English
19:For other uses, see
3506:Domestic implements
3501:American inventions
2164:Electron-stimulated
1906:on 15 November 2011
1211:
897:internal resistance
877:lead-acid batteries
3496:1899 introductions
3100:Adjustable spanner
3007:Luminous gemstones
2181:Electroluminescent
2159:Cathodoluminescent
1870:2011-11-02 at the
1830:2011-11-29 at the
1731:"Flashlight Guide"
1711:lepflashlight.com/
1500:William T. O'Dea,
1463:Patents.google.com
1264:Bicycle headlamps
1209:
1144:Luminous intensity
1136:integrating sphere
1126:in 2009 published
1085:Safety regulations
1006:
969:
846:
812:
767:
756:
735:People working in
715:
689:
645:
637:
459:
424:
372:incandescent lamps
349:
276:
54:
34:
3478:
3477:
3390:Upholstery hammer
3032:
3031:
2549:Balanced-arm lamp
2505:
2504:
2389:Yablochkov candle
2257:Acetylene/Carbide
2227:Radioluminescence
2099:Luminous efficacy
2045:Color temperature
1737:. 3 October 2018.
1631:Popular Mechanics
1614:978-0-8493-1730-9
1608:, CRC Press 2007
1282:
1281:
797:fluorescent lamps
605:marshalling wands
591:
590:
583:
565:
400:color temperature
380:color temperature
328:luminous efficacy
245:hurricane lantern
42:incandescent bulb
3523:
3265:Pencil sharpener
3059:
3052:
3045:
3036:
3035:
2832:Christmas lights
2766:Safety reflector
2761:Reversing lights
2696:Navigation light
2647:Bicycle lighting
2537:
2490:
2482:
2456:
2215:Photoluminescent
2198:Fluorescent lamp
2171:Chemiluminescent
2119:
2118:
2087:Bi-pin lamp base
2082:Lightbulb socket
2019:
2012:
2005:
1996:
1995:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1939:
1935:"Lumen Insights"
1931:
1925:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1905:
1899:. Archived from
1898:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1875:
1862:
1856:
1841:
1835:
1822:
1816:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1780:"Battle Lantern"
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1760:
1753:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1685:
1679:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1640:
1634:
1623:
1617:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1536:Frank Dikötter,
1534:
1528:
1527:
1511:
1505:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1437:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1415:. Archived from
1404:
1292:Bicycle lighting
1242:General purpose
1212:
1208:
1191:beam width angle
1073:injection molded
1031:vulcanized fiber
915:Mechanical power
907:use energy from
630:halogen penlight
586:
579:
575:
572:
566:
564:
523:
499:
491:
428:button batteries
182:
170:
158:
3533:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3473:
3399:
3315:Punch down tool
3295:Plumber's snake
3091:
3068:
3063:
3033:
3028:
2992:Bioluminescence
2975:
2944:
2930:
2887:
2871:
2810:
2794:
2710:
2635:
2559:Emergency light
2535:
2501:
2488:
2480:
2454:
2452:
2445:
2393:
2365:
2336:Magnesium torch
2243:
2145:
2114:
2108:
2065:Light pollution
2040:Accent lighting
2028:
2023:
1977:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1947:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1872:Wayback Machine
1863:
1859:
1842:
1838:
1832:Wayback Machine
1823:
1819:
1802:
1798:
1789:
1787:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1715:
1713:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1665:
1661:
1652:
1650:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1624:
1620:
1596:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1535:
1531:
1512:
1508:
1499:
1495:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1467:
1465:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1439:
1438:
1431:
1422:
1420:
1407:Brooke Schumm.
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1338:Lantern battery
1287:
1216:
1207:
1116:
1087:
1082:
1057:stainless steel
1027:
998:
961:
948:
923:
917:
850:Primary battery
837:
832:
778:ophthalmoscopes
741:grain elevators
737:hazardous areas
692:Tactical lights
643:An LED headlamp
622:
600:
587:
576:
570:
567:
524:
522:
512:
500:
489:
464:
395:boost converter
351:Powerful white-
337:
268:
190:
189:
188:
187:
186:
183:
175:
174:
171:
163:
162:
159:
148:
136:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3531:
3530:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3409:Types of tools
3405:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3365:Tactical light
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3305:Podger spanner
3302:
3297:
3292:
3290:Plumber wrench
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3220:Locking pliers
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3062:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3039:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2983:
2981:
2980:Related topics
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2780:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2771:retroreflector
2763:
2758:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2731:
2726:
2720:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2671:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2626:Track lighting
2623:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2606:
2601:
2599:Recessed light
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2569:Gooseneck lamp
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2531:
2526:
2515:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2484:
2476:
2466:
2460:
2458:
2451:High-intensity
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2375:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2253:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2220:Laser headlamp
2212:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2155:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2127:
2125:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2050:Electric light
2047:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2022:
2021:
2014:
2007:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1976:
1975:External links
1973:
1971:
1970:
1958:
1926:
1917:
1885:
1876:
1857:
1853:0-831 1-3179-9
1836:
1817:
1796:
1771:
1740:
1722:
1698:
1680:
1659:
1648:outlighter.com
1635:
1618:
1587:
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1506:
1493:
1475:
1450:
1429:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1373:Tactical light
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1314:
1309:
1307:Flashlight tag
1304:
1299:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1261:200 and above
1258:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1250:100 and above
1247:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1206:
1203:
1115:
1112:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1066:Metals may be
1026:
1023:
997:
996:Control switch
994:
982:Fresnel lenses
960:
957:
952:supercapacitor
947:
944:
919:Main article:
916:
913:
887:batteries and
836:
833:
831:
828:
621:
618:
599:
596:
589:
588:
571:September 2023
503:
501:
494:
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460:
336:
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184:
177:
176:
172:
165:
164:
160:
153:
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151:
150:
149:
147:
144:
135:
132:
66:electric torch
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3529:
3528:
3517:
3516:Types of lamp
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3486:
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3410:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3380:Torque wrench
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3355:Stitching awl
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3340:Socket wrench
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3270:Persian drill
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3240:Monkey wrench
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3210:Impact driver
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3185:Hammer tacker
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3170:Glass breaker
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3105:Antique tools
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3088:
3085:
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3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3071:
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3023:
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3019:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2961:Infrared lamp
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2927:
2924:
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2721:
2719:
2717:
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2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2691:Laser pointer
2689:
2687:
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2677:
2676:
2675:
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2670:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2658:
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2619:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2594:Pendant light
2592:
2590:
2589:Neon lighting
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
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2491:
2485:
2483:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2464:Mercury-vapor
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2407:Deuterium arc
2405:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2399:Gas discharge
2396:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
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2368:
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2359:
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2255:
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2250:
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2199:
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2137:
2134:
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2129:
2128:
2126:
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2120:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2104:Task lighting
2102:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2060:Light fixture
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2015:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1979:
1978:
1967:
1962:
1955:
1943:
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1930:
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1829:
1826:
1821:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1800:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1761:on 2016-11-11
1757:
1750:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1677:
1676:0-309-08319-2
1673:
1669:
1663:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1632:
1628:
1625:Cliff Gomer,
1622:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1559:
1554:
1547:
1546:0-231-14116-5
1543:
1539:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1497:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1434:
1419:on 2013-10-22
1418:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1399:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1383:Trouble light
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1328:Kerosene lamp
1326:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1277:
1275:High powered
1274:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1223:Applications
1222:
1219:
1214:
1213:
1202:
1200:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1170:
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898:
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
841:
830:Power sources
827:
825:
819:
817:
809:
805:
801:
798:
794:
790:
785:
781:
779:
775:
771:
765:
760:
752:
748:
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742:
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733:
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727:
722:
720:
711:
707:
705:
701:
697:
693:
685:
681:
679:
675:
670:
665:
662:
658:
657:AAA batteries
654:
650:
641:
635:
631:
626:
617:
613:
611:
606:
595:
585:
582:
574:
563:
560:
556:
553:
549:
546:
542:
539:
535:
532: –
531:
527:
526:Find sources:
520:
516:
510:
509:
504:This section
502:
498:
493:
492:
484:
482:
477:
473:
469:
455:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
431:
429:
420:
416:
414:
410:
404:
401:
396:
392:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
346:
341:
332:
329:
325:
321:
317:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
272:
263:
261:
256:
253:
248:
246:
241:
237:
233:
229:
227:
223:
222:"D" batteries
219:
215:
210:
208:
204:
200:
195:
181:
169:
157:
143:
141:
131:
129:
125:
120:
118:
117:power outages
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
51:
47:
43:
38:
30:
26:
22:
3360:Strap wrench
3335:Slide hammer
3330:Sledgehammer
3255:Paint roller
3140:Caulking gun
3110:Basin wrench
2867:Strobe light
2862:Plasma globe
2837:Crackle tube
2827:Bubble light
2788:trafficators
2783:Turn signals
2651:
2609:Street light
2564:Gas lighting
2497:Sodium vapor
2469:Metal-halide
2371:Electric arc
2123:Incandescent
2092:Edison screw
1982:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1946:. Retrieved
1941:
1929:
1920:
1908:. Retrieved
1901:the original
1888:
1879:
1860:
1844:
1839:
1820:
1807:Wiley 2013,
1804:
1799:
1788:. Retrieved
1774:
1763:. Retrieved
1756:the original
1743:
1734:
1725:
1714:. Retrieved
1710:
1701:
1692:
1683:
1667:
1662:
1651:. Retrieved
1647:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1616:, page 12-37
1605:
1602:D.Y. Goswami
1598:Frank Kreith
1578:. Retrieved
1574:
1565:
1553:
1537:
1532:
1523:
1519:
1509:
1501:
1496:
1478:
1466:. Retrieved
1462:
1453:
1421:. Retrieved
1417:the original
1412:
1402:
1363:Spotlighting
1297:Carbide lamp
1272:1000 and up
1205:Applications
1196:
1188:
1180:
1171:
1167:
1156:
1132:
1127:
1121:
1117:
1108:
1092:
1088:
1065:
1040:polyethylene
1028:
1014:
1007:
990:
986:
970:
949:
924:
901:
893:
874:
858:button cells
847:
820:
813:
789:candlesticks
786:
782:
772:
768:
745:autoignition
734:
726:night diving
723:
716:
704:rail-mounted
690:
666:
646:
614:
601:
592:
577:
568:
558:
551:
544:
537:
530:"Flashlight"
525:
513:Please help
508:verification
505:
472:metal halide
465:
438:of vision.
432:
425:
405:
388:
369:
365:milliamperes
350:
324:popular make
312:
302:gas such as
296:halogen lamp
277:
266:Incandescent
257:
249:
230:
211:
191:
137:
121:
113:solar panels
94:
65:
57:
55:
25:
3491:Flashlights
3469:Woodworking
3325:Screwdriver
3320:Scratch awl
3280:Pipe wrench
3130:Breaker bar
3115:Block plane
3012:Signal lamp
2966:Stroboscope
2842:DJ lighting
2778:Stop lights
2749:sealed beam
2701:Searchlight
2441:Xenon flash
2384:Klieg light
2232:Solid-state
2193:Fluorescent
2151:Luminescent
1693:Imalent.com
1575:Maglite.com
1548:pp. 142-144
1358:Searchlight
1353:Safety lamp
1159:illuminance
1152:solid angle
1036:polystyrene
909:solar cells
816:smartphones
632:to observe
598:Accessories
440:Ultraviolet
320:candlepower
3485:Categories
3350:Staple gun
3345:Spike maul
3260:Paintbrush
3250:Nut driver
3245:Multi-tool
3225:Lug wrench
3205:Hole punch
3175:Grease gun
3066:Hand tools
2956:Grow light
2951:Germicidal
2941:Scientific
2938:Industrial
2894:Floodlight
2880:Theatrical
2822:Blacklight
2817:Aroma lamp
2806:Decorative
2716:Automotive
2706:Solar lamp
2669:Glow stick
2652:Flashlight
2584:Nightlight
2579:Light tube
2554:Chandelier
2511:Stationary
2453:discharge
2379:Carbon arc
2249:Combustion
2115:generation
2113:Methods of
1981:J. Tracy,
1813:3527646698
1790:2017-03-26
1765:2012-01-09
1716:2023-10-10
1653:2023-01-07
1627:High Beams
1526:: 135–146.
1423:2010-12-13
1395:References
1388:Wheat lamp
1312:Glow stick
1239:30 to 100
854:disposable
844:batteries.
810:Flashlight
719:disposable
628:A medical
616:purposes.
541:newspapers
474:salts and
436:adaptation
345:AA battery
192:The first
101:disposable
62:US English
58:flashlight
3370:Tire iron
3235:Mitre box
3160:Fish tape
3135:Cat's paw
3087:Workbench
3022:Reflected
3002:Light art
2914:Spotlight
2899:Footlight
2884:Cinematic
2852:Lava lamp
2614:in the US
2519:Reflector
2436:Xenon arc
2417:Neon lamp
2346:Rushlight
2326:Limelight
2075:Hong Kong
1571:"Contact"
1323:Headlight
1302:DME torch
1231:Keychain
1025:Materials
973:parabolic
946:Capacitor
939:capacitor
835:Batteries
808:IPhone XR
774:Otoscopes
476:noble gas
413:aluminium
376:LED lamps
252:penlights
134:Etymology
3424:Forestry
3414:Cleaning
3385:Tweezers
3195:Headlamp
3077:Sawhorse
2734:Headlamp
2674:Headlamp
2662:Tactical
2640:Portable
2621:Torchère
2302:Petromax
2297:Kerosene
2267:Campfire
2237:LED lamp
2033:Concepts
2026:Lighting
1948:20 March
1910:20 March
1868:Archived
1828:Archived
1815:, p. 515
1784:Archived
1580:20 March
1488:Archived
1468:20 March
1459:"Misell"
1445:Archived
1317:Headlamp
1285:See also
1217:(range)
1148:candelas
1061:titanium
1049:anodized
866:alkaline
793:lanterns
674:hard hat
669:headlamp
444:currency
280:tungsten
240:efficacy
214:assigned
207:lanterns
194:dry cell
97:dry cell
88:, and a
50:infrared
3449:Masonry
3439:Kitchen
3300:Plunger
3275:Pincers
3200:Hex key
3155:Crowbar
3150:Crimper
3125:Bradawl
3082:Toolbox
3017:Sources
2971:Tanning
2857:Marquee
2802:Display
2686:Lantern
2679:outdoor
2631:Troffer
2474:ceramic
2331:Luchina
2309:Lantern
2202:compact
2200: (
2136:Halogen
2131:Regular
1855:pg. 673
1678:page 54
1333:Lantern
1175:IP Code
870:lithium
824:tie pin
696:handgun
555:scholar
481:ballast
391:control
308:bromine
300:halogen
288:krypton
260:Maglite
203:candles
146:History
128:campers
86:battery
3459:Mining
3429:Garden
3395:Wrench
3285:Pliers
3230:Mallet
3180:Hammer
3165:Gimlet
2739:hidden
2604:Sconce
2429:Sulfur
2424:Plasma
2356:Tilley
2351:Safety
2314:Fanous
2277:Carcel
2272:Candle
2262:Argand
2141:Nernst
2070:Hawaii
1944:. 2018
1851:
1811:
1674:
1612:
1544:
1215:Lumens
1140:lumens
1059:, and
1053:copper
1010:switch
935:magnet
868:, and
557:
550:
543:
536:
528:
322:. One
316:lumens
304:iodine
124:miners
90:switch
3464:Power
3310:Punch
3145:Clamp
3120:Brace
2997:Laser
2909:Scoop
2536:(PAR)
2489:(HQI)
2481:(HMI)
2455:(HID)
2361:Torch
2319:Paper
2287:Flare
2055:Glare
1938:(PDF)
1904:(PDF)
1897:(PDF)
1759:(PDF)
1752:(PDF)
1368:Torch
1228:1–20
1220:Type
1068:drawn
700:rifle
562:JSTOR
548:books
292:xenon
290:, or
284:argon
109:crank
64:) or
52:light
3434:Hand
3215:Jack
3190:Hawk
2904:Gobo
2412:Neon
2282:Diya
1950:2022
1912:2022
1849:ISBN
1809:ISBN
1672:ISBN
1610:ISBN
1582:2022
1542:ISBN
1470:2022
1124:ANSI
1100:ATEX
1096:MSHA
1038:and
885:NiCd
881:NiMH
776:and
728:and
661:lens
534:news
382:and
205:and
126:and
82:lens
46:LEDs
2341:Oil
2292:Gas
1629:in
1163:lux
1044:ABS
1018:USB
698:or
655:or
649:pen
517:by
487:LEP
462:HID
359:of
335:LED
306:or
247:.
216:to
103:or
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1952:.
1940:.
1782:.
1733:.
1709:.
1691:.
1646:.
1604:,
1600:,
1590:^
1573:.
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1522:.
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1486:.
1461:.
1443:.
1432:^
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1142:.
1104:UL
1102:,
1098:,
1055:,
883:,
879:,
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860:,
667:A
653:AA
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286:,
201:,
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3058:e
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2018:e
2011:t
2004:v
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