1488:, exhibits tens of thousands of partial state of charge cycles and has outperformed traditional lead-acid, lithium, and NiMH-based cells when compared in testing in this mode against variability management power profiles. UltraBattery has kW and MW-scale installations in place in Australia, Japan, and the U.S. It has also been subjected to extensive testing in hybrid electric vehicles and has been shown to last more than 100,000 vehicle miles in on-road commercial testing in a courier vehicle. The technology is claimed to have a lifetime of 7 to 10 times that of conventional lead-acid batteries in high rate partial state-of-charge use, with safety and environmental benefits claimed over competitors like lithium-ion. Its manufacturer suggests an almost 100% recycling rate is already in place for the product.
942:(LiPo) are light in weight, offer slightly higher energy density than Li-ion at slightly higher cost, and can be made in any shape. They are available but have not displaced Li-ion in the market. A primary use is for LiPo batteries is in powering remote-controlled cars, boats and airplanes. LiPo packs are readily available on the consumer market, in various configurations, up to 44.4 V, for powering certain R/C vehicles and helicopters or drones. Some test reports warn of the risk of fire when the batteries are not used in accordance with the instructions. Independent reviews of the technology discuss the risk of fire and explosion from lithium-ion batteries under certain conditions because they use liquid electrolytes.
1559:. One drawback of capacitors compared to batteries is that the terminal voltage drops rapidly; a capacitor that has 25% of its initial energy left in it will have one-half of its initial voltage. By contrast, battery systems tend to have a terminal voltage that does not decline rapidly until nearly exhausted. This terminal voltage drop complicates the design of power electronics for use with ultracapacitors. However, there are potential benefits in cycle efficiency, lifetime, and weight compared with rechargeable systems. China started using ultracapacitors on two commercial bus routes in 2006; one of them is route 11 in
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depending on the model, with the fastest taking as little as fifteen minutes. Fast chargers must have multiple ways of detecting when a cell reaches full charge (change in terminal voltage, temperature, etc.) to stop charging before harmful overcharging or overheating occurs. The fastest chargers often incorporate cooling fans to keep the cells from overheating. Battery packs intended for rapid charging may include a temperature sensor that the charger uses to protect the pack; the sensor will have one or more additional electrical contacts.
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batteries, not all the active material is restored to the plates on each charge/discharge cycle; eventually enough material is lost that the battery capacity is reduced. In lithium-ion types, especially on deep discharge, some reactive lithium metal can be formed on charging, which is no longer available to participate in the next discharge cycle. Sealed batteries may lose moisture from their liquid electrolyte, especially if overcharged or operated at high temperature. This reduces the cycling life.
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diffuse through a liquid electrolyte. High charging rates may produce excess gas in a battery, or may result in damaging side reactions that permanently lower the battery capacity. Very roughly, and with many exceptions and caveats, restoring a battery's full capacity in one hour or less is considered fast charging. A battery charger system will include more complex control-circuit- and charging strategies for fast charging, than for a charger designed for slower recharging.
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Wh/kg, and can eliminate cobalt, nickel and manganese from the production process. Furthermore, while initially lithium-sulfur batteries suffered from stability problems, recent research has made advances in developing lithium-sulfur batteries that cycle as long as (or longer than) batteries based on
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If a multi-cell battery is fully discharged, it will often be damaged due to the cell reversal effect mentioned above. It is possible however to fully discharge a battery without causing cell reversalâeither by discharging each cell separately, or by allowing each cell's internal leakage to dissipate
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I've not yet heard of a LiPo that burst into flames during storage. All of the fire incidents that I'm aware of occurred during charge or discharge of the battery. Of those cases, the majority of problems happened during charge. Of those cases, the fault usually rested with either the charger or the
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that are left sitting on a shelf for long periods. For this reason it is often recommended to charge a battery that is intended to remain in storage, and to maintain its charge level by periodically recharging it. Since damage may also occur if the battery is overcharged, the optimal level of charge
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In some situations, such as when correcting NiCd batteries that have been previously overcharged, it may be desirable to fully discharge a battery. To avoid damage from the cell reversal effect, it is necessary to access each cell separately: each cell is individually discharged by connecting a load
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might be performed at C/20 (or a "20-hour" rate), while typical charging and discharging may occur at C/2 (two hours for full capacity). The available capacity of electrochemical cells varies depending on the discharge rate. Some energy is lost in the internal resistance of cell components (plates,
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Depth of discharge (DOD) is normally stated as a percentage of the nominal ampere-hour capacity; 0% DOD means no discharge. As the usable capacity of a battery system depends on the rate of discharge and the allowable voltage at the end of discharge, the depth of discharge must be qualified to show
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If batteries are used repeatedly even without mistreatment, they lose capacity as the number of charge cycles increases, until they are eventually considered to have reached the end of their useful life. Different battery systems have differing mechanisms for wearing out. For example, in lead-acid
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is meant for stationary storage and competes with leadâacid batteries. It aims at a low total cost of ownership per kWh of storage. This is achieved by a long and stable lifetime. The effective number of cycles is above 5000 and the battery is not damaged by deep discharge. The energy density is
478:
Battery manufacturers' technical notes often refer to voltage per cell (VPC) for the individual cells that make up the battery. For example, to charge a 12 V lead-acid battery (containing 6 cells of 2 V each) at 2.3 VPC requires a voltage of 13.8 V across the battery's terminals.
760:
A rechargeable battery cannot be recharged at an arbitrarily high rate. The internal resistance of the battery will produce heat, and excessive temperature rise will damage or destroy a battery. For some types, the maximum charging rate will be limited by the speed at which active material can
414:
Different battery chemistries require different charging schemes. For example, some battery types can be safely recharged from a constant voltage source. Other types need to be charged with a regulated current source that tapers as the battery reaches fully charged voltage. Charging a battery
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Recharging time is an important parameter to the user of a product powered by rechargeable batteries. Even if the charging power supply provides enough power to operate the device as well as recharge the battery, the device is attached to an external power supply during the charging time. For
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Chargers take from a few minutes to several hours to charge a battery. Slow "dumb" chargers without voltage or temperature-sensing capabilities will charge at a low rate, typically taking 14 hours or more to reach a full charge. Rapid chargers can typically charge cells in two to five hours,
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when not in use. It does have drawbacks too, particularly the risk of unexpected ignition from the heat generated by the battery. Such incidents are rare and according to experts, they can be minimized "via appropriate design, installation, procedures and layers of safeguards" so the risk is
620:. Generally a rechargeable battery system will tolerate more charge/discharge cycles if the DOD is lower on each cycle. Lithium batteries can discharge to about 80 to 90% of their nominal capacity. Lead-acid batteries can discharge to about 50â60%. While flow batteries can discharge 100%.
1551:
batteries may be utilized as a method of providing a trickle-charge to a secondary battery, greatly extending the life and energy capacity of the battery system being employed; this type of arrangement is often referred to as a "hybrid betavoltaic power source" by those in the industry.
447:; a lead-acid cell that can no longer sustain a usable terminal voltage at a high current may still have usable capacity, if discharged at a much lower rate. Data sheets for rechargeable cells often list the discharge capacity on 8-hour or 20-hour or other stated time; cells for
522:. This results in the reversal of the cell's polarity while the current is flowing. The higher the required discharge rate of a battery, the better matched the cells should be, both in the type of cell and state of charge, in order to reduce the chances of cell reversal.
1439:
have been developed, and numerous research groups and organizations have demonstrated that batteries based on lithium sulfur can achieve superior energy density to other lithium technologies. Whereas lithium-ion batteries offer energy density in the range of
495:. Generally, pushing current through a discharged cell in this way causes undesirable and irreversible chemical reactions to occur, resulting in permanent damage to the cell. Cell reversal can occur under a number of circumstances, the two most common being:
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In the latter case, the problem occurs due to the different cells in a battery having slightly different capacities. When one cell reaches discharge level ahead of the rest, the remaining cells will force the current through the discharged cell.
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Cell reversal can occur to a weakly charged cell even before it is fully discharged. If the battery drain current is high enough, the cell's internal resistance can create a resistive voltage drop that is greater than the cell's forward
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cells, because of their origins in primary lithium cellsâthis practice can lead to confusion. In rechargeable cells the positive electrode is the cathode on discharge and the anode on charge, and vice versa for the negative electrode.
2602:
407:, although some are equipped to use a vehicle's 12-volt DC power outlet. The voltage of the source must be higher than that of the battery to force current to flow into it, but not too much higher or the battery may be damaged.
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which charges in 90 seconds and will drive about half as many screws as a device using a rechargeable battery was introduced in 2007, and similar flashlights have been produced. In keeping with the concept of ultracapacitors,
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and voltages as disposable types, and can be used interchangeably with them. Billions of dollars in research are being invested around the world for improving batteries as industry focuses on building better batteries.
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electrolyte, interconnections), and the rate of discharge is limited by the speed at which chemicals in the cell can move about. For lead-acid cells, the relationship between time and discharge rate is described by
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systems store energy in a spinning rotor for conversion to electric power when needed; such systems may be used to provide large pulses of power that would otherwise be objectionable on a common electrical grid.
437:
Battery charging and discharging rates are often discussed by referencing a "C" rate of current. The C rate is that which would theoretically fully charge or discharge the battery in one hour. For example,
454:
The terminal voltage of the battery is not constant during charging and discharging. Some types have relatively constant voltage during discharge over much of their capacity. Non-rechargeable alkaline and
890:. Cadmium is a toxic element, and was banned for most uses by the European Union in 2004. Nickelâcadmium batteries have been almost completely superseded by nickelâmetal hydride (NiMH) batteries.
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A rechargeable battery is only one of several types of rechargeable energy storage systems. Several alternatives to rechargeable batteries exist or are under development. For uses such as
1456:(TFB) is a refinement of lithium ion technology by Excellatron. The developers claim a large increase in recharge cycles to around 40,000 and higher charge and discharge rates, at least 5
1928:
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Subjecting a discharged cell to a current in the direction which tends to discharge it further to the point the positive and negative terminals switch polarity causes a condition called
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Even if a cell is brought to a fully discharged state without reversal, however, damage may occur over time simply due to remaining in the discharged state. An example of this is the
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electric vehicles used industrially, charging during off-shifts may be acceptable. For highway electric vehicles, rapid charging is necessary for charging in a reasonable time.
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Voltages, cell counts and capacities just right for your kind of racing ... Discharge rates from 50C up to 100C ...Balanced for longer life and achieving the maximum 4.2V/cell
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According to a report from
Research and Markets, the analysts forecast the global rechargeable battery market to grow at a CAGR of 8.32% during the period 2018â2022.
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855:, is the oldest type of rechargeable battery. Despite having a very low energy-to-weight ratio and a low energy-to-volume ratio, its ability to supply high
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during the day to be used at night). Load-leveling reduces the maximum power which a plant must be able to generate, reducing capital cost and the need for
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Xie, Z.; Liu, Q.; Chang, Z.; Zhang, X. (2013). "The developments and challenges of cerium half-cell in zincâcerium redox flow battery for energy storage".
2003:
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1569:, used for specialized applications, are recharged by replacing the electrolyte liquid. A flow battery can be considered to be a type of rechargeable
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Rechargeable battery research includes development of new electrochemical systems as well as improving the life span and capacity of current types.
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Ultracapacitors are being developed for transportation, using a large capacitor to store energy instead of the rechargeable battery banks used in
897:(NiFe) was also developed by Waldemar Jungner in 1899; and commercialized by Thomas Edison in 1901 in the United States for electric vehicles and
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the way it is to be measured. Due to variations during manufacture and aging, the DOD for complete discharge can change over time or number of
2458:"EVWORLD FEATURE: Fuel Cell Disruptor â Part 2:BROOKS FUEL CELL | CARB | ARB | HYDROGEN | ZEBRA | EV | ELECTRIC"
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Nickel-Cadmium
Battery Cell Reversal from Resistive Network Effects: Computer simulations of short-down on a variety of battery configurations
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Braga, M.H.; Grundish, N.S.; Murchison, A.J.; Goodenough, J.B. (9 December 2016). "Alternative strategy for a safe rechargeable battery".
168:, as they can be recharged inexpensively many times before they need replacing. Some rechargeable battery types are available in the same
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delivers around a million cycles, due to the extraordinary electrochemical stability of potassium insertion/extraction materials such as
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Many battery-operated devices have a low-voltage cutoff that prevents deep discharges from occurring that might cause cell reversal. A
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use rechargeable batteries for load-leveling (storing electric energy at times of low demand for use during peak periods) and for
2603:"Zeta Energy Announces Graphite-Free and Cobalt-Free Batteries on Target to Reach 450 Wh/kg and Over One Thousand Cycles by 2025"
863:. These features, along with the low cost, makes it attractive for use in motor vehicles to provide the high current required by
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The active components in a secondary cell are the chemicals that make up the positive and negative active materials, and the
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3077:, 27 April 2011. Describes: ABB; Community Energy Storage for the use of electric vehicle batteries for grid energy storage.
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incorrectly can damage a battery; in extreme cases, batteries can overheat, catch fire, or explosively vent their contents.
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908:(NiMH) became available in 1989. These are now a common consumer and industrial type. The battery has a hydrogen-absorbing
901:. It is composed of only non-toxic elements, unlike many kinds of batteries that contain toxic mercury, cadmium, or lead.
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2416:"Sumitomo considering marketing new lower-temperature molten-salt electrolyte battery to automakers for EVs and hybrids"
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2544:"Notice of the development of mass production technology of Secondary battery "battenice" based on quantum technology"
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Zhang, Sheng S (2013). "Liquid electrolyte lithium/sulfur battery: Fundamental chemistry, problems, and solutions".
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2963:, 31 March 2011, p. F4. Published online 30 March 2011. Discusses rechargeable batteries and the new-technology
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hold their charge for many months, and are typically sold factory-charged to about 70% of their rated capacity.
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Keep a dry fire extinguisher nearby or a large bucket of dry sand, which is a cheap and effective extinguisher.
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808:, respectively. Although this convention is sometimes carried through to rechargeable systemsâespecially with
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2893:, 16 July 2013 online and 17 July 2013 in print on 17 July 2013, on page B1 in the New York City edition of
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1859:"Battery management strategies: An essential review for battery state of health monitoring techniques"
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1484:, a hybrid leadâacid battery and ultracapacitor invented by Australia's national science organisation
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which can be charged, discharged into a load, and recharged many times, as opposed to a disposable or
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1519:, rechargeable batteries may be replaced by clockwork mechanisms which are wound up by hand, driving
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Rechargeable batteries typically initially cost more than disposable batteries but have a much lower
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David Linden, Thomas B. Reddy (ed). Handbook of
Batteries 3rd Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, 2002
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1523:, although this system may be used to charge a battery rather than to operate the radio directly.
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was introduced in the market in 1991, is the choice in most consumer electronics, having the best
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3060:, 31 March 2011, p. F4. Published online 30 March 2011. Discusses rechargeable batteries and
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1699:"The battery decade: How energy storage could revolutionize industries in the next 10 years"
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1542: – capacitors of extremely high value – are also used; an
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106:. Rechargeable batteries are produced in many different shapes and sizes, ranging from
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Salvatierra, Rodrigo V; James, Dustin K; Tour, James M (2022). Gupta, Ram K (ed.).
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240:), road vehicles (cars, vans, trucks, motorbikes), trains, small airplanes, tools,
2861:'Battery University' Aims to Train a Work Force for Next-Generation Energy Storage
2270:"How to Make a Cheap Battery for Storing Solar Power | MIT Technology Review"
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Bloated lithium ion batteries, possibly damaged by faulty monitoring electronics
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2910:, 4 December 2013 on line, and 5 December 2013 in the New York City edition of
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When a battery or cell is connected to a charging circuit the wrong way around.
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When a battery made of several cells connected in series is deeply discharged.
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drive the technology to reduce cost, weight, and size, and increase lifetime.
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Promise and reality of post-lithium-ion batteries with high energy densities.
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Positive and negative electrode vs. anode and cathode for a secondary battery
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High Energy
Density Lithium Batteries: Materials, Engineering, Applications
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Eftekhari, A.; Jian, Z.; Ji, X. (2017). "Potassium
Secondary Batteries".
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Green Blog: When It Comes to Car
Batteries, Moore's Law Does Not Compute
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Wh/kg, batteries based on lithium-sulfur are expected to achieve 450â500
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clip across the terminals of each cell, thereby avoiding cell reversal.
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1524:
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673: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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output 1.5 V when new, but this voltage drops with use. Most NiMH
229:
59:
A common consumer battery charger for rechargeable AA and AAA batteries
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The energy used to charge rechargeable batteries usually comes from a
185:
Cylindrical cell (18650) prior to assembly. Several thousand of them (
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than alkalines and can usually be used in equipment designed to use
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Automotive Li-Ion
Batteries: Current Status and Future Perspectives
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are made up of different materials, with the positive exhibiting a
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The
Vanadium Advantage: Flow Batteries Put Wind Energy in the Bank
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2869:, 8 April 2013. Discusses a professional development program at
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298:, power tools, appliances, and so on. Heavy-duty batteries power
2626:
Lithium-Sulfur
Batteries: Materials, Challenges and Applications
2125:
2211:(Report). U.S. Department Of Energy. 1 January 2019. p. 26
2026:"Lithium Polymer Charging/Discharging & Safety Information"
749:
2488:"Design and Performance of Large Format Nickel-Zinc Batteries"
2349:
1389:= energy/weight or energy/size, given in three different units
745:
3540:
2846:, 52Bus.com website, August 2006 (in Chinese, archived page).
2702:"Life Cycle Testing and Evaluation of Energy Storage Devices"
2649:
1662:"EU approves 3.2 billion euro state aid for battery research"
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1919:"Samsung's Recall â The Problem with Lithium Ion Batteries"
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Green Blog: Cutting the
Electric Bill with a Giant Battery
55:
3575:
2434:"mpoweruk.com: Accumulator and battery comparisons (pdf)"
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Research News: A longer life for lithiumâsulfur batteries
373:
2929:
In Presidio, a Grasp at the Holy Grail of Energy Storage
2908:
SolarCity to Use Batteries From Tesla for Energy Storage
2517:. Hiroshima University. 25 November 2011. Archived from
2093:"Battery Guide: The Basics of Lithium-Polymer Batteries"
1789:
AEROSPACE CORP EL SEGUNDO CA CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LAB.
1527:
may be driven by a dynamo directly. For transportation,
19:"Secondary battery" redirects here. For naval guns, see
2985:
Green Blog: Is That Onions You Smell? Or Battery Juice?
2824:
208:
monitoring electronics (over- and discharge protection)
3069:
Green Blog: A Second Life for the Electric Car Battery
800:
the positive and negative electrodes are known as the
360:, absorbing electrons. These electrons constitute the
3018:
Seeking to Start a Silicon Valley for Battery Science
560:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
224:, portable consumer devices, light vehicles (such as
2891:
Battery Seen as Way to Cut Heat-Related Power Losses
2398:
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person who was operating the chargerâŠbut not always.
1743:. researchandmarkets.com. April 2018. Archived from
1588:
2549:. MICRONICS JAPAN. 19 November 2013. Archived from
1780:, Scientific Affairs Division, pp. 242â247, 254â259
1856:
1468:peak discharge rate and a significant increase in
266:and require charging before first use; some newer
2393:
388:cells, or it may be an active participant in the
348:During charging, the positive active material is
220:Devices which use rechargeable batteries include
3598:
2942:Filling the Gaps in the Flow of Renewable Energy
2317:
785:potential. The sum of the potentials from these
294:Small rechargeable batteries can power portable
2980:, 7 January 2011. Discusses AES Energy Storage.
2736:
1857:Pradhan, S. K.; Chakraborty, B. (1 July 2022).
623:
601:during storage is typically around 30% to 70%.
530:Damage during storage in fully discharged state
514:has voltage monitoring circuitry built inside.
2800:"Capacitor-powered electric screwdriver, 2007"
2364:
2203:
2201:
1741:"Global Rechargeable Battery Market 2018â2022"
3119:
859:means that the cells have a relatively large
451:systems may be rated at 15-minute discharge.
2878:Chinese Firm Wins Bid for Auto Battery Maker
752:taxi. Recharging in 15 Minutes to 80 percent
598:sulfation that occurs in lead-acid batteries
482:
467:are rated at 1.2 V, but have a flatter
3052:Building Better Batteries for Electric Cars
2955:Building Better Batteries for Electric Cars
2198:
2000:"Tattu R-Line 4S 1300mah 95~190C Lipo Pack"
1820:, RepairFAQ.org website, 24 September 1996.
1507:rather low, somewhat lower than leadâacid.
1369:⥠citations are needed for these parameters
945:
325:
280:uses (such as storing power generated from
3126:
3112:
3039:, 8 January 2014. Discusses research into
2886:, published online 9 December 2012, p. B1.
2512:"Study of secondary battery semiconductor"
2119:
1981:all-battery.com: Lithium Polymer Batteries
372:may serve as a simple buffer for internal
3133:
2261:
733:Learn how and when to remove this message
580:Learn how and when to remove this message
3043:utilizing carbon-based molecules called
2844:è¶
çș§ç”ćźčć
Źäș€èœŠäžéą (Super capacitor buses topics)
2628:. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 241-270.
2418:. Green Car Congress. 11 November 2011.
1949:
830:
744:
556:Relevant discussion may be found on the
417:
329:
211:
200:
180:
54:
39:
27:
3031:From Harvard, a Cheaper Storage Battery
2899:, p. B1. Discusses Eos Energy Systems'
2426:
1696:
1449:conventional lithium-ion technologies.
851:, invented in 1859 by French physicist
91:. The term "accumulator" is used as it
3599:
2771:
2739:ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
2682:from the original on 12 September 2012
2403:https://www.avalonbattery.com/product/
2267:
1952:"Lithium Batteries: The Pros and Cons"
1916:
1622:Comparison of commercial battery types
827:Comparison of commercial battery types
3107:
2574:
2481:
2479:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
1931:from the original on 5 September 2016
1917:Fowler, Suzanne (21 September 2016).
1844:"Solar Batteries: Are They Worth It?"
781:potential and the negative having an
604:
2485:
2405:Avalon Battery Vanadium Flow Battery
2311:
2258:, Fraunhofer.de website, April 2013.
2090:
1412:Cycle durability in number of cycles
764:
671:adding citations to reliable sources
642:
533:
426:
118:. Several different combinations of
2006:from the original on 30 August 2016
1811:NiCd Batteries do NOT have "memory"
1697:Stevens, Pippa (30 December 2019).
1409:Self-discharge rate in %/month
842:
433:Battery (electricity) § C rate
13:
2853:
2656:from the original on 6 August 2012
2476:
2299:from the original on 8 August 2012
2276:
2268:Bullis, Kevin (18 February 2014).
2128:Energy & Environmental Science
2103:from the original on 16 March 2017
2069:from the original on 16 March 2017
2036:from the original on 16 March 2017
1962:from the original on 16 March 2017
1778:North Atlantic Treaty Organization
789:is the standard cell potential or
632:
316:distributed electricity generation
250:hybrid internal combustion-battery
14:
3623:
2995:vanadium redox battery technology
2806:from the original on 7 March 2012
2778:. Cengage Learning. p. 445.
2422:from the original on 18 May 2012.
2348:. Vrb.unsw.edu.au. Archived from
2186:from the original on 25 July 2010
2176:"Solar plane makes record flight"
268:low self-discharge NiMH batteries
110:to megawatt systems connected to
3194:
2711:. 2 January 2011. Archived from
2136:Energy and Environmental Science
1950:Schweber, Bill (4 August 2015).
1591:
1478:are used in some applications.
1476:lithium iron phosphate batteries
647:
538:
3090:, 6 September 2010. Discusses
2837:
2818:
2792:
2765:
2730:
2694:
2668:
2642:
2617:
2605:. PR Newswire. 16 November 2023
2595:
2568:
2536:
2504:
2450:
2408:
2375:
2338:
2332:10.1016/j.electacta.2012.12.066
2242:
2223:
2168:
2150:
2084:
2051:
2018:
1992:
1974:
1943:
1910:
1889:
1850:
1836:
1510:
658:needs additional citations for
356:, and the negative material is
176:
116:electrical distribution network
2589:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.12.102
1823:
1803:
1783:
1759:
1733:
1716:
1690:
1672:
1654:
274:Battery storage power stations
246:battery storage power stations
242:uninterruptible power supplies
1:
2802:. Ohgizmo.com. 24 July 2005.
2460:. Evworld.com. Archived from
1647:
940:Lithium-ion polymer batteries
639:Battery charger § C-rate
338:for rechargeable AA batteries
259:Older rechargeable batteries
2775:Illustrated Guide to the NEC
2709:Sandia National Laboratories
2652:. Excellatron. 2 June 2010.
2091:Dunn, Terry (5 March 2015).
1895:Katerina E. Aifantis et al,
1529:uninterruptible power supply
906:nickelâmetal hydride battery
773:. The positive and negative
624:Lifespan and cycle stability
449:uninterruptible power supply
34:uninterruptible power supply
7:
2772:Miller, Charles R. (2012).
1584:
1576:
878:of Sweden in 1899. It uses
248:. Emerging applications in
32:A battery bank used for an
10:
3628:
3010:, 27 June 2012. Discusses
1531:systems and laboratories,
1460:charge rate. Sustained 60
820:
636:
608:
430:
341:
18:
16:Type of electrical battery
3533:
3505:
3327:
3284:Metalâair electrochemical
3203:
3192:
3141:
2871:San Jose State University
1875:10.1016/j.est.2022.104427
1863:Journal of Energy Storage
1772:17 September 2014 at the
1642:Battery management system
1398:Energy/consumer price in
958:
952:
865:automobile starter motors
483:Damage from cell reversal
320:stand-alone power systems
2993:, 9 May 2012. Discusses
2830:15 February 2016 at the
2577:Journal of Power Sources
2387:7 September 2008 at the
2346:"Vanadium Redox Battery"
2232:, PolyPlus.com website.
2162:14 December 2007 at the
2099:. Whalerock Industries.
1816:30 December 2015 at the
1421:or recombinant includes
1415:Time durability in years
946:Other experimental types
816:
326:Charging and discharging
2834:, CityLabs.net website.
2272:. Technologyreview.com.
2254:19 January 2016 at the
1986:7 February 2015 at the
1533:flywheel energy storage
874:(NiCd) was invented by
162:total cost of ownership
3607:Rechargeable batteries
3586:Semipermeable membrane
3375:Lithiumâironâphosphate
2751:10.1021/acsami.6b07989
1800:, DTIC Online website.
1607:History of the battery
1472:, and energy density.
1437:lithiumâsulfur battery
1395:= power/weight in W/kg
1338:(oxide semiconductor)
880:nickel oxide hydroxide
872:nickelâcadmium battery
839:
753:
682:"Rechargeable battery"
593:its charge over time.
423:
339:
217:
209:
198:
151:lithium iron phosphate
60:
52:
37:
3457:Rechargeable alkaline
3135:Electrochemical cells
3092:lithium-air batteries
3062:lithium ion batteries
2236:18 March 2009 at the
1831:Handbook of Batteries
1767:Solid state batteries
1637:List of battery types
1493:potassium-ion battery
861:power-to-weight ratio
834:
823:List of battery types
748:
421:
364:flow in the external
342:Further information:
336:solar-powered charger
333:
226:motorized wheelchairs
215:
204:
184:
99:through a reversible
89:electrochemical cells
58:
43:
31:
3612:Flexible electronics
3437:Nickelâmetal hydride
2916:, p. B-2. Discusses
2825:Welcome to City Labs
1796:3 March 2016 at the
1544:electric screwdriver
667:improve this article
549:factual accuracy is
286:peaking power plants
166:environmental impact
143:nickelâmetal hydride
129:are used, including
75:(formally a type of
65:rechargeable battery
3447:Polysulfideâbromide
3289:Nickel oxyhydroxide
3181:Thermogalvanic cell
3026:, 30 November 2012.
2972:Hold That Megawatt!
2965:lithium ion battery
2718:on 26 December 2014
2320:Electrochimica Acta
1846:. 19 February 2020.
1464:discharge and 1000
1427:absorbed glass mats
925:lithium-ion battery
895:nickelâiron battery
314:. They are used in
282:photovoltaic arrays
222:automobile starters
206:Lithium ion battery
155:lithium-ion polymer
3210:(non-rechargeable)
3154:Concentration cell
3087:The New York Times
3074:The New York Times
3057:The New York Times
3036:The New York Times
3023:The New York Times
3007:The New York Times
2990:The New York Times
2977:The New York Times
2960:The New York Times
2950:, 22 October 2013.
2947:The New York Times
2937:, 6 November 2010.
2934:The New York Times
2920:, DemandLogic and
2913:The New York Times
2901:Zincâair batteries
2896:The New York Times
2883:The New York Times
2866:The New York Times
2556:on 16 January 2014
2524:on 21 January 2014
2486:Listerud, Eivind.
2182:. 24 August 2008.
2144:10.1039/C6EE02888H
2059:"Batteries â LiPo"
1924:The New York Times
1686:. 5 November 2019.
1668:. 9 December 2019.
1504:sodium-ion battery
971:Charge Efficiency
899:railway signalling
840:
754:
611:Depth of discharge
605:Depth of discharge
473:alkaline batteries
424:
340:
296:electronic devices
264:relatively rapidly
218:
210:
199:
157:(Li-ion polymer).
81:electrical battery
77:energy accumulator
61:
53:
38:
21:secondary armament
3594:
3593:
3029:Wald, Matthew L.
3016:Wald, Matthew L.
3000:Wald, Matthew L.
2983:Wald, Matthew L.
2970:Wald, Matthew L.
2940:Galbraith, Kate.
2927:Galbraith, Kate.
2906:Cardwell, Diane.
2889:Cardwell, Diane.
2785:978-1-133-41764-4
2635:978-0-323-91934-0
2002:. Genstattu.com.
1765:Sequeira, C.A.C.
1454:thin-film battery
1435:Several types of
1370:
1366:
1365:
1083:Thin-film lithium
912:for the negative
849:leadâacid battery
765:Active components
743:
742:
735:
717:
590:
589:
582:
457:zincâcarbon cells
427:Rate of discharge
405:mains electricity
376:flow between the
300:electric vehicles
254:electric vehicles
234:electric bicycles
3619:
3390:Lithiumâtitanate
3335:
3211:
3198:
3159:Electric battery
3128:
3121:
3114:
3105:
3104:
3097:Jang Wook Choi.
3012:Saft Groupe S.A.
2847:
2841:
2835:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2745:(5): 4404â4419.
2734:
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2717:
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2259:
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2240:
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2205:
2196:
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2147:
2123:
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2110:
2108:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2065:. Hobbico, Inc.
2055:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
1996:
1990:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1914:
1908:
1899:Wiley-VCH, 2010
1893:
1887:
1886:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1840:
1834:
1827:
1821:
1807:
1801:
1787:
1781:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1747:on 14 April 2021
1737:
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1694:
1688:
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1676:
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1658:
1601:
1596:
1595:
1447:
1443:
1431:Pilot production
1368:
999:
950:
949:
931:and a very slow
876:Waldemar Jungner
843:Commercial types
738:
731:
727:
724:
718:
716:
675:
651:
643:
585:
578:
574:
571:
565:
562:reliably sourced
542:
541:
534:
493:
492:
440:trickle charging
392:reaction, as in
278:renewable energy
265:
79:), is a type of
36:in a data center
3627:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3529:
3508:
3501:
3422:Nickelâhydrogen
3380:Lithiumâpolymer
3336:
3333:
3332:
3323:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3199:
3190:
3137:
3132:
2856:
2854:Further reading
2851:
2850:
2842:
2838:
2832:Wayback Machine
2823:
2819:
2809:
2807:
2798:
2797:
2793:
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2766:
2735:
2731:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2685:
2683:
2678:. Excellatron.
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2401:
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2389:Wayback Machine
2380:
2376:
2369:
2365:
2355:
2353:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2316:
2312:
2302:
2300:
2295:. Excellatron.
2291:
2290:
2277:
2266:
2262:
2256:Wayback Machine
2247:
2243:
2238:Wayback Machine
2228:
2224:
2214:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2199:
2189:
2187:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2164:Wayback Machine
2155:
2151:
2124:
2120:
2106:
2104:
2089:
2085:
2072:
2070:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2039:
2037:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1988:Wayback Machine
1979:
1975:
1965:
1963:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1915:
1911:
1894:
1890:
1855:
1851:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1828:
1824:
1818:Wayback Machine
1809:Zaun, James A.
1808:
1804:
1798:Wayback Machine
1788:
1784:
1774:Wayback Machine
1764:
1760:
1750:
1748:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1695:
1691:
1684:www.tdworld.com
1678:
1677:
1673:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1597:
1590:
1587:
1579:
1557:hybrid vehicles
1540:Ultracapacitors
1517:portable radios
1513:
1470:specific energy
1445:
1441:
1406:(approximately)
1336:Quantum battery
997:
959:Energy density
948:
845:
838:of common types
829:
819:
767:
739:
728:
722:
719:
676:
674:
664:
652:
641:
635:
633:Recharging time
626:
613:
607:
586:
575:
569:
566:
555:
547:This section's
543:
539:
532:
490:
489:
485:
469:discharge curve
435:
429:
401:battery charger
390:electrochemical
346:
344:Battery charger
328:
302:, ranging from
263:
236:, and electric
179:
153:(LiFePO4), and
101:electrochemical
85:primary battery
69:storage battery
46:lithium polymer
44:A rechargeable
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3625:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3515:Atomic battery
3511:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3487:Vanadium redox
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3462:Silverâcadmium
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3432:Nickelâlithium
3429:
3424:
3419:
3417:Nickelâcadmium
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3385:Lithiumâsulfur
3382:
3377:
3372:
3362:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3334:(rechargeable)
3330:Secondary cell
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3254:EdisonâLalande
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3215:
3213:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3169:Trough battery
3166:
3156:
3151:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3131:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3095:
3078:
3065:
3048:
3041:flow-batteries
3027:
3014:
2998:
2981:
2968:
2951:
2938:
2925:
2904:
2887:
2876:Vlasic, Bill.
2874:
2859:Belli, Brita.
2855:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2836:
2817:
2791:
2784:
2764:
2729:
2693:
2667:
2641:
2634:
2616:
2594:
2567:
2535:
2503:
2475:
2464:on 25 May 2012
2449:
2425:
2407:
2392:
2374:
2363:
2352:on 26 May 2012
2337:
2310:
2275:
2260:
2241:
2230:Patent 6358643
2222:
2197:
2167:
2157:Lithium_Sulfur
2149:
2118:
2083:
2050:
2017:
1991:
1973:
1942:
1909:
1888:
1849:
1835:
1822:
1802:
1782:
1758:
1732:
1715:
1689:
1671:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1632:Energy storage
1629:
1627:Energy density
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1586:
1583:
1578:
1575:
1567:Flow batteries
1512:
1509:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1396:
1393:Specific power
1390:
1387:Energy density
1384:
1376:
1375:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1346:
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1205:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1176:Vanadium redox
1172:
1171:
1170:Under testing
1168:
1166:
1164:
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1160:
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1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1017:Lithiumâsulfur
1013:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
979:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
947:
944:
933:loss of charge
929:energy density
857:surge currents
844:
841:
818:
815:
787:half-reactions
766:
763:
741:
740:
723:September 2017
655:
653:
646:
637:Main article:
634:
631:
625:
622:
609:Main article:
606:
603:
588:
587:
546:
544:
537:
531:
528:
504:
503:
500:
484:
481:
431:Main article:
428:
425:
386:nickel-cadmium
327:
324:
261:self-discharge
178:
175:
139:nickelâcadmium
73:secondary cell
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3624:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3477:Sodiumâsulfur
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3452:Potassium ion
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3331:
3326:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3269:Lithium metal
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3224:Aluminiumâair
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3149:Galvanic cell
3147:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3129:
3124:
3122:
3117:
3115:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3080:Woody, Todd.
3079:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3067:Witkin, Jim.
3066:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3050:Witkin, Jim.
3049:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2953:Witkin, Jim.
2952:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2845:
2840:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2821:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2787:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2768:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2697:
2681:
2677:
2676:"the Company"
2671:
2655:
2651:
2650:"Excellatron"
2645:
2637:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2604:
2598:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2552:
2545:
2539:
2520:
2513:
2507:
2489:
2482:
2480:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2435:
2429:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2367:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2298:
2294:
2293:"the Company"
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2245:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2210:
2204:
2202:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2047:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1977:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1905:3-527-32407-0
1902:
1898:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1845:
1839:
1832:
1826:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1806:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1786:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1762:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1729:
1728:0-07-135978-8
1725:
1719:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1653:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1599:energy portal
1594:
1589:
1582:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1497:Prussian blue
1494:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1438:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1423:gel batteries
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:Nominal cell
1378:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1209:Sodiumâsulfur
1207:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
980:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
955:
951:
943:
941:
937:
934:
930:
926:
921:
919:
915:
911:
907:
902:
900:
896:
891:
889:
885:
882:and metallic
881:
877:
873:
868:
866:
862:
858:
854:
853:Gaston Planté
850:
837:
833:
828:
824:
814:
811:
807:
803:
799:
798:primary cells
794:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
762:
758:
751:
747:
737:
734:
726:
715:
712:
708:
705:
701:
698:
694:
691:
687:
684: â
683:
679:
678:Find sources:
672:
668:
662:
661:
656:This section
654:
650:
645:
644:
640:
630:
621:
619:
618:charge cycles
612:
602:
599:
594:
584:
581:
573:
563:
559:
553:
552:
545:
536:
535:
527:
523:
521:
515:
513:
512:smart battery
508:
501:
498:
497:
496:
494:
491:cell reversal
480:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
452:
450:
446:
445:Peukert's law
441:
434:
420:
416:
412:
408:
406:
402:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
345:
337:
332:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
292:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
269:
262:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
214:
207:
203:
196:
193:battery (see
192:
191:Tesla Model S
188:
183:
174:
171:
167:
163:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
102:
98:
97:stores energy
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
57:
50:
47:
42:
35:
30:
26:
22:
3492:Zincâbromine
3329:
3299:Silver oxide
3234:Chromic acid
3206:Primary cell
3186:Voltaic pile
3164:Flow battery
3085:
3072:
3055:
3034:
3021:
3005:
2988:
2975:
2958:
2945:
2932:
2922:Tesla Motors
2911:
2894:
2881:
2864:
2839:
2820:
2808:. Retrieved
2794:
2774:
2767:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2720:. Retrieved
2713:the original
2708:
2696:
2684:. Retrieved
2670:
2658:. Retrieved
2644:
2625:
2619:
2607:. Retrieved
2597:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2558:. Retrieved
2551:the original
2538:
2526:. Retrieved
2519:the original
2506:
2494:. Retrieved
2466:. Retrieved
2462:the original
2452:
2440:. Retrieved
2428:
2410:
2377:
2366:
2354:. Retrieved
2350:the original
2340:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2301:. Retrieved
2263:
2244:
2225:
2213:. Retrieved
2188:. Retrieved
2179:
2170:
2152:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2112:
2105:. Retrieved
2096:
2086:
2078:
2071:. Retrieved
2062:
2053:
2045:
2038:. Retrieved
2029:
2020:
2008:. Retrieved
1994:
1976:
1964:. Retrieved
1955:
1945:
1933:. Retrieved
1927:. New York.
1922:
1912:
1896:
1891:
1866:
1862:
1852:
1838:
1830:
1825:
1805:
1785:
1761:
1749:. Retrieved
1745:the original
1735:
1718:
1708:24 September
1706:. Retrieved
1702:
1692:
1683:
1674:
1665:
1656:
1617:Battery pack
1580:
1565:
1554:
1538:
1514:
1511:Alternatives
1501:
1490:
1482:UltraBattery
1480:
1474:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1451:
1434:
1367:
1117:Zincâbromine
968:Self-disch.
938:
936:acceptable.
922:
903:
892:
869:
846:
795:
768:
759:
755:
729:
720:
710:
703:
696:
689:
677:
665:Please help
660:verification
657:
627:
614:
595:
591:
576:
570:January 2019
567:
548:
524:
516:
509:
505:
488:
486:
477:
453:
436:
413:
409:
398:
352:, releasing
347:
293:
290:
272:
258:
219:
177:Applications
159:
127:electrolytes
108:button cells
72:
68:
64:
62:
49:mobile phone
25:
3581:Salt bridge
3566:Electrolyte
3497:Zincâcerium
3482:Solid state
3467:Silverâzinc
3442:Nickelâzinc
3427:Nickelâiron
3402:Molten salt
3370:Dual carbon
3365:Lithium ion
3360:Lithiumâair
3319:Zincâcarbon
3294:Siliconâair
3274:Lithiumâair
2722:26 December
2609:16 November
2583:: 153â162.
2371:broken link
2326:: 695â704.
2138:: 331â336.
2010:6 September
1730:chapter 22.
1680:"StackPath"
1612:Accumulator
1549:betavoltaic
1525:Flashlights
1351:8000 (W/L)
1306:Nickel-zinc
1275:Silverâzinc
1240:Molten-salt
1147:Zincâcerium
916:instead of
836:Ragone plot
810:lithium-ion
771:electrolyte
382:lithium-ion
370:electrolyte
308:locomotives
195:Gigafactory
189:) form the
187:lithium ion
147:lithium-ion
93:accumulates
3601:Categories
3534:Cell parts
3525:Solar cell
3507:Other cell
3472:Sodium ion
3343:Automotive
2560:18 January
2528:18 January
1956:GlobalSpec
1869:: 104427.
1833:page 22-20
1648:References
1247:0.25â1.04
1232:2500â4500
1183:0.09â0.13
1180:1.15â1.55
1124:0.27â0.31
1056:0.27â0.72
1049:Sodium-ion
1024:0.94â1.44
1002:(%/month)
888:electrodes
821:See also:
775:electrodes
693:newspapers
378:electrodes
230:golf carts
149:(Li-ion),
3571:Half-cell
3561:Electrode
3520:Fuel cell
3397:Metalâair
3348:Leadâacid
3264:Leclanché
3176:Fuel cell
2918:SolarCity
2810:14 August
2686:14 August
2660:14 August
2468:14 August
2442:14 August
2356:14 August
2303:14 August
2063:TrakPower
1883:2352-152X
1571:fuel cell
1203:25 years
914:electrode
783:oxidation
779:reduction
558:talk page
465:AAA cells
403:using AC
394:leadâacid
354:electrons
238:forklifts
131:leadâacid
123:materials
120:electrode
112:stabilize
3551:Catalyst
3412:Nanowire
3407:Nanopore
3353:gelâVRLA
3314:Zincâair
3219:Alkaline
3045:quinones
2828:Archived
2804:Archived
2759:27714999
2680:Archived
2654:Archived
2420:Archived
2385:Archived
2297:Archived
2252:Archived
2234:Archived
2215:15 March
2190:10 April
2184:Archived
2180:BBC News
2160:Archived
2107:15 March
2101:Archived
2073:15 March
2067:Archived
2040:15 March
2034:Archived
2032:. 2017.
2004:Archived
1984:Archived
1966:15 March
1960:Archived
1935:15 March
1929:Archived
1814:Archived
1794:Archived
1770:Archived
1751:18 April
1585:See also
1577:Research
1561:Shanghai
1360:100,000
1269:<=20
1256:150â220
1077:Testing
1027:400-500
1011:(years)
988:(Wh/kg)
985:(MJ/kg)
956:Voltage
551:disputed
380:, as in
350:oxidized
304:scooters
145:(NiMH),
141:(NiCd),
135:zincâair
104:reaction
3556:Cathode
3309:Zamboni
3279:Mercury
3244:Daniell
2496:27 July
2030:Maxamps
1907:page 66
1829:Reddy,
1666:Reuters
1521:dynamos
1440:150â260
1381:voltage
1250:70â290
1229:89â92%
1200:20,000
1059:75â200
998:(Wh/$ )
994:(W/kg)
991:(Wh/L)
974:Cycles
918:cadmium
884:cadmium
802:cathode
791:voltage
707:scholar
396:cells.
366:circuit
362:current
358:reduced
318:and in
51:battery
3546:Binder
3304:Weston
3229:Bunsen
2782:
2757:
2632:
2097:Tested
1903:
1881:
1726:
1446:
1442:
1341:1.5â3
1315:70-90
1266:3000+
1186:25â35
1127:75â85
1109:40000
1074:5000+
1041:~1400
962:Power
750:BYD e6
709:
702:
695:
688:
680:
368:. The
244:, and
3541:Anode
3259:Grove
3239:Clark
3142:Types
2716:(PDF)
2705:(PDF)
2554:(PDF)
2547:(PDF)
2522:(PDF)
2515:(PDF)
2491:(PDF)
2437:(PDF)
1486:CSIRO
1383:in V.
1374:Notes
1328:8000
1310:1.65
1282:0.47
1279:1.86
1259:4.54
1244:2.58
1215:0.54
1099:6000
977:Life
965:E/$
953:Type
910:alloy
817:Types
806:anode
714:JSTOR
700:books
312:ships
170:sizes
71:, or
3576:Ions
3054:,
2812:2012
2780:ISBN
2755:PMID
2724:2014
2688:2012
2662:2012
2630:ISBN
2611:2023
2562:2014
2530:2014
2498:2024
2470:2012
2444:2012
2358:2012
2305:2012
2217:2021
2192:2010
2109:2017
2075:2017
2042:2017
2012:2016
1968:2017
1937:2016
1901:ISBN
1879:ISSN
1753:2019
1724:ISBN
1710:2021
1703:CNBC
1502:The
1491:The
1452:The
1425:and
1419:VRLA
1404:US$
1348:500
1288:240
1285:130
1253:160
1218:150
1195:20%
1151:2.5
1121:1.8
1096:959
1093:300
1090:1.1
1067:3.3
1053:3.6
1030:350
1021:2.0
1008:(#)
1005:(%)
982:(V)
923:The
904:The
893:The
870:The
847:The
825:and
804:and
686:news
463:and
384:and
310:and
252:and
164:and
125:and
95:and
3249:Dry
3084:,
2974:,
2957:,
2747:doi
2585:doi
2581:231
2328:doi
2140:doi
1871:doi
1400:W·h
1062:30
886:as
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