Barbarian - Knowledge

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Heaven to rule China. At the same time, they also tried to retain their own indigenous culture. Due to the Manchus' adoption of Han Chinese culture, most Han Chinese (though not all) did accept the Manchus as the legitimate rulers of China. Similarly, according to Fudan University historian Yao Dali, even the supposedly "patriotic" hero Wen Tianxiang of the late Song and early Yuan period did not believe the Mongol rule to be illegitimate. In fact, Wen was willing to live under Mongol rule as long as he was not forced to be a Yuan dynasty official, out of his loyalty to the Song dynasty. Yao explains that Wen chose to die in the end because he was forced to become a Yuan official. So, Wen chose death due to his loyalty to his dynasty, not because he viewed the Yuan court as a non-Chinese, illegitimate regime and therefore refused to live under their rule. Yao also says that many Chinese who were living in the Yuan-Ming transition period also shared Wen's beliefs of identifying with and putting loyalty towards one's dynasty above racial/ethnic differences. Many Han Chinese writers did not celebrate the collapse of the Mongols and the return of the Han Chinese rule in the form of the Ming dynasty government at that time. Many Han Chinese actually chose not to serve in the new Ming court at all due to their loyalty to the Yuan. Some Han Chinese also committed suicide on behalf of the Mongols as a proof of their loyalty. The founder of the Ming dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, also indicated that he was happy to be born in the Yuan period and that the Yuan did legitimately receive the Mandate of Heaven to rule over China. On a side note, one of his key advisors, Liu Ji, generally supported the idea that while the Chinese and the non-Chinese are different, they are actually equal. Liu was therefore arguing against the idea that the Chinese were and are superior to the "Yi."

3143:"Whether the Pelasgi were anciently a foreign or Grecian tribe, has been a subject of constant and celebrated discussion. Herodotus, speaking of some settlements held to be Pelaigic, and existing in his time, terms their language 'barbarous;' but Mueller, nor with argument insufficient, considers that the expression of the historian would apply only to a peculiar dialect; and the hypothesis is sustained by another passage in Herodotus, in which he applies to certain Ionian dialects the same term as that with which he stigmatizes the language of the Pelasgic settlements. In corroboration of Mueller's opinion, we may also observe, that the 'barbarous-tongued' is an epithet applied by Homer to the Carians, and is rightly construed by the ancient critics as denoting a dialect mingled and unpolished, certainly not foreign. Nor when the Agamemnon of Sophocles upbraids Teucer with 'his barbarous tongue,' would any scholar suppose that Teucer is upbraided with not speaking Greek; he is upbraided with speaking Greek inelegantly and rudely. It is clear that they who continued with the least adulteration a language in its earliest form, would seem to utter a strange and unfamiliar jargon to ears accustomed to its more modern construction." 3117:"The status of being a foreigner, as the Greeks understood the term does not permit any easy definition. Primarily it signified such peoples as the Persians and Egyptians, whose languages were unintelligible to the Greeks, but it could also be used of Greeks who spoke in a different dialect and with a different accent ... Prejudice toward Greeks on the part of Greeks was not limited to those who lived on the fringes of the Greek world. The Boeotians, inhabitants of central Greece, whose credentials were impeccable, were routinely mocked for their stupidity and gluttony. Ethnicity is a fluid concept even at the best of times. When it suited their purposes, the Greeks also divided themselves into Ionians and Dorians. The distinction was emphasized at the time of the Peloponnesian War, when the Ionian Athenians fought against the Dorian Spartans. The Spartan general Brasidas even taxed the Athenians with cowardice on account of their Ionian lineage. In other periods of history the Ionian-Dorian divide carried much less weight." 2564: 2753:"A look around us at this moment shows what the regression of bourgeois society into Barbarism means. This World War is a regression into Barbarism. The triumph of Imperialism leads to the annihilation of civilization. At first, this happens sporadically for the duration of a modern war, but then when the period of unlimited wars begins it progresses toward its inevitable consequences. Today, we face the choice exactly as Friedrich Engels foresaw it a generation ago: either the triumph of Imperialism and the collapse of all civilization as in ancient Rome, depopulation, desolation, degeneration – a great cemetery. Or the victory of Socialism, that means the conscious active struggle of the 549: 1913:. Groups that conformed to this way of life were, generally speaking, considered Chinese. Those that turned away from it were considered to cease to be Chinese. ... It was the process of acculturation, transforming barbarians into Chinese, that created the great bulk of the Chinese people. The barbarians of Western Chou times were, for the most part, future Chinese, or the ancestors of future Chinese. This is a fact of great importance. ... It is significant, however, that we almost never find any references in the early literature to physical differences between Chinese and barbarians. Insofar as we can tell, the distinction was purely cultural. 1272: 42: 699: 441: 2299:" was formerly used by the Chinese almost innocently in the sense of 'aborigines' to refer to ethnic groups in South China, and Mao Zedong himself once used it in 1938 in a speech advocating equal rights for the various minority peoples. But that term has now been so systematically purged from the language that it is not to be found (at least in that meaning) even in large dictionaries, and all references to Mao's 1938 speech have excised the offending word and replaced it with a more elaborate locution, "Yao, Yi, and Yu." 230: 2016:, he said that if the feudal lords use Yi ritual, then they should be called Yi; If they use Chinese rituals, then they should be called Chinese." Han Yu went on to lament in the same essay that the Chinese of his time might all become Yi because the Tang court wanted to put Yi laws above the teachings of the former kings. Therefore, Han Yu's essay shows the possibility that the Chinese can lose their culture and become the uncivilized outsiders, and that the uncivilized outsiders have the potential to become Chinese. 1875: 1898:," or "Chinese civilization." "There is a sense in which the traditional view of ancient Chinese history is correct (and perhaps it originated ultimately in the first appearance of dynastic civilization): those on the fringes and outside this esoteric event were "barbarians" in that they did not enjoy (or suffer from) the fruit of civilization until they were brought into close contact with it by an imperial expansion of the civilization itself." In a similar vein, Creel explained the significance of Confucian 242: 9012: 1933:) The Middle Kingdom , dominated by the assumption of its cultural superiority, measured outgroups according to a yardstick by which those who did not follow the "Chinese ways" were considered "barbarians." A Theory of "using the Chinese ways to transform the barbarian" as strongly advocated. It was believed that the barbarian could be culturally assimilated. In the Age of Great Peace, the barbarians would flow in and be transformed: the world would be one. 806: 1981:

its being cooked with fire. Those on the south were called Man. They tattooed their foreheads, and had their feet turned toward each other. Some of them ate their food without its being cooked with fire. Those on the west were called . They had their hair unbound, and wore skins. Some of them did not eat grain-food. Those on the north were called . They wore skins of animals and birds, and dwelt in caves. Some of them did not eat grain-food.

9002: 1552: 1122: 1231:. In Montaigne's view, his own people – the Europeans – were the real "barbarians". In this way, the argument was turned around and applied to the European invaders. With this shift in meaning, a whole literature arose in Europe that characterized the indigenous Indian peoples as innocent, and the militarily superior Europeans as "barbarous" intruders invading a paradisical world. 2041:, "The delusive myth of a Chinese antiquity that abandoned racial standards in favour of a concept of cultural universalism in which all barbarians could ultimately participate has understandably attracted some modern scholars. Living in an unequal and often hostile world, it is tempting to project the utopian image of a racially harmonious world into a distant and obscure past." 1543:

criterion of the we-group, whereas the consciousness of common origin remained secondary. What continued to be important were the factors of language, the acceptance of certain forms of material culture, the adherence to certain rituals, and, above all, the economy and the way of life. Agriculture was the only appropriate way of life for the

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The Vikings, for instance, made for particularly convenient soldiers of fortune . Other 'barbarian' groups, including the Alans, Cumans, and Pechenegs, also found their services to be in demand, particularly from the Byzantine and Turkish empires (Vasary 2005). Perhaps the most famous, and certainly

1980:

The people of those five regions – the Middle states, and the , (and other wild tribes around them) – had all their several natures, which they could not be made to alter. The tribes on the east were called . They had their hair unbound, and tattooed their bodies. Some of them ate their food without

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From ancient to modern times the Chinese attitude toward people not Chinese in culture—"barbarians"—has commonly been one of contempt, sometimes tinged with fear ... It must be noted that, while the Chinese have disparaged barbarians, they have been singularly hospitable both to individuals and

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The Chinese had at least two reasons for vilifying and depreciating the non-Chinese groups. On the one hand, many of them harassed and pillaged the Chinese, which gave them a genuine grievance. On the other, it is quite clear that the Chinese were increasingly encroaching upon the territory of these

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used it to characterize the activities of the Spaniards in the New World – representatives of the more technologically advanced, higher European culture – as "barbarous," in a satirical essay published in the year 1580. It was not the supposedly "uncivilized" Indian tribes who were "barbarous", but

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From classical origins the Hellenic stereotype of barbarism evolved: barbarians are like children, unable to speak or reason properly, cowardly, effeminate, luxurious, cruel, unable to control their appetites and desires, politically unable to govern themselves. Writers voiced these stereotypes with

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houses of pleasure, where drinking games were common, small puppets in the aspect of Westerners, in a ridiculous state of drunkenness, were used in one popular permutation of the drinking game; so, in the form of blue-eyed, pointy nosed, and peak-capped barbarians, these puppets were manipulated in

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texts record a belief that the respective natures of the Chinese and the barbarian were incompatible. Mencius, for instance, once stated: "I have heard of the Chinese converting barbarians to their ways, but not of their being converted to barbarian ways." Dikötter says, "The nature of the Chinese

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Evidently, the barbarian tribes at first had individual names, but during about the middle of the first millennium B.C., they were classified schematically according to the four cardinal points of the compass. This would, in the final analysis, mean that once again territory had become the primary

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Christopher I. Beckwith's 2009 "The Barbarians" epilogue provides many references, but overlooks H. G. Creel's 1970 "The Barbarians" chapter. Creel descriptively wrote, "Who, in fact, were the barbarians? The Chinese have no single term for them. But they were all the non-Chinese, just as for the

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Beckwith's second problem is with linguists and lexicographers of Chinese. "If one looks up in a Chinese-English dictionary the two dozen or so partly generic words used for various foreign peoples throughout Chinese history, one will find most of them defined in English as, in effect, 'a kind of

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wrote, "the influence on China of the great fact of alien conquest under the Liao-Jin-Yuan dynasties is just beginning to be explored." During the Qing dynasty, the rulers of China adopted Confucian philosophy and Han Chinese institutions to show that the Manchu rulers had received the Mandate of

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peoples and concludes that the "ancients formed these characters with only one purpose in mind—to describe the different ways of living each of these people pursued." Despite the well-known examples of pejorative exonymic characters (such as the "dog radical" in Di), he claims there is no hidden

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These things show that many times, pre-modern Chinese did view culture (and sometimes politics) rather than race and ethnicity as the dividing line between the Chinese and the non-Chinese. In many cases, the non-Chinese could and did become the Chinese and vice versa, especially when there was a

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entry summarizes the semantic history. "The sense-development in ancient times was (with the Greeks) 'foreign, non-Hellenic,' later 'outlandish, rude, brutal'; (with the Romans) 'not Latin nor Greek,' then 'pertaining to those outside the Roman Empire'; hence 'uncivilized, uncultured,' and later

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in the spring of 1595 the Turks began to strike back against Christian armies and a major European war was detonated. There were advantages for the cossacks no matter which side was winning. Throughout the war there was a steady stream of envoys of foreign rulers coming to the sich to bid for

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Christopher I. Beckwith makes the extraordinary claim that the name "barbarian" should only be used for Greek historical contexts, and is inapplicable for all other "peoples to whom it has been applied either historically or in modern times." Beckwith notes that most specialists in East Asian

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The list of barbarians who have 'come' and 'seen' as mercenaries, before imposing themselves as conquerors, is a long one. The Turkish bodyguard of the 'Abbasid Caliphs in the ninth century of the Christian Era prepared the way for the Turkish buccaneers who carved up the Caliphate into its

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was found in the 17th century). The statue depicts with remarkable realism a dying Celt warrior with a typically Celtic hairstyle and moustache. He sits on his fallen shield while a sword and other objects lie beside him. He appears to be fighting against death, refusing to accept his fate.

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designating the historical "Yi peoples," composed of the characters for 大 "big (person)" and 弓 "bow", implies a big person carrying a bow, someone to perhaps be feared or respected, but not to be despised. However, differing from K. C. Wu, the scholar Wu Qichang believes that the earliest

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for uncivilised people, opposite to Greek or Roman, and in fact, it became a common term to refer to all foreigners among Romans after Augustus age (as, among the Greeks, after the Persian wars, the Persians), including the Germanic peoples, Persians, Gauls, Phoenicians and Carthaginians.

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Furthermore, slave-ownership no longer became the preserve of the rich: all but the poorest of Athenian households came to have slaves in order to supplement the work of their free members. The slaves of Athens that had "barbarian" origins were coming especially from lands around the

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said, "Throughout Chinese history "the barbarians" have been a constant motif, sometimes minor, sometimes very major indeed. They figure prominently in the Shang oracle inscriptions, and the dynasty that came to an end only in 1912 was, from the Chinese point of view, barbarian."

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More information on this Chinese system, and on how it was abolished in the 20th century, can be found in the article "The animal other: Re-naming the barbarians in 20th-century China," by Magnus Fiskesjö, Social Text 29.4 (2011) (No. 109, Special Issue, "China and the Human"),

2240:狖 "a kind of monkey," but not one "a kind of barbarian" definition. Besides faulting Chinese for lacking a general "barbarian" term, Beckwith also faults English, which "has no words for the many foreign peoples referred to by one or another Classical Chinese word, such as 胡 2733:, Engels had used not the term "Barbarism" but a less resounding formulation: "If the whole of modern society is not to perish, a revolution in the mode of production and distribution must take place." The case has been made that Luxemburg had remembered a passage from the " 86:

A "barbarian" may also be an individual reference to an aggressive, brutal, cruel, and insensitive person, particularly one who is also dim-witted, while cultures, customs and practices adopted by peoples and countries perceived to be primitive may be referred to as

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as "barbarian" or "barbarians." Beckwith concedes that the early Chinese "apparently disliked foreigners in general and looked down on them as having an inferior culture," and pejoratively wrote some exonyms. However, he purports, "The fact that the Chinese did not

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An alternative interpretation emphasizing power and state control as the main distinction at play, rather than the degree of cultural assimilation, is offered in Fiskesjö, Magnus. "On the 'Raw' and the 'Cooked' barbarians of imperial China." Inner Asia 1.2 (1999),

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The Master wanted to settle among the Nine Wild Tribes of the East. Someone said, I am afraid you would find it hard to put up with their lack of refinement. The Master said, Were a true gentleman to settle among them there would soon be no trouble about lack of

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262de) rejected the Greek–barbarian dichotomy as a logical absurdity on just such grounds: dividing the world into Greeks and non-Greeks told one nothing about the second group. Yet Plato used the term barbarian frequently in his seventh letter. In

359:, to deride other Greek tribes and states (such as Epirotes, Eleans, Boeotians and Aeolic-speakers) and also fellow Athenians in a pejorative and politically motivated manner. The term also carried a cultural dimension to its dual meaning. The verb 1941:, "The centrality of culture, rather than race, in the Chinese world view had an important corollary. Nearly always, this translated into a civilizing mission rooted in the premise that 'the barbarians could be culturally assimilated'"; namely 2786:

from King Numedides, whom he strangled upon his throne. The story is clearly slanted to imply that the kingdom greatly benefited from power passing from a decadent and tyrannical hereditary monarch to a strong and vigorous Barbarian usurper.

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After the Song dynasty, many of China's rulers in the north were of Inner Asia ethnicities, such as the Khitans, Juchens, and Mongols of the Liao, Jin and Yuan dynasties, the latter ended up ruling over the entire China. Hence, the historian

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This model of Byzantine 'state-owned slave-soldiers' and mercenaries from the Barbarian North of the 'Seventh Climate' was subsequently imitated by the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphs who also had their own 'Ṣaqālibah' troops and Varangian-like

3203:. "There is at the elite level at least no hint during the archaic period of this sharp dichotomy between Greek and Barbarian or the derogatory and the stereotypical representation of the latter that emerged so clearly from the 5th century." 1702:

apart, and there were a thousand years between them. Yet when they had their way in the Central Kingdoms, their actions matched like the two halves of a tally. The standards of the two sages, one earlier and one later, were identical."

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GSR 1246c. Beckwith criticizes "a kind of X" definitions as "the dictionary maker either could not find out what it was or was too lazy to define it accurately" (2009), 359; compare listing "rakhbīn (a kind of cheese)" as an export from

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in south-eastern Attica after the discovery of a major vein of silver-bearing ore there in 483 BC, while the phenomenon of skilled slave craftsmen producing manufactured goods in small factories and workshops became increasingly common.

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Winkler, Markus; Boletsi, Maria, eds. (31 July 2023). "5.1.1. New Barbarians, Superior Barbarians, Technicized Barbarians: The Semantics of Barbarism in the Manifestoes and Aesthetic Writings of the Avant-Garde Movements, 1900-1930".

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peoples, getting the better of them by trickery, and putting many of them under subjection. By vilifying them and depicting them as somewhat less than human, the Chinese could justify their conduct and still any qualms of conscience.

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The Romans adapted the term in order to refer to anything that was non-Roman. The German cultural historian Silvio Vietta points out that the meaning of the word "barbarous" has undergone a semantic change in modern times, after

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n 1816 the Gurkha mercenary tradition began. Although the soldiers known as Gurkhas would fight in the British service and, later, in the Indian service as well, Nepalese rulers also hired out soldiers to other foreign

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the conquering Spaniards. Montaigne argued that Europeans noted the barbarism of other cultures but not the crueler and more brutal actions of their own societies, particularly (in his time) during the so-called

3224:. "Given the relative familiarity of the Karians to the Greeks, it has been suggested that barbarophonoi in the Iliad signifies not those who spoke a non-Greek language but simply those who spoke Greek badly." 2069:

racial bias in the meanings of the characters used to describe these different peoples, but rather the differences were "in occupation or in custom, not in race or origin." K. C. Wu says the modern character

2105:." He believes that after academics read his published explanation of the problems, except for direct quotations of "earlier scholars who use the word, it should no longer be used as a term by any writer." 2164:), which Beckwith claims, "actually means 'wild man, savage'. That is very definitely not the same thing as 'barbarian'." Despite this semantic hypothesis, Chinese-English dictionaries regularly translate 1908:

The fundamental criterion of "Chinese-ness," anciently and throughout history, has been cultural. The Chinese have had a particular way of life, a particular complex of usages, sometimes characterized as

1107:), preserves this old "barbarian" designation in its name – but it no longer consciously retains "barbarian" associations: the inhabitants of the area themselves use the name naturally and unaffectedly. 2335:) "prisoner, slave, captive". Beckwith says it means something like "those miscreants who should be locked up," therefore, "The word does not even mean 'foreigner' at all, let alone 'barbarian'." 1043:– used the term "barbarian" to describe himself. Because he was a noted satirist, this could have indicated self-deprecating irony. It might also have suggested descent from Samosata's original 4389:

were probably most interested in trade. he Chinese frontier generals often hired them as mercenaries , which was a result of the Later Han policy of 'using barbaians to attack barbarians.'

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It now seems that the use of military mercenaries became widespread, with central Mexican groups brought in by the Maya and Maya-Gulf Coast groups penetrating the Central Mexican Highlands.

1997:, or 'cooked barbarians', were tame and submissive. The consumption of raw food was regarded as an infallible sign of savagery that affected the physiological state of the barbarian." 1382:

referred to the incomprehensible, unfamiliar speech (perceived as "babbling", "incoherent stammering") of non-Vedic peoples ("wretch, foreigner, sinful people, low and barbarous".)

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Fiskesjö, Magnus "The animal other: Re-naming the barbarians in 20th-century China," Social Text 29.4 (2011) (No. 109, Special Issue, "China and the Human"), pp. 57–79. See:

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The statue serves both as a reminder of the Celts' defeat, thus demonstrating the might of the people who defeated them, and a memorial to their bravery as worthy adversaries. As

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has seen widespread use in English. Many peoples have dismissed alien cultures and even rival civilizations, because they were unrecognizably strange. For instance, the nomadic

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to groups that have adopted Chinese culture. And at times they seem to have had a certain admiration, perhaps unwilling, for the rude force of these peoples or simpler customs.

2434:'s Empire, in the north of Modern Mexico, and whom the Aztec people saw as primitive and uncivilized. One of the meanings attributed to the word "Chichimeca" is "dog people". 4312:"During his absence the French and savages had taken Fort George, on the frontier of that province, and the savages had massacred many of the garrison after capitulation...." 2606:, "Exhortatio ad Capesendam Italiam in Libertatemque a Barbaris Vinsicandam" (in English: Exhortation to take Italy and free her from the barbarians) in which he appeals to 4757:

The new goths take their name from the old Goths . The origins and deed of the old Goths were constructed by Roman historians in fear of the Goth as a barbarian outsider .

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Meacham, William (1983). "Origins and Development of the Yueh Coastal Neolithic: A Microcosm of Culture Change on the Mainland of East Asia." In Keightley, David N., ed.,

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was regarded as impermeable to the evil influences of the barbarian; no retrogression was possible. Only the barbarian might eventually change by adopting Chinese ways."

796:, cited above from Homer, came into use not only for the sound of a foreign language but also for foreigners who spoke Greek improperly. In the Greek language, the word 4120:

Beckwith (2009), pp. 361–2. The author describes his belief in religious terms; following his "enlightenment on this issue", he says no scholar who used the word

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or one of its relatives, or make up a new word that explicitly includes the same basic ideas, they cannot express the idea of the 'barbarian' in Chinese.". The usual

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Friedrich Engels, "Anti-Dühring" (1878), quoted in Michael Löwy, "Philosophy of Praxis & Rosa Luxemburg" in "Viewpoint", Online Issue No. 125, November 2, 2012

1512:(771–476 BC), the meanings of four exonyms were expanded. "These included Rong, Yi, Man, and Di—all general designations referring to the barbarian tribes." These 3099:

Plutarch's "Life of Pyrrhos" records his apprehensive remark on seeing a Roman army taking the field against him in disciplined order: "These are not barbarians."

2097:"was used rather loosely for non-Chinese populations of the east. It carried the connotation of people ignorant of Chinese culture and, therefore, 'barbarians'." 4704:. Volume 15 of Schriften zur Weltliteratur/Studies on World Literature. Vol. 2: Twentieth and Twenty-first Centuries. Berlin: J. B. Metzler. pp. 1–2. 4478:(2009). "4: Muslim Communities of the European North-Eastern Frontiers: Islam in the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth". In Marcinkowski, Christoph (ed.). 738:

came into use on a scale never before seen among the Greeks. Massive concentrations of slaves worked under especially brutal conditions in the silver mines at

4107:. p. 356. Furthermore, "The entire construct is, appropriately enough, best summed up by popular European and American fiction and film treatments such as 2177:

barbarian'. Even the works of well-known lexicographers such as Karlgren do this." Although Beckwith does not cite any examples, the Swedish sinologist

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maxim, "When the Emperor no longer functions, learning must be sought among the 'Four Barbarians,' north, west, east, and south." Professor Creel said,

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foreigner Y and occasionally picked a transcriptional character with negative meaning (in Chinese) to write the sound of his ethnonym, is irrelevant."

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Chinese historical records mention what may now perhaps be termed "barbarian" peoples for over four millennia, although this considerably predates the

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such a way as to occasionally fall down: then, whichever guest to whom the puppet pointed after falling was then obliged by honor to empty his cup of

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However, different thinkers and texts convey different opinions on this issue. The prominent Tang Confucian Han Yu, for example, wrote in his essay

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of ancient India, with the primary meaning of "cruel" and also "stammering" (बड़बड़), implying someone with an unfamiliar language. The Greek word

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Adams, Richard E. W. (1977). "7: Transformations: Epi-Classic Cultures, the Collapse of Classic Cultures, and the rise and fall of the Toltec".

1634:"furnished the primary Chinese term for 'barbarian'," but "Paradoxically the Yi were considered the most civilized of the non-Chinese peoples. 8528: 3270: 3283: 2343:-. There is also no single native Chinese word for 'foreigner', no matter how pejorative," which meets his strict definition of "barbarian.". 9081: 5300: 3422: 1466:

origin of the term "barbarian", at least as is known from the thirty-four centuries of written records in the Greek language. The sinologist

437:. Indeed, in the Greek of this period 'barbarian' is often used expressly to refer to Persians, who were enemies of the Greeks in this war. 83:

and warlike. Many cultures have referred to other cultures as barbarians, sometimes out of misunderstanding and sometimes out of prejudice.

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H. W. Janson, "History of Art: A survey of the major visual arts from the dawn of history to the present day", p. 141. H. N. Abrams, 1977.

1016:). In the book of Acts, the natives of Malta – who were kind to Paul and the others who were shipwrecked with him – are called barbarians 1656:

The Master said, The barbarians of the East and North have retained their princes. They are not in such a state of decay as we in China.

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The term "Barbarian" in traditional Chinese culture had several aspects. For one thing, Chinese has more than one historical "barbarian"

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Greeks the barbarians were all the non-Greeks." Beckwith prescriptively wrote, "The Chinese, however, have still not yet borrowed Greek

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As things stand today capitalist civilization cannot continue; we must either move forward into socialism or fall back into barbarism.

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One living outside the pale of the Roman Empire and its civilization, applied especially to the northern nations that overthrew them.

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Pulleyblank, E. G., (1983). "The Chinese and Their Neighbors in Prehistoric and Early Historic Times." In Keightley, David N., ed.

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A Sanskrit–English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages

3107: 3012: 2486: 6417: 536:, which is an ancient Arabic term for the North African inhabitants west of Egypt. The Arabic word might be ultimately from Greek 7142: 3332: 3254: 1591:"as generalized terms denoting 'non-Chinese,' 'foreigners,' 'barbarians'," and a statement such as "the Rong and Di are wolves" ( 6784: 6768: 6565: 3932: 1210:

as barbarians, and subsequent classically oriented historical narratives depicted the migrations associated with the end of the

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noted that, "A certain idealization of the 'noble savage' is to be found fairly often in early Chinese literature", citing the

1595:, Min 1) is "very much like the assertion that many people in many lands will make today, that 'no foreigner can be trusted'." 1454:

into English. Some of the examples include "foreigners," "ordinary others," "wild tribes," "uncivilized tribes," and so forth.

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did not figure largely in archaic literature before the 5th century BC. It has been suggested that the "barbarophonoi" in the

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and follow classical Greek customs, but also for Greek populations on the fringe of the Greek world with peculiar dialects. In

4858: 7984: 5350: 5330: 5306: 4909: 4886: 4650: 4610: 4570: 4533: 4489: 4449: 4413: 4341: 4104: 4083: 3075: 3050: 2940: 2607: 2476: 2452: 2448: 1767: 1450:, which is often translated as "barbarians." Despite this conventional translation, there are also other ways of translating 5640: 2997: 802:

expressed both the notions of "language" and "reason", so Greek-speakers readily conflated speaking poorly with stupidity.

341:, emphasizing their otherness. According to Greek writers, this was because the language they spoke sounded to Greeks like 6889: 4795: 4354:

The list of barbarians who have 'come' and 'seen' as mercenaries, before imposing themselves as conquerors, is a long one.

3245:. "a barbarian from a distinguished nation which given the political circumstances of the time might well mean a Persian." 933:, Xenophon's accounts of the Persians and other non-Greeks who he knew or encountered show few traces of the stereotypes. 9076: 7932: 7128: 3546: 2774:. In such fantasy, the negative connotations traditionally associated with "Barbarian" are often inverted. For example, " 67: 3633:(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004), 10–11. Liu believes the Chinese in early China did not originally think of 2214:戎 "weapons, armour; war, warrior; N. pr. of western tribes," "weapon; attack; war chariot; loan for tribes of the West" 8945: 8271: 8016: 5314: 5266: 6207: 4947:

Studia Academica Šumenensia: The Empire and Barbarians in South-Eastern Europe in Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages

4738:. Emerald Studies in Alternativity and Marginalization. Bingley, West Yorkshire: Emerald Group Publishing. p. 3. 8266: 8011: 5045: 4927: 4743: 4709: 4030: 3684: 3594: 3489: 3242: 3221: 3200: 3137: 2678: 2279:

above) as "perhaps the only true generic at any time in Chinese literature, was practically the opposite of the word

4076:

Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, First to Second Centuries CE

2467:

service in a metropole repeatedly occurred in history as a standard way in which peripheral peoples from and beyond

1443:

between Hua ("Chinese") and Yi (commonly translated as "barbarian") was based on culture and power but not on race.

9061: 8889: 8151: 8004: 7999: 7994: 1774:, in which the insult derived not from the Chinese word but from the character used to write it. For instance, the 1402: 1011: 6333: 6200: 5904: 7955: 7925: 6531: 2287:番 means "foreigner; barbarian; aborigine". The linguist Robert Ramsey illustrates the pejorative connotations of 6360: 5815: 2598:

often called anyone who lived outside of their country a barbarian. As an example, there is the last chapter of

1698:

was a Western barbarian; he was born in Ch'i Chou and died in Pi Ying. Their native places were over a thousand

7281: 7207: 6556: 2308: 2137: 202: 5945: 4971:(H. Cancik & H. Schneider, Eds.; C. F. Salazar, Trans.). Retrieved July 18, 2020, from Brill's New Pauly. 3298:, Monier Monier-Williams (1898), Ernst Leumann, Carl Cappeller, pub. Asian Educational Services (Google Books) 2782:'s "Conan" series, is set soon after the "Barbarian" protagonist had forcibly seized the turbulent kingdom of 1289:

were among the many peoples called "Barbarian" by the early Romans. The term continued to be used by medieval

7623: 2471:

regions interact with imperial powers as part of a (semi-)foreign militarised proletariat. Examples include:

2318: 2202:夷 "barbarian, foreigner; destroy, raze to the ground," "barbarian (esp. tribes to the East of ancient China)" 2147: 1847:

that do not exist alphabetically. For the Yao ethnic group, there is a difference between the transcriptions

3372:(Austin) 1993, pp. 1–6, 39–49; Gerhart B. Ladner, "On Roman attitudes towards barbarians in late antiquity" 3320: 1740:

countries are therefore virtuous places where people live long lives. This is why Confucius wanted to go to

5797: 5755: 4426:

by the fifth century the Roman army had effectively been transformed into an army of barbarian mercenaries.

1567:

use compounds of these four generic names in localized "barbarian tribes" exonyms such as "west and north"

3344: 881:(flat land); for barbarians did not live in cities, making their abodes in the fields like wild animals". 8822: 8558: 8161: 7973: 6036: 5067: 3995:

Zhou Songfang, "Lun Liu Ji de Yimin Xintai" (On Liu Ji's Mentality as a Dweller of Subjugated Empire) in

2441:

of South America used the term "purum awqa" for all peoples living outside the rule of their empire (see

2357: 1482: 1271: 4475: 2721:

Bourgeois society stands at the crossroads, either transition to Socialism or regression into Barbarism.

1962:, the Chinese differentiated "raw" and "cooked" categories of barbarian peoples who lived in China. The 1151:(ruled 241–197 BC) commissioned (220s BC) a statue to celebrate his victory (ca 232 BC) over the Celtic 905:

However, the disparaging Hellenic stereotype of barbarians did not totally dominate Hellenic attitudes.

9041: 8408: 8063: 7012: 5020: 3729:

Jettmar, Karl (1983). "The Origins of Chinese Civilization: Soviet Views." In Keightley, David N., ed.

2525: 548: 31: 17: 4481:

The Islamic World and the West: Managing Religious and Cultural Identities in the Age of Globalisation

2912: 1690:

believed that Confucian practices were universal and timeless, and thus followed by both Hua and Yi, "

9051: 8867: 8418: 8166: 6391: 6020: 5616: 1502: 1228: 570: 35: 1174:

comments, the sculpture conveys the message that "they knew how to die, barbarians that they were".

685:'non-Christian,' whence 'Saracen, heathen'; and generally 'savage, rude, savagely cruel, inhuman.'" 8523: 8470: 8276: 8026: 7852: 7665: 7616: 7552: 2775: 2112:

into Chinese because the concept does not exist in Chinese," meaning a single "completely generic"

1509: 633: 80: 4893: 4769: 2984: 2693:

continued the tradition, echoing the name and reputation of the barbarian outsider early-medieval

1446:

Historically, the Chinese used various words for foreign ethnic groups. They include terms like 夷

817: 518:

In Aramaic, Old Persian and Arabic context, the root refers to "babble confusedly". It appears as

41: 8987: 8613: 7950: 7842: 6342: 6222: 5334: 5310: 5145: 4874: 4408:. The Short Oxford History of Europe (1 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 164. 2187: 1391: 63: 57: 3518:

A Theory of Global Civilization: Rationality and the Irrational as the Driving Forces of History

8840: 8344: 7989: 7965: 7915: 7255: 4373:

Trade and Expansion in Han China: A Study in the Structure of Sino-barbarian Economic Relations

3855:

Dikötter, Frank (1990), "Group Definition and the Idea of 'Race' in Modern China (1793–1949),"

2876: 2619: 2611: 1958: 1927:, "all under heaven." The world was perceived as one homogenous unity named "great community" ( 1467: 1440: 1406: 1088:

as "a land of barbarians", with these inhabitants also known by the manifestly pejorative term

614: 95: 8196: 4640: 4265: 3892: 3408:. Essay Index Reprint Series. Freeport, New York: Books For Libraries Press, Inc. p. 144. 2603: 2083: 1953: 8131: 8095: 7910: 7711: 7187: 5013: 3706:

Enemies of Civilization: Attitudes toward Foreigners in Ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China

2645:

The romantic reaction against reason and civilisation preceded some attempts to rehabilitate

2431: 2430:" to denominate a group of nomadic hunter-gatherer tribes that lived on the outskirts of the 2001: 1694:

was an Eastern barbarian; he was born in Chu Feng, moved to Fu Hsia, and died in Ming T'iao.

1691: 1004: 942: 4310: 3442: 3090:

Siculus Diodorus, Ludwig August Dindorf, Diodori Bibliotheca historica – Volume 1 – Page 671

1843:(symbols used to write a language) can provide unique opportunities to write ethnic insults 1518:四夷 "Four Barbarians", most "probably the names of ethnic groups originally," were the Yi or 1143:

provides some insight into the Hellenistic perception of and attitude towards "Barbarians".

960:

makes the difference between Greeks and barbarians one of the central themes of his book on

433:

in the first half of the 5th century BC. Here a hasty coalition of Greeks defeated the vast

9046: 8965: 8857: 8042: 8035: 7706: 6440: 5886: 5575: 5180: 5102: 5036: 4484:. Freiburger sozialanthropologische Studien. Vol. 24. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 87. 2626: 2572: 1856: 1627: 1211: 1067: 962: 951: 785: 735: 698: 426:

signifies not those who spoke a non-Greek language but simply those who spoke Greek badly.

3975: 3403: 2955:Εκδοτική Αθηνών, ο Ελληνισμός υπό ξένη κυριαρχία: Τουρκοκρατία, Λατινοκρατία, 1980, p. 34 8: 9036: 8852: 8349: 8238: 8201: 8176: 7979: 7830: 7028: 6614: 5241: 4991: 4879:

Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present

4676: 4097:

Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present

3308: 2866: 2771: 2615: 2538: 2534: 2283:. It meant simply 'foreign, foreigner' without any pejorative meaning." In modern usage, 1879: 1786:", who primarily live in the mountains of southwest China and Vietnam. When 11th-century 1659:

The Master said, The Way makes no progress. I shall get upon a raft and float out to sea.

1223: 1215: 929: 163: 3100: 2610:

to unite Italy and stop the "barbarian invasions" led by other European rulers, such as

440: 9005: 8518: 8498: 8488: 8361: 8299: 8256: 8070: 7942: 7902: 7857: 7772: 7757: 7655: 7650: 7438: 6460: 4444:. De Gruyter Reference. Vol. 3. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 1746. 2811: 2075: 2021: 1986: 1763: 1478: 1420: 1416: 1294: 1130: 1097: 811: 731: 430: 206: 6401: 6157: 4816: 3868:

Alam, M. Shahid (2003), "Articulating Group Differences: A Variety of Autocentrisms,"

3572:

Alam, M. Shahid (2003), "Articulating Group Differences: A Variety of Autocentrisms",

1317:

based on that coast (and who were not necessarily Berbers) were also derived from it.

9056: 8970: 8884: 8563: 8438: 8181: 7835: 7746: 7740: 7701: 7689: 6538: 5739: 4923: 4905: 4898: 4882: 4739: 4705: 4646: 4606: 4566: 4529: 4515: 4485: 4445: 4409: 4337: 4323: 4100: 4079: 4026: 3936: 3680: 3590: 3485: 3307:

Onions, C.T. (1966), edited by, The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology, page 74,

3238: 3217: 3196: 3133: 3071: 3046: 2936: 2783: 2666: 2506: 2178: 1626:

as "Anc barbarian tribe on east border, any border or foreign tribe." The sinologist

1044: 980:(384–322 B.C.) made derogatory comments in his speeches, using the word "barbarian". 858:, whereas bishops were appointed to supervise entire peoples among the less settled. 434: 3370:

Roman Aristocrats in Barbarian Gaul: Strategies for Survival in an Age of Transition

3171: 2233: 2038: 1642:

Some Chinese classics romanticize or idealize barbarians, comparable to the western

557: 9066: 9015: 8879: 8725: 8581: 8550: 8251: 8049: 7819: 7721: 7660: 7303: 7287: 6774: 6644: 6628: 5872: 5194: 5129: 4972: 4850: 2779: 2726: 2584: 2482: 2125: 1886:

According to the archeologist William Meacham, it was only by the time of the late

1805:(e.g., 腰 "waist", 遙 "distant", 搖 "shake"). During a series of 20th-century Chinese 1695: 1564: 1260: 1071: 1063: 1040: 1009:), and he also uses it to characterise one who merely speaks a different language ( 553: 234: 167: 135: 8403: 4976: 4565:(3 ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press (published 2005). p. 277. 3533:

Rationalität. Eine Weltgeschichte. Europäische Kulturgeschichte und Globalisierung

1343:

Many languages define the "Other" as those who do not speak one's language; Greek

460:

was the etymological source for many words meaning "barbarian", including English

229: 8960: 8508: 8106: 7881: 7824: 7538: 7476: 6688: 6134: 4733: 4699: 4600: 4560: 4523: 4519: 4479: 4439: 4403: 4371: 4331: 4327: 4061: 3843: 3833:

See Fiskesjö, "The animal other: Re-naming the barbarians in 20th-century China."

3765: 3752: 3730: 3295: 3111: 2926: 2690: 2654: 2496: 1895: 1874: 1806: 1775: 1535: 1514: 1410: 1348: 1314: 1199: 1163: 916: 715: 662: 300: 7271: 4701:

Barbarian: Explorations of a Western Concept in Theory, Literature, and the Arts

3585:

Suryakanta (1975), Sanskrit Hindi English Dictionary, reprinted 1986, page 417,

2730: 8940: 8935: 8433: 8261: 8211: 8136: 7960: 7797: 7716: 7528: 7317: 7297: 7177: 7148: 7121: 6951: 6941: 6804: 6758: 6375: 6349: 6252: 6043: 5703: 5497: 5420: 5388: 5138: 3586: 2999:

Die Sprachbezeichnungen 'Latinus' und 'Romanus' im Lateinischen und Romanischen

2968: 2734: 2714: 2670: 2630: 2550: 2500: 1938: 1900: 1891: 1463: 1357: 1244: 1139: 1116: 1075: 1055: 1048: 995: 991: 920: 895: 862: 833: 465: 330: 171: 127: 123: 3550: 2267:"prisoner", neither of which meant "barbarian." Beckwith says Tang texts used 2220:狄 "Northern Barbarians – "fire-dogs"," "name of a Northern tribe; low servant" 714:

Greek attitudes towards "barbarians" developed in parallel with the growth of

9030: 8835: 8712: 8685: 8381: 8290: 8223: 8191: 8146: 8141: 7864: 7847: 7459: 7351: 7048: 7006: 6935: 6740: 6424: 6407: 6110: 5582: 5483: 5455: 5374: 5285: 5234: 5187: 4846: 4402:

Bispham, Edward (2008). "5: Warfare and the Army". In Bispham, Edward (ed.).

3631:

Frontier Passages: Ethnopolitics and the Rise of Chinese Communism, 1921–1945

3043:

Chirping like the swallows: Aristophanes' portrayals of the barbarian "other"

2816: 2749:

Luxemburg went on to explain what she meant by "Regression into Barbarism":

1887: 1708: 1474: 1310: 1281: 987: 370: 355:

word. In various occasions, the term was also used by Greeks, especially the

254: 246: 7231: 4817:"MR Online | The Origin of Rosa Luxemburg's Slogan "Socialism or Barbarism"" 8862: 8503: 8246: 8186: 8126: 7898: 7792: 7767: 7762: 7728: 7387: 6430: 5964: 5954: 5893: 5783: 5603: 5476: 5365: 4636: 4596: 4367: 3692: 3651: 2871: 2856: 2846: 2796: 2738: 2650: 2634: 2558: 2554: 2490: 2352: 2256: 1817:") "jackal; the Yao" was replaced twice; first with the invented character 1787: 1771: 1668: 1643: 1616:

region, and generalized references to "barbarian; foreigner; non-Chinese."

1325: 1286: 1195: 1171: 1160: 1051:

settlers", and might have eventually taken up this appellation themselves.

1036: 947: 894:

in the 4th century B.C., for example, called for a war of conquest against

352: 134:, the Romans adapted and applied the term to tribal non-Romans such as the 131: 6513: 373:

meant to behave or talk like a barbarian, or to hold with the barbarians.

8929: 8914: 8847: 8690: 8675: 8665: 8618: 8576: 8568: 8398: 8171: 8077: 7787: 7752: 7265: 6871: 6506: 6308: 6245: 6178: 6089: 6075: 6002: 5838: 5490: 5173: 3688: 3664:

Wandering on the way : early Taoist tales and parables of Chuang Tzu

2826: 2758: 2682: 2595: 2588: 2512: 2394: 1929: 1840: 1556: 1375: 1059: 977: 866: 338: 241: 6928: 2861: 2236:

finds various "a kind of" definitions for plant and animal names (e.g.,

1993:, literally 'raw barbarians', were considered savage and resisting. The 1966:熟番 "cooked barbarians" are sometimes interpreted as Sinicized, and the 1882:

was to stop the "barbarians" from crossing the northern border of China.

1583:"all kinds of barbarians." Creel says the Chinese evidently came to use 592:, A foreigner, one whose language and customs differ from the speaker's. 8924: 8775: 8700: 8670: 8650: 8645: 8608: 8598: 8591: 8586: 8572: 8540: 8233: 8156: 7874: 7814: 7809: 7684: 7405: 7359: 7355: 7249: 7084: 7042: 6668: 6481: 6294: 5971: 5934: 5776: 5596: 5462: 5220: 5152: 4842: 4463:

the most reliable early mercenaries were the Byzantine Varangian Guard.

3687:. See "The Barbarians" chapter, pp. 194–241. Creel refers to the Shang 2932: 2928:

Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea

2806: 2662: 2658: 2599: 2442: 2427: 1836: 1814: 1783: 1613: 1498: 1428: 1191: 911: 841: 776: 666: 647:

An uncultured person, or one who has no sympathy with literary culture.

621:

With the Italians of the Renaissance: One of a nation outside of Italy.

515:(بڑبڑانا) means 'to babble, to speak gibberish, to rave incoherently'. 415: 175: 159: 2090: 2070: 1832: 1821: 1810: 1801:猺 "jackal" from a lexical selection of over 100 characters pronounced 1177: 1092:("thieves with a rough garment in wool"). The region, still known as " 1047:

population – who were likely called "barbarians by later Hellenistic,

805: 345:

represented by the sounds "bar..bar..;" the alleged root of the word

8975: 8765: 8680: 8660: 8493: 8329: 7869: 7051: 6981: 6905: 6752: 6698: 6590: 5866: 5441: 5394: 5255: 5074: 4735:

The Evolution of Goth Culture: The Origins and Deeds of the New Goths

4642:

Mercenaries: A Guide to Private Armies and Private Military Companies

3473:

Führer durch die öffenlicher Sammlungen Klassischer altertümer in Rom

2841: 2831: 2801: 2686: 2674: 2568: 2464: 1844: 1825: 1673: 1252: 1248: 1194:) as philosophers – but they regarded their culture as barbaric. The 1144: 1032: 967: 957: 891: 780: 768: 748: 346: 342: 326: 292: 280: 264: 155: 151: 117: 103: 8101: 4840: 3620:, 3 vols. (Macao: East India Company Press, 1815), 1:61 and 586–587. 3390:

Medieval Worlds: Barbarians, Heretics and Artists in the Middle Ages

2303:

The Tang dynasty Chinese also had a derogatory term for foreigners,

2208:蛮 "barbarians of the South; barbarian, savage," "Southern barbarian" 2101:

history, including him, have translated Chinese exonyms as English "

8909: 8760: 8655: 8603: 8535: 8391: 8339: 8228: 7802: 7733: 7579: 7171: 6454: 6385: 6128: 5920: 5831: 5248: 5095: 5081: 4942: 4915: 4602:

Cossack Rebellions: Social Turmoil in the Sixteenth Century Ukraine

4233: 2821: 2517: 2468: 2390: 2113: 2108:

The first problem is that, "it is impossible to translate the word

2045: 1648: 1256: 1156: 1148: 1093: 1085: 1028: 906: 476: 315: 147: 143: 8460: 7608: 3172:"The Internet Classics Archive | The Seventh Letter by Plato" 1551: 726:

continued in most Greek states, Athens banned this practice under

703: 444:

A preconnesian marble depiction of a barbarian. Second century AD.

79:

is a person or tribe of people that is perceived to be primitive,

8785: 8780: 8755: 8720: 8695: 8640: 8483: 8455: 8443: 8386: 7639: 7593: 7572: 7566: 7492: 7375: 7368: 7333: 7165: 7094: 6963: 6798: 6728: 6638: 6545: 6499: 5824: 5559: 5549: 5469: 5404: 5324: 5289: 5166: 4386: 4160:"barbarians; savages" (1992) p. 1410; "savage; Shanghai Jiaotong 3443:

Harmon, A. M. "Lucian of Samosata: Introduction and Manuscripts."

2836: 2754: 2710: 1923: 1687: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1369: 1321: 1306: 1298: 1187: 1183: 1152: 899: 851: 846:

were appointed to sees connected to cities among the "civilized"

772: 756: 739: 579: 532: 407: 270: 218: 214: 210: 4990: 4438:

Snook, Ben (2015). "War and Peace". In Classen, Albrecht (ed.).

126:, the Greeks used the term not only for those who did not speak 8874: 8790: 8770: 8750: 8448: 8413: 8354: 7782: 7777: 7587: 7521: 7469: 7340: 7078: 6898: 6864: 6839: 6608: 6315: 6301: 6280: 6259: 6238: 6151: 6144: 6103: 6082: 6057: 5996: 5859: 5852: 5710: 5689: 5610: 5565: 5529: 5515: 5427: 5410: 5381: 5275: 5227: 5208: 5159: 5005: 4894:

http://socialtext.dukejournals.org/content/29/4_109/57.abstract

2973:

The Way of Herodotus: Travels with the Man who Invented History

2925:

Crespo, Emilio; Giannakis, Georgios; Filos, Panagiotis (2017).

2851: 2530: 2328: 2157: 1791: 1716:夷 as "men of the east" 東方之人也. The dictionary also informs that 1544: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1302: 1081: 1024: 974: 924: 855: 837: 760: 752: 719: 707: 356: 198: 182: 4962:

Inventing the Barbarian: Greek Self-Definition through Tragedy

4624:

cossack support mercenaries such as the cossacks were needed.

1489:

for foreigners, often in contexts of warfare or tribute. King

8980: 8950: 8919: 8830: 8812: 8745: 8740: 8625: 8423: 8376: 8334: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 7694: 7513: 7502: 7452: 7421: 7326: 7201: 7135: 7069: 7018: 6988: 6878: 6846: 6654: 6572: 6369: 6287: 6273: 6266: 6096: 5845: 5654: 5543: 5448: 5434: 5344: 5281: 5212: 5201: 5088: 5060: 2694: 2689:

to justify/promote enslaving and killing Jews and Slavs. The

2580: 2576: 2438: 2423: 2369: 1531: 1203: 1121: 984: 937: 798: 764: 727: 508: 487:(stammering). This Indo-European root is also found in Latin 390: 385: 376: 334: 309: 294: 286: 274: 258: 139: 112: 2633:

in 1588, used the term 'savage' ('salvaje') to describe the

1921:

Thought in ancient China was oriented towards the world, or

1301:". In English, the term "Berber" continues to be used as an 970:

approvingly, "Tis meet that Greeks should rule barbarians".

429:

A change occurred in the connotations of the word after the

8955: 8797: 8630: 8513: 8428: 8371: 7414: 7394: 7224: 7158: 7112: 6682: 5769: 5682: 5668: 5626: 4943:"And now, what's going to happen to us without barbarians?" 2770:

Modern popular culture contains such fantasy barbarians as

1972: 1352: 1290: 789:

1.2–7; 3.14) characterises barbarians as slaves by nature.

723: 512: 411: 46: 2511:

Widespread use of ethnic mercenary forces in pre-historic

1074:) in the 15th century (1453 with the fall of capital city 8807: 8802: 8735: 8730: 8366: 7486: 7217: 7194: 7101: 6821: 6814: 6322: 5927: 5913: 5109: 4792:"Philosophy of praxis & Rosa Luxemburg: Michael Löwy" 1207: 4525:

A Study of History: Volume I: Abridgement of Volumes 1–6

4333:

A Study of History: Volume I: Abridgement of Volumes 1–6

1275:

Ransom of Christian slaves held in Barbary, 17th century

722:. Although the enslavement of Greeks for non-payment of 299:) 'city'. The earliest attested form of the word is the 4732:

Spracklen, Karl; Spracklen, Beverley (15 August 2018).

3753:

Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage

1619:

Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage

998:) – lived about A.D. 5 to about A.D. 67) uses the word 861:

Eventually the term found a hidden meaning through the

702:

Slaves in chains, relief found in Smyrna (present day

7558:

usually Indigenous, regarded as primitive/uncivilized

4677:"Captain Cuellar's Adventures in Connacht and Ulster" 1534:北狄 "northern barbarians." The Russian anthropologist 1439:瑤 "precious jade" in the modern period. The original 1234: 303: 4385:

Of all the barbarian peoples in the Han period, the

2924: 1736:

is associated with benevolence and human longevity.

1320:

The term has also been used to refer to people from

1190:

as heroic individuals – and even (as in the case of

688: 641:

Applied by the Chinese contemptuously to foreigners.

192: 4111:." Also see "The Barbarians" epilogue, pp. 320–362. 1869: 1579:"barbarian tribes in the south and the north," and 1178:

Utter barbarism, civilization, and the noble savage

325:for all non-Greek-speaking people, including the 7380:(sometimes used against other semi-nomadic groups) 4904:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985. 4731: 4376:. University of California Press. pp. 108–109 3811:D.C Lau tran. (Middlesex:Penguin Books, 1970),128. 3716: 3714: 2913:Abolish Stoning and Barbaric Punishment Worldwide! 2226:Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus 1493:(r. 1250–1192 BC), for instance, fought with the 3935:. Confucianism.com.cn. 2006-10-04. Archived from 3666:(Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1998),315. 3460:Chattering Courtesans and Other Sardonic Sketches 3359:, 2009, 2nd ed., v. 4.0, Oxford University Press. 3114:, The American Forum for Global Education, 2000. 2640: 2346: 1084:(106–43 BC) described the mountain area of inner 9028: 4143: 4141: 4139: 2902:, 1972, p. 149, Simon & Schuster Publishing. 2191:(1957). Compare Karlgrlen's translations of the 2183:Analytic Dictionary of Chinese and Sino-Japanese 2093:"corpse". The historian John Hill explains that 1985:Dikötter explains the close association between 1770:non-Chinese peoples were graphically pejorative 1751: 824:Further changes occurred in the connotations of 4124:"needs to be blamed for such sins of the past". 3711: 1952:Two millennia before the French anthropologist 1266: 491:for "stammer / stammering" (leading to Italian 4696: 3824:說文解字 (Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 1963), 213, 78. 2655:glorified the Germans' Teutonic barbarian past 2407: 2378: 2048:analyzes the origin of the characters for the 1356:"non-Arabic speakers; non-Arabs; (especially) 1002:in its Hellenic sense to refer to non-Greeks ( 406:) ("of incomprehensible speech"), used of the 233:Routes taken by barbarian invaders during the 8057:The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction 7624: 5021: 4940: 4136: 3530: 3515: 3347:, Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper (2015) 3323:, Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper (2015) 3040: 2900:Webster's New Universal Unabridged Dictionary 2397:, who arrived later, were also called either 2322: 2312: 2151: 2141: 1748:could not be realized in the central states. 4166:ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionary 3777:3/5, 5/6, 9/14, tr. by Arthur Waley (1938), 1555:A scene of the Chinese campaign against the 1110: 1054:The term retained its standard usage in the 186: 4305:Franklin, Benjamin (first published 1791). 3679:. The University of Chicago Press. p. 194. 2393:ships appeared to sail from the South. The 2032: 1970:生番 "raw barbarians" as not Sinicized. The 1198:indiscriminately characterised the various 869:(c. 485 – c. 585). He stated that the word 503:) and Czech blblati "to stammer". The verb 464:, which was first recorded in 16th century 401: 395: 360: 7631: 7617: 5028: 5014: 4881:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1457: 693: 27:Person said to be uncivilized or primitive 9072:Pejorative terms for in-group non-members 3846:, p. 149. University of California Press. 3768:. p. 440. University of California Press. 3733:. p. 229. University of California Press. 2765: 2741:, and mistakenly attributed it to Engels: 2673:invoked an Asiatic nomad heritage of the 2417: 2012:the following: "When Confucius wrote the 1724:夏, which means Chinese. Elsewhere in the 1608:has both specific references, such as to 1023:About a hundred years after Paul's time, 946:, Prodicus of Ceos calls "barbarian" the 4474: 3976:"百家博谈第十三期：从文天祥与元代遗民看中国的"民族主义"_网易博客网易历史" 3652:http://ctext.org/shang-shu/tribute-of-yu 3101:Foreigners and Barbarians (adapted from 3065: 2911:International Society for Human Rights, 2562: 2458: 2044:The politician, historian, and diplomat 1873: 1550: 1270: 1120: 909:(died 354 B.C.), for example, wrote the 804: 697: 547: 439: 240: 228: 40: 6158:Maritime Southeast Asian-origin Indians 4770:"Rosa Luxemburg, "The Junius Pamphlet"" 4635: 4514: 4401: 4322: 3458:Keith Sidwell, introduction to Lucian: 1646:construct. For instance, the Confucian 915:, a laudatory fictionalised account of 884: 730:in the early 6th century BC. Under the 388:'s works, the term appeared only once ( 68:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 9029: 4595: 4307:The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 3618:The Dictionary of the Chinese Language 3475:(Tubingen 1963–71) vol. II, pp 240–42. 3401: 3157:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, 2987:, Word study tool of ancient languages 2725:Luxemburg attributed her statement to 2700: 2544: 1758:Graphic pejoratives in written Chinese 7985:Internet Speculative Fiction Database 7612: 5009: 4558: 4437: 4269:, p. 160. Princeton University Press. 4010:The Discourse of Race in Modern China 3500: 3368:See in particular Ralph W. Mathison, 3159:An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon 3068:The Bloomsbury Companion to Aristotle 2707:The Crisis of German Social Democracy 2520:units in the armies of (for example) 2120:. "Until the Chinese borrow the word 1839:") "precious jade; the Yao." Chinese 1066:used it widely until the fall of the 209:of North Africa, known in English as 9082:Ancient Greek philosophy of language 5001:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. 3257:, Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, 3070:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 292. 1937:According to the Pakistani academic 1159:(the bronze original is lost, but a 7638: 5958:(to Japan-affiliated Korean people) 4605:. Albany: SUNY Press. p. 154. 4599:(1983). "14: Mercenary Diplomacy". 4158:Far East Chinese-English Dictionary 3844:The Origins of Chinese civilization 3766:The Origins of Chinese civilization 3731:The Origins of Chinese civilization 3563:, Steven Lowe and Dmitriy V. Ryaboy 3041:Delante Bravo, Chrostopher (2012). 2475:nomadic frontier tribes serving in 1949:漢化 "become Chinese; be sinicized." 1530:西戎 "western barbarians," and Di or 574:gives five definitions of the noun 187: 24: 8946:LGBT themes in speculative fiction 8272:Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien 6037:American-Born Confused Desi (ABCD) 4934: 4861:from the original on May 25, 2011. 4547:eleventh-century successor-states. 4366: 4012:. Stanford University Press, p. 3. 3978:. History.news.163.com. 2009-11-17 3895:, Clarendon Press, part 1, p. 229. 3677:The Origins of Statecraft in China 3021:(Liddell & Scott), on Perseus" 3002:, Erich Schmidt Verlag, 1998, p.86 2608:Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino 1526:南蠻 "southern barbarians," Rong or 1340:meaning "land of the barbarians". 1235:In non-Western historical contexts 627:A rude, wild, uncivilized person. 217:, with the latter thereby being a 25: 9093: 4983: 4095:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009). 1431:, for instance, was changed from 1378:, the Sanskrit onomatopoeic word 1039:and made part of the province of 1035:, which had been absorbed by the 689:In classical Greco-Roman contexts 526:, itself derived from the Arabic 181:The Greek word was borrowed into 9011: 9010: 9000: 7544:Non-Anglo immigrant to Australia 5035: 4834: 4809: 4783: 4762: 4725: 4690: 4669: 4629: 4588: 4552: 4508: 4468: 4431: 4394: 4359: 4177:Beckwith (2009), pp. 356–7. 3284:Apte English–Sanskrit Dictionary 3103:Daily Life of the Ancient Greeks 2414:, literally meaning "Red Hair." 1945:來化 "come and be transformed" or 1870:Cultural and racial barbarianism 1522:東夷 "eastern barbarians," Man or 1485:first recorded specific Chinese 1403:Ethnic groups in Chinese history 1324:, a region encompassing most of 1259:, were called barbarians by the 9001: 7956:Ballantine Adult Fantasy series 6532:Cheese-eating surrender monkeys 4902:The Golden Peaches of Samarkand 4315: 4309:. Chapter XIX. Online version: 4299: 4290: 4281: 4272: 4257: 4248: 4239: 4225: 4216: 4207: 4198: 4189: 4180: 4171: 4150: 4127: 4114: 4099:. Princeton University Press. 4089: 4068: 4054: 4045: 4036: 4015: 4002: 3989: 3968: 3959: 3950: 3925: 3916: 3907: 3898: 3885: 3875: 3862: 3849: 3836: 3827: 3814: 3802: 3793: 3784: 3771: 3758: 3745: 3736: 3723: 3698: 3669: 3656: 3640: 3623: 3610: 3600: 3579: 3566: 3539: 3524: 3509: 3494: 3478: 3465: 3462:(Penguin Classics, 2005) p. xii 3452: 3449:. Loeb Classical Library (1913) 3436: 3427: 3412: 3395: 3382: 3362: 3350: 3338: 3326: 3314: 3301: 3289: 3276: 3264: 3248: 3227: 3206: 3185: 3164: 3148: 3122: 3093: 3084: 3059: 2463:The entry of "barbarians" into 2449:European and American colonists 1686:In a somewhat related example, 1637: 7129:Jewish-American princess (JAP) 5660:non-Spanish speaking Hispanics 4941:Milosavljević, Monika (2014). 4922:. New York: Crown Publishers. 4405:Roman Europe: 1000 BC – AD 400 4025:. New York: Crown Publishers. 3790:Zhao 17, Waley (1938), p. 108. 3781:, Vintage, pp. 94–5, 108, 141. 3402:Dobson, John Frederic (1967). 3132:. Kessinger Publishing, 2004. 3034: 3005: 2990: 2978: 2962: 2949: 2918: 2905: 2893: 2705:In her 1916 anti-war pamphlet 2641:Twentieth-century barbarianism 2347:Barbarian puppet drinking game 2323: 2313: 2152: 2142: 1855:瑤 "jade" but none between the 1790:authors first transcribed the 1712:character dictionary, defines 351:, which is an echomimetic or 109: 45:19th century portrayal of the 13: 1: 7034:eastern and central europeans 6408:English-speaking Welsh people 4977:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e212470 4528:. OUP USA. pp. 461–462. 4370:(1967). "5: Frontier trade". 4336:. OUP USA. pp. 461–462. 4168:"barbarians" (2003), p. 1131. 4164:"barbarian", (1993) p. 2973; 3933:"孔子之作春秋也，诸侯用夷礼，则夷之；进于中国，则中国之" 3392:. London: Polity, 1991, p. 3. 3286:, "Fool" entry, 3rd ed., Pune 2882: 2665:as an example to his troops, 1752:Pejorative Chinese characters 1423:for non-Chinese peoples were 1336:possibly from the Latin word 792:From this period, words like 631:Sometimes distinguished from 418:. In general, the concept of 94:The term originates from the 4441:Handbook of Medieval Culture 3235:Ancient Greeks West and East 2915:, accessed on 16 August 2024 2539:postcolonial Indian military 2426:civilization used the word " 2228:Project includes Karlgren's 1904:"ritual; rites; propriety". 1385: 1297:) before being replaced by " 1267:Middle East and North Africa 637:(perh. with a glance at 2). 543: 347: 310: 293: 281: 265: 224: 118: 104: 7: 7974:The Encyclopedia of Fantasy 7439:Fresh off the boat / F.O.B. 5695:Central and South Americans 3755:, Chinese University Press. 2790: 2255:The third problem involves 2232:definitions. Searching the 2037:According to the historian 1720:is not dissimilar from the 1374:In the ancient Indian epic 1332:comes from the Arabic word 1031:, in the former kingdom of 193: 10: 9098: 9077:Ethnic and religious slurs 4263:Ramsey, Robert S. (1987). 4162:Chinese-English Dictionary 3675:Creel, Herrlee G. (1970). 3128:Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton. 3066:Baracchi, Claudia (2014). 2548: 2505:Turkic mercenaries in the 1809:, this graphic pejorative 1755: 1400: 1389: 1367: 1328:. The name of the region, 1114: 304: 287: 275: 259: 113: 99: 32:Barbarian (disambiguation) 29: 8996: 8902: 8821: 8711: 8549: 8469: 8298: 8289: 8219: 8210: 8119: 8087: 8025: 8012:List of story collections 7941: 7897: 7890: 7853:Occult detective fiction‎ 7674: 7646: 7404: 7350: 7316: 7241: 7111: 7068: 6998: 6973: 6915: 6888: 6856: 6831: 6715: 6600: 6582: 6555: 6523: 6491: 6473: 6359: 6332: 6230: 6221: 6192: 6170: 6120: 6067: 6028: 6019: 5988: 5944: 5903: 5814: 5747: 5738: 5731: 5507: 5364: 5265: 5128: 5119: 5052: 5043: 4476:Kopanski, Ataullah Bogdan 3913:D. C. Lau (1970), p. 103. 3904:Dikötter (1992), pp. 8–9. 3857:Ethnic and Racial Studies 3779:The Analects of Confucius 3357:Oxford English Dictionary 3130:Athens: Its Rise and Fall 3019:"A Greek-English Lexicon" 2755:International Proletariat 2687:pre-civilised nationalism 2649:in the 20th century. The 2408: 2387:Barbarians from the South 2379: 2181:edited two dictionaries: 1797:, they insultingly chose 1111:The Dying Galatian statue 571:Oxford English Dictionary 556:warriors" as depicted in 448:The Romans used the term 396: 361: 321:The Greeks used the term 221:of the word "barbarian". 166:and sometimes later, the 36:Barbarus (disambiguation) 8277:World Fantasy Convention 6049:westernized South Asians 4964:. Oxford, NY: Clarendon. 4875:Beckwith, Christopher I. 4008:Dikötter, Frank (1992). 2776:The Phoenix on the Sword 2761:and its method of war." 2363: 2271:番 or 蕃 "foreigner" (see 2033:Modern reinterpretations 1976:gives this description. 1828:") "the Yao", then with 1510:Spring and Autumn period 1427:. The character for the 1396: 1363: 1305:. The geographical term 814:in 410 by the Barbarians 734:established ca. 508 BC, 613:One outside the pale of 578:, including an obsolete 185:as well, under the form 9062:Greek words and phrases 8345:Fire-breathing monsters 5803:westernized East Asians 5761:westernized East Asians 5146:Black American princess 4998:Encyclopædia Britannica 4979:9789004122598, 20110510 4562:Prehistoric Mesoamerica 4065:(1993), vol. 3, p. 577. 3922:Dikötter (1992), p. 18. 3650:, "Tribute of Yu" from 3233:Tsetskhladze, Gocha R. 2778:" (1932), the first of 2571:barbarian serves as an 2451:frequently referred to 2368:When Europeans came to 2188:Grammata Serica Recensa 2128:translation of English 1890:that one can speak of " 1706:The prominent (121 CE) 1458:History and terminology 1392:Little China (ideology) 1239:Historically, the term 694:Historical developments 511:(बड़बड़ाना) as well as 483:is related to Sanskrit 8096:Dungeons & Dragons 7256:Indigenous Australians 4967:Losemann, V. (2006). " 4266:The Languages of China 3531:Silvio Vietta (2012). 3516:Silvio Vietta (2013). 3145: 3119: 3110:June 29, 2011, at the 2766:Modern popular culture 2763: 2747: 2737:", written in 1892 by 2729:, but as was shown by 2723: 2629:, who sailed with the 2620:Ferdinand II of Aragon 2618:, both of France, and 2591: 2418:Pre-Columbian Americas 2301: 1983: 1959:The Raw and the Cooked 1935: 1915: 1883: 1684: 1602: 1560: 1549: 1468:Herrlee Glessner Creel 1313:, and the name of the 1276: 1134: 821: 711: 654:A native of Barbary. 615:Christian civilization 565: 445: 402: 250: 238: 56:This article contains 50: 8162:International Fantasy 7573:non-Jewish boy or man 7188:Rootless cosmopolitan 4245:Beckwith (2009), 359. 4186:Beckwith (2009), 358. 3999:no.4 (2005), 112–117. 3870:Science & Society 3691:inscriptions and the 3637:as a derogatory term. 3574:Science & Society 3433:Aristot. Pol. 1.1252b 3141: 3115: 2751: 2743: 2719: 2566: 2549:Further information: 2459:Barbarian mercenaries 2293: 2002:Warring States period 1978: 1919: 1906: 1877: 1728:, under the entry of 1679: 1597: 1554: 1540: 1419:. Several historical 1401:Further information: 1274: 1124: 919:, the founder of the 818:Joseph-Noël Sylvestre 808: 701: 551: 507:in both contemporary 475:is also found in the 443: 269:) 'barbarian' was an 244: 232: 44: 8966:Supernatural fiction 8043:Fantastic Adventures 6461:Scottish Highlanders 6392:Welsh-speaking elite 5442:Hillbilly / Hilljack 5397:of European descent) 4920:The Chinese Heritage 4278:Beckwith (2009), 360 4023:The Chinese Heritage 3891:Legge, James (1885) 3799:Creel (1970), 59–60. 3708:. SUNY Press. p. 45. 2975:, 2010, pp. 311–315. 2627:Francisco de Cuellar 2625:Spanish sea captain 2084:used interchangeably 1813:(written with the 犭" 1628:Edwin G. Pulleyblank 1212:Western Roman Empire 1068:Eastern Roman Empire 952:Pittacus of Mytilene 902:for Greek problems. 885:Hellenic stereotypes 394:2.867), in the form 30:For other uses, see 8267:Tolkien's influence 7980:Fantasy Masterworks 7933:Television programs 7741:Fairy tale parodies 5878:westernized Chinese 4841:Howard, Robert E.; 4109:Conan the Barbarian 4074:Hill, John (2009), 3751:Lin Yutang (1972), 3553:on October 27, 2009 3309:The Clarendon Press 3023:. Perseus.tufts.edu 2867:Stateless societies 2772:Conan the Barbarian 2701:Marxist use of term 2604:Niccolò Machiavelli 2545:Early Modern period 2422:In Mesoamerica the 2372:, they were called 2309:traditional Chinese 2195:"four barbarians": 2138:traditional Chinese 2029:change in culture. 1954:Claude Lévi-Strauss 1880:Great Wall of China 1878:The purpose of the 1744:countries when the 1571:, "south and east" 1483:bronze inscriptions 1425:graphic pejoratives 1224:Michel de Montaigne 1216:barbarian invasions 1182:The Greeks admired 1090:latrones mastrucati 1070:, (later named the 164:early modern period 8489:Damsel in distress 8257:Mythopoeic Society 7858:Paranormal romance 7773:Historical fantasy 7758:Fantasy of manners 7712:Children's fantasy 5789:Chinese and Korean 5325:Redskin/Red Indian 4899:Schafer, Edward H. 4851:"The Hyborian Age" 4516:Toynbee, Arnold J. 4324:Toynbee, Arnold J. 4287:Creel (1970), 196. 4213:AD 949, GSR 1013a. 4033:. pp. 106–108 3965:Fairbank, 146–149. 3742:Creel (1970), 198. 3720:Creel (1970), 197. 3704:Pu Muzhou (2005). 3259:A Latin Dictionary 3174:. Classics.mit.edu 2877:White man’s burden 2812:Civilizing mission 2592: 2575:on a 16th-century 2319:simplified Chinese 2148:simplified Chinese 2076:oracle bone script 2022:John King Fairbank 1987:nature and nurture 1884: 1764:Chinese characters 1612:淮夷 peoples in the 1561: 1441:Hua–Yi distinction 1421:Chinese characters 1407:Hua–Yi distinction 1347:was paralleled by 1277: 1206:, and the raiding 1137:The statue of the 1135: 1131:Capitoline Museums 890:much shrillness – 822: 732:Athenian democracy 712: 566: 489:balbutire / balbus 446: 431:Greco-Persian Wars 285:) 'citizen', from 251: 239: 207:indigenous peoples 197:), and used as an 58:special characters 51: 9042:Cultural concepts 9024: 9023: 8898: 8897: 8823:Places and events 8285: 8284: 8115: 8114: 7836:Planetary romance 7747:Fairytale fantasy 7702:Alternate history 7690:Sword and sorcery 7681:Action-adventure 7606: 7605: 7064: 7063: 6759:Northern Italians 6217: 6216: 6188: 6187: 6135:Northeast Indians 6015: 6014: 5727: 5726: 4992:"Barbarian" 4960:Hall, E. (1989). 4910:978-0-520-05462-2 4887:978-0-691-13589-2 4652:978-1-4833-6466-7 4612:978-0-87395-654-3 4572:978-0-8061-3702-5 4535:978-0-19-505080-6 4491:978-3-643-80001-5 4451:978-3-11-037761-3 4415:978-0-19-926600-5 4343:978-0-19-505080-6 4222:AD 117, GSR 856a. 4204:AD 590, GSR 178p. 4105:978-0-691-13589-2 4084:978-1-4392-2134-1 3616:Robert Morrison, 3471:Wolfgang Helbig, 3405:The Greek Orators 3379:(1976), pp. 1–25. 3273:SpokenSanskrit.de 3077:978-1-4411-0873-9 3052:978-1-248-96599-3 2996:Johannes Kramer, 2942:978-3-11-053213-5 2667:Russian symbolist 2526:pre-Soviet Russia 2507:Abbasid Caliphate 2489:of the declining 2179:Bernhard Karlgren 1815:dog/beast radical 1778:transcription of 848:gentes barbaricae 605:One not a Greek. 522:or in Old French 318:syllabic script. 249:, 13th century AD 64:rendering support 16:(Redirected from 9089: 9052:Stock characters 9014: 9013: 9004: 9003: 8880:Enchanted forest 8524:Occult detective 8296: 8295: 8252:Lovecraft fandom 8217: 8216: 7921:highest-grossing 7895: 7894: 7882:West‎ern fantasy 7633: 7626: 7619: 7610: 7609: 7599: 7598: 7594:non-Jewish woman 7583: 7577: 7562: 7561: 7548: 7547: 7534: 7533: 7517: 7511: 7498: 7497: 7482: 7481: 7465: 7464: 7448: 7447: 7434: 7427: 7426: 7397: 7390: 7383: 7382: 7371: 7343: 7336: 7329: 7309: 7308: 7304:Pacific Islander 7293: 7292: 7288:Pacific Islander 7277: 7276: 7261: 7260: 7234: 7227: 7220: 7213: 7212: 7197: 7190: 7183: 7182: 7161: 7154: 7153: 7138: 7131: 7124: 7104: 7097: 7090: 7089: 7057: 7056: 7038: 7037: 7024: 7023: 6991: 6984: 6966: 6959: 6958: 6947: 6946: 6931: 6924: 6908: 6901: 6881: 6874: 6867: 6849: 6842: 6824: 6817: 6810: 6809: 6794: 6793: 6780: 6779: 6764: 6763: 6748: 6743: 6736: 6731: 6724: 6708: 6707: 6704:Anglophile Irish 6694: 6693: 6678: 6677: 6674:Anglophile Irish 6664: 6663: 6660:Irish Travellers 6650: 6649: 6645:Irish Travellers 6634: 6633: 6629:Irish Protestant 6620: 6619: 6593: 6575: 6568: 6548: 6541: 6534: 6516: 6509: 6502: 6484: 6466: 6465: 6450: 6449: 6436: 6435: 6420: 6413: 6412: 6397: 6396: 6381: 6380: 6352: 6345: 6325: 6318: 6311: 6304: 6297: 6290: 6283: 6276: 6269: 6262: 6255: 6248: 6241: 6228: 6227: 6210: 6203: 6193:Southeast Asians 6181: 6163: 6162: 6147: 6140: 6139: 6113: 6106: 6099: 6092: 6085: 6078: 6060: 6053: 6052: 6039: 6026: 6025: 6008: 6007: 5981: 5980: 5967: 5960: 5959: 5937: 5930: 5923: 5916: 5896: 5889: 5882: 5881: 5862: 5855: 5848: 5841: 5834: 5827: 5807: 5806: 5793: 5792: 5779: 5772: 5765: 5764: 5745: 5744: 5736: 5735: 5720: 5719: 5706: 5699: 5698: 5685: 5678: 5677: 5664: 5663: 5650: 5649: 5636: 5635: 5622: 5621: 5606: 5599: 5592: 5591: 5578: 5571: 5570: 5555: 5554: 5539: 5538: 5525: 5524: 5500: 5493: 5486: 5479: 5472: 5465: 5458: 5451: 5444: 5437: 5430: 5423: 5416: 5415: 5400: 5399: 5384: 5377: 5357: 5356: 5340: 5339: 5320: 5319: 5296: 5294: 5258: 5251: 5244: 5237: 5230: 5223: 5216: 5204: 5197: 5190: 5183: 5176: 5169: 5162: 5155: 5148: 5141: 5126: 5125: 5112: 5105: 5098: 5091: 5084: 5077: 5070: 5063: 5030: 5023: 5016: 5007: 5006: 5002: 4994: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4863: 4862: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4828: 4813: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4803: 4794:. Archived from 4787: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4777: 4766: 4760: 4759: 4754: 4752: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4684: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4660: 4659: 4633: 4627: 4626: 4620: 4619: 4592: 4586: 4585: 4580: 4579: 4556: 4550: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4520:Somervell, D. C. 4512: 4506: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4423: 4422: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4382: 4381: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4351: 4350: 4328:Somervell, D. C. 4319: 4313: 4303: 4297: 4294: 4288: 4285: 4279: 4276: 4270: 4261: 4255: 4252: 4246: 4243: 4237: 4229: 4223: 4220: 4214: 4211: 4205: 4202: 4196: 4195:AD186, GSR 551a. 4193: 4187: 4184: 4178: 4175: 4169: 4154: 4148: 4145: 4134: 4131: 4125: 4118: 4112: 4093: 4087: 4072: 4066: 4058: 4052: 4049: 4043: 4040: 4034: 4021:Wu, K. C. 1982. 4019: 4013: 4006: 4000: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3983: 3972: 3966: 3963: 3957: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3945: 3944: 3929: 3923: 3920: 3914: 3911: 3905: 3902: 3896: 3889: 3883: 3879: 3873: 3866: 3860: 3853: 3847: 3840: 3834: 3831: 3825: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3797: 3791: 3788: 3782: 3775: 3769: 3762: 3756: 3749: 3743: 3740: 3734: 3727: 3721: 3718: 3709: 3702: 3696: 3673: 3667: 3660: 3654: 3644: 3638: 3627: 3621: 3614: 3608: 3604: 3598: 3583: 3577: 3570: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3549:. Archived from 3543: 3537: 3536: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3520:. Kindle Ebooks. 3513: 3507: 3506: 3498: 3492: 3482: 3476: 3469: 3463: 3456: 3450: 3440: 3434: 3431: 3425: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3399: 3393: 3386: 3380: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3280: 3274: 3271:Barbara (entry) 3268: 3262: 3252: 3246: 3231: 3225: 3212:Hall, Jonathan. 3210: 3204: 3191:Hall, Jonathan. 3189: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3179: 3168: 3162: 3152: 3146: 3126: 3120: 3097: 3091: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3029: 3028: 3009: 3003: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2966: 2960: 2958: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2922: 2916: 2909: 2903: 2897: 2780:Robert E. Howard 2727:Friedrich Engels 2691:Goth sub-culture 2594:Italians in the 2585:Antonio Abbondio 2522:Poland-Lithuania 2497:Varangian guards 2485:soldiery in the 2477:pre-modern China 2453:Native Americans 2413: 2411: 2410: 2384: 2382: 2381: 2326: 2325: 2316: 2315: 2263:"foreigner" and 2155: 2154: 2145: 2144: 2126:Standard Chinese 1807:language reforms 1565:Chinese classics 1505:羌 "barbarians." 1295:Berber etymology 1251:, including the 1072:Byzantine Empire 1064:Byzantine Greeks 1045:Semitic-speaking 923:, effectively a 873:was "made up of 718:– especially in 562:Germania Antiqua 473:barbara- (बर्बर) 405: 399: 398: 364: 363: 350: 313: 307: 306: 298: 290: 289: 284: 278: 277: 268: 262: 261: 245:Routes taken by 237:, 5th century AD 235:Migration Period 205:to refer to the 196: 190: 189: 170:used it for the 168:Byzantine Greeks 121: 116: 115: 111: 107: 101: 21: 9097: 9096: 9092: 9091: 9090: 9088: 9087: 9086: 9027: 9026: 9025: 9020: 8992: 8961:Science fiction 8894: 8817: 8707: 8614:Magical 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5315:American Indian 5307:Native American 5303: 5299: 5278: 5274: 5261: 5254: 5247: 5240: 5235:Queen / Queenie 5233: 5226: 5219: 5207: 5200: 5193: 5186: 5179: 5172: 5165: 5158: 5151: 5144: 5137: 5121: 5120:North and South 5115: 5108: 5101: 5094: 5087: 5080: 5073: 5066: 5059: 5048: 5039: 5034: 4989: 4986: 4951: 4949: 4937: 4935:Further reading 4866: 4839: 4835: 4826: 4824: 4815: 4814: 4810: 4801: 4799: 4790: 4788: 4784: 4775: 4773: 4768: 4767: 4763: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4730: 4726: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4695: 4691: 4682: 4680: 4675: 4674: 4670: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4634: 4630: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4593: 4589: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4557: 4553: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4513: 4509: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4473: 4469: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4436: 4432: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4399: 4395: 4379: 4377: 4364: 4360: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4320: 4316: 4304: 4300: 4295: 4291: 4286: 4282: 4277: 4273: 4262: 4258: 4253: 4249: 4244: 4240: 4230: 4226: 4221: 4217: 4212: 4208: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4181: 4176: 4172: 4155: 4151: 4146: 4137: 4132: 4128: 4119: 4115: 4094: 4090: 4073: 4069: 4062:Hanyu Da Cidian 4059: 4055: 4050: 4046: 4041: 4037: 4020: 4016: 4007: 4003: 3994: 3990: 3981: 3979: 3974: 3973: 3969: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3951: 3942: 3940: 3931: 3930: 3926: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3908: 3903: 3899: 3890: 3886: 3880: 3876: 3867: 3863: 3854: 3850: 3841: 3837: 3832: 3828: 3819: 3815: 3807: 3803: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3785: 3776: 3772: 3763: 3759: 3750: 3746: 3741: 3737: 3728: 3724: 3719: 3712: 3703: 3699: 3674: 3670: 3661: 3657: 3645: 3641: 3628: 3624: 3615: 3611: 3605: 3601: 3584: 3580: 3571: 3567: 3556: 3554: 3547:"The Pechenegs" 3545: 3544: 3540: 3529: 3525: 3514: 3510: 3499: 3495: 3483: 3479: 3470: 3466: 3457: 3453: 3441: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3417: 3413: 3400: 3396: 3387: 3383: 3367: 3363: 3355: 3351: 3343: 3339: 3331: 3327: 3319: 3315: 3306: 3302: 3294: 3290: 3282:S Apte (1920), 3281: 3277: 3269: 3265: 3253: 3249: 3237:, 1999, p. 60, 3232: 3228: 3211: 3207: 3190: 3186: 3177: 3175: 3170: 3169: 3165: 3153: 3149: 3127: 3123: 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Marxists.org 4761: 4744: 4724: 4710: 4689: 4668: 4651: 4628: 4611: 4587: 4571: 4551: 4534: 4507: 4490: 4467: 4450: 4430: 4414: 4393: 4358: 4342: 4314: 4298: 4289: 4280: 4271: 4256: 4254:Beckwith, 360. 4247: 4238: 4224: 4215: 4206: 4197: 4188: 4179: 4170: 4156:For instance, 4149: 4147:Beckwith, 358. 4135: 4133:Beckwith, 357. 4126: 4113: 4088: 4067: 4053: 4044: 4035: 4014: 4001: 3988: 3967: 3958: 3956:Fairbank, 127. 3949: 3924: 3915: 3906: 3897: 3884: 3874: 3861: 3848: 3835: 3826: 3813: 3801: 3792: 3783: 3770: 3757: 3744: 3735: 3722: 3710: 3697: 3668: 3655: 3639: 3629:Liu Xiaoyuan, 3622: 3609: 3599: 3587:Orient Longman 3578: 3565: 3538: 3523: 3508: 3493: 3477: 3464: 3451: 3435: 3426: 3411: 3394: 3381: 3361: 3349: 3337: 3325: 3313: 3300: 3288: 3275: 3263: 3247: 3226: 3205: 3184: 3163: 3147: 3121: 3092: 3083: 3076: 3058: 3051: 3033: 3004: 2989: 2977: 2969:Justin Marozzi 2961: 2948: 2941: 2917: 2904: 2891: 2884: 2881: 2880: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2792: 2789: 2767: 2764: 2735:Erfurt Program 2715:Rosa Luxemburg 2702: 2699: 2669:poets such as 2642: 2639: 2631:Spanish Armada 2583:. Sculpted by 2551:Viking revival 2546: 2543: 2542: 2541: 2528: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2493: 2479: 2460: 2457: 2455:as "savages". 2419: 2416: 2389:, because the 2365: 2362: 2348: 2345: 2252:, and so on." 2234:STEDT Database 2222: 2221: 2215: 2209: 2203: 2039:Frank Dikötter 2034: 2031: 1939:M. Shahid Alam 1871: 1868: 1756:Main article: 1753: 1750: 1665: 1664: 1660: 1657: 1639: 1636: 1630:says the name 1559:in Hunan, 1795 1464:Greek language 1459: 1456: 1435:猺 "jackal" to 1398: 1395: 1387: 1384: 1365: 1362: 1268: 1265: 1245:Turkic peoples 1236: 1233: 1229:religious wars 1202:, the settled 1179: 1176: 1140:Dying Galatian 1127:Dying Galatian 1117:Dying Galatian 1115:Main article: 1112: 1109: 1076:Constantinople 1056:Greek language 1049:Greek-speaking 1027:– a native of 921:Persian Empire 886: 883: 863:folk etymology 834:Late Antiquity 695: 692: 690: 687: 675: 674: 648: 642: 622: 593: 590:Etymologically 558:Philipp Clüver 545: 542: 466:Middle English 435:Persian Empire 226: 223: 124:Ancient Greece 66:, you may see 54: 53: 52: 49:as barbarians. 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9094: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9034: 9032: 9017: 9009: 9007: 8999: 8998: 8995: 8989: 8986: 8982: 8979: 8978: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8931: 8930:Ghost stories 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8907: 8905: 8901: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8869: 8866: 8865: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8842: 8839: 8838: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8828: 8826: 8824: 8820: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8783: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8718: 8716: 8714: 8713:Fantasy races 8710: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8686:Shapeshifting 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8638: 8636: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8620: 8617: 8616: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8601: 8600: 8597: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8574: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8561: 8560: 8559:Hard and soft 8557: 8556: 8554: 8552: 8548: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8530: 8527: 8526: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8476: 8474: 8472: 8468: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8416: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8384: 8383: 8382:Shapeshifters 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8347: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8315: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8305: 8303: 8301: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8288: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8241: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8221: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8209: 8203: 8202:World Fantasy 8200: 8198: 8197:Tähtifantasia 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8167:Japan Fantasy 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8124: 8122: 8118: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8097: 8093: 8092: 8090: 8086: 8080: 8079: 8075: 8073: 8072: 8068: 8066: 8065: 8061: 8059: 8058: 8054: 8052: 8051: 8047: 8045: 8044: 8040: 8038: 8037: 8033: 8032: 8030: 8028: 8024: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7992: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7964: 7963: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7948: 7946: 7944: 7940: 7934: 7931: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7918: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7908: 7906: 7904: 7900: 7896: 7893: 7889: 7883: 7880: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7867: 7866: 7865:Weird fiction 7863: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7850: 7849: 7848:Urban fantasy 7846: 7844: 7841: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7804: 7801: 7800: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7748: 7745: 7742: 7739: 7735: 7732: 7731: 7730: 7727: 7723: 7720: 7719: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7682: 7680: 7679: 7677: 7673: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7648: 7645: 7641: 7634: 7629: 7627: 7622: 7620: 7615: 7614: 7611: 7596: 7595: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7575: 7574: 7568: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7536: 7531: 7530: 7523: 7519: 7515: 7509: 7504: 7500: 7495: 7494: 7488: 7484: 7479: 7478: 7471: 7467: 7462: 7461: 7454: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7436: 7433: 7429: 7424: 7423: 7416: 7412: 7411: 7409: 7407: 7403: 7396: 7392: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7370: 7366: 7365: 7363: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7342: 7338: 7335: 7331: 7328: 7324: 7323: 7321: 7319: 7315: 7306: 7305: 7299: 7295: 7290: 7289: 7283: 7279: 7274: 7273: 7267: 7263: 7258: 7257: 7251: 7247: 7246: 7244: 7240: 7233: 7229: 7226: 7222: 7219: 7215: 7210: 7209: 7203: 7199: 7196: 7192: 7189: 7185: 7180: 7179: 7174: 7173: 7167: 7163: 7160: 7156: 7151: 7150: 7144: 7140: 7137: 7133: 7130: 7126: 7123: 7122:Christ killer 7119: 7118: 7116: 7114: 7110: 7103: 7099: 7096: 7092: 7087: 7086: 7080: 7076: 7075: 7073: 7071: 7067: 7054: 7053: 7050: 7044: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7026: 7021: 7020: 7015: 7014: 7008: 7007:Bulgarophiles 7004: 7003: 7001: 6997: 6990: 6986: 6983: 6979: 6978: 6976: 6972: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6943: 6937: 6933: 6930: 6926: 6921: 6920: 6918: 6914: 6907: 6903: 6900: 6896: 6895: 6893: 6891: 6887: 6880: 6876: 6873: 6869: 6866: 6862: 6861: 6859: 6855: 6848: 6844: 6841: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6830: 6823: 6819: 6816: 6812: 6807: 6806: 6800: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6785:Sheep shagger 6782: 6777: 6776: 6770: 6766: 6761: 6760: 6754: 6750: 6745: 6742: 6738: 6733: 6730: 6726: 6721: 6720: 6718: 6714: 6705: 6700: 6696: 6691: 6690: 6684: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6652: 6647: 6646: 6640: 6636: 6631: 6630: 6622: 6617: 6616: 6610: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6599: 6592: 6588: 6587: 6585: 6581: 6574: 6570: 6567: 6563: 6562: 6560: 6558: 6554: 6547: 6543: 6540: 6536: 6533: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6522: 6515: 6511: 6508: 6504: 6501: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6490: 6483: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6472: 6463: 6462: 6456: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6438: 6433: 6432: 6426: 6425:Sheep shagger 6422: 6419: 6415: 6410: 6409: 6403: 6399: 6394: 6393: 6387: 6383: 6378: 6377: 6371: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6358: 6351: 6347: 6344: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6335: 6331: 6324: 6320: 6317: 6313: 6310: 6306: 6303: 6299: 6296: 6292: 6289: 6285: 6282: 6278: 6275: 6271: 6268: 6264: 6261: 6257: 6254: 6250: 6247: 6243: 6240: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6220: 6209: 6205: 6202: 6198: 6197: 6195: 6191: 6180: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6169: 6160: 6159: 6153: 6149: 6146: 6142: 6137: 6136: 6130: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6119: 6112: 6108: 6105: 6101: 6098: 6094: 6091: 6087: 6084: 6080: 6077: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6066: 6059: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6041: 6038: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6018: 6005: 6004: 5998: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5987: 5978: 5973: 5969: 5966: 5962: 5956: 5952: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5943: 5936: 5932: 5929: 5925: 5922: 5918: 5915: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5902: 5895: 5891: 5888: 5884: 5879: 5875: 5874: 5868: 5864: 5861: 5857: 5854: 5850: 5847: 5843: 5840: 5836: 5833: 5829: 5826: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5813: 5804: 5799: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5781: 5778: 5774: 5771: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5753: 5752: 5750: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5737: 5734: 5730: 5717: 5712: 5711:Yank / Yankee 5708: 5705: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5687: 5684: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5624: 5619: 5618: 5612: 5608: 5605: 5601: 5598: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5580: 5577: 5573: 5568: 5567: 5561: 5557: 5552: 5551: 5545: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5506: 5499: 5495: 5492: 5488: 5485: 5484:Trailer trash 5481: 5478: 5474: 5471: 5467: 5464: 5460: 5457: 5453: 5450: 5446: 5443: 5439: 5436: 5432: 5429: 5425: 5422: 5418: 5413: 5412: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5396: 5390: 5386: 5383: 5379: 5376: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5363: 5354: 5352: 5346: 5342: 5337: 5336: 5335:First Nations 5332: 5326: 5322: 5317: 5316: 5312: 5311:First Nations 5308: 5302: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5277: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5264: 5257: 5253: 5250: 5246: 5243: 5239: 5236: 5232: 5229: 5225: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5203: 5199: 5196: 5192: 5189: 5185: 5182: 5178: 5175: 5171: 5168: 5164: 5161: 5157: 5154: 5150: 5147: 5143: 5140: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5127: 5124: 5118: 5111: 5107: 5104: 5100: 5097: 5093: 5090: 5086: 5083: 5079: 5076: 5072: 5069: 5068:Black Diamond 5065: 5062: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5042: 5038: 5031: 5026: 5024: 5019: 5017: 5012: 5011: 5008: 5000: 4999: 4993: 4988: 4987: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4963: 4959: 4948: 4944: 4939: 4938: 4929: 4928:0-517-54475-X 4925: 4921: 4917: 4914: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4891: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4873: 4872: 4871: 4870: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4847:Walt Simonson 4844: 4837: 4822: 4818: 4812: 4798:on 2013-05-11 4797: 4793: 4786: 4771: 4765: 4758: 4747: 4745:9781787146778 4741: 4737: 4736: 4728: 4713: 4711:9783476046116 4707: 4703: 4702: 4693: 4678: 4672: 4665: 4654: 4648: 4644: 4643: 4638: 4637:Axelrod, Alan 4632: 4625: 4614: 4608: 4604: 4603: 4598: 4597:Gordon, Linda 4594:For example: 4591: 4584: 4574: 4568: 4564: 4563: 4555: 4548: 4537: 4531: 4527: 4526: 4521: 4517: 4511: 4504: 4493: 4487: 4483: 4482: 4477: 4471: 4464: 4453: 4447: 4443: 4442: 4434: 4427: 4417: 4411: 4407: 4406: 4397: 4390: 4388: 4375: 4374: 4369: 4368:Yu, Ying-shih 4365:For example: 4362: 4355: 4345: 4339: 4335: 4334: 4329: 4325: 4318: 4311: 4308: 4302: 4293: 4284: 4275: 4268: 4267: 4260: 4251: 4242: 4235: 4228: 4219: 4210: 4201: 4192: 4183: 4174: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4153: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4130: 4123: 4117: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4092: 4085: 4081: 4078:, BookSurge, 4077: 4071: 4064: 4063: 4057: 4048: 4039: 4032: 4031:0-517-54475-X 4028: 4024: 4018: 4011: 4005: 3998: 3997:Xueshu Yanjiu 3992: 3977: 3971: 3962: 3953: 3939:on 2018-07-12 3938: 3934: 3928: 3919: 3910: 3901: 3894: 3888: 3878: 3871: 3865: 3858: 3852: 3845: 3839: 3830: 3823: 3822:Shuowen Jieji 3817: 3810: 3805: 3796: 3787: 3780: 3774: 3767: 3761: 3754: 3748: 3739: 3732: 3726: 3717: 3715: 3707: 3701: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3685:0-226-12043-0 3682: 3678: 3672: 3665: 3662:Victor Mair, 3659: 3653: 3649: 3646:James Legge, 3643: 3636: 3632: 3626: 3619: 3613: 3603: 3596: 3595:0-86125-248-9 3592: 3588: 3582: 3575: 3569: 3552: 3548: 3542: 3534: 3527: 3519: 3512: 3504: 3497: 3491: 3490:0-13-389296-4 3487: 3481: 3474: 3468: 3461: 3455: 3448: 3444: 3439: 3430: 3424: 3421: 3415: 3407: 3406: 3398: 3391: 3385: 3378: 3375: 3371: 3365: 3358: 3353: 3346: 3341: 3334: 3329: 3322: 3317: 3310: 3304: 3297: 3292: 3285: 3279: 3272: 3267: 3260: 3256: 3251: 3244: 3243:90-04-10230-2 3240: 3236: 3230: 3223: 3222:0-226-31329-8 3219: 3215: 3209: 3202: 3201:0-226-31329-8 3198: 3194: 3188: 3173: 3167: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3144: 3139: 3138:1-4191-0808-5 3135: 3131: 3125: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3096: 3087: 3079: 3073: 3069: 3062: 3054: 3048: 3045:. p. 9. 3044: 3037: 3022: 3020: 3016: 3008: 3001: 3000: 2993: 2986: 2985:Palaeolexicon 2981: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2952: 2944: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2929: 2921: 2914: 2908: 2901: 2896: 2892: 2890: 2889: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2817:Ethnocentrism 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2794: 2788: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2722: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2685:cultivated a 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2508: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2473: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2415: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2375: 2371: 2361: 2359: 2354: 2344: 2342: 2336: 2334: 2330: 2320: 2310: 2306: 2300: 2298: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2197: 2196: 2194: 2190: 2189: 2184: 2180: 2174: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2149: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2106: 2104: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2040: 2030: 2026: 2023: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2006: 2003: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1982: 1977: 1975: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1934: 1932: 1931: 1926: 1925: 1918: 1914: 1912: 1905: 1903: 1902: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1888:Shang dynasty 1881: 1876: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1858: 1857:romanizations 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1831: 1827: 1826:human radical 1823: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1759: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1726:Shuowen Jiezi 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1710: 1709:Shuowen Jiezi 1704: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1683: 1678: 1676: 1675: 1670: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1653: 1651: 1650: 1645: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1620: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1601: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1546: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1475:Shang dynasty 1472: 1469: 1465: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1393: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1371: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1311:Barbary Coast 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1283: 1273: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1247:north of the 1246: 1242: 1232: 1230: 1225: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1175: 1173: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1141: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1052: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1013: 1012:1 Corinthians 1008: 1006: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 988:New Testament 986: 981: 979: 976: 973:The renowned 971: 969: 966:, and quotes 965: 964: 959: 955: 953: 950:dialect that 949: 945: 944: 939: 934: 932: 931: 927:text. In his 926: 922: 918: 914: 913: 908: 903: 901: 897: 893: 882: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 859: 857: 853: 849: 845: 844: 839: 835: 831: 827: 819: 815: 813: 807: 803: 801: 800: 795: 794:barbarophonos 790: 788: 787: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 744: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 709: 705: 700: 686: 683: 680: 672: 668: 664: 661: 657: 653: 649: 646: 643: 640: 636: 635: 630: 626: 623: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 597: 594: 591: 588: 585: 584: 583: 581: 577: 573: 572: 563: 559: 555: 550: 541: 539: 535: 534: 529: 525: 521: 516: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 469: 467: 463: 459: 454: 451: 442: 438: 436: 432: 427: 425: 421: 417: 413: 410:fighting for 409: 404: 403:barbarophonos 393: 392: 387: 382: 378: 374: 372: 371:ancient Greek 368: 358: 354: 349: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 319: 317: 314:, written in 312: 302: 297: 296: 283: 272: 267: 256: 255:Ancient Greek 248: 243: 236: 231: 222: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 195: 184: 179: 177: 174:in a clearly 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 120: 106: 97: 96:Ancient Greek 92: 90: 84: 82: 78: 69: 65: 61: 59: 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 8988:Urban legend 8890:Magic school 8863:Astral plane 8858:Hollow Earth 8551:Magic system 8504:Dragonslayer 8478: 8399:Skin-walkers 8247:The Inklings 8240:Harry Potter 8239: 8094: 8076: 8069: 8062: 8055: 8048: 8041: 8034: 7972: 7793:Magical girl 7768:High fantasy 7763:Hard fantasy 7729:Dark fantasy 7707:Contemporary 7592: 7571: 7557: 7543: 7539:Reffo / Balt 7526: 7508:non-believer 7507: 7491: 7474: 7457: 7443: 7431: 7419: 7379: 7302: 7286: 7270: 7254: 7206: 7176: 7170: 7147: 7083: 7047: 7033: 7017: 7011: 6955: 6939: 6803: 6789: 6773: 6757: 6703: 6687: 6673: 6659: 6643: 6627: 6613: 6459: 6446:Welsh people 6445: 6431:Welsh people 6429: 6406: 6390: 6374: 6156: 6133: 6048: 6021:South Asians 6001: 5977:also Chinese 5976: 5965:Gaoli bangzi 5955:Ban-jjokbari 5877: 5871: 5802: 5788: 5760: 5715: 5694: 5673: 5659: 5645: 5631: 5615: 5587: 5564: 5548: 5534: 5520: 5477:Swamp Yankee 5409: 5392: 5349: 5329: 5305: 5301:Indian/Injun 5280: 5046:by ethnicity 5037:Ethnic slurs 4996: 4968: 4961: 4950:. Retrieved 4946: 4919: 4901: 4878: 4869:Bibliography 4868: 4867: 4854: 4836: 4825:. Retrieved 4823:. 2014-10-22 4820: 4811: 4800:. Retrieved 4796:the original 4785: 4774:. Retrieved 4764: 4756: 4751:20 September 4749:. Retrieved 4734: 4727: 4717:20 September 4715:. Retrieved 4700: 4692: 4681:. Retrieved 4671: 4662: 4656:. Retrieved 4645:. CQ Press. 4641: 4631: 4622: 4616:. Retrieved 4601: 4590: 4582: 4576:. Retrieved 4561: 4554: 4545: 4539:. Retrieved 4524: 4510: 4501: 4495:. Retrieved 4480: 4470: 4461: 4455:. Retrieved 4440: 4433: 4425: 4419:. Retrieved 4404: 4396: 4384: 4378:. Retrieved 4372: 4361: 4353: 4347:. Retrieved 4332: 4317: 4306: 4301: 4292: 4283: 4274: 4264: 4259: 4250: 4241: 4236:(2009), 327. 4227: 4218: 4209: 4200: 4191: 4182: 4173: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4152: 4129: 4121: 4116: 4108: 4096: 4091: 4075: 4070: 4060: 4056: 4047: 4038: 4022: 4017: 4009: 4004: 3996: 3991: 3980:. Retrieved 3970: 3961: 3952: 3941:. 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Janson 1169: 1138: 1136: 1126: 1104: 1100: 1089: 1080: 1053: 1037:Roman Empire 1022: 1017: 1010: 1003: 999: 982: 972: 961: 956: 941: 935: 928: 910: 904: 888: 878: 877:(beard) and 874: 870: 860: 847: 842: 829: 825: 823: 812:Sack of Rome 809: 797: 793: 791: 784: 745: 713: 681: 678: 676: 670: 659: 655: 651: 644: 638: 632: 628: 624: 618: 610: 606: 602: 598: 595: 589: 586: 575: 569: 567: 561: 537: 531: 527: 523: 519: 517: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 472: 470: 461: 457: 455: 449: 447: 428: 423: 419: 397:βαρβαρόφωνος 389: 380: 375: 366: 353:onomatopoeic 322: 320: 252: 180: 132:Ancient Rome 93: 88: 85: 76: 74: 55: 9047:Stereotypes 8915:Epic poetry 8776:Leprechauns 8691:Thaumaturgy 8666:Incantation 8619:Magic sword 8177:Méliès d'Or 8078:Weird Tales 7831:Dying Earth 7810:Mythopoeia‎ 7788:Low fantasy 7753:Fantastique 7208:German Jews 7178:Crypto-Jews 7013:Macedonians 6956:(Mercheros) 6615:Republicans 6507:China Swede 6090:Danchi babu 6003:Benshengren 5839:Ching chong 5740:East Asians 5491:White trash 5174:House Negro 4969:Barbarians" 4503:bodyguards. 4296:Schafer, 23 4051:Wu, 107–108 3689:Oracle bone 3557:October 27, 3501:Montaigne. 3445:in Lucian, 3214:Hellenicity 3193:Hellenicity 2827:Ethnography 2759:Imperialism 2683:Third Reich 2653:in Germany 2596:Renaissance 2589:Leone Leoni 2513:Mesoamerica 2185:(1923) and 2116:from Greek 1841:orthography 1663:refinement. 1622:translates 1581:Manyirongdi 1538:concluded. 1508:During the 1376:Mahabharata 1338:barbaricum, 1279:The native 1164:marble copy 1060:Middle Ages 1018:(Acts 28:2) 978:Demosthenes 867:Cassiodorus 850:such as in 499:and French 414:during the 339:Phoenicians 9037:Barbarians 9031:Categories 8976:Tokusatsu‎ 8925:Fairy tale 8868:Dreamworld 8766:Hobgoblins 8701:Witchcraft 8671:Necromancy 8651:Divination 8646:Demonology 8609:Magic ring 8599:Magic item 8582:Ceremonial 8471:Characters 8392:Werewolves 8330:Elementals 8234:Filk music 8182:Mythopoeic 8017:Publishers 7943:Literature 7903:television 7875:Weird West 7815:Omegaverse 7685:Lost world 7656:Literature 7250:Blackfella 7232:Żydokomuna 7043:Yestonians 6974:Ukrainians 6790:Sardinians 6775:Sardinians 6769:Sardegnolo 6735:Greaseball 6482:Cheesehead 6295:Mat Salleh 6208:Vietnamese 6171:Pakistanis 5972:Sangokujin 5935:Xiao Riben 5777:Sangokujin 5632:Oklahomans 5597:Half-breed 5463:Peckerwood 5267:Indigenous 5221:Pickaninny 5153:Black Buck 4843:Roy Thomas 4827:2018-09-25 4802:2012-11-08 4776:2013-09-30 4683:2013-09-30 4658:2016-08-03 4618:2016-08-02 4578:2016-08-02 4541:2016-07-30 4497:2016-07-30 4457:2016-07-30 4421:2016-07-30 4380:2016-07-29 4349:2016-07-30 3982:2013-09-30 3943:2018-07-12 3872:67.2, 214. 3859:13:3, 421. 3576:67.2, 206. 3420:Protagoras 3335:Wiktionary 3216:, p. 111, 3195:, p. 111, 3178:2018-07-12 3027:2018-07-12 3013:"The term 2957:(in Greek) 2933:De Gruyter 2883:References 2857:Philistine 2807:Chichimeca 2681:, and the 2659:Wilhelm II 2600:The Prince 2443:Promaucaes 2428:Chichimeca 2391:Portuguese 2295:The word " 2259:usages of 1784:Yao people 1768:transcribe 1614:Huai River 1604:This word 1577:Nanyibeidi 1429:Yao people 1390:See also: 1368:See also: 1261:Byzantines 1192:Anacharsis 943:Protagoras 912:Cyropaedia 843:catholikoi 777:Asia Minor 775:came from 495:, Spanish 493:balbettare 416:Trojan War 176:pejorative 160:Sarmatians 18:Barbarians 8971:Superhero 8956:Mythology 8853:Lost city 8761:Halflings 8681:Shamanism 8676:Runecraft 8661:Evocation 8519:Magicians 8494:Dark lord 8479:Barbarian 8439:Skeletons 8362:Gargoyles 8340:Familiars 8300:Creatures 8036:Fantastic 8027:Magazines 7870:New weird 7675:Subgenres 7444:immigrant 7432:Barbarian 7406:Outsiders 7242:Oceanians 7172:Conversos 7052:Estonians 7049:Russified 6916:Spaniards 6906:Serbomans 6753:Polentone 6699:West Brit 6591:Grecomans 6514:Finnjävel 6334:Albanians 6223:Europeans 6201:Filipinos 5989:Taiwanese 5867:Jook-sing 5716:Americans 5646:Americans 5535:Canadians 5395:Bahamians 5256:Uncle Tom 5122:Americans 5075:Boerehaat 4916:Wu, K. 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In the 156:Illyrians 152:Thracians 136:Germanics 77:barbarian 9057:Warriors 9016:Category 8910:Allegory 8786:Mermaids 8756:Gremlins 8721:Centaurs 8656:Egregore 8637:Schools 8604:Grimoire 8564:Elements 8536:Wild man 8456:Unicorns 8444:Vampires 8387:Werecats 8229:Fanspeak 8137:Crawford 8107:Podcasts 7820:Romantic 7803:Mythpunk 7734:Grimdark 7722:Bangsian 7580:Shkutzim 7477:Japanese 7085:Shi'ites 6942:Catalans 6929:Gachupín 6857:Russians 6716:Italians 6455:Teuchter 6386:Crachach 6309:Wasi'chu 5921:Jjokbari 5905:Japanese 5873:overseas 5832:Chinaman 5674:Chileans 5550:Mestizos 5521:Mexicans 5249:Tar-Baby 5181:Jim Crow 5096:Golliwog 5082:Choc ice 5053:Africans 4918:(1982). 4877:(2009): 4859:Archived 4679:. Ucc.ie 4639:(2013). 4518:(1988). 4387:Hsien-pi 4326:(1988). 4234:Khwarezm 3809:Mencius, 3648:Shangshu 3255:barbarus 3108:Archived 3015:barbaros 2862:Skræling 2822:Hannibal 2791:See also 2757:against 2717:writes: 2677:and the 2663:the Huns 2661:offered 2535:colonial 2483:Germanic 2469:frontier 2273:shengfan 2166:yemanren 2162:yěmánrén 2134:yemanren 2114:loanword 2046:K. C. 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