Ba'athism - Knowledge

5706:, the party began to confront members who were of non-Arab, especially Iranian origin. One memo which was directly sent from the party Secretariat to Saddam read, "the party suffers from the existence of members who are not originally Arabs as this might constitute a danger to the party in the future". The Secretariat recommended that people who were of Iranian origin not be allowed to become party members. In his reply to the document, Saddam wrote, "1) Agree with the opinion of the Party Secretariat; 2) To be discussed in the Command meeting". All of those who were denied membership, and all of those whose memberships were revoked, were loyal Ba'athists. For instance, one Ba'athist of Iranian origin whose membership was revoked had been a member of the party since 1958, had also participated in the 4516:. He believed that the Arab League strengthened both regional interests and the reactionary classes, thus weakening the chance of establishing an Arab nation. Because the majority of Arab states were under the rule of the reactionary classes, Aflaq revised his ideology to meet reality. Instead of creating an Arab nation through an Arab-wide progressive revolution, the main task would be of progressive revolutionaries spreading the revolution from one Arab country to the next. Once successfully transformed, the created progressive revolutionary countries would then one by one unite until the Arab world had evolved into a single Arab nation. The revolution would not succeed if the progressive revolutionary governments did not contribute to spreading the revolution. 5186: 5295: 4954:, the former Secretary General of the National Command of the unitary Ba'ath Party, agreed with the distinction of "neo-Ba'ath", writing that from 1961 onwards there existed two Ba'ath parties: "the military Ba'ath Party and the Ba'ath Party, and real power lay with the former". According to Razzaz, the military Ba'ath (as paraphrased by Martin Seymour) "was and remains Ba'athist only in name; that it was and remains little more than a military clique with civilian hangers-on; and that from the initial founding of the Military Committee by disgruntled Syrian officers exiled in 4936: 1507: 5065: 3949: 46: 14185: 3893: 4461:. The revolutionary party would seize political power and from there on transform society for the greater good. While the revolutionary party was numerically a minority, it was an all-powerful institution which had the right to initiate a policy, even if the majority of the population were against it. As with the Leninist model, the Ba'ath party would dictate what was right and what was wrong, since the general population were still influenced by the old value and moral system. 4560:, or a religious or non-enlightened dictatorship weakened liberty as ideas came from above, not from below through human interaction. One of the Ba'ath party's main priorities, according to Aflaq, was to disseminate new ideas and thoughts and to give individuals the liberty they needed to pursue ideas. To do this, the party would interpose itself between the Arab people and both their foreign imperialist oppressors and those forms of tyranny that arise within Arab society. 4509:, would oppose the "progressive" revolution. Even if the revolution succeeded in one "region" (country), that region would be unable to develop because of the resource constraints, small populations and anti-revolution forces held by other Arab leaders. For a revolution to succeed, the Arab world would have to evolve into an "organic whole" (literally become one). In short, Aflaq though that Arab unity would be both the cause of the progressive revolution and its effect. 14148: 12056: 2447: 4068:. Aflaq's movement supported Gaylani's government and the Iraqi government's war against the British and organized volunteers to go to Iraq and fight for the Iraqi government. However, Arsuzi opposed Gaylani's government, considering the coup to be poorly planned and a failure. Because of this, Arsuzi's party lost members and support that transferred to Aflaq's movement. Arsuzi's direct influence in Arab politics collapsed after 14224: 14197: 14173: 3905: 3876: 14160: 147: 8115:

The far-right seems to genuinely believe part of Assad's rhetoric....In this fanciful telling, Assad is manning the gates of civilisation, holding out against unspecified barbarians... Sunni Muslims are, in Duke's mind, "demonic forces". That he conflates Syrians protesting for freedom and an end to dictatorship with jihadists is almost incidental. The far-right and Assad share hatreds.

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leadership was imbued with the thoughts of enlightenment. However, the party was also a political organisation, and, as Aflaq notes, politics was "a means is the most serious of matters at this present stage". Ba'athism was similar to Leninist thought in that a vanguard party would rule for an unspecified length to construct a "new society".

4079:'s war of independence from France in 1943. Stille, the movement did not solidify for years until it held its first party congress in 1947 and formally merged with Arsuzi's Arab Ba'ath Party. Although socialist values existed in the two Ba'ath movements from their inception, they weren't emphasized until the party merged with 4390:'s view that language was the principal defining and unifying factor of the "Arab nation" because language led to the unity of thought, norms and ideals. History was another unifying feature for them, as it was the "fertile ground in which our consciousness took shape". The centre of Aflaq's Ba'athist thought was the feature 5987: 5052:

in the neo-Ba'athist military committee. A tense power rivalry existed between Salah Jadid and Hafez al-Assad, with the former as the leader of civilian Ba'athists while the latter increased his control of the military-wing of the party and various army units. The rivalry culminated in the bloodless 1970

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governments". Contrary to expectations, Aflaq remained with the Ba'ath movement and became the ideologue of the Iraqi-dominated Ba'ath movement. His ideological views remained more or less the same, but in Iraq he was sidelined politically. In post-1966 Syria, the real centre of power had been vested

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is the true goal of Arab unity... Arab unity is the obligatory basis for constructing a socialist society". With the rise of the Syrian neo-Ba'athists, however, this focus shifted. As American scholar John F. Devlin writes, the "Ba'ath Party, which started with unity as its overwhelming top priority,

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was necessary or economic equality, but instead socialism was "a means to satisfy the animal needs of man so he can be free to pursue his duties as a human being". In other words, socialism was a system which freed the population from enslavement and created independent individuals. However, economic

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This renaissance, according to Aflaq, could only be reached by uniting the Arab nation, and it would transform the Arab world politically, economically, intellectually, and morally. This "future renaissance" would be a "rebirth", while the first Arab renaissance had been the seventh-century emergence

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Nazis like Assad because he has killed, and is killing, a lot of Muslims. This is essential to their view of the world. Anyone who sets out to murder Muslims and Arabs can be considered a friend. In this sense the far-right love affair with Assad can be considered almost tactical, a means to an end.

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In practice, the economic doctrine of the Ba'th eschewed private enterprise and called for a state directed economy, much like the USSR. According to the basic documents of the party: the national wealth is the property of the state; the traditional distribution (i.e. the holding of most arable land

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Though a Christian, Aflaq viewed the creation of Islam as proof of "Arab genius" and a testament of Arab culture, values, and thought. According to Aflaq, the essence of Islam was its revolutionary qualities. Aflaq called on all Arabs, both Muslims and non-Muslims alike, to admire the role Islam had

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in 1940, later renamed the Arab Ba'ath Movement in 1943. Though Aflaq was influenced by him, Arsuzi initially did not cooperate with Aflaq's movement. Arsuzi suspected that the existence of the Arab Ihya Movement, which occasionally titled itself "Arab Ba'ath" during 1941, was part of an imperialist

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could either approve or disapprove of marriages between party members, and in a party document, party branches were ordered "to thoroughly check the Arabic origin of not only the prospective wife but also her family, and no approval should be given to members who plan to marry of non-Arab origin".

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class. He believed the ruling class, who supported the monarchy as the leaders of the Arab Revolt did, were synonymous with a reactionary class. In Ba'athist ideology, the ruling class is replaced by a revolutionary progressive class. Aflaq was bitterly opposed to any kind of monarchy and described

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which was prepared to work within a variety of Middle Eastern political systems, which wanted social justice in society, had pretty much disappeared by the early 1960s. In its place rose Ba'ath organisations which focused primarily on their own region, which advocated, and created where possible,

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ruled by the Ba'ath party, which disseminated information to the public, was in many ways contrary to his view on individual interactions. The Ba'ath party through its preeminence would establish "liberty". According to Aflaq, liberty could not just come from nowhere as it needed an enlightened

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The only way to combat the reactionary classes lay in "progressive" revolution, Aflaq claimed, central to which is the struggle for unity. This struggle could not be separated from the social revolution, for to separate these two would be to weaken the movement. The reactionary classes, who are

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The party's main task before the revolution was to spread enlightened ideas to the people and to challenge reactionary and conservative elements in society. According to Aflaq, a Ba'ath party would ensure a policy of proselytization to keep the uneducated masses out of the party until the party

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of making any concessions to the rioters, exclaiming that the Ba'ath Party "is with faith, but is not a religious party, nor should it be one". During his vice presidency, at the time of the Shia riots, Saddam discussed the need to convince large segments of the population to convert to the

5105:", the Ba'ath party instrumentalizes its control over Syria's political, social, economic, cultural, educational and religious spheres to enforce its neo-Ba'athist ideology in the wider society and preserve the Assad family's grip on power. The goal of General Assad was to consolidate the 4409:

Aflaq thought that the Arab nation could only reach this renaissance through a revolutionary process towards the goals of "unity, liberty, and socialism". In Aflaq's view, a nation could only "progress" or "decline", and Arab states of his time were consistently declining because of their

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had given socialism an authentic Arab expression. Socialism was viewed by Aflaq as justice, and the reforms of Muhammad were both just and wise. According to Aflaq, modern Ba'athists would initiate another way of just and radical forms just as Muhammad had done in the seventh century.

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Aflaq believed that the youth were the key for a successful revolution. The youth were open to change and enlightenment because they still had not been indoctrinated with other views. According to Aflaq, a major problem was the disillusionment of the Arab youth. Disillusionment led to

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that was dominated by a "pseudo-feudalist" economic system in which the repression of the peasant nullified the people's political liberty. Liberty meant little to nothing to the general poverty-stricken populace of Syria, and Aflaq saw socialism as the solution to their plight.

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Aflaq saw liberty as one of the defining features of Ba'athism. Articulation of thoughts and the interaction between individuals were a way of building a new society. According to Aflaq, it was liberty which created new values and thoughts. Aflaq believed that living under

4704:" period, in other words, a period of modernisation. While unity brought the Arab world together and liberty provided the Arab people with freedom, socialism was the cornerstone which made unity and liberty possible as no socialism meant no revolution. In Aflaq's view, a 3990:. The closest they ever came to being members of the same organization was in 1939, when, together with Michel Quzman, Shakir al-As and Ilyas Qandalaft, they briefly tried to establish a party. The party likely failed due to personal animosity between Arsuzi and Aflaq. 4843:, creating 'a world of appearances' that perpetuated its power and dominance over its people. Constructing a reality that was 'permeated with hypocrisy and lies' where ... 'the repression of culture is called its development' ... its people were forced to ‘ 4677:

was the only truth, as Aflaq believed that Marxism had forgotten human spirituality. While believing that the concept would work for small and weak societies, he thought that the concept of dialectical materialism as the only truth in Arab development was wrong.

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politics. Saddam claimed that the Arab nation did not have the class structure which existed in other nations and that class divisions were more along national lines between Arabs and non-Arabs rather than within the Arab community. However, he spoke fondly of

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and views political disputes and conflicts in a military manner as "battles" requiring "fighting", "mobilization", "battlefields", "bastions", and "trenches". Saddamism was officially supported by Saddam's government and promoted by the Iraqi daily newspaper

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While the notion of liberty was an important ideal to Aflaq, he favored the Leninist model of a continuous revolutionary struggle and he did not develop concepts for a society in which liberty was protected by a set of institutions and rules. His vision of a

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German far-right and neo-Nazi politicians are taking trips to Syria, claiming it's now safe for refugees to return and praising murderous dictator Bashar al-Assad... neo-Nazis in Greece have bragged that they were training to go and fight alongside Assad's

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by absentee landowners who leaded the land out to the peasants) is unjust and therefore it must be corrected; farming land should be allocated according to the capability to husband it; factories will be cooperative; trade will be controlled by the state.

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fashion, creating a government based upon and revolving around its leader. Under this socio-political system, the Ba'ath party portrays the wisdom of Assad as "beyond the comprehension of the average citizen". Through this apparatus, also known as the

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concept of liberty, in Aflaq's vision, liberty would be ensured by a Ba'ath party which was not elected by the populace because the party had the common good at heart. Historian Paul Salem considered the weakness of such a system "quite obvious".

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because he supported the Ba'athist cause. Later, the authorities began to specifically look for people of Iraqi origin, and any contact which they had with Iran and/or Iranians functioned as a good enough reason to deny them party membership.

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equality was a major tenet in Ba'athist ideology, as the elimination of inequality would "eliminate all privilege, exploitation, and domination by one group over another". In short, if liberty was to succeed, the Arab people needed socialism.

4118:. Scholar Ofra Bengio claims that as a consequence of the split, Arsuzi took Aflaq's place as the official father of Ba'athist thought in the pro-Syrian Ba'ath movement, while in the pro-Iraqi Ba'ath movement Aflaq was still considered the 5399:. Strongmen swiftly emerged in the Ba’athist milieu to establish family firms... Subordination of the party, however, went together with rigorous deployment of the party apparatus and ideology to regiment society."— Prof. William Harris, 4800:

stated that Aflaq had converted to Islam before his death, but an unnamed Western diplomat in Iraq told William Harris that Aflaq's family was not aware that he had undergone any religious conversion. Prior to, during, and after the

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Article 32: Workers will participate in the management of the factory and will be granted, in addition to their wages which will be fixed by the state, a share of the profits of the factory in a proportion to be fixed by the

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Article 30: Agricultural property will be fixed in proportion to the owner's ability to exploit it fully without exploiting the effort of others, under the supervision of the state and in accordance with its general economic

4426:". These problems, Aflaq believed, could only be resolved through a revolutionary process, and a revolution could only succeed if the revolutionaries were pure and devoted nearly religiously to the task. Aflaq supported the 4277:

during his life. It recast conservative Arab nationalist thought to reflect strong revolutionary and progressive themes. For example, Aflaq insisted on the overthrow of the old ruling classes and supported the creation of a

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played in creating an Arab character, but his view on Islam was purely spiritual and Aflaq emphasized that it "should not be imposed" on state and society. Time and again, Aflaq emphasized that the Ba'ath party was against

5278:"Saddamism ... is a phenomenon rooted in violence, in the manipulation of the tools and means of violence to achieve expressly political ends. Saddamism is not plain thuggery, as many people wrongly think; this is no 901: 10555: 5475:, the party's emblem was the tiger because it would "excite the imagination of the youth, in the tradition of Nazism and Fascism, but taking into consideration the fact that the Arab is in his nature distant from 5046:

In 1968, Al-Bitar left the Ba'ath movement, claiming that "these parties had ceased to be what they set up to be, retaining only their names and acting as the organs of power and the instruments of regional and

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Europe is as fearful of Islam today as she has been in the past. She now knows that the strength of Islam (which in the past expressed that of the Arabs) has been reborn and has appeared in a new form: Arab

5395:). Both countries endured clan-based autocracies wielding ideological absolutism, malignancy of a different order from the standard republican and monarchical authoritarianism of the late twentieth-century 4672:

tenets, and he considered the Marxist concept of the importance of material economic conditions in life to be one of modern humanity's greatest discoveries. However, he disagreed with the Marxist view that

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Article 36: The state will directly supervise internal and foreign trade in order to abolish exploitation between consumer and producer, and in order to protect trade and national production from foreign

5162:, but it is the closest thing the Syrian government has to an all-encompassing belief system, since both Ba'athist and Arab nationalist beliefs of old have been watered down to not hurt the government's 7892: 5420:

variant of fascism, even though Aflaq and other Ba'athist leaders criticized particular fascist ideas and practices". According to him, the Ba'ath movement shared several characteristics with the

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the Arab Revolt as "the illusions of kings and feudal lords who understood unity as the gathering of backwardness to backwardness, exploitation to exploitation and numbers to numbers like sheep".

10545: 10452: 9886: 9681: 7938: 4052:(LNA) in 1939 after its popular leader died and the party fell into disarray, founding the short-lived Arab National Party. It dissolved later that year. On 29 November 1940, Arsuzi founded the 8071: 7996: 5361:

and commended Lenin for giving Russian socialism a uniquely Russian specificity that Marx alone was incapable of doing. He also expressed admiration for other communist leaders such as

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The coup left Salah Jadid in power, and under him, the Syrian government abandoned the traditional goal of pan-Arab unity and replaced it with a radical form of Western socialism. The

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in an unspecified length of time—the Ba'ath party theoretically uses an unspecified amount of time to develop an "enlightened" Arabic society. Ba'athism is based on the principles of

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of 1990–91, the government became progressively more Islamic, and by the beginning of the 1990s, Saddam proclaimed the Ba'ath party to be the party "of Arabism and Islam".

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far-right support for Assad hinges on a number of factors: "Anti-imperialist/anti-globalism sentiment with a strong focus on national states..Islamophobia.. Anti-Semitism

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We did not adopt socialism out of books, abstractions, humanism, or pity, but rather out of need ... for the Arab working class is the mover of history in this period.

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Marczak, Shields, Nikki, Kirril; J. Bellamy, McLoghlin, Alex, Stephen (2020). "1. Fateful Choices: Political Leadership and the Paths to and from Mass Atrocities".

5597:, had died in Syria in 2010 under the asylum of Bashar al-Assad. Under the alias "Dr. Georg Fischer", Brunner assisted Syrian rulers Bashar al-Assad and his father 4624:

Article 27: The present distribution of wealth in the Arab homeland is unjust. It will therefore be reviewed and distributed among the citizens in a just manner...

801: 5088:) is a neo-Ba'athist ideology based on the policies of Hafez al-Assad after his seizure of power in the 1970 coup, described in official Ba'athist history as the 5012:

During Jadid's rule, neo-Ba'athist ideologues openly denounced religion as a source of what they considered the "backwardness" of the Arabs. The Jadid regime was

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According to Aflaq, it was the reactionary class's view of Arab unity which had left the Arab Revolt "struggling for unity without blood and nerve". He saw the

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with the Ba'ath party as its vanguard by establishing a "coup-proof" system that eliminated factional rivalries. As soon as he seized power, the armed forces,

4406:, according to Aflaq. The new renaissance would bring another Arab message, summed up in the Ba'ath party's slogan, "One Nation, Bearing an Eternal Message". 8075: 7900: 5016:

and imposed severe restrictions on religious freedom, banning religious preaching and persecuting the clergy. Neo-Ba'athists viewed the religious clerics as

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had reinforced the nobility and purity of the Arabs, which had both degenerated because Islam had been adopted by other peoples. He was associated with the

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In the original Ba'ath ideology, pan-Arabism was the means to reach the end of both economic and social transformation. As an early party document states, "

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propaganda, which portrayed Muslims as a civilizational enemy to the West. Several Western far-right groups also view Bashar al-Assad as an authoritarian,

2010: 12734: 10515: 9214: 5140:. It's the domination of a minority, and I'm not talking just of the Alawites, who control the society's nervous system. I include also the army and the 1936: 921: 4777:

government and stated a Ba'athist state would replace religion with a state "based on a foundation, Arab nationalism, and a moral; freedom". During the

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governments, which rested heavily on military power and which were very close to other socialist movements and were less distinctively Ba'athist".

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credentials. State propaganda characterises Assadism as a neo-Ba'athist current that evolved Ba'athist ideology with the needs of the modern era.

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purposes, but "as an example of the successful organisation of an entire society by the state for the achievement of national goals". Journalist

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and transport are the property of the nation and will be administered by the state directly. Companies and foreign concessions will be abolished.

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concept, arguing that it hampers Arab unity. Ba'athists contend that socialism is the only way to develop modern Arab society and unite it.

1915: 1878: 896: 10786: 10401: 5698: 4797: 4373: 2105: 2031: 5432:, a romantic, mythopoetic, and elitist 'revolutionary' vision, the desire to create a 'new man' and restore past greatness, a centralised 3978:. They are considered the founders of the ideology, despite forming different organizations. In the 1940s, Bitar and Aflaq co-founded the 5828: 4056:. A significant conflict and turning point in the development of Ba'athism occurred when Arsuzi's and Aflaq's movements sparred over the 3935: 692: 677: 7349: 7200: 6045: 6013: 11800: 11228: 11040: 11022: 9026: 8154: 4865: 4814: 2305: 1565: 1062: 4226:

is today considered the founder of the Ba'athist movement, or at least its most notable contributor. Other notable ideologues include

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shift was reflected strongly in the ideological propaganda of the new government, marked by widespread usage of terminology such as "

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Article 31: Small industrial property will be fixed proportionately to the economic standards enjoyed by other citizens in the state.

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from the state. Not all these ideas were his, but it was Aflaq who succeeded in turning these beliefs into a transnational movement.

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following a successful revolution, which was not an "inevitable outcome". In Ba'athist ideology, the vanguard was the Ba'ath party.

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ideological basis by stressing the preeminence of the military apparatus. This ideological transformation was continued after the

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Aflaq supported the idea of a committed activist revolutionary party based on the Leninist model, which in practice was based on

2602: 1795: 840: 732: 682: 5845: 14269: 12678: 11297: 5576:" for advocating unrealistic objectives and being remorseless about his crimes, despite losing most of his Syrian territories. 5185: 4111: 2813: 2096: 8049: 5912: 5444:' factions and so forth; several close associates later admitted that Aflaq had been directly inspired by certain fascist and 10469: 10464: 8967: 8854: 8806: 8741: 8718: 8622: 8599: 8549: 7585: 7481: 7390: 7319: 7280: 7241: 7101: 7013: 5687: 4115: 2652: 1952: 1931: 226: 221: 211: 11423: 9151: 8018: 5711: 4847:’ ... It was not important whether or not a person truly believed these lies; ultimately, it was whether they acted as 4773:

According to Ba'athist ideology, all religions were equal. Despite his anti-atheist stance, Aflaq was a strong supporter of

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theorists". Others have argued against Aflaq's fascist credentials, based on the fact that he was an active member of the

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regularly reject accusations of sheltering Brunner to this day, it had long denied permission to probe his whereabouts.

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symbols ". Arsuzi's Ba'ath Party believed in the virtues of "one leader" and Arsuzi himself personally believed in the

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was largely synonymous with that of Aflaq's. For more than 2 decades, Michel Aflaq's 1940 essay compilation, titled, "

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Arsuzi formed the Arab Ba'ath in 1940 and his views influenced Aflaq, who alongside the more junior Bitar founded the

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K. Wilber, P. Jameson, Charles, Kenneth; Gottheil, Fred (1982). "Iraqi and Syrian Socialism: An Economic Appraisal".

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K. Wilber, P. Jameson, Charles, Kenneth; Gottheil, Fred (1982). "Iraqi and Syrian Socialism: An Economic Appraisal".

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Article 26: The Arab Ba'ath Party is socialist, believing that the economic wealth of the homeland belongs to the

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The neo-Ba'athist, Assadist system has controlled Syrian politics since the 1970 coup. It is largely built upon

4123: 14264: 13477: 13367: 12673: 11865: 11627: 11221: 10839: 9209: 9044: 7680: 6636: 6133: 4689:, Aflaq was uncertain what place the working class had in history. In contrast to Marx, Aflaq also believed in 4372:, the founder of Ba'athist thought who, after the Ba'ath Party splintered, became the chief ideologist for the 4196: 1228: 872: 742: 599: 551: 13292: 7381:

Heydemann, Leenders, Steven, Reinoud; Pierret, Thomas (2013). "4: The State management of Religion in Syria".

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Heydemann, Leenders, Steven, Reinoud; Pierret, Thomas (2013). "4: The State Management of religion in Syria".

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in 2015 and described him to be as delusional as "Hitler in his bunker when the Russians were an hour outside

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parties, the Ba'ath party founders constructed a socialist vision which they believed to be more adaptable to

4029:. His views were influenced by a number of prominent European philosophical and political figures, among them 14249: 13046: 12803: 12405: 12134: 11050: 10960: 10915: 9836: 9079: 8987: 7914: 6886: 6854: 6708: 6692: 6652: 6604: 6547: 6531: 6472: 6197: 6165: 4685:

was just a group, albeit the most important group, in a much larger movement to free the Arab nation. Unlike

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Al-Om, Tamara; Fares, Obaida (2014). "21: Syria's 'Arab Spring': Women and the Struggle to Live in Truth".

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father of Ba'athist thought. The Iraqi Ba'ath wing granted asylum to Aflaq after seizing power through the

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in nature. Rather, the party claimed that it was a popular revolutionary movement, so the people rejected

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of the party and the military, and he also built a government based on loyalty to the leader's family.

5005:. The government supported a more radical economic program including state ownership over industry and 4905: 4827: 4781: 4091: 4026: 3921: 3709: 3594: 3136: 1671: 1666: 1194: 1077: 1007: 969: 929: 860: 508: 400: 359: 13168: 4958:

in 1959, the chain of events and the total corruption of Ba'athism proceeded with intolerable logic".

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and believed that in the Arab world, all classes, not just the working class, were working against

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is an important pillar of the Ba'athist programme. Although influenced by Western socialists and

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Liberty is not a luxury in the life of the nation but its basis and its essence and its meaning.

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Middle East Authoritarianisms: Governance, Contestation and regime resilience in Syria and Iran

7273:

Middle East Authoritarianisms: Governance, Contestation and regime resilience in Syria and Iran

5521:'s advances for party-to-party relations, but he was also influenced by the racial theories of 5453: 5311: 5229:

that calls upon Arab countries to adopt Saddamist Iraqi political discourse and to reject "the

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According to Aflaq, the ultimate goal of socialism was not to answer the question of how much

3614: 2388:. Although inspired by Western socialist thinkers, early Ba'athist theoreticians rejected the 13631: 13497: 13262: 13227: 13187: 12935: 12756: 12265: 12201: 12006: 11740: 11735: 11612: 11592: 11403: 11373: 10592: 10479: 10331: 10281: 10056: 9851: 9831: 9654: 9604: 9465: 9396: 9234: 9100: 7476:. University of Technology Sydney, Broadway NSW 2007, Australia: UTS ePRESS. pp. 15–17. 7356: 7207: 6991: 6975: 6947: 6931: 6864: 6848: 6743: 6718: 6702: 6686: 6667: 6646: 6630: 6614: 6598: 6573: 6557: 6541: 6525: 6506: 6487: 6438: 6400: 6052: 6020: 5652: 4959: 4913: 4790: 4458: 4263: 4231: 4165: 4141:

in the two countries. Hostilities between the two Ba'ath movements lasted until the death of

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narrated a reality all of its own – far removed from reality itself – derived from its own

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For Aflaq, socialism was a necessary means to accomplish the goal of initiating an Arabic "

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emerged dominant in the Syrian and Iraqi Ba'ath parties, respectively, eventually building

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with Arab characteristics which is separate from the international socialist movement and

8: 13931: 13761: 13741: 13422: 13242: 13197: 13106: 13096: 13006: 12996: 12975: 12945: 12843: 12783: 12625: 12620: 12615: 12602: 12495: 12412: 12368: 12363: 12356: 12031: 11388: 11321: 10651: 10356: 10199: 10066: 10021: 9991: 9976: 9816: 9806: 9796: 9781: 9126: 8892: 6224:. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 17, 18. 5641: 5437: 5400: 5159: 5006: 4832: 4628: 4235: 4181: 4038: 4022: 3855: 3822: 3782: 3767: 3051: 2963: 2953: 2923: 2818: 2704: 2671: 2517: 2499: 2489: 2446: 1459: 1027: 829: 717: 13731: 13676: 13163: 6357:. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 18–20. 6318:. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 18–19. 3629: 14152: 14113: 13856: 13811: 13796: 13586: 13357: 13124: 13071: 13031: 12900: 12890: 12869: 12709: 12610: 12557: 12443: 12385: 12299: 12159: 12139: 12124: 12078: 12036: 12016: 11976: 11892: 11875: 11850: 11657: 11468: 11458: 11438: 11408: 11383: 10980: 10925: 10636: 10321: 10296: 10184: 10016: 9921: 9731: 9701: 9584: 9518: 9338: 9177: 9131: 9121: 8972: 8703: 8634: 8584: 8479: 8322: 8280: 7763: 7491: 7400: 7329: 7290: 7251: 7111: 6818: 6775: 6372: 6333: 6294: 6239: 5707: 5621: 5565: 5480: 5441: 5352: 5299: 4935: 4443: 4325: 4302: 4106:

which overthrew the Old Guard led by Aflaq and Bitar, resulting in a schism within the

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plot to prevent his influence over the Arabs by creating a movement of the same name.

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to be liquidated by the Ba'athist state. The party disseminated the doctrine of the "

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Arab-Jewish Relations: From Conflict to Resolution?: Essays in Honour of Moshe Maʻoz

7748:. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA: Oxford University Press. p. 18. 7578:

The Struggle for Power in Syria: Politics and Society Under Asad and the Ba'th Party

6279:. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA: Oxford University Press. p. 18. 5373:

due to their spirit of asserting national independence rather than their communism.

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Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics

7437:

Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics

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slogans, the state is run by a class who has made a fortune without contributing—a

5096:'s leadership role in Syrian politics and constructed the Assad regime in a highly 5009:, while at the same time trying to restructure agrarian relations and production. 5001:

holding ministerial posts, and Jadid established "fairly close relations" with the

4840: 4729: 4536: 4384: 4321: 4259: 4208: 4080: 4006: 3897: 3880: 3599: 3579: 3499: 3494: 3436: 3396: 3386: 3351: 3271: 3246: 3216: 3201: 3196: 3171: 3116: 3101: 3008: 2983: 2913: 2868: 2838: 2726: 2714: 2642: 2627: 2567: 2532: 2407: 2362: 2270: 2221: 2178: 1782: 1432: 1427: 1412: 1206: 1072: 479: 87: 67: 13252: 13237: 8072:"Europe's far-right activists continue to throw their weight behind Syria's Assad" 7519:. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Princeton University Press. pp. 254, 326–327. 3679: 3341: 3071: 13921: 13891: 13711: 13691: 13686: 13681: 13621: 13611: 13606: 13591: 13561: 13487: 13347: 13327: 13302: 13232: 13192: 13081: 13076: 12955: 12920: 12915: 12910: 12585: 12448: 12311: 12174: 12169: 11981: 11950: 11945: 11790: 11730: 11677: 11607: 11587: 11562: 11552: 11453: 11331: 11187: 10724: 10714: 10641: 10587: 10209: 10189: 10086: 10051: 10046: 10031: 9996: 9916: 9906: 9846: 9761: 9664: 9659: 9649: 9614: 9574: 9528: 9503: 9433: 9391: 9358: 9003: 8362: 8026: 5802: 5781: 5763: 5602: 5569: 5500: 5370: 5265:

by claiming that the ancient Babylonians and Assyrians were the ancestors of the

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Article 29: Public utility institutions, major natural resources, the principal

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The Struggle for the Middle East: The Soviet Union and the Middle East, 1958-68

8318: 7939:"Most-wanted Nazi likely died four years ago in Syria, says man who hunted him" 6421: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5472: 5358: 5331: 5307: 5210: 5189: 5129: 5069: 5021: 4978: 4889: 4785: 4767: 4728:

to signify that it existed in harmony with and was in some ways subordinate to

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during his stay in France, and that he was influenced by some of the ideas of

4609:

Charter outlines the key principles of Ba'athist socialism. Some of them are:

4075:

Aflaq's Arab Ba'ath Movement's next major political action was its support of

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and ethnic favoritism. For example, Hafez al-Assad began the ethnoreligious

5027:", which conceptualised the "new Arab man" as an atheist who campaigned for 4002: 3081: 13981: 13961: 13956: 13946: 13886: 13766: 13636: 13362: 13342: 13337: 13307: 13207: 12729: 12547: 12400: 12336: 12026: 11667: 11527: 11522: 11378: 11304: 11094: 10582: 10525: 9936: 9639: 9559: 9481: 9438: 9306: 9290: 9285: 9095: 8403: 8399: 7668: 5633: 5610: 5561: 5553: 5362: 5319: 5287: 5243: 5193: 5048: 5013: 4967: 4944: 4909: 4836: 4822: 4650: 4494: 4493:

as proof of this, putting him at odds with some Arab nationalists who were

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Syria and the Doctrine of Arab Neutralism: From Independence to Dependence

5710:, and had even been imprisoned by the authorities in the aftermath of the 4512:

A major obstacle to the success of the revolution in Aflaq's mind was the

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of the Ba'ath Party, and many Syrian Ba'athist leaders defected to Iraq.

4885: 4877: 4701: 4694: 4690: 4557: 4553: 4513: 4482: 4470: 4431: 4423: 4395: 4313: 4306: 4305:, Arab-centric ideology. It claims to represent the "Arab spirit against 4298: 4247: 4177: 4169: 4107: 3956: 3762: 3644: 3479: 3441: 3421: 3361: 3321: 3286: 3221: 3211: 3191: 3146: 3061: 3031: 2993: 2888: 2731: 2661: 2527: 2366: 2342: 2281: 2193: 1622: 1372: 1306: 1149: 806: 524: 466: 428: 348: 192: 165: 77: 7314:. 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 38. 7310:

Rubin, Barry (2007). "2: The World's Most Unstable Country, 1946-1970".

7275:. Stanford, California, USA: Stanford University Press. pp. 86–89. 7236:. 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 38. 7232:

Rubin, Barry (2007). "2: The World's Most Unstable Country, 1946-1970".

7096:. 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 38. 7092:

Rubin, Barry (2007). "2: The World's Most Unstable Country, 1946-1970".

5209:

is a political ideology based on the politics related to and pursued by

2418:

is quite distinct from the Ba'athism which Aflaq and Bitar wrote about.

14055: 13991: 13671: 13661: 13581: 12719: 12590: 12460: 12419: 12395: 12270: 12231: 11577: 11494: 11489: 11418: 11134: 10341: 9741: 8532: 7966:"A Long-Sought Fugitive Died Four Years Ago in Syria, Nazi Hunter Says" 7893:"'Sociopath or new Hitler?' Interviewer questions Assad's mental state" 7474:

Genocide Perspectives VI: The Process and the Personal Cost of Genocide

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The Ba'ath regimes have been accused of promoting an aggressive Arab

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From one of Aflaq's works dating back to 1943 about Islam's character

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Ba'athism originated in the political thought of Syrian philosophers

3727: 3569: 3401: 3111: 2948: 2933: 2823: 2803: 2793: 2438: 2377: 2198: 2188: 1275: 1260: 484: 107: 7385:. Stanford, California, USA: Stanford University Press. p. 89. 5663:

group Black Lily joined the Syrian civil war to fight alongside the

5632:. Assad's bombings of Syrian cities were praised in the far-right's 4102:

in Syria. In 1966, the military wing of the Syrian Ba'ath initiated

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government. The ideology is officially based on the theories of the

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The Foreign Policies of Arab States: The Challenge of Globalization

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shared the sentiment by stating, "I no longer recognise my party!"

4908:

purged the classical Ba'athist leaders of the old guard, including

4802: 4737: 4427: 4349: 4316:". It holds ideological similarity and a favourable outlook to the 2414:" because the form of Ba'athism developed by the leadership of the 2273: 1732: 1722: 519: 7921: 7744: