438:
587:
1172:
20:
362:
1086:
1023:-based rubber materials expand in the presence of aromatic compounds found in conventional petroleum fuel. Pure biofuels that aren't mixed with petroleum and don't contain paraffin-based additives may cause rubber seals and hoses to shrink. Synthetic rubber substitutes that are not adversely affected by biofuels, such as
662:
expected to improve its renewable fuel production capacity from 2.7 to 3.0 million t (6.0 to 6.6 billion lb) a year by 2020, and to increase its
Singapore capacity by 1.3 million t (2.9 billion lb) to reach 4.5 million t (9.9 billion lb) in
1264:
and other carbon compliance regimes emerge, certain biofuels are likely to be exempted ("zero-rated") by governments from compliance due to their closed-loop nature, if they can demonstrate appropriate credentials. For example, in the EUTS, SAFUG's proposal was accepted that only fuels certified as
1232:
Greenhouse gas emissions from sustainable fuels must be lower than those from the fuels they replace: at least 50% for production built before 5 October 2015, 60% after that date and 65% after 2021. Raw materials cannot be sourced from land with high biodiversity or high carbon stocks (i.e. primary
322:
Aviation fuel from wet waste-derived feedstock ("VFA-SAF") provides an additional environmental benefit. Wet waste consists of waste from landfills, sludge from wastewater treatment plants, agricultural waste, greases, and fats. Wet waste can be converted to volatile fatty acids (VFA's), which then
1142:
The first reputable body to launch a sustainable biofuel certification system was the
European-based Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials (RSB) NGO. Leading airlines and other signatories to the Sustainable Aviation Fuel Users Group (SAFUG) pledged to support RSB as their preferred certification
219:
as they had previously absorbed. Biofuel production, processing, and transport, however, emit greenhouse gases, reducing the emissions savings. Biofuels with the most emission savings are those derived from photosynthetic algae (98% savings) although the technology is not developed, and those from
330:
emissions throughout its life cycle. Wet waste feedstocks for SAF divert waste from landfills. Diversion has the potential to eliminate 17% of US methane emissions across all sectors. VFA-SAF's carbon footprint is 165% lower than fossil aviation fuel. This technology is in its infancy; although
1245:
GHG Reduction - Criterion 1: lifecycle reductions of at least 10% compared to fossil fuel. Carbon Stock - Criterion 1: not produced from biomass obtained from land whose uses changed after 1 January 2008 from primeval forests, wetlands or peatlands, as all these lands have high carbon stocks.
1885:
Huq, Nabila A.; Hafenstine, Glenn R.; Huo, Xiangchen; Nguyen, Hannah; Tifft, Stephen M.; Conklin, Davis R.; StĂĽck, Daniela; Stunkel, Jim; Yang, Zhibin; Heyne, Joshua S.; Wiatrowski, Matthew R.; Zhang, Yimin; Tao, Ling; Zhu, Junqing; McEnally, Charles S. (2021-03-30).
634:
committed to 900 million US gal (3,400,000 m) of sustainable aviation fuel for 10 years from
Fulcrum BioEnergy (of its 4.1 billion US gal (16,000,000 m) fuel consumption in 2018), after a $ 30 million investment in 2015.
696:
introduced the
Fueling Aviation's Sustainable Transition (FAST) Grant Program. The program provides $ 244.5 million in grants for SAF-related "production, transportation, blending, and storage." In November, 2022, sustainable aviation fuels were a topic at
323:
can be catalytically upgraded to SAF. Wet waste is a low-cost and plentiful feedstock, with the potential to replace 20% of US fossil jet fuel. This lessens the need to grow crops specifically for fuel, which in itself is energy intensive and increases
571:
from 2005 to 2012 to extract fuel oil from algae, some promising competitively-priced fuel by 2012 and production of 1 billion US gal (3.8 million m) by 2012-2014. By 2017 most companies had disappeared or changed their
173:
SAF technology faces significant challenges due to feedstock constraints. The oils and fats known as hydrotreated esters and fatty acids (Hefa), crucial for SAF production, are in limited supply as demand increases. Although advanced
97:. The first test flight using blended biofuel was in 2008, and in 2011, blended fuels with 50% biofuels were allowed on commercial flights. In 2023 SAF production was 600 million liters, representing 0.2% of global jet fuel use.
1050:
forecast SAF production should grow from 18 to 75 billion litres between 2025 and 2040, representing a 5% to 19% share of aviation fuel. By 2019, fossil jet fuel production cost was $ 0.3-0.6 per L given a $ 50–100 crude
3554:
1250:
after 1 January 2008, (using IPCC land categories), if emissions from direct land use change (DLUC) exceed the default value of the induced land use change (ILUC), the value of the DLUC replaces the default (ILUC)
1619:
742:
approved via two routes. ASTM has found it safe to blend in 50% SPK into regular jet fuels. Tests have been done with blending synthetic paraffinic kerosene (SPK) in considerably higher concentrations.
2208:
437:
3239:
987:
Universal Fuel
Technologies is marketing its Flexiforming technology that can use different feedstocks and even the byproducts from existing renewable fuel manufacturing processes to produce SAF.
257:
on jatropha estimated that biofuels could reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 85% if former agro-pastoral land is used, or increase emissions by up to 60% if natural woodland is converted.
3085:
189:, presents a promising solution, it is still under development and comes with high costs. To overcome these issues, SAF developers are exploring more readily available feedstocks such as
1291:
Department stated that "main challenges to scaling up such sustainable fuel production include technology costs and process efficiencies", and widespread production would undermine
2746:
457:
D7566) allowed commercial airlines to blend up to 50% biofuels with conventional jet fuel. The safety and performance of jet fuel used in passenger flights is certified by
1611:
2096:
1139:(EUTS), a certified SAF product may be exempted from carbon compliance liability costs. This marginally improves SAF's economic competitiveness versus fossil-based fuel.
71:
medium and long-haul air travel. These types of travel generate the most emissions, and could extend the life of older aircraft types by lowering their carbon footprint.
3426:
1119:
As of 2022, some 450,000 flights had used sustainable fuels as part of the fuel mix, although such fuels were ~3x more expensive than the traditional fossil jet fuel or
3697:
2857:
2714:
473:. Thereafter some airlines experimented with biofuels on commercial flights. As of July 2020, seven annexes to D7566 were published, including various biofuel types:
2240:
1069:
As of a 2021 analysis, VFA-SAF break-even cost was $ 2.50/US gal ($ 0.66/L). This number was generated considering credits and incentives at the time, such as
2345:
1634:
595:
2414:
2689:
735:-type. Kerosene-type fuels include Jet A, Jet A-1, JP-5 and JP-8. Naphtha-type jet fuels, sometimes referred to as "wide-cut" jet fuel, include Jet B and JP-4.
1500:
583:(IATA) supported the adoption of Sustainable Aviation fuel, aiming in 2019 for 2% share by 2025: 7 million m (1.8 billion US gal).
2218:
1280:
1276:'s Carbon War Room, or the Renewable Jet Fuels initiative. The latter works with companies such as LanzaTech, SG Biofuels, AltAir, Solazyme, and Sapphire.
2022:
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2148:
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3250:
1820:
2475:
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non-profit think tank/do tank focused on the market transformation of the world's air transport system towards a sustainable long-term future
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Nordic association working to promote and develop a more sustainable aviation industry, with a specific focus on alternative sustainable fuels
331:
start-ups are working to make this a viable solution. Alder
Renewables, BioVeritas, and ChainCraft are a few organizations committed to this.
1265:
sustainable by the RSB or similar body would be zero-rated. SAFUG was formed by a group of interested airlines in 2008 under the auspices of
698:
3147:
2305:
936:. In 2016 LanzaTech demonstrated its technology at Pilot scale in NZ – using Industrial waste gases from the steel industry as a feedstock.
3107:
2106:
2988:
1677:
738:"Drop-in" biofuels are biofuels that are interchangeable with conventional fuels. Deriving "drop-in" jet fuel from bio-based sources is
2888:
2383:
404:. Airlines representing more than 15% of the industry formed the Sustainable Aviation Fuel Users Group, with support from NGOs such as
316:
2326:
642:
planned to use a 50/50 blend of SG Preston's biofuel on its Los
Angeles-Australia flights. SG Preston also planned to provide fuel to
561:
296:
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In addition to SAF certification, the integrity of aviation biofuel producers and their products could be assessed by means such as
586:
1589:
Bauen, Ausilio; Howes, Jo; Bertuccioli, Luca; Chudziak, Claire (August 2009). "Review of the potential for biofuels in aviation".
2798:
Nagaraju, Shilpa; Davies, Naomi
Kathleen; Walker, David Jeffrey Fraser; Köpke, Michael; Simpson, Séan Dennis (October 18, 2016).
2750:
2057:
1763:
Bailis, R. E.; Baka, J. E. (2010). "Greenhouse Gas
Emissions and Land Use Change from Jatropha Curcas-Based Jet Fuel in Brazil".
1151:
1136:
1074:
686:
580:
60:
3324:
1495:
1113:
409:
3559:); Isaac Toussie (Rocky Mountain Institute); Steve Csonka (Commercial Aviation Alternative Fuels Initiative); Barbara Bramble (
3167:
2956:
1131:
A SAF sustainability certification ensures that the product satisfies criteria focused on environmental, social, and economic "
311:
announced 2030 SAF targets in 2022 including multi-year purchase contracts totaling over 2.4 million tonnes of SAF from Neste,
3564:
3430:
2616:
Conference
Proceedings of the 3AF/AIAA Aircraft Noise and Emissions Reduction Symposium, 25–27 October 2011, Marseille, France
3723:
2728:
2611:
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1834:
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689:(IATA) set a goal for the aviation industry to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2050 with SAF as the key component.
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Alcohol-to-Jet Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene Is a Proven Pathway to Deliver a Bio-Based, Low-Carbon Option to Travelers
3132:
3274:
3218:
2678:
1215:
1193:
405:
3688:
2629:
Starck, Laurie; Pidol, Ludivine; Jeuland, Nicolas; Chapus, Thierry; Bogers, Paul; Bauldreay, Joanna (January 2016).
2438:
1186:
2517:
1720:
948:. Alcohol-to-Jet Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (ATJ-SPK) is a proven pathway to deliver bio-based, low-carbon fuel.
202:
64:
750:
Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosine (HEFA-SPK) is a specific type of hydrotreated
1155:
1147:
1063:
671:
627:
351:
3595:
2630:
2400:
965:
The SUN-to-LIQUID project is examining Fischer-Tropsch hydro-carbon fuels (solar kerosine) through the use of a
193:
and agricultural and municipal waste, aiming to produce lower-carbon jet fuel more sustainably and efficiently.
3193:
1806:
606:
had fueled more than 700 flights and flown more than one million kilometers, domestic and international, using
550:
466:
564:
announced plans for multiple measures including the development and deployment of sustainable aviation fuels.
2163:
1467:
3006:
1984:
86:-derived fuels from plants, animals, or waste; depending on which type of biomass is used, they could lower
3560:
3451:
2241:"AirportWatch | Solena, the company meant to be producing jet fuel from London waste for BA, goes bankrupt"
1575:
919:
and de-oxygenates and processes them into jet fuels. Companies such as LanzaTech have created ATJ-SPK from
667:
3643:
3053:
1988:
1266:
1047:
932:
902:
373:. The reason given is: Lots of plans announced years ago. No info on whether the plans were carried out..
137:
3635:
3627:
2568:
1953:
1410:
Synthesized kerosene with aromatics derived by alkylation of light aromatics from non-petroleum sources
1237:). Other sustainability issues are set out in the Governance Regulation and may be covered voluntarily.
417:
221:
1269:. Member airlines represented more than 15% of the industry, and signed a pledge to work towards SAF.
704:
As of 2023, 90% of biofuel was made from oilseed and sugarcane which are grown for this purpose only.
3576:
1261:
682:
1595:
3556:
1652:
1284:
1180:
840:
2612:"Evaluation of safety, performance and emissions of synthetic fuel blends in a Cessna Citation II"
1093:
became the first international airport to offer sustainable aviation fuel as part of the fuel mix.
3728:
3718:
3680:
1031:
973:
693:
535:
190:
1055:, while aviation biofuel production cost was $ 0.7-1.6, needing a $ 110–260 crude oil barrel to
976:(a common type of waste from forestry and agriculture) into a hydrocarbon-rich "greencrude" via
3498:
2213:
2101:
1590:
1442:
1340:
1197:
462:
338:
caused by air traffic by 50–70%. Biofuels do not contain sulfur compounds and thus do not emit
2902:
2770:
Voegele, E. November 2009. "Waste to ethanol projects move forward", Ethanol Producer Magazine
2039:
3506:
2181:
1462:
335:
254:
2631:"Production of Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA) – Optimisation of Process Yield"
3515:
2811:
2265:
1899:
1772:
1704:
1288:
864:
844:
413:
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cultivation is constrained by scarce land resources and its expansion to forestland causes
3240:"RSB Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials | Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials"
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206:
8:
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1097:
836:
824:
505:
159:
141:
3519:
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1903:
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685:
are "the only answer between now and 2050" to reduce carbon emissions. In May 2021, the
375:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
3533:
2834:
2799:
2653:
1930:
1888:"Toward net-zero sustainable aviation fuel with wet waste-derived volatile fatty acids"
1887:
1541:"Bio-aviation Fuel: A Comprehensive Review and Analysis of the Supply Chain Components"
1472:
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1009:
759:
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458:
68:
3351:
2920:
2593:"Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons"
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1935:
1917:
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As of 2020 aviation biofuel was more expensive than fossil jet kerosene, considering
958:
755:
728:
461:. Biofuels were approved for commercial use after a multi-year technical review from
280:
272:
264:
145:
2657:
1742:
1073:(Low Carbon Fuel Standard) credits and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
480:
Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (HEFA-SPK, 2011)
19:
3676:
3523:
2829:
2819:
2645:
1925:
1907:
1780:
1555:
1396:
1330:
Synthesized paraffinic kerosene produced from hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids
1085:
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442:
288:
149:
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397:
268:
1743:"As Biofuels Catch On, Next Task Is to Deal With Environmental, Economic Impact"
839:, and Aquaflow Bionomic Corporation. Universities working on algae jet fuel are
670:
had invested $ 400 million to convert waste into sustainable aviation fuel with
3528:
1892:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1387:
Synthesized kerosene isoparaffins produced from hydroprocessed fermented sugars
1035:
868:
720:
513:
428:
339:
216:
212:
186:
2824:
2182:"ASTM approves 7th annex to D7566 sustainable jet fuel specification: HC-HEFA"
3712:
3179:
2968:
1921:
1560:
1515:
1365:
1292:
981:
890:
763:
573:
517:
486:
Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SPK/A, 2015)
470:
312:
246:
3059:. Sponsored by the FAA. Authored by MIT staff. Published by RAND Corporation
2544:
2287:
2266:"Jet Fuel from Algae? Scientists probe fuel potential in common ocean plant"
1912:
3278:
2843:
2649:
2415:"Virgin Australia's sustainable aviation fuel flies one million kilometres"
1939:
1792:
1725:
1090:
930:. The ethanol is produced from CO in the flue gases using microbes such as
894:
792:
767:
678:
483:
usHydroprocessed Fermented Sugars to Synthetic Isoparaffins (HFS-SIP, 2014)
451:
Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons
227:
163:
215:
as they grow, therefore plant-based biofuels emit only the same amount of
75:(SPK) refers to any non-petroleum-based fuel designed to replace kerosene
2002:
1821:"Neste and Lufthansa collaborate and aim for a more sustainable aviation"
806:
724:
716:
554:
175:
167:
119:
24:
434:
In 2010, Boeing announced a target 1% of global aviation fuels by 2015.
1400:
1377:
1056:
1052:
1001:
945:
770:
615:
594:
purchased up to 10 million US gallons (38,000 m) of SAF from
521:
304:
284:
250:
2288:"From green slime to jet fuel: algae offers airlines a cleaner future"
1835:"KLM Group's CO2 emission reduction targets for 2030 approved by SBTi"
1784:
1135:" considerations. Under many emission regulation schemes, such as the
1034:
found harmful bacteria and fungi in their biofueled aircraft, and use
492:
Catalytic Hydrothermolysis Synthesized Kerosene (CH-SK, or CHJ; 2020).
100:
Aviation biofuel can be produced from plant or animal sources such as
3402:
3148:"Glacial Pace Of Advancements In Biofuel Threatens Emissions Targets"
2903:"SOLAR-JET project terminated and succeeded by SUN-TO-LIQUID project"
2638:
Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Revue d'IFP Energies nouvelles
2592:
1496:"Sustainable aviation fuel market demand drives new product launches"
1457:
1101:
977:
886:
852:
651:
647:
300:
276:
242:
133:
3325:"Revision of the EU Energy Tax Directive - technical press briefing"
3086:
University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment
525:
2747:"Jet Fuel Derived from Ethanol Now Eligible for Commercial Flights"
2007:
1296:
1234:
1120:
984:). Greencrude can be turned into fuel in refineries like crude oil.
927:
828:
815:
to produce synthetic paraffinic kerosene (bio-SPK) by cracking and
811:
782:
778:
712:
607:
539:
260:
238:
124:
115:
102:
76:
52:
3647:
3616:
3054:"Technical Report: Near-Term Feasibility of Alternative Jet Fuels"
2346:"How sustainable fuel will help power aviation's green revolution"
1856:"TotalEnergies and Air France KLM agree sustainable jet fuel deal"
1635:"How sustainable fuel will help power aviation's green revolution"
1233:
and protected forests, biodiversity-rich grasslands, wetlands and
791:
This fuel uses oil extracted from plant or animal sources such as
719:. The mixture is restricted by product requirements, for example,
614:
was working to regularly use fuel derived from the waste gases of
3670:
The RSB is supporting the development of a sustainable bioeconomy
3010:
2800:"Genome editing of Clostridium autoethanogenum using CRISPR/Cas9"
2569:"Biodiesel Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report, 2030"
1859:
1020:
997:
941:
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153:
129:
111:
83:
48:
28:
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3455:
2938:
2401:"Expanding our commitment to powering more flights with biofuel"
2083:"Airlines May Get 1% of Fuel From Biofuels By 2015, Boeing Says"
3565:"Opinion: Biofuels Sustainable, Essential To Aviation's Future"
3352:"Sustainable Aviation Fuel Users Group : European Section"
2209:"FAA Awards $ 7.7 Million for Advancement of Aviation Biofuels"
898:
848:
655:
639:
94:
3698:"Why industry needs global standards for sustainable fuel use"
2149:"Airlines Win Approval to Use Biofuels for Commercial Flights"
1355:
Fischer-Tropsch hydroprocessed synthesized paraffinic kerosene
334:
NASA has determined that 50% aviation biofuel mixture can cut
3379:"Environment and Biofuels | Boeing Commercial Airplanes"
1588:
1419:
1369:
1344:
1154:
which can serve as an implicit certification if the RIN is a
1024:
1005:
820:
798:
774:
659:
401:
107:
3603:
Sustainable Aviation Fuels as a Pathway to Net-Zero Aviation
3040:"Efforts Move Forward To Produce Alternative Aviation Fuels"
2729:"Advanced BioFuels USA – Truly Sustainable Renewable Future"
1823:(Press release). Neste Corporation website. October 2, 2019.
489:
Alcohol to Jet Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (ATJ-SPK, 2016)
477:
Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK, 2009)
400:
used it fly a commercial airliner, using feedstocks such as
3583:
1612:"Net zero 2050: sustainable aviation fuels – December 2023"
1438:
1070:
937:
739:
454:
2476:"Boeing Moves Forward With Airbus A321XLR-Competitor Plan"
2263:
420:, joined by air carriers and biofuel technology developer
3126:"Sustainable Aviation Fuel: Review of Technical Pathways"
3027:(Press release). Purdue Research Park. December 14, 2009.
3025:"Indiana Airline Fuel Developer Moves Ahead With Testing"
2797:
2518:"Fueling Aviation's Sustainable Transition (FAST) Grants"
497:
308:
3628:"Aviation industry reducing its environmental footprint"
3300:
2628:
2040:"First Airlines and UOP Join Algal Biomass Organization"
1721:"Through biofuels we can reap the fruits of our labours"
911:
The alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) pathway takes alcohols such as
2320:
2318:
431:
growth by 2020, and to halve carbon emissions by 2050.
144:-to-jet (ATJ) process from waste fermentation; or from
3593:
1964:
Note: Firefox 'does not trust' the weblink 2022-12-22.
1884:
531:
Biofuel provider Solena filed for bankruptcy in 2015.
500:
awarded US$ 7.7 million to eight companies to develop
3108:"AFRL discovering what's "bugging" military aircraft"
3009:. South Dakota State University. 2006. Archived from
2610:
Snijders, T. A.; Melkert, J. A. (December 22, 2011).
2343:
626:
wanted to convert household waste into jet fuel with
567:
Dozens of companies received hundreds of millions in
79:, which is often, but not always, made from biomass.
3497:
Bergero, Candelaria; et al. (30 January 2023).
3198:
European Commission/Energy/Renewable energy/Biofuels
2315:
1653:"New Technology Helps Advance Non-Hefa SAF Projects"
416:
for aviation. That year, Boeing was co-chair of the
3665:
2686:
European Technology Innovation Platform - Bioenergy
847:. Major investors for algae-based SPK research are
3160:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2327:"Hard Lessons From the Great Algae Biofuel Bubble"
2060:(Press release). IATA. 8 June 2009. Archived from
1741:
1539:Doliente, Stephen S.; et al. (10 July 2020).
1364:Fulcrum Bioenergy, Red Rock Biofuels, SG Preston,
267:, along with direct and indirect emissions due to
166:. Sustainable aviation fuel is certified as being
63:(IATA) considers it a key element in reducing the
1982:
3710:
2457:"BA begins offsetting domestic flight emissions"
2417:(Press release). Virgin Australia. 17 June 2019.
2161:
1112:(SAF) is certified by a third-party such as the
663:2022 by investing €1.4 billion ($ 1.6 billion).
3677:"International Journal of Sustainable Aviation"
3301:"Sustainable Aviation Fuel Users Group – SAFUG"
2939:"SUN to LIQUID project - SUN to LIQUID project"
2609:
2421:
2403:(Press release). United Airlines. May 22, 2019.
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
961:to create hydro-carbons are under development:
445:test flight using a 50–50 biofuel blend in 2011
152:. Small piston engines can be modified to burn
56:
3499:"Pathways to net-zero emissions from aviation"
2467:
2449:
2126:
2124:
1837:(Press release). KLM website. 16 December 2022
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
827:. Companies working on algae jet fuel include
557:could provide 3–5% of jet fuel needs by 2050.
2097:"50 Percent Biofuels Now Allowed in Jet Fuel"
1954:"NASA confirms biofuels reduce jet emissions"
1739:
1080:
996:Small piston engines can be modified to burn
762:for use in 2011. HEFA-SPK is produced by the
3644:"Nordic Initiative for Sustainable Aviation"
2781:"Interview: LanzaTech CEO Jennifer Holmgren"
2264:Chris Reddy; Greg O'Neil (28 January 2015).
1967:
1632:
1576:"Developing Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)"
1490:
1488:
1429:Alcohol-to-jet synthetic paraffinic kerosene
3403:"SAFUG Pledge; Boeing Commercial Airplanes"
3145:
2439:"Biofuel Market Is Nearing A Tipping Point"
2436:
2376:
2368:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2298:
2164:"Airlines Weigh the Advantages of Biofuels"
2121:
1985:"Are aviation biofuels ready for take off?"
1718:
1521:
952:
230:, a non-food oil used as a biofuel, lowers
3695:
2989:"New SAF Process Could Transform Industry"
2473:
2206:
1762:
1678:"New SAF Process Could Transform Industry"
940:developed technology to retrofit existing
237:emissions by 50–80% compared to Jet-A1, a
3527:
2925:European Commission - European Commission
2833:
2823:
2136:D7566 Revision Adds Bioderived Components
1929:
1911:
1809:. Neste Corporation website. 15 May 2020.
1594:
1559:
1485:
1216:Learn how and when to remove this message
562:International Civil Aviation Organization
427:In 2009, the IATA committed to achieving
275:'s renewable products include a refining
3691:. European Commission. 5 September 2023.
2999:
2028:. Sustainable Aviation Fuel Users Group.
1695:
1582:
1538:
1179:This section includes a list of general
1084:
727:. Jet fuels are sometimes classified as
585:
436:
18:
3496:
3275:"Our Commitment to Sustainable Options"
2679:"Biofuel Factsheet - Aviation Biofuels"
2384:"Sustainable Aviation Fuels Fact sheet"
2023:"Our Commitment to Sustainable Options"
1880:
1878:
1876:
1322:Commercialization Proposals / Projects
1137:European Union Emissions Trading Scheme
1015:
687:International Air Transport Association
581:International Air Transport Association
410:The Roundtable For Sustainable Biofuels
279:of food-grade palm oil, the oily waste
207:Biofuel § Greenhouse gas emissions
196:
61:International Air Transport Association
16:Sustainable fuel used to power aircraft
3711:
2887:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2324:
1765:Environmental Science & Technology
1302:
3454:. Renewable Jet Fuels. Archived from
3194:"Sustainability schemes for biofuels"
3037:
2715:"Producing sustainable aviation fuel"
2132:"Aviation Fuel Standard Takes Flight"
1807:"Waste and residues as raw materials"
1445:, Lanzatech, Swedish Biofuels, Byogy
1432:Biomass-derived ethanol or isobutanol
1027:, for seals and hoses are available.
3666:"Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels"
3569:Aviation Week & Space Technology
3153:Aviation Week & Space Technology
2443:Aviation Week & Space Technology
2274:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
1873:
1609:
1165:
972:Alder Fuels is proposing to convert
355:
3594:McKinsey & Company (Nov 2020).
2542:
2003:"First biofuel flight touches down"
1983:Pharoah Le Feuvre (18 March 2019).
1333:Bio-Oils, Animal Fat, Recycled Oils
1150:pathways under the United States's
1114:Roundtable For Sustainable Biofuels
579:In 2019, 0.1% of fuel was SAF: The
504:sustainable fuels, especially from
13:
3548:
3168:"Ways to make aviation fuel green"
3133:United States Department of Energy
2957:"Ways to make aviation fuel green"
2618:– via repository.tudelft.nl.
2306:"Sustainable Aviation Fuels Guide"
1185:it lacks sufficient corresponding
222:non-food crops and forest residues
14:
3745:
3632:Aviation: Benefits Beyond Borders
3609:
3429:. Carbon War Room. Archived from
3038:Grady, Mary (December 15, 2009).
3007:"AGE-85 (Aviation Grade Ethanol)"
2695:from the original on 29 June 2022
1008:, was approved as a test fuel by
991:
412:by 2008. They pledged to develop
406:Natural Resources Defense Council
297:Neste's sustainable aviation fuel
178:technology, which combines waste
3601:(Report). World Economic Forum.
2545:"COP26: Together for our planet"
2134:. ASTM. September–October 2011.
1719:Ron Oxburgh (28 February 2008).
1255:
1170:
1126:
360:
241:-based fuel. Jatropha, used for
203:Environmental impact of aviation
93:emissions by 20–98% compared to
65:environmental impact of aviation
3490:
3469:
3444:
3419:
3395:
3371:
3344:
3317:
3293:
3267:
3232:
3211:
3186:
3139:
3118:
3100:
3071:
3046:
3031:
3017:
2981:
2949:
2931:
2913:
2895:
2850:
2791:
2773:
2764:
2739:
2721:
2707:
2671:
2622:
2603:
2585:
2561:
2536:
2522:Federal Aviation Administration
2510:
2486:
2474:Guy Norris (February 4, 2021).
2407:
2393:
2337:
2280:
2257:
2233:
2200:
2174:
2162:Bettina Wassener (9 Oct 2011).
2155:
2141:
2089:
2075:
2058:"Carbon-Neutral Growth By 2020"
2050:
2032:
2015:
1995:
1946:
1848:
1827:
1813:
1799:
1756:
1740:Patrick Barta (24 March 2008).
1733:
1712:
1064:aviation taxation and subsidies
905:Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene).
901:that is processed into FT SPK (
754:. As of 2020 this was the only
646:over 10 years. At its sites in
392:The first flight using blended
352:Aviation biofuel demonstrations
170:by a third-party organisation.
2325:Wessof, Eric (19 April 2017).
2207:Meg Cichon (2 December 2011).
1670:
1645:
1626:
1603:
1568:
249:where most plants produce low
67:. Aviation biofuel is used to
1:
2105:. 1 July 2011. Archived from
1478:
1468:List of emerging technologies
707:
73:Synthetic paraffinic kerosene
3724:Aviation and the environment
3696:Geoff Hunt (22 April 2021).
3561:National Wildlife Federation
3249:. 2013-10-17. Archived from
3146:Kerry Reals (Oct 10, 2017).
2437:Kerry Reals (Apr 26, 2019).
1548:Frontiers in Energy Research
1516:Investable Universe>About
1041:
823:to make jet fuel remains an
677:In early 2021, Boeing's CEO
668:International Airlines Group
7:
3617:"Sustainable Sky Institute"
3577:"Sustainable Aviation Fuel"
3479:. Sustainable Sky Institute
3477:"Sustainable Sky Institute"
3219:"Sustainable Aviation Fuel"
2344:2021-03-25T14:13:00+00:00.
1989:International Energy Agency
1633:Mark Pilling (2021-03-25).
1451:
1279:Along with her co-authors,
1267:Boeing Commercial Airplanes
1161:
1146:Some SAF pathways procured
1048:International Energy Agency
1004:, a biofuel alternative to
933:Clostridium autoethanogenum
766:and hydroprocessing of the
758:. HEFA-SPK was approved by
576:to focus on other markets.
10:
3750:
3636:Air Transport Action Group
3529:10.1038/s41893-022-01046-9
2804:Biotechnology for Biofuels
2085:. Bloomberg. 22 July 2010.
1413:Coal, Natural Gas, Biomass
1358:Coal, Natural Gas, Biomass
1081:Sustainable aviation fuels
683:sustainable aviation fuels
549:By 2016, Thomas Brueck of
449:By June 2011, the revised
418:Algal Biomass Organization
349:
345:
287:. Other Neste sources are
200:
2825:10.1186/s13068-016-0638-3
2573:www.grandviewresearch.com
2151:. Bloomberg. 1 July 2011.
1262:emissions trading schemes
1110:Sustainable aviation fuel
831:, Honeywell UOP, Solena,
369:This section needs to be
283:from the palm oil mill's
57:sustainable aviation fuel
3596:Clean Skies for Tomorrow
3557:Rocky Mountain Institute
2733:advancedbiofuelsusa.info
1561:10.3389/fenrg.2020.00110
1285:University of California
953:Future production routes
841:Arizona State University
715:is a mixture of various
610:'s alcohol-to-jet fuel.
536:fatty acid methyl esters
534:By 2015, cultivation of
3689:"Biofuels for aviation"
3681:Inderscience Publishers
2245:www.airportwatch.org.uk
1913:10.1073/pnas.2023008118
1616:www.iata.org/flynetzero
1229:EU RED II Recast (2018)
1200:more precise citations.
1152:renewable fuel standard
1075:Renewable Fuel Standard
1032:United States Air Force
974:lignocellulosic biomass
694:Inflation Reduction Act
138:Fischer–Tropsch process
2993:Aviation Industry News
2214:Renewable Energy World
2102:Renewable Energy World
1682:Aviation Industry News
1610:IATA (December 2023).
1443:Universal Oil Products
1347:, Dynamic Fuels, EERC
1341:Universal Oil Products
1094:
599:
546:, was under research.
496:In December 2011, the
446:
162:are an alternative to
128:(bio-SPK); from solid
32:
3507:Nature Sustainability
3427:"Renewable Jet Fuels"
1702:"A Greener Future?".
1463:Fossil fuel phase-out
1390:Biomass-derived sugar
1088:
589:
553:was forecasting that
440:
336:particulate emissions
255:life cycle assessment
201:Further information:
95:conventional jet fuel
22:
3114:. 11 September 2016.
2943:www.sun-to-liquid.eu
2785:www.triplepundit.com
2650:10.2516/ogst/2014007
1705:Aircraft Illustrated
1622:on 24 February 2024.
1289:Earth System Science
1098:Sustainable biofuels
1016:Technical challenges
865:Continental Airlines
845:Cranfield University
467:engine manufacturers
414:sustainable biofuels
396:took place in 2008.
197:Environmental impact
160:Sustainable biofuels
3520:2023NatSu...6..404B
2963:. August 17, 2022.
2816:2016BB......9..219N
2524:. November 16, 2023
2494:"Net Zero Roadmaps"
2011:. 24 February 2008.
1904:2021PNAS..11823008H
1898:(13): e2023008118.
1777:2010EnST...44.8684B
1749:Wall Street Journal
1657:Energy Intelligence
1501:Investable Universe
1316:Possible Feedstocks
1303:Certified processes
1038:to disinfect them.
837:Imperium Renewables
825:emerging technology
3563:) (Oct 23, 2017).
2995:. August 14, 2024.
2186:Green Car Congress
2044:Green Car Congress
1473:Vegetable oil fuel
1313:Conversion Process
1281:Candelaria Bergero
1133:triple-bottom-line
1095:
1012:in December 2009.
1010:ASTM International
944:plants to produce
760:Altair Engineering
752:vegetable oil fuel
600:
560:In fall 2016, the
459:ASTM International
447:
224:(91–95% savings).
140:(FT-SPK); with an
33:
3586:. December 2019.
3281:on April 25, 2012
2543:Nations, United.
2463:. 3 January 2020.
2389:. IATA. May 2019.
2311:. ICAO. Dec 2018.
1962:. March 23, 2017.
1862:. 5 December 2022
1785:10.1021/es1019178
1449:
1448:
1374:Shell Oil Company
1246:Criterion 2: For
1226:
1225:
1218:
1106:agricultural land
1071:California's LCFS
959:synthetic biology
957:Systems that use
881:Processing solid
756:mature technology
390:
389:
295:and animal fats.
273:Neste Corporation
265:biodiversity loss
146:synthetic biology
136:processed with a
45:bio-aviation fuel
3741:
3705:
3692:
3684:
3672:
3661:
3656:
3655:
3646:. Archived from
3639:
3623:
3605:
3600:
3590:
3581:
3572:
3542:
3541:
3531:
3503:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3356:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3329:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3277:. Archived from
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3255:
3244:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3130:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3083:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3058:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2886:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2869:
2863:. Archived from
2862:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2837:
2827:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2749:. Archived from
2743:
2737:
2736:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2694:
2683:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2635:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2434:
2419:
2418:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2367:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2270:Oceanus magazine
2261:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2221:on 28 March 2014
2217:. Archived from
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2128:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2019:
2013:
2012:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1980:
1965:
1963:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1933:
1915:
1882:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1745:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1618:. Archived from
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1545:
1536:
1519:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1492:
1397:Amyris (company)
1307:
1306:
1248:land use changes
1221:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1201:
1196:this section by
1187:inline citations
1174:
1173:
1166:
1108:or fresh water.
925:
873:General Electric
604:Virgin Australia
542:from the algae,
527:
523:
443:AV-8B Harrier II
441:US Marine Corps
385:
382:
376:
364:
363:
356:
329:
289:used cooking oil
245:, can thrive on
236:
217:greenhouse gases
184:
92:
37:aviation biofuel
3749:
3748:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3709:
3708:
3687:
3675:
3664:
3653:
3651:
3642:
3626:
3615:
3612:
3598:
3579:
3575:
3551:
3549:Further reading
3546:
3545:
3501:
3495:
3491:
3482:
3480:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3461:
3459:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3436:
3434:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3411:
3409:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3387:
3385:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3363:
3361:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3336:
3334:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3309:
3307:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3284:
3282:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3242:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3224:
3222:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3202:
3200:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3144:
3140:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3091:
3089:
3081:
3079:"Biodiesel FAQ"
3077:
3076:
3072:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3036:
3032:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2973:
2971:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2880:
2879:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2860:
2858:"Archived copy"
2856:
2855:
2851:
2796:
2792:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2756:
2754:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2662:
2660:
2633:
2627:
2623:
2608:
2604:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2577:
2575:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2553:
2551:
2541:
2537:
2527:
2525:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2502:
2500:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2472:
2468:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2435:
2422:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2361:
2360:
2354:
2352:
2342:
2338:
2331:Greentech Media
2323:
2316:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2294:. 15 June 2016.
2286:
2285:
2281:
2262:
2258:
2249:
2247:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2224:
2222:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2189:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2160:
2156:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2130:
2129:
2122:
2112:
2110:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2067:
2065:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2046:. 19 June 2008.
2038:
2037:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1981:
1968:
1959:Flying magazine
1952:
1951:
1947:
1883:
1874:
1865:
1863:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1840:
1838:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1771:(22): 8684–91.
1761:
1757:
1738:
1734:
1717:
1713:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1687:
1685:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1662:
1660:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1631:
1627:
1608:
1604:
1596:10.1.1.170.8750
1587:
1583:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1543:
1537:
1522:
1507:
1505:
1494:
1493:
1486:
1481:
1454:
1305:
1274:Richard Branson
1258:
1222:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1192:Please help to
1191:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1129:
1083:
1044:
1018:
994:
955:
924:
920:
903:Fischer–Tropsch
861:Air New Zealand
833:Sapphire Energy
817:hydroprocessing
710:
644:JetBlue Airways
632:United Airlines
624:British Airways
612:Virgin Atlantic
598:over two years.
592:United Airlines
569:venture capital
463:aircraft makers
398:Virgin Atlantic
386:
380:
377:
374:
365:
361:
354:
348:
328:
324:
269:land-use change
235:
231:
209:
199:
183:
179:
91:
87:
39:(also known as
17:
12:
11:
5:
3747:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3729:Aviation fuels
3726:
3721:
3719:Algae biofuels
3707:
3706:
3693:
3685:
3673:
3662:
3640:
3624:
3611:
3610:External links
3608:
3607:
3606:
3591:
3573:
3555:Adam Klauber (
3550:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3514:(4): 404–414.
3489:
3468:
3443:
3418:
3394:
3370:
3343:
3316:
3292:
3266:
3231:
3210:
3185:
3174:. 2022-08-17.
3159:
3138:
3117:
3112:U.S. Air Force
3099:
3070:
3045:
3030:
3016:
3013:on 2008-05-15.
2998:
2980:
2948:
2930:
2921:"Press corner"
2912:
2907:solar-jet.aero
2894:
2849:
2790:
2772:
2763:
2738:
2720:
2706:
2670:
2621:
2602:
2584:
2560:
2549:United Nations
2535:
2509:
2485:
2466:
2448:
2420:
2406:
2392:
2375:
2336:
2314:
2297:
2279:
2256:
2232:
2199:
2188:. May 14, 2020
2173:
2154:
2140:
2120:
2109:on 8 June 2020
2088:
2074:
2049:
2031:
2014:
1994:
1966:
1945:
1872:
1847:
1826:
1812:
1798:
1755:
1732:
1711:
1694:
1669:
1644:
1625:
1602:
1581:
1567:
1520:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1339:World Energy,
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:Blending Ratio
1317:
1314:
1311:
1304:
1301:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1178:
1176:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1128:
1125:
1082:
1079:
1066:at that time.
1043:
1040:
1036:pasteurization
1017:
1014:
993:
992:Piston engines
990:
989:
988:
985:
970:
954:
951:
950:
949:
922:
909:
906:
879:
876:
869:Japan Airlines
805:, waste oils,
789:
786:
748:
721:freezing point
709:
706:
602:By that year,
574:business plans
518:pyrolysis oils
514:organic matter
494:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
429:carbon-neutral
388:
387:
368:
366:
359:
347:
344:
340:sulfur dioxide
326:
233:
213:carbon dioxide
211:Plants absorb
198:
195:
187:clean hydrogen
181:
114:, waste oils,
89:
51:used to power
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3746:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3703:
3699:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3660:
3650:on 2015-04-02
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3604:
3597:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3553:
3552:
3539:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3508:
3500:
3493:
3478:
3472:
3458:on 2013-10-29
3457:
3453:
3447:
3433:on 2013-10-30
3432:
3428:
3422:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3360:
3353:
3347:
3333:
3326:
3320:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3256:on 2011-12-22
3252:
3248:
3241:
3235:
3220:
3214:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3172:The Economist
3169:
3163:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3142:
3134:
3127:
3121:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3087:
3080:
3074:
3055:
3049:
3041:
3034:
3026:
3020:
3012:
3008:
3002:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2961:The Economist
2958:
2952:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2890:
2884:
2870:on 2021-06-23
2866:
2859:
2853:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2767:
2753:on 2022-01-25
2752:
2748:
2742:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2716:
2710:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2674:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2550:
2546:
2539:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2481:
2480:Aviation Week
2477:
2470:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2416:
2410:
2402:
2396:
2385:
2379:
2371:
2365:
2351:
2350:Flight Global
2347:
2340:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2319:
2307:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2203:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2150:
2144:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2125:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2092:
2084:
2078:
2064:on 2021-04-14
2063:
2059:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2024:
2018:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1836:
1830:
1822:
1816:
1808:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1751:
1750:
1744:
1736:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1715:
1708:. March 2009.
1707:
1706:
1698:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1640:
1639:Flight Global
1636:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1597:
1592:
1585:
1577:
1571:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1518:
1517:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1484:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1366:Kaidi Finland
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1293:food security
1290:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1263:
1256:Global impact
1249:
1244:
1242:ICAO 'CORSIA'
1241:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1209:
1206:February 2023
1199:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1182:
1177:
1168:
1167:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1127:Certification
1124:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1087:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
986:
983:
982:pyrolysis oil
979:
975:
971:
968:
967:solar reactor
964:
963:
962:
960:
947:
943:
939:
935:
934:
929:
918:
914:
910:
907:
904:
900:
897:to produce a
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
877:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
813:
808:
804:
800:
796:
795:
790:
787:
784:
780:
776:
772:
769:
765:
764:deoxygenation
761:
757:
753:
749:
746:
745:
744:
741:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
705:
702:
700:
695:
690:
688:
684:
681:said drop-in
680:
675:
673:
669:
664:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
636:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
597:
593:
588:
584:
582:
577:
575:
570:
565:
563:
558:
556:
552:
547:
545:
541:
537:
532:
529:
520:, within its
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
475:
474:
472:
471:oil companies
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
444:
439:
435:
432:
430:
425:
424:(Honeywell).
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
384:
372:
367:
358:
357:
353:
343:
341:
337:
332:
320:
318:
314:
313:TotalEnergies
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
256:
252:
248:
247:marginal land
244:
240:
229:
225:
223:
218:
214:
208:
204:
194:
192:
191:woody biomass
188:
177:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
155:
151:
150:solar reactor
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
104:
98:
96:
85:
82:Biofuels are
80:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
30:
26:
23:Refueling an
21:
3702:Flightglobal
3701:
3669:
3658:
3652:. Retrieved
3648:the original
3631:
3620:
3602:
3587:
3568:
3511:
3505:
3492:
3481:. Retrieved
3471:
3460:. Retrieved
3456:the original
3446:
3435:. Retrieved
3431:the original
3421:
3410:. Retrieved
3406:
3397:
3386:. Retrieved
3382:
3373:
3362:. Retrieved
3358:
3346:
3335:. Retrieved
3332:Ec.europa.eu
3331:
3319:
3308:. Retrieved
3304:
3295:
3283:. Retrieved
3279:the original
3269:
3258:. Retrieved
3251:the original
3246:
3234:
3223:. Retrieved
3213:
3201:. Retrieved
3197:
3188:
3171:
3162:
3151:
3141:
3120:
3111:
3102:
3090:. Retrieved
3073:
3061:. Retrieved
3048:
3033:
3019:
3011:the original
3001:
2992:
2983:
2972:. Retrieved
2960:
2951:
2942:
2933:
2924:
2915:
2906:
2897:
2872:. Retrieved
2865:the original
2852:
2807:
2803:
2793:
2784:
2775:
2766:
2755:. Retrieved
2751:the original
2741:
2732:
2723:
2709:
2697:. Retrieved
2685:
2673:
2661:. Retrieved
2641:
2637:
2624:
2615:
2605:
2597:www.astm.org
2596:
2587:
2576:. Retrieved
2572:
2563:
2552:. Retrieved
2548:
2538:
2528:November 16,
2526:. Retrieved
2521:
2512:
2501:. Retrieved
2498:www.iata.org
2497:
2488:
2479:
2469:
2461:Flightglobal
2460:
2451:
2442:
2409:
2395:
2378:
2353:. Retrieved
2349:
2339:
2300:
2291:
2282:
2269:
2259:
2248:. Retrieved
2244:
2235:
2223:. Retrieved
2219:the original
2212:
2202:
2190:. Retrieved
2185:
2176:
2167:
2157:
2143:
2135:
2111:. Retrieved
2107:the original
2100:
2091:
2077:
2066:. Retrieved
2062:the original
2052:
2043:
2034:
2017:
2006:
1997:
1957:
1948:
1895:
1891:
1864:. Retrieved
1850:
1839:. Retrieved
1829:
1815:
1801:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1747:
1735:
1726:The Guardian
1724:
1714:
1703:
1697:
1686:. Retrieved
1684:. 2024-08-14
1681:
1672:
1661:. Retrieved
1659:. 2024-05-10
1656:
1647:
1638:
1628:
1620:the original
1615:
1605:
1584:
1570:
1551:
1547:
1514:
1506:. Retrieved
1504:. 2020-12-04
1499:
1310:Abbreviation
1278:
1271:
1259:
1212:
1203:
1184:
1145:
1141:
1130:
1118:
1109:
1096:
1091:Oslo Airport
1077:incentives.
1068:
1061:
1046:In 2019 the
1045:
1029:
1019:
995:
956:
931:
895:gasification
889:can produce
810:
793:
737:
717:hydrocarbons
711:
703:
691:
679:Dave Calhoun
676:
665:
658:, Finland's
637:
601:
596:World Energy
578:
566:
559:
548:
543:
533:
530:
495:
450:
448:
433:
426:
391:
378:
370:
333:
321:
259:
228:Jatropha oil
226:
210:
172:
164:electrofuels
158:
123:
101:
99:
81:
72:
47:(BAF)) is a
44:
41:bio-jet fuel
40:
36:
34:
3247:Rsb.epfl.ch
3135:. Sep 2020.
1198:introducing
1100:do not use
771:fatty acids
725:smoke point
638:From 2020,
616:steel mills
555:algaculture
299:is used by
293:deep fryers
168:sustainable
69:decarbonize
59:(SAF). The
25:Airbus A320
3713:Categories
3654:2015-03-27
3483:2016-04-26
3462:2013-10-24
3437:2013-10-24
3412:2015-07-10
3388:2013-10-24
3383:Boeing.com
3364:2013-10-24
3337:2013-10-24
3310:2013-10-24
3260:2013-10-24
3225:2013-10-24
3092:August 22,
3063:August 22,
2974:2023-02-23
2874:2021-11-23
2810:(1): 219.
2757:2020-12-22
2699:3 November
2663:3 November
2578:2023-11-17
2554:2023-11-17
2503:2023-11-17
2355:2021-03-28
2250:2021-08-30
2225:6 December
2113:6 December
2068:2020-12-06
1866:2023-01-02
1841:2023-01-02
1688:2024-08-14
1663:2024-05-14
1508:2022-12-12
1479:References
1441:, Cobalt,
1401:Total S.A.
1378:Syntroleum
1181:references
1143:provider.
1102:food crops
1057:break-even
1053:oil barrel
1002:Swift Fuel
946:isobutanol
928:flue gases
708:Production
544:Isochrysis
528:programs.
508:, sugars,
381:March 2024
350:See also:
305:Air France
285:wastewater
148:through a
3538:256449498
3452:"Welcome"
3407:Safug.org
3359:Safug.org
3305:Safug.org
3285:March 29,
3180:0013-0613
2969:0013-0613
2644:(1): 10.
2192:August 8,
1922:1091-6490
1591:CiteSeerX
1458:Biodiesel
1235:peatlands
1089:In 2016,
1042:Economics
978:pyrolysis
887:pyrolysis
853:Honeywell
768:feedstock
692:The 2022
666:By 2020,
652:Rotterdam
648:Singapore
620:LanzaTech
590:In 2019,
551:Munich TU
540:alkenones
301:Lufthansa
243:biodiesel
134:pyrolysis
55:and is a
3734:Biofuels
3221:. Qantas
2883:cite web
2844:27777621
2690:Archived
2688:. 2017.
2658:45086444
2364:cite web
2168:NY Times
2008:BBC News
1940:33723013
1793:20977266
1452:See also
1327:HEFA-SPK
1297:land use
1162:Criteria
1121:kerosene
1104:, prime
829:Solazyme
819:. Using
812:Camelina
794:jatropha
783:camelina
779:jatropha
747:HEFA-SPK
729:kerosene
713:Jet fuel
516:such as
506:alcohols
317:DG Fuels
261:Palm oil
239:kerosene
125:Camelina
116:palm oil
103:Jatropha
77:jet fuel
53:aircraft
3516:Bibcode
3203:1 April
2835:5069954
2812:Bibcode
2292:Reuters
1931:8020759
1900:Bibcode
1860:Reuters
1773:Bibcode
1578:. IATA.
1426:ATJ-SPK
1384:SIP-HFS
1283:of the
1194:improve
1021:Nitrile
998:ethanol
942:ethanol
917:butanol
913:ethanol
908:ATJ-SPK
883:biomass
807:babassu
803:tallows
788:Bio-SPK
733:naphtha
672:Velocys
628:Velocys
618:, with
510:biomass
502:drop-in
422:UOP LLC
394:biofuel
371:updated
346:History
281:skimmed
277:residue
176:e-fuels
154:ethanol
142:alcohol
130:biomass
120:Babassu
112:tallows
84:biomass
49:biofuel
31:in 2011
29:biofuel
3536:
3178:
3088:. 2006
2967:
2842:
2832:
2656:
1938:
1928:
1920:
1791:
1593:
1513:Note:
1352:FT-SPK
1251:value.
1183:, but
980:(see:
899:syngas
885:using
878:FT-SPK
871:, and
849:Boeing
809:, and
781:, and
656:Porvoo
640:Qantas
512:, and
315:, and
251:yields
132:using
122:, and
3599:(PDF)
3580:(PDF)
3534:S2CID
3502:(PDF)
3355:(PDF)
3328:(PDF)
3254:(PDF)
3243:(PDF)
3129:(PDF)
3082:(PDF)
3057:(PDF)
2868:(PDF)
2861:(PDF)
2693:(PDF)
2682:(PDF)
2654:S2CID
2634:(PDF)
2387:(PDF)
2309:(PDF)
2026:(PDF)
1544:(PDF)
1420:Sasol
1407:SPK/A
1370:Sasol
1345:Neste
1156:Q-RIN
1025:Viton
1006:avgas
821:algae
799:algae
775:algae
699:COP26
660:Neste
526:CLEEN
522:CAAFI
402:algae
291:from
185:with
108:algae
27:with
3584:Gevo
3287:2012
3205:2012
3176:ISSN
3094:2012
3065:2012
2965:ISSN
2889:link
2840:PMID
2701:2022
2665:2022
2530:2023
2370:link
2227:2020
2194:2021
2115:2020
1936:PMID
1918:ISSN
1789:PMID
1439:Gevo
1295:and
1030:The
938:Gevo
843:and
740:ASTM
723:and
654:and
608:Gevo
538:and
524:and
469:and
455:ASTM
408:and
307:and
253:. A
205:and
3524:doi
2830:PMC
2820:doi
2646:doi
1926:PMC
1908:doi
1896:118
1781:doi
1556:doi
1435:50%
1416:50%
1393:10%
1361:50%
1336:50%
1287:'s
1260:As
1148:RIN
926:in
915:or
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