913:
835:
36:
690:
408:(LCFS) both require specific levels of lifecycle greenhouse gas reductions compared to equivalent fossil fuel consumption. The RFS requires that at least half of the biofuels production mandated by 2022 should reduce lifecycle emissions by 50 percent. The LCFS is a performance standard that calls for a minimum of 10 percent emissions reduction per unit of transport energy by 2020. Both the U.S. and California standards currently address only greenhouse gas emissions, but California plans to "expand its policy to address other sustainability issues associated with liquid biofuels in the future".
666:
1236:
one of the Boeing 747-400's Rolls-Royce RB211 engines. Air New
Zealand set several criteria for its jatropha, requiring that "the land it came from was neither forest nor virgin grassland in the previous 20 years, that the soil and climate it came from is not suitable for the majority of food crops and that the farms are rain fed and not mechanically irrigated". The company has also set general sustainability criteria, saying that such biofuels must not compete with food resources, that they must be as good as traditional
642:
4321:
1296:
1017:
862:. Embrapa has rebutted this concern explaining that 99.7% of sugarcane plantations are located at least 2,000 km from the Amazon, and expansion during the last 25 years took place in the Center-South region, also far away from the Amazon rainforest, the Pantanal or the Atlantic forest. In São Paulo state growth took place in abandoned pasture lands. The impact assessment commissioned by the Dutch government supported this argument.
1310:
243:
605:, sound biofuel production practices would not hamper food and fibre production, nor cause water or environmental problems, and would enhance soil fertility. The selection of land on which to grow the feedstocks is a critical component of the ability of biofuels to deliver sustainable solutions. A key consideration is the minimisation of biofuel competition for prime cropland.
805:
lower than in citric, corn, coffee and soybean cropping. The study found that development of resistant sugar cane varieties is a crucial aspect of disease and pest control and is one of the primary objectives of Brazil's cane genetic improvement programs. Disease control is one of the main reasons for the replacement of a commercial variety of sugar cane.
536:), forestry materials, the co-products from food production, and domestic vegetable waste. Advances in the conversion processes will improve the sustainability of biofuels, through better efficiencies and reduced environmental impact of producing biofuels, from both existing food crops and from cellulosic sources. One promising development in
1069:) found that growing sweet sorghum instead of grain sorghum could increase farmers incomes by US$ 40 per hectare per crop because it can provide food, feed and fuel. With grain sorghum currently grown on over 11 million hectares (ha) in Asia and on 23.4 million ha in Africa, a switch to sweet sorghum could have a considerable economic impact.
582:
Western society; and they can create jobs for the poor where previously were none. Produced irresponsibly, they at best offer no climate benefit and, at worst, have detrimental social and environmental consequences. In other words, biofuels are pretty much like any other product. In 2008 the Nobel prize-winning chemist
1275:
As of June 2011, revised international aviation fuel standards officially allow commercial airlines to blend conventional jet fuel with up to 50 percent biofuels. The renewable fuels "can be blended with conventional commercial and military jet fuel through requirements in the newly issued edition of
1271:
based on jatropha-curcas. According to the research, if cultivated properly, "jatropha can deliver many benefits in Latin
America and greenhouse gas reductions of up to 60 percent when compared to petroleum-based jet fuel". Actual farming conditions in Latin America were assessed using sustainability
1235:
jet completed the world's first commercial aviation test flight partially using jatropha-based fuel. More than a dozen performance tests were undertaken in the two-hour test flight which departed from
Auckland International Airport. A biofuel blend of 50:50 jatropha and Jet A1 fuel was used to power
1090:
In April 2011, the
Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels launched a set of comprehensive sustainability criteria – the "RSB Certification System." Biofuels producers that meet to these criteria are able to show buyers and regulators that their product has been obtained without harming the environment or
960:
species appears to be a particularly suitable source of biofuel as it already grows commonly in
Cambodia. Local sustainable production of biofuel in Cambodia, based on the Jatropha or other sources, offers good potential benefits for the investors, the economy, rural communities and the environment.
937:
Cultivation and fruit picking by hand is labour-intensive and needs around one person per hectare. In parts of rural India and Africa this provides much-needed jobs – about 200,000 people worldwide now find employment through jatropha. Moreover, villagers often find that they can grow other crops in
581:
that production of biofuels could be either responsible or irresponsible and had several trade-offs: "Produced responsibly they are a sustainable energy source that need not divert any land from growing food nor damage the environment; they can also help solve the problems of the waste generated by
969:
Jatropha is native to Mexico and
Central America and was likely transported to India and Africa in the 1500s by Portuguese sailors convinced it had medicinal uses. In 2008, recognizing the need to diversify its sources of energy and reduce emissions, Mexico passed a law to push developing biofuels
816:
on carbon emissions, the study commissioned by the Dutch government concluded that "it is very difficult to determine the indirect effects of further land use for sugar cane production (i.e. sugar cane replacing another crop like soy or citrus crops, which in turn causes additional soy plantations
808:
Another concern is the fact that sugarcane fields are traditionally burned just before harvest to avoid harm to the workers, by removing the sharp leaves and killing snakes and other harmful animals, and also to fertilize the fields with ash. Mechanization will reduce pollution from burning fields
1283:
GreenSky London, a biofuels plant under construction in 2014, aimed to take in some 500,000 tonnes of municipal rubbish and change the organic component into 60,000 tonnes of jet fuel, and 40 megawatts of power. By the end of 2015, it was hoped all
British Airways flights from London City Airport
804:
government in 2006 to evaluate the sustainability of
Brazilian bioethanol concluded that there is sufficient water to supply all foreseeable long-term water requirements for sugarcane and ethanol production. This evaluation also found that consumption of agrochemicals for sugar cane production is
955:
Biofuels may provide a substitute for diesel fuel that can be manufactured locally for a lower price, independent of the international oil price. The local production and use of biofuel also offers other benefits such as improved energy security, rural development opportunities and environmental
1279:
In
December 2011, the FAA awarded $ 7.7 million to eight companies to advance the development of commercial aviation biofuels, with a special focus on alcohol to jet fuel. The FAA is assisting in the development of a sustainable fuel (from alcohols, sugars, biomass, and organic matter such as
1057:
and food security. Sweet sorghum is grown on already-farmed drylands that are low in carbon storage capacity, so concerns about the clearing of rainforest do not apply. Sweet sorghum is easier and cheaper to grow than other biofuel crops in India and does not require irrigation, an important
898:
under conditions of increased demand in a market with low grain stocks. The study also concluded that there is no correlation between
Brazilian sugarcane cultivated area and average grain prices, as on the contrary, the spread of sugarcane was accompanied by rapid growth of grain crops in the
521:
and animal feed, and claim that in some parts of the world the economic consequences are already visible, other researchers look at the land available and the enormous areas of idle and abandoned land and claim that there is room for a large proportion of biofuel also from conventional crops.
395:
of biofuels consumed be at least 50 percent less than the equivalent emissions from gasoline or diesel by 2017 (and 35 percent less starting in 2011). Also, the feedstocks for biofuels "should not be harvested from lands with high biodiversity value, from carbon-rich or forested land, or from
865:
In order to guarantee a sustainable development of ethanol production, in September 2009 the government issued by decree a countrywide agroecological land use zoning to restrict sugarcane growth in or near environmentally sensitive areas. According to the new criteria, 92.5% of the Brazilian
1272:
criteria developed by the Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels. Unlike previous research, which used theoretical inputs, the Yale team conducted many interviews with jatropha farmers and used "field measurements to develop the first comprehensive sustainability analysis of actual projects".
1175:
Biofuel producers that wish to sell products marked with the Bonsucro standard must both ensure that they product to the Production Standard, and that their downstream buyers meet the Chain of Custody Standard. In addition, if they wish to sell to the European market and count against the
1086:
The Roundtable on Sustainable Materials, previously Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels, is an international initiative which brings together farmers, companies, governments, non-governmental organizations, and scientists who are interested in the sustainability of biofuels production and
1036:
is a legume native to Australia, India, Florida (USA) and most tropical regions, and is now being invested in as an alternative to Jatropha for areas such as Northern Australia, where Jatropha is classed as a noxious weed. Commonly known as simply 'Pongamia', this tree is currently being
1099:
The Sustainable Biofuels Consensus is an international initiative which calls upon governments, the private sector, and other stakeholders to take decisive action to ensure the sustainable trade, production, and use of biofuels. In this way biofuels may play a key role in energy sector
970:
that don't threaten food security and the agriculture ministry has since identified some 2.6 million hectares (6.4 million acres) of land with a high potential to produce jatropha. The Yucatán Peninsula, for instance, in addition to being a corn-producing region, also contains abandoned
1284:
would be fuelled by waste and rubbish discarded by London residents, leading to carbon savings equivalent to taking 150,000 cars off the road. The £340m scheme was mothballed in January 2016 following low crude oil prices, jittery investors and a lack of support from the UK government.
830:
lands, as it has been the historical trend in São Paulo state. Also, productivity is expected to improve even further based on current biotechnology research, genetic improvement, and better agronomic practices, thus contributing to reduce land demand for future sugarcane cultures.
792:
for biofuel is less efficient, as sugarcane can lead to emissions reductions of between 70% and well over 100% when substituted for gasoline. Several other studies have shown that sugarcane-based ethanol reduces greenhouse gases by 86 to 90% if there is no significant
1082:
Public attitudes and the actions of key stakeholders can play a crucial role in realising the potential of sustainable biofuels. Informed discussion and dialogue, based both on scientific research and an understanding of public and stakeholder views, is important.
1052:
overcomes many of the shortcomings of other biofuel crops. With sweet sorghum, only the stalks are used for biofuel production, while the grain is saved for food or livestock feed. It is not in high demand in the global food market, and thus has little impact on
825:
estimates that there is enough agricultural land available to increase at least 30 times the existing sugarcane plantation without endangering sensible ecosystems or taking land destined for food crops. Most future growth is expected to take place on abandoned
866:
territory is not suitable for sugarcane plantation. The government considers that the suitable areas are more than enough to meet the future demand for ethanol and sugar in the domestic and international markets foreseen for the next decades.
2876:
809:
and has higher productivity than people, and due to mechanization the number of temporary workers in the sugarcane plantations has already declined. By the 2008 harvest season, around 47% of the cane was collected with harvesting machines.
468:
Biofuels have a limited ability to replace fossil fuels and should not be regarded as a ‘silver bullet’ to deal with transport emissions. They offer a prospect of increased market competition and oil price moderation. A healthy supply of
1247:
used a sustainable biofuel to power a commercial aircraft for the first time in North America. This demonstration flight marks the first sustainable biofuel demonstration flight by a commercial carrier using a twin-engined aircraft, a
1202:, crude oil would be trading 15 per cent higher and gasoline would be as much as 25 per cent more expensive, if it were not for biofuels. A healthy supply of alternative energy sources will help to combat gasoline price spikes.
779:
A report commissioned by the United Nations, based on a detailed review of published research up to mid-2009 as well as the input of independent experts world-wide, found that ethanol from sugar cane as produced in Brazil
1000:, and the Mexican Government participated in the first biojet powered transcontinental flight in aviation history. The flight from Mexico City to Madrid used a blend of 70 percent traditional fuel and 30 percent biofuel (
885:
agrees with the World Bank report regarding the negative effects of subsidies and trade restrictions, but found that the impact of biofuels on food prices are much smaller. A study by the Brazilian research unit of the
1103:
The Sustainable Biofuels Consensus envisions a "landscape that provides food, fodder, fiber, and energy, which offers opportunities for rural development; that diversifies energy supply, restores ecosystems, protects
2958:
Disclaimer: This work was published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The views expressed and conclusions reached do not necessarily correspond to those of the governments of OECD member
1228:, as well as reducing the overall energy demand and need for transport. Consideration needs to be given to the development of hybrid and fuel cell vehicles, public transport, and better town and rural planning.
2844:
933:, used for biodiesel, can thrive on marginal agricultural land where many trees and crops won't grow, or would produce only slow growth yields. Jatropha cultivation provides benefits for local communities:
1993:
1280:
pyrolysis oils) that can be "dropped in" to aircraft without changing current practices and infrastructure. The research will test how the new fuels affect engine durability and quality control standards.
951:
for electricity production. Consequently, Cambodians face an insecure supply and pay some of the highest energy prices in the world. The impacts of this are widespread and may hinder economic development.
3618:
3679:
2884:
3205:
1041:, for use as a Diesel replacement for running in modified Diesel engines or for conversion to Biodiesel using 1st or 2nd Generation Biodiesel techniques, for running in unmodified Diesel engines.
989:), Bencafser S.A. and Energy JH S.A. Honeywell's UOP processed the oil into Bio-SPK (Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene). Global Energías Renovables operates the largest Jatropha farm in the Americas.
3767:
764:. Brazil sugarcane ethanol fuel program success and sustainability is based on the most efficient agricultural technology for sugarcane cultivation in the world, uses modern equipment and cheap
2499:
363:
Biofuels shall be produced in the most cost-effective way, with a commitment to improve production efficiency and social and environmental performance in all stages of the biofuel value chain.
328:
Biofuels shall significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions as compared to fossil fuels. The principle seeks to establish a standard methodology for comparing greenhouse gases (GHG) benefits.
985:. The fuel was a 70:30 traditional jet fuel biojet blend produced from Jatropha oil provided by three Mexican producers, Global Energías Renovables (a wholly owned subsidiary of U.S.-based
881:". This research paper also concluded that Brazil's sugar cane–based ethanol has not raised sugar prices significantly. An economic assessment report also published in July 2008 by the
1087:
distribution. During 2008, the Roundtable used meetings, teleconferences, and online discussions to develop a series of principles and criteria for sustainable biofuels production.
322:"Biofuel production shall follow international treaties and national laws regarding such things as air quality, water resources, agricultural practices, labor conditions, and more.
1062:
1216:
Biofuels have a limited ability to replace fossil fuels and should not be regarded as a 'silver bullet' to deal with transport emissions. Biofuels on their own cannot deliver a
1138:, bringing together industry, supply chain intermediaries, end-users, farmers and civil society organisations to develop standards for certifying the derivative products of
2733:
2621:
1927:
3648:
3540:
3180:
3337:
1523:
750:
3420:
2833:
3147:
1985:
193:
917:
264:
3610:
3049:
2262:
1252:, powered by CFM International CFM56-7B engines. The biofuel blend included components derived from algae and jatropha plants. The algae oil was provided by
3562:
3103:
3671:
2979:
3802:
3251:
2931:
2861:
Disclaimer: This paper reflects the findings, interpretation, and conclusions of the authors, and do not necessarily represent the views of the World Bank
3201:
3759:
2800:
1447:
224:
2510:
3125:
371:
Several countries and regions have introduced policies or adopted standards to promote sustainable biofuels production and use, most prominently the
3516:
2762:
1860:
1257:
465:. Responsible commercialization of biofuels represents an opportunity to enhance sustainable economic prospects in Africa, Latin America and Asia.
3826:
3004:
2172:
2018:
4198:
3077:
2068:
2654:
2338:
325:
Biofuels projects shall be designed and operated in participatory processes that involve all relevant stakeholders in planning and monitoring.
1472:
2221:
1602:
528:
are now being produced from a much broader range of feedstocks including the cellulose in dedicated energy crops (perennial grasses such as
3640:
2102:
1348:
497:, are currently produced from the products of conventional food crops such as the starch, sugar and oil feedstocks from crops that include
1874:
1688:
317:
In 2008, the Roundtable for Sustainable Biofuels released its proposed standards for sustainable biofuels. This includes 12 principles:
1746:
1439:
3266:
1905:
405:
182:
251:
4203:
2198:
Sustainable Ethanol: Biofuels, Biorefineries, Cellulosic Biomass, Flex-Fuel Vehicles, and Sustainable Farming for Energy Independence
2909:
2130:
850:
Another concern is the risk of clearing rain forests and other environmentally valuable land for sugarcane production, such as the
782:
in some circumstances does better than just "zero emission". If grown and processed correctly, it has negative emission, pulling CO
556:-genus bacteria that can do so in the presence of oxygen. The university's researchers have stated that the source of the "TU-103"
442:. Many of these first-generation biofuels that are currently being supplied have been criticised for their adverse impacts on the
334:
Biofuel production shall contribute to the social and economic development of local, rural and indigenous peoples and communities.
3791:
2737:
2628:
2039:
608:
Biofuels are different from fossil fuels in regard to carbon emissions being short term, but are similar to fossil fuels in that
718:
3231:
1852:
401:
380:
217:
489:
Biofuel development and use is a complex issue because there are many biofuel options which are available. Biofuels, such as
331:
Biofuel production shall not violate human rights or labor rights, and shall ensure decent work and the well-being of workers.
3454:
3332:
2205:
1963:
1503:
891:
3312:
1919:
457:
The challenge is to support second, third and fourth-generation biofuel development. Second-generation biofuels include new
4271:
3477:
2168:
2043:
1719:
1539:
Cavelius, Philipp; Engelhart-Straub, Selina; Mehlmer, Norbert; Lercher, Johannes; Awad, Dania; Brück, Thomas (2023-03-30).
1211:
746:
3417:
3286:
3172:
3858:
303:. It includes not using plants that are used for food stuff to produce the fuel thus disrupting the world's food supply.
3151:
938:
the shade of the trees. Their communities will avoid importing expensive diesel and there will be some for export too.
2596:"A Energia da Cana-de-Açúcar – Doze estudos sobre a agroindústria da cana-de-açúcar no Brasil e a sua sustentabilidade"
1058:
consideration in dry areas. Some of the Indian sweet sorghum varieties are now grown in Uganda for ethanol production.
773:
548:
bacteria, called "TU-103", a key feature of the discovery is that the "TU-103" organism can convert nearly any form of
198:
2595:
2297:
2273:
1131:
912:
210:
90:
3393:
1832:
4355:
3046:
1333:
1180:, then they must adhere to the Bonsucro EU standard, which includes specific greenhouse gas calculations following
2277:
3559:
2312:
2098:
834:
776:(output energy/input energy), which varies from 8.3 for average conditions to 10.2 for best practice production.
129:
3367:
3011:
2971:
1383:
887:
477:, especially in the transport sector. Using transportation fuels more efficiently is also an integral part of a
4350:
3794:, D. Mitchel, published by The World Bank, 2010. See Executive Summary and Appendix A: The Brazilian Experience
2942:
1193:
435:
2808:
2432:
2367:
35:
3955:
986:
3117:
354:
Surface and groundwater use will be optimized and contamination or depletion of water resources minimized.
4360:
4301:
4291:
4218:
3508:
3263:
3148:"Investment Group Plants Five Thousand Acres of Jatropha for Biofuel in Yucatan Mexico : TreeHugger"
1353:
4010:
2773:
817:
replacing pastures, which in turn may cause deforestation), and also not logical to attribute all these
3823:
3015:
2161:
2014:
813:
2368:"Use of U.S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases Through Emissions from Land-Use Change"
461:, with responsible policies and economic instruments to help ensure that biofuel commercialization is
4276:
3984:
3428:
1268:
525:
4154:
3365:
The Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels: Ensuring Biofuels Deliver on their Promise of Sustainability
3074:
2072:
689:
4250:
4223:
2662:
2342:
1038:
843:
757:
602:
312:
3031:
Most of the text, graphs and tables included in the report are presented in Portuguese and English
1789:
O release from agro-biofuel production negates global warming reduction by replacing fossil fuels"
1469:
772:) is used to process heat and power, which results in a very competitive price and also in a high
3851:
2228:
2094:
1599:
1301:
1198:
392:
256:
3581:
4208:
3797:
3537:
2128:
1881:
159:
1684:
1100:
transformation, climate stabilization, and resulting worldwide revitalisation of rural areas.
517:. Some researchers fear that a major switch to biofuels from such crops would create a direct
3817:
3202:"Interjet, Airbus complete jatropha aviation biofuels trial in Mexico : Biofuels Digest"
1742:
1436:
1343:
1217:
1153:
standard is based around a definition of sustainability which is founded on five principles:
974:
plantations, where the growing of Jatropha for biodiesel production would not displace food.
890:
regarding the effects of biofuels on grain prices concluded that the major driver behind the
754:
478:
2131:"Assessment of greenhouse gas emissions in the production and use of fuel ethanol in Brazil"
947:
Cambodia has no proven fossil fuel reserves, and is almost completely dependent on imported
839:
678:
3714:
2444:
2379:
2269:
1800:
1395:
1244:
1225:
1177:
1109:
533:
119:
65:
1276:
ASTM D7566, Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons".
706:
387:
by 2020, is the most comprehensive mandatory sustainability standard in place as of 2010.
8:
3085:
2905:
1358:
1181:
1127:
1026:
628:. The WHO estimates 3.7 million premature deaths worldwide in 2012 due to air pollution.
443:
60:
3718:
3595:
3227:
2448:
2383:
2137:
2047:
1804:
1575:
1540:
1399:
1220:
system and so must be developed as part of an integrated approach, which promotes other
4324:
4125:
3950:
3938:
3844:
3740:
2709:
2684:
2565:
2538:
2468:
2405:
470:
458:
75:
4172:
2136:. Secretariat of the Environment, Government of the State of São Paulo. Archived from
654:
598:
means that they contribute more to global warming than the fossil fuels they replace.
4345:
4245:
4137:
3732:
3450:
2714:
2685:"Climate change, biofuels and eco-social impacts in the Brazilian Amazon and Cerrado"
2570:
2472:
2460:
2397:
2293:
2201:
1959:
1950:
1899:
1580:
1562:
1499:
1491:
1419:
1411:
1407:
851:
616:. Raw biofuels burned to generate steam for heat and power, produces airborne carbon
541:
416:
341:
70:
2409:
2222:"Carbon and Sustainability Reporting Within the Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation"
1849:
665:
4177:
4088:
3928:
3744:
3722:
2704:
2696:
2560:
2550:
2452:
2387:
1808:
1769:
1641:
1570:
1552:
1403:
1363:
1323:
1221:
1033:
1021:
1001:
922:
895:
577:
384:
85:
80:
27:
4021:
838:
Location of environmentally valuable areas with respect to sugarcane plantations.
4286:
4148:
4098:
3830:
3566:
3544:
3442:
3424:
3371:
3341:
3308:
3290:
3081:
3053:
2872:
2804:
2599:
1856:
1836:
1606:
1557:
1476:
1443:
1264:
1253:
1232:
957:
794:
735:
641:
621:
583:
439:
434:
derived from plant materials, are entering the market, driven by factors such as
3473:
1711:
3283:
3005:"Fatores Determinantes dos Preços dos Alimentos: O Impacto dos Biocombustíveis"
2840:
1659:
1249:
609:
572:
372:
292:
3075:
As Biofuels Catch On, Next Task Is to Deal With Environmental, Economic Impact
2115:
See chapters Introduction (pp. 339–444) and Pillar I: Innovation (pp. 445–482)
1164:
Manage input, production and processing efficiencies to enhance sustainability
4339:
4296:
3962:
3270:
2880:
2769:
2658:
1566:
1415:
1338:
1315:
1049:
625:
613:
587:
518:
447:
419:, including "zoning regulation of sugarcane expansion and social protocols".
376:
357:
134:
124:
3440:
2456:
2431:
Fargione; Hill, J; Tilman, D; Polasky, S; Hawthorne, P; et al. (2008).
2392:
4238:
4108:
3945:
3903:
3883:
3736:
3173:"Mexico hosts successful biofuels test flight | BiodieselMagazine.com"
3057:
2718:
2700:
2574:
2464:
2401:
1813:
1784:
1584:
1423:
1328:
1143:
1105:
1005:
870:
727:
698:
561:
514:
473:
sources will help to combat gasoline price spikes and reduce dependency on
431:
300:
139:
2555:
2195:
1437:
Roundtable for Sustainable Biofuels releases proposed standards for review
4281:
4233:
4228:
4213:
3999:
3972:
3933:
3918:
3893:
3385:
2162:"Towards Sustainable Production and Use of Resources: Assessing Biofuels"
1829:
1054:
1016:
982:
948:
818:
801:
739:
738:. Brazil is considered the biofuel industry leader and the world's first
617:
565:
529:
474:
462:
348:
154:
144:
112:
102:
2972:"Biofuel policies in OECD countries costly and ineffective, says report"
2479:
There are rebuttals to these findings for assuming a worst-case scenario
2129:
Macedo Isaias, M. Lima Verde Leal and J. Azevedo Ramos da Silva (2004).
879:
Brazil's sugar-based ethanol did not push food prices appreciably higher
4142:
4078:
3923:
3888:
3824:
Towards Sustainable Production and Use of Resources: Assessing Biofuels
1139:
1135:
993:
874:
765:
702:
694:
674:
537:
506:
171:
166:
107:
97:
3447:
Sustainable Development of Biofuels in Latin America and the Caribbean
3101:
Andrew Williamson. Cambodian Research Centre for Development (c2005).
2969:
2929:
2416:
There are critics to these findings for assuming a worst-case scenario
1538:
4266:
4182:
4083:
3908:
3867:
3611:"Boeing Issues First Latin American Study on Jatropha Sustainability"
3441:
Christine Moser; Tina Hildebrandt; Robert Bailis (14 November 2013).
3364:
1986:"With Big Boost From Sugar Cane, Brazil Is Satisfying Its Fuel Needs"
1645:
731:
670:
650:
560:
bacteria strain was most likely from the solid waste from one of the
549:
494:
296:
3760:"BA blames UK government for scrapping of £340m green fuels project"
3727:
3702:
1295:
4166:
4131:
4056:
4046:
3989:
3294:
1783:
Crutzen, P. J.; Mosier, A. R.; Smith, K. A.; Winiwarter, W (2008).
1237:
1150:
1121:
978:
930:
855:
595:
510:
451:
427:
3509:"Jatropha-fuelled plane touches down after successful test flight"
1632:
Oliver R. Inderwildi; David A. King (2009). "Quo Vadis Biofuels".
4073:
4067:
4016:
3898:
3875:
2611:
Click on the link to download the zip file with the pdf chapters.
2506:
1631:
1309:
1066:
859:
827:
822:
769:
742:
490:
288:
55:
45:
3309:"Uganda: Sorghum On High Demand for Ethanol And Beer Production"
1063:
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
981:
completed the first Mexican aviation biofuels test flight on an
540:
production technology was discovered in the late summer of 2011—
242:
4119:
4051:
3967:
3913:
3672:"FAA Awards $ 7.7 Million for Advancement of Aviation Biofuels"
997:
723:
710:
682:
658:
544:'s alternative fuel research scientists discovered a strain of
412:
391:
The EU Renewable Energy Directive requires that the lifecycle
50:
3818:
Reconciling food security and bioenergy: priorities for action
1850:
Growing Sustainable Biofuels: Common Sense on Biofuels, part 2
4093:
4036:
4026:
3979:
2260:
1712:"Cars Could Run on Recycled Newspaper, Tulane Scientists Say"
1465:
971:
789:
502:
498:
3836:
3792:
Biofuels in Africa: Opportunities, Prospects, and Challenges
2970:
Directorate for Trade & Agriculture, OECD (2008-07-16).
2930:
Directorate for Trade & Agriculture, OECD (2008-07-16).
2261:
Edward Smeets; Martin Junginger; et al. (August 2006).
2227:. Department of Transport (UK). January 2008. Archived from
1958:. Island Press, Washington, D.C. pp. 153–155, 160–161.
1947:
1782:
4061:
4031:
2975:
2938:
2341:(in Portuguese). São Paulo State Government. Archived from
2200:. Prairie Oak Publishing, Maryville, Missouri. p. 42.
1541:"The potential of biofuels from first to fourth generation"
1192:
Biofuels offer the prospect of real market competition and
882:
761:
734:
dates back to the 1970s, as a governmental response to the
3833:
by the United Nations Environment Programme, October 2009.
3443:"International Sustainability Standards and Certification"
1685:"Novel bacterium produces butanol directly from cellulose"
1126:
In 2008, a multi-stakeholder process was initiated by the
1011:
719:
Environmental and social impacts of Brazilian ethanol fuel
383:, which requires 10 percent of transportation energy from
4041:
2497:
2430:
1115:
3431:, Italy, March 24–28, 2008. Retrieved December 24, 2008.
3427:
hosted by the Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio Center in
347:
Biofuel production shall promote practices that improve
3806:
2339:"Antecipado prazo para fim das queimadas nos canaviais"
3047:
Through biofuels we can reap the fruits of our labours
2801:"Lula aprova por decreto zoneamento da cana-de-açúcar"
2069:"EPA designates sugarcane ethanol as advanced biofuel"
1077:
3820:, Global Change Biology Bioenergy Journal, June 2016.
3805:(in the UK), Element Energy Limited (commissioned by
3386:"Sustainability Criteria for Biofuels Up and Running"
2906:"Biofuels major driver of food price rise-World Bank"
2500:"A Expansão da Cana-de-Açúcar e sua Sustentabilidade"
2196:
Goettemoeller, Jeffrey; Adrian Goettemoeller (2007).
3449:. Robert Bailis. Springer New York. pp. 27–69.
3118:"Toxic jatropha shrub fuels Mexico's biodiesel push"
1291:
3812:
2365:
1709:
1167:
Actively manage biodiversity and ecosystem services
877:
research report published in July 2008 found that "
2827:
2825:
2336:
1949:
366:Biofuel production shall not violate land rights".
344:, ecosystems and areas of high conservation value.
337:Biofuel production shall not impair food security.
3434:
3061:, February 28, 2008. Retrieved December 24, 2008.
2932:"Economic Assessment of Biofuel Support Policies"
2877:"Etanol não influenciou nos preços dos alimentos"
1743:"Put a Zebra in Your Tank: A Chemical Crapshoot?"
1660:Hydrogen injection could boost biofuel production
1094:
788:. In contrast, the report found that U.S. use of
4337:
3468:
3466:
2760:
2652:
846:, concentrates two-thirds of sugarcane cultures.
812:Regarding the negative impacts of the potential
4199:Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels
3600:, January 8, 2009. Retrieved December 26, 2021.
3586:, January 8, 2009. Retrieved December 26, 2021.
2831:
2822:
2689:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
2536:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2313:"Brazil SP cane growers to ban burning by 2017"
2092:
1451:, August 18, 2008. Retrieved December 24, 2008.
3375:December 4, 2008. Retrieved December 24, 2008.
3089:, March 24, 2008. Retrieved December 24, 2008.
2589:
2587:
2585:
2095:"A Blueprint for Green Energy in the Americas"
2015:"Biofuels in Brazil: Lean, green and not mean"
1864:, March 12, 2008. Retrieved December 24, 2008.
1665:, March 12, 2007. Retrieved December 23, 2009.
1529:, April 25, 2008. Retrieved December 23, 2009.
1496:Sustainable biofuels: prospects and challenges
1170:Continuously improve key areas of the business
1072:
814:direct and indirect effect of land use changes
552:into butanol, and is the only known strain of
3852:
3757:
3641:"50 Percent Biofuels Now Allowed in Jet Fuel"
3572:, January 5, 2009. Retrieved January 5, 2009.
3463:
3104:Biofuel: A Sustainable Solution for Cambodia?
2871:
2682:
2532:
2530:
2426:
2424:
2307:
2305:
1767:Ron Oxburgh, "Fuelling hope for the future."
749:designated Brazilian sugarcane ethanol as an
415:also adopted new sustainability policies for
218:
3550:, February 2009. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
3538:Boeing planes successfully fly with biofuels
3298:, May 13, 2008. Retrieved December 24, 2008.
3252:More to noxious weed fuel than meets the sky
3002:
2484:
2361:
2359:
1983:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1740:
1349:Indirect land use change impacts of biofuels
1240:, and that they should be cost competitive.
821:losses to sugar cane". The Brazilian agency
786:out of the atmosphere, rather than adding it
3700:
2795:
2793:
2734:"Enfim foi aprovado o Zoneamento Ecológico"
2582:
2433:"Land Clearing and the Biofuel Carbon Debt"
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2124:
2122:
2007:
306:
3859:
3845:
3669:
2923:
2865:
2756:
2754:
2731:
2527:
2421:
2302:
1388:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1267:research showed significant potential for
360:shall be minimized along the supply chain.
225:
211:
183:Nuclear power proposed as renewable energy
4204:Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
3726:
3413:
3411:
2963:
2708:
2676:
2564:
2554:
2498:Tarcízio Goes & Renner Marra (2008).
2391:
2366:Timothy Searchinger; et al. (2008).
2356:
2263:"Sustainability of Brazilian bio-ethanol"
1972:
1812:
1687:. Greencarcongress.com. August 28, 2011.
1574:
1556:
1161:Respect human rights and labour standards
1044:
1004:). The biojet was produced entirely from
762:direct indirect land use change emissions
3506:
2859:Policy Research Working Paper No. 4682.
2790:
2245:
2154:
2119:
2061:
1674:The Royal Society (2008). p. 2 & 11.
1205:
1015:
911:
833:
753:due to EPA's estimated 61% reduction of
688:
664:
640:
267:of all important aspects of the article.
3284:Can Sorghum Solve the Biofuels Dilemma?
2898:
2751:
2646:
2189:
2032:
1948:Inslee, Jay; Bracken Hendricks (2007).
1710:Kathryn Hobgood Ray (August 25, 2011).
1618:
1616:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1381:
1187:
1012:Pongamia Pinnata in Australia and India
768:as feedstock, the residual cane-waste (
586:published findings that the release of
16:Non-fossil-based sustainable production
4338:
3560:Air New Zealand Completes Biofuel Test
3408:
3097:
3095:
3069:
3067:
3041:
3039:
2998:
2996:
2598:(in Portuguese). UNICA. Archived from
2593:
2579:PDF version available at BioMedcentral
2330:
2214:
1904:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1749:from the original on February 13, 2013
1116:Better Sugarcane Initiative / Bonsucro
636:
263:Please consider expanding the lead to
3840:
3798:Center for Sustainable Energy Farming
3334:Sweet sorghum for food, feed and fuel
3208:from the original on December 3, 2020
2614:
2040:"Greenhouse Gas Reduction Thresholds"
1722:from the original on October 21, 2014
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1487:
1485:
1134:, the private development arm of the
800:In another study commissioned by the
4272:Cellulosic ethanol commercialization
3703:"Renewable energy: Biofuels heat up"
2736:(in Portuguese). HSM. Archived from
2169:United Nations Environment Programme
2086:
2044:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
1840:p. 107. Retrieved December 23, 2009.
1613:
1470:Renewables 2010 Global Status Report
1454:
1212:BioEthanol for Sustainable Transport
747:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
236:
3813:Roundtable on Sustainable Materials
3621:from the original on April 25, 2011
3491:
3128:from the original on April 15, 2019
3092:
3064:
3036:
2993:
2627:. Oxfam. 2008-06-28. Archived from
1078:Roundtable on Sustainable Materials
907:
519:competition with their use for food
406:California Low Carbon Fuel Standard
13:
3682:from the original on 28 March 2014
3347:
3344:New Agriculturalist, January 2008.
1634:Energy & Environmental Science
1600:Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels
1509:
1482:
1382:Solomon, Barry D. (January 2010).
594:O) emissions in the production of
14:
4372:
3785:
3770:from the original on 11 July 2018
3651:from the original on June 8, 2020
3519:from the original on 22 July 2016
3497:The Royal Society (2008). pp.1–3.
2763:"Sugarcane Agroecological Zoning"
2539:"The Brazilian biofuels industry"
2337:Manoel Schlindwein (2008-03-10).
2274:Universidade Estadual de Campinas
1920:"Ambient (outdoor) air pollution"
1827:Rocky Mountain Institute (2005).
1741:Laurie Balbo (January 29, 2012).
1691:from the original on June 2, 2012
1524:Biofuels are part of the solution
1132:International Finance Corporation
4320:
4319:
3803:The Role of Biofuels Beyond 2020
3758:Arthur Neslen (6 January 2016).
3396:from the original on 11 May 2011
2071:. Green Momentum. Archived from
1408:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05279.x
1334:Environmental impact of aviation
1308:
1294:
649:) plantation ready for harvest,
342:negative impacts on biodiversity
241:
34:
3751:
3694:
3663:
3633:
3603:
3589:
3575:
3553:
3531:
3500:
3480:from the original on 2014-08-26
3378:
3356:
3353:The Royal Society (2008). p. 4.
3326:
3315:from the original on 2012-10-07
3301:
3276:
3257:
3245:
3234:from the original on 2011-09-17
3220:
3194:
3183:from the original on 2012-11-16
3165:
3140:
3110:
2982:from the original on 2015-09-24
2912:from the original on 2008-08-29
2850:from the original on 2008-08-19
2725:
2653:Michael Grunwald (2008-03-27).
2178:from the original on 2009-11-22
2105:from the original on 2012-02-19
2099:Inter-American Development Bank
2021:from the original on 2008-07-27
1996:from the original on 2009-04-25
1941:
1930:from the original on 2021-10-08
1912:
1867:
1843:
1821:
1776:
1761:
1734:
1703:
1677:
1668:
1652:
1622:The Royal Society (2008). p. 2.
1037:commercialised in Australia by
340:Biofuel production shall avoid
255:may be too short to adequately
194:Topics by country and territory
3670:Meg Cichon (2 December 2011).
3418:Sustainable Biofuels Consensus
3003:FGV Projetos (November 2008).
2834:"A note on Rising Food Crisis"
2537:José Goldemberg (2008-05-01).
1716:Tulane University news webpage
1625:
1591:
1532:
1430:
1375:
1095:Sustainable Biofuels Consensus
1061:A study by researchers at the
631:
265:provide an accessible overview
1:
3866:
3701:Kim Krieger (23 April 2014).
3507:Alok Jha (30 December 2008).
3445:. In Barry D. Solomon (ed.).
3273:– Courier Mail August 9, 2008
2832:Donald Mitchell (July 2008).
2017:. The Economist. 2008-06-26.
1384:"Biofuels and sustainability"
1369:
1178:EU Renewable Energy Directive
892:2007–2008 rise in food prices
422:
381:EU Renewable Energy Directive
3264:Branching out into Biodiesel
3136:– via www.reuters.com.
2807:. 2009-09-18. Archived from
2622:"Another Inconvenient Truth"
2594:Macedo; et al. (2007).
1610:Retrieved December 23, 2009.
1597:EPFL Energy Center (c2007).
1558:10.1371/journal.pbio.3002063
987:Global Clean Energy Holdings
894:was speculative activity on
402:U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard
7:
4302:Issues relating to biofuels
4292:Energy return on investment
3362:EPFL Energy Center (2008).
3107:Retrieved December 24, 2008
1984:Larry Rother (2006-04-10).
1354:Issues relating to biofuels
1287:
1073:International collaboration
942:
902:
438:and the need for increased
295:manner. It is not based on
199:Marketing and policy trends
10:
4377:
2543:Biotechnology for Biofuels
2268:. Copernicus Institute at
1256:, and the jatropha oil by
1209:
1119:
844:Southeast Region of Brazil
716:
526:Second generation biofuels
484:
310:
4315:
4277:Energy content of biofuel
4259:
4191:
4107:
3998:
3874:
2732:Luiz Alvez (2009-10-02).
2643:Oxfam Briefing Paper 114.
1269:sustainable aviation fuel
1196:moderation. According to
964:
669:Mechanized harvesting of
351:and minimize degradation.
4251:Thermal depolymerization
4224:Industrial biotechnology
2093:Garten Rothkopf (2007).
1184:calculation guidelines.
1091:violating human rights.
1039:Pacific Renewable Energy
758:greenhouse gas emissions
603:Rocky Mountain Institute
393:greenhouse gas emissions
313:Low-carbon fuel standard
307:Sustainability standards
4356:Sustainable agriculture
4219:Fischer–Tropsch process
4209:Biomass heating systems
3012:Fundação Getúlio Vargas
2908:. Reuters. 2008-07-28.
2655:"The Clean Energy Scam"
2457:10.1126/science.1152747
2393:10.1126/science.1151861
2292:Report NWS-E-2006-110,
1830:Winning the Oil Endgame
1302:Renewable energy portal
1199:The Wall Street Journal
888:Fundação Getúlio Vargas
459:cellulosic technologies
3676:Renewable Energy World
3645:Renewable Energy World
2761:Government of Brazil.
2701:10.1098/rstb.2007.0030
2683:Donald Sawyer (2008).
1814:10.5194/acp-8-389-2008
1173:
1045:Sweet sorghum in India
1030:
940:
926:
847:
714:
686:
662:
369:
160:Tidal stream generator
4351:Sustainable transport
3474:"A guide to Bonsucro"
3177:biodieselmagazine.com
2556:10.1186/1754-6834-1-6
1951:"6. Homegrown Energy"
1718:. Tulane University.
1344:Fossil fuel phase-out
1231:In December 2008, an
1218:sustainable transport
1206:Sustainable transport
1155:
1019:
935:
918:Jatropha gossipifolia
915:
837:
745:economy. In 2010 the
692:
668:
647:Saccharum officinarum
644:
479:sustainable transport
319:
3390:Bridges Trade BioRes
2270:Universiteit Utrecht
1745:. Greenprophet.com.
1245:Continental Airlines
1188:Oil price moderation
701:distillery plant at
693:Cosan's Costa Pinto
534:Miscanthus giganteus
400:As with the EU, the
120:Marine current power
66:Crosswind kite power
4307:Sustainable biofuel
3719:2014Natur.508..448K
3086:Wall Street Journal
2449:2008Sci...319.1235F
2384:2008Sci...319.1238S
1805:2008ACP.....8..389C
1522:Gordon Quaiattini.
1400:2010NYASA1185..119S
1359:Substitutional fuel
1182:European Commission
1128:World Wildlife Fund
1027:Brisbane, Australia
992:On August 1, 2011,
637:Sugarcane in Brazil
610:biofuels contribute
444:natural environment
285:Sustainable biofuel
150:Sustainable biofuel
61:Carbon-neutral fuel
22:Part of a series on
4361:Sustainable energy
3829:2009-11-22 at the
3809:), September 2013.
3617:. March 31, 2011.
3584:Green Car Congress
3565:2009-02-26 at the
3548:Biodiesel magazine
3543:2020-03-14 at the
3423:2008-12-17 at the
3370:2010-06-18 at the
3340:2015-09-04 at the
3289:2008-05-15 at the
3124:. March 11, 2009.
3080:2011-07-25 at the
3052:2016-01-23 at the
1990:The New York Times
1855:2008-03-18 at the
1835:2008-05-16 at the
1773:, August 15, 2007.
1658:Catherine Brahic.
1605:2011-07-10 at the
1475:2010-08-20 at the
1442:2008-10-11 at the
1142:, one of which is
1031:
977:On April 1, 2011,
927:
848:
715:
687:
663:
471:alternative energy
76:Geothermal heating
4333:
4332:
4246:Sabatier reaction
3713:(7497): 448–449.
3456:978-1-4614-9274-0
3204:. April 4, 2011.
3010:(in Portuguese).
2879:(in Portuguese).
2803:(in Portuguese).
2695:(1498): 1747–52.
2665:on March 30, 2008
2505:(in Portuguese).
2378:(5867): 1238–40.
2207:978-0-9786293-0-4
1965:978-1-59726-175-3
1793:Atmos. Chem. Phys
1504:978-0-85403-662-2
1492:The Royal Society
1243:In January 2009,
1226:energy efficiency
1110:sequesters carbon
852:Amazon rainforest
842:, located in the
726:’s production of
601:According to the
542:Tulane University
430:, in the form of
417:sugarcane ethanol
282:
281:
235:
234:
71:Geothermal energy
4368:
4323:
4322:
4167:Pongamia pinnata
3861:
3854:
3847:
3838:
3837:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3730:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3647:. July 1, 2011.
3637:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3607:
3601:
3593:
3587:
3579:
3573:
3557:
3551:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3504:
3498:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3470:
3461:
3460:
3438:
3432:
3415:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3392:. 4 April 2011.
3382:
3376:
3360:
3354:
3351:
3345:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3305:
3299:
3280:
3274:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3150:. Archived from
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3114:
3108:
3099:
3090:
3071:
3062:
3043:
3034:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3020:
3014:. Archived from
3009:
3000:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2967:
2961:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2947:
2941:. Archived from
2936:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2883:. Archived from
2869:
2863:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2849:
2838:
2829:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2797:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2778:
2772:. Archived from
2767:
2758:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2712:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2661:. Archived from
2650:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2633:
2626:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2591:
2580:
2578:
2568:
2558:
2534:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2515:
2509:. Archived from
2504:
2495:
2482:
2476:
2443:(5867): 1235–8.
2428:
2419:
2413:
2395:
2363:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2309:
2300:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2282:
2276:. Archived from
2267:
2258:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2234:on June 25, 2008
2233:
2226:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2177:
2166:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2142:
2135:
2126:
2117:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2046:. Archived from
2036:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1981:
1970:
1969:
1953:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1903:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1886:
1880:. Archived from
1879:
1871:
1865:
1847:
1841:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1780:
1774:
1770:The Courier-Mail
1765:
1759:
1758:
1756:
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1646:10.1039/b822951c
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1507:
1494:(January 2008).
1489:
1480:
1463:
1452:
1448:Biomass Magazine
1434:
1428:
1427:
1379:
1364:Sustainable Oils
1324:Aviation biofuel
1318:
1313:
1312:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1222:renewable energy
1034:Pongamia pinnata
1022:Pongamia pinnata
1002:aviation biofuel
923:Hyderabad, India
908:India and Africa
755:total life cycle
751:advanced biofuel
578:The Courier-Mail
564:at New Orleans'
436:oil price spikes
385:renewable energy
277:
274:
268:
245:
237:
227:
220:
213:
91:Run-of-the-river
86:Hydroelectricity
81:Geothermal power
38:
28:Renewable energy
19:
18:
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4375:
4371:
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4366:
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4311:
4287:Energy forestry
4255:
4187:
4149:Jatropha curcas
4110:
4103:
4011:Camelina sativa
4001:
3994:
3870:
3865:
3831:Wayback Machine
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3282:Stephen Leahy.
3281:
3277:
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3258:
3254:January 5, 2009
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3073:Patrick Barta.
3072:
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3054:Wayback Machine
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2286:
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2283:on May 28, 2008
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2013:
2012:
2008:
1999:
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1982:
1973:
1966:
1946:
1942:
1933:
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1918:
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1875:"Archived copy"
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1857:Wayback Machine
1848:
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1837:Wayback Machine
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1596:
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1551:(3): e3002063.
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1293:
1290:
1265:Yale University
1263:In March 2011,
1254:Sapphire Energy
1233:Air New Zealand
1214:
1208:
1190:
1124:
1118:
1097:
1080:
1075:
1047:
1014:
967:
958:Jatropha curcas
956:benefits. The
945:
910:
905:
896:futures markets
795:land use change
785:
736:1973 oil crisis
721:
655:São Paulo State
639:
634:
622:carbon monoxide
593:
584:Paul J. Crutzen
487:
440:energy security
425:
315:
309:
278:
272:
269:
262:
250:This article's
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12:
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4138:Chinese tallow
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3993:
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3985:Water hyacinth
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3786:External links
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3269:2012-09-04 at
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2875:(2008-07-28).
2864:
2841:The World Bank
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2188:
2171:. 2009-10-16.
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2006:
1971:
1964:
1940:
1911:
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1861:World Changing
1842:
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1799:(2): 389–395.
1786:
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1394:(1): 119–134.
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1258:Terasol Energy
1250:Boeing 737-800
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909:
906:
904:
901:
869:Regarding the
783:
774:energy balance
638:
635:
633:
630:
626:nitrous oxides
591:
573:Ronald Oxburgh
486:
483:
424:
421:
404:(RFS) and the
373:European Union
368:
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291:produced in a
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259:the key points
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4297:Food vs. fuel
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3939:vegetable oil
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3271:archive.today
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3154:on 2011-09-14
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3048:
3045:Ron Oxburgh.
3042:
3040:
3032:
3021:on 2009-03-19
3017:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2997:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2966:
2960:
2948:on 2008-11-01
2944:
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2911:
2907:
2901:
2887:on 2009-02-10
2886:
2882:
2881:Editora Abril
2878:
2874:
2873:Veja Magazine
2868:
2862:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2826:
2811:on 2011-06-15
2810:
2806:
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2796:
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2779:on 2011-07-06
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2740:on 2010-03-13
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2664:
2660:
2659:Time Magazine
2656:
2649:
2634:on 2008-09-08
2630:
2623:
2617:
2602:on 2012-12-11
2601:
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2516:on 2009-03-19
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2345:on 2009-02-14
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2298:90-8672-012-9
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2143:on 2008-05-28
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2100:
2096:
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2075:on 2011-07-11
2074:
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2050:on 2011-11-14
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1956:Apollo's Fire
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1887:on 2018-02-19
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1663:New Scientist
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1340:
1339:Food vs. fuel
1337:
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1327:
1325:
1322:
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1317:
1316:Energy portal
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3615:PRNewswire
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3319:2009-04-23
3238:2011-08-31
3228:"GreenAir"
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3187:2011-08-31
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2986:2008-08-01
2959:countries.
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2606:2008-11-30
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