627:, they would be building the world's first deep-sea tidal energy farm off the coast of Pembrokeshire in Wales. It will provide electricity for 5,000 homes. Eight underwater turbines, each 25 metres long and 15 metres high, are to be installed on the sea bottom off St David's peninsula. Construction is due to start in the summer of 2008 and the proposed tidal energy turbines, described as "a wind farm under the sea", should be operational by 2010. However, it has gone into administration less than a year after developing and testing a 400KW turbine known as DeltaStream in 2015. Lunar Energy dissolved in 2019.
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692:, WA. This project is the first grid-connected two-turbine project in the US; installation is planned for the summer of 2015. The tidal turbines will use are designed to be placed directly into the seafloor at a depth of roughly 200 feet, so that there will be no effect on commercial navigation overhead. The license granted by the FERC also includes plans to protect fish, wildlife, as well as cultural and aesthetic resources, in addition to navigation. Each turbine measures 6 meters in diameter, and will generate up to 300 kW of electricity. In September 2014, the project was canceled due to cost concerns.
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620:, with planning permission given in 2013. "The Skerries project located in Anglesey, Wales, will be one of the first arrays deployed using the Siemens owned Marine Current Turbines SeaGen S tidal turbines. The marine consent for the project was recently awarded, the first tidal array to be consented in Wales. The 10MW array will be fully operational in 2015." - CEO of Siemens Energy Hydro & Ocean Unit Achim WΓΆrner. The project was shelved in 2016 after Marine Current Turbines was acquired by SIMEC Atlantis Energy.
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provide significant power at low tidal flow velocities compared with similar wind speeds. Given that power varies with the density of medium and the cube of velocity, water speeds of nearly one-tenth the speed of wind provide the same power for the same size of turbine system; however, this limits the application in practice to places where tide speed is at least 2 knots (1 m/s), even close to
556:, in a narrow channel which concentrates the tide as it flows between the Atlantic Ocean and North Sea. This area has a very strong tidal current, which can travel up to 4 m/s (8 knots) in spring tides. Tidal energy developers currently testing at the site include Alstom (formerly Tidal Generation Ltd), ANDRITZ HYDRO Hammerfest, OpenHydro, Scotrenewables Tidal Power, and Voith.
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than a gigawatt hour to consumers in
Northern Ireland. It is currently the only commercial-scale device to have been installed anywhere in the world. SeaGen is made up of two axial flow rotors, each of which drive a generator. The turbines are capable of generating electricity on both the ebb and flood tides because the rotor blades can pitch through 180Λ.
1247:) to detect and track the movement of fish both upstream and downstream of each of six turbines. The results suggested (1) very few fish using this portion of the river, (2) those fish which did use this area were not using the portion of the river which would subject them to blade strikes, and (3) no evidence of fish traveling through blade areas.
1240:). Tidal energy removal can also cause environmental concerns such as degrading farfield water quality and disrupting sediment processes. Depending on the size of the project, these effects can range from small traces of sediment build up near the tidal device to severely affecting nearshore ecosystems and processes.
740:. This works, in essence, by forcing water which would not have flowed through the turbine through the rotor disk. In these situations it is the frontal area of the duct, rather than the turbine, which is used in calculating the power coefficient and therefore the Betz limit still applies to the device as a whole.
346:. The TGU is the core of the OCGen technology and uses advanced design cross-flow (ADCF) turbines to drive a permanent magnet generator located between the turbines and mounted on the same shaft. ORPC has developed TGU designs that can be used for generating power from river, tidal, and deep water ocean currents.
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in 2002. Tidal Energy delivered their shrouded turbine in northern
Australia, where some of the fastest recorded flows (11 m/s, 21 knots) are found. Two small turbines will provide 3.5 MW. Another larger 5 meter diameter turbine, capable of 800 kW in 4 m/s of flow, was
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While initial assessments of the available energy in a channel have focus on calculations using the kinetic energy flux model, the limitations of tidal power generation are significantly more complicated. For example, the maximum physical possible energy extraction from a strait connecting two large
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In 2010, The Crown Estate awarded an agreement for lease to MeyGen
Limited, granting the option to develop a tidal stream project of up to 398MW at an offshore site between Scotland's northernmost coast and the island of Stroma. This is the largest planned tidal farm project worldwide right now, and
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The AR-1000, a 1 MW turbine developed by
Atlantis Resources Corporation, was successfully deployed at the EMEC facility during the summer of 2011. The AR series are commercial-scale, horizontal-axis turbines designed for open ocean deployment. AR turbines feature a single rotor set with fixed-pitch
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Jones, Anthony T., and Adam
Westwood. "Power from the oceans: wind energy industries are growing, and as we look for alternative power sources, the growth potential is through the roof. Two industry watchers take a look at generating energy from wind and wave action and the potential to alter." The
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is a variant of the
Darrieus design featuring a helical design that is in a large-scale, commercial pilot in South Korea, starting with a 1 MW plant that opened in May 2009 and expanding to 90MW by 2013. Neptune Renewable Energy's Proteus project employs a shrouded vertical axis turbine that can be
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Tidalstream, a UK-based company, commissioned a scaled-down Triton 3 turbine on the Thames in 2003. It can be floated to its site, installed without cranes, jack-ups, or divers, and then ballasted into an operating position. At full scale, the Triton 3 in 30β50 m deep water has a 3 MW capacity, and
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at a 50-meter depth of sea. Although still a prototype, the HS300 turbine, with a reported capacity of 300 kW was connected to the grid on
November 13, 2003. This made it the world's first tidal turbine delivering to the grid. The submerged structure weighed 120 tonnes and had gravity footings
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was installed by Marine
Current Turbines in Strangford Lough in Northern Ireland in April 2008. The turbine began to generate at full power of just over 1.2 MW in December 2008, is reported to have fed 150 kW into the grid for the first time on July 17, 2008, and has now contributed more
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are designing a commercial device in 2007β2009 with seven other companies who are expert in their fields. The consortium was awarded an β¬8 million EU grant to develop the first device, which will be deployed in 2012 at the Humber estuary and generates enough power for 1,000 homes. Pulse Tidal was
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draw energy from air currents. However, the potential for power generation by an individual tidal turbine can be greater than that of a similarly rated wind energy turbine. The higher density of water relative to air (water is about 800 times the density of air) means that a single generator can
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As with wind power, selection of location is critical for the tidal turbine. Tidal stream systems need to be located in areas with fast currents where natural flows are concentrated between obstructions, for example at the entrances to bays and rivers, around rocky points, headlands, or between
478:; assignor of one-half to Wolfgang Kmentt, also of Vienna. Their water kite turbine disclosure demonstrated a rich art in water-kite turbines. In similar technology, many others prior to 2006 advanced water-kite and paravane electric generating systems. In 2006, a tidal kite turbine called the
205:
shown in the T100 model as applied in Den Oever. Currently, 1 river model (R1) and 2 tidal models (T) are in production, with a 3rd T3 coming soon. Power production for the T1 is around 100 kW and around 200 kW for the T2. These are suitable for tidal currents as low as 0.4 m/s.
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No standard tidal stream generator has emerged as the clear winner among a large variety of designs. Several prototypes have shown promise, with many companies making bold claims, some of which are yet to be independently verified, but they have not operated commercially for extended periods to
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turbine. The kite was expected to work in flows as low 1β2.5 metres (3 ft 3 in β 8 ft 2 in) per second, while first-generation devices need over 2.5s. Each kite will have a capacity to generate between 150 and 800 kW. They can be deployed in waters 50β300 metres
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was developed by
Swedish company Minesto. They conducted its first sea trial in Strangford Lough in Northern Ireland in the summer of 2011. The test used kites with wingspan of 1.4m. In 2013 the Deep Green pilot plant began operation off Northern Ireland. The plant uses
303:. The turbines would feature a rotor section approximately 15 metres in diameter with a slightly larger gravity base. The turbines would operate in deep water well below shipping channels. Each turbine is forecast to produce energy for between 300 and 400 homes.
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is associated with blade strike and entanglement of marine organisms as high speed water increases the risk of organisms being pushed near or through these devices. As with all offshore renewable energies, there is also a concern about how the creation of
1232:. Depending on the frequency and amplitude of sound generated by the tidal energy devices, this acoustic output can have varying effects on marine mammals (particularly those who echolocate to communicate and navigate in the marine environment such as
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blades. The AR turbine is rotated as required with each tidal exchange. This is done in the slack period between tides and held in place for the optimal heading for the next tide. AR turbines are rated at 1 MW at 2.65 m/s of water flow velocity.
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to generate which is transmitted by the attachment cable to a transformer and then to the electricity grid. The turbine mouth is protected to protect marine life. The 14-meter version has a rated power of 850 kilowatts at 1.7 meters per second.
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in New York City; it was the first major tidal-power project in the United States. The strong currents pose challenges to the design: the blades of the 2006 and 2007 prototypes broke and new reinforced turbines were installed in
September 2008.
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has selected OpenHydro's turbine for a tidal energy demonstration project in the Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia, Canada and Alderney Renewable Energy Ltd for the supply of tidal turbines in the Channel Islands. OpenHydro was liquidated in 2018.
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Venturi effect devices use a shroud or duct in order to generate a pressure differential which is used to run a secondary hydraulic circuit which is used to generate power. A device, the Hydro Venturi, is to be tested in San Francisco Bay.
548:(EMEC) has supported the deployment of more wave and tidal energy devices than at any other single site in the world. EMEC provides a variety of test sites in real sea conditions. Its grid connected tidal test site is located at the
1939:
406:, was tested off the Scottish coast. The Stingray uses hydrofoils to create oscillation, which allows it to create hydraulic power. This hydraulic power is then used to power a hydraulic motor, which then turns a generator.
103:. Furthermore, at higher speeds in a flow between 2 and 3 meters per second in seawater, a tidal turbine can typically access four times as much energy per rotor swept area as a similarly rated power wind turbine.
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at 1/10 scale. The UK company developing it is called Ocean Flow Energy Ltd. The advanced hull form maintains optimum heading into the tidal stream and is designed to operate in the peak flow of the water column.
520:, offering the potential to generate 1,000-fold more energy than a stationary generator. That maneuver means the kite can operate in tidal streams that move too slowly to drive earlier tidal devices, such as the
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Garrett, C. and Cummins, P. (2005). "The power potential of tidal currents in channels." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 461, London. The Royal Society,
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European technology and innovation platform for ocean energy (ETIP OCEAN) Powering homes today, Powering nations tomorrow report 2019 makes note of record volumes being supplied through tidal stream technology.
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sections that are pushed sideways by the flow. Oscillating stream power extraction was proven with the omni- or bi-directional Wing'd Pump windmill. During 2003 a 150 kW oscillating hydroplane device, the
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the Triton 6 in 60β80 m deep water has a capacity of up to 10MW, depending on the flow. Both platforms have man-access capability both in the operating position and in the float-out maintenance position.
59:, although the term is often used in reference to machines designed to extract energy from the run of a river or tidal estuarine sites. Certain types of these machines function very much like underwater
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technology may eventually see large amounts of power generated from the ocean, especially tidal currents using the tidal stream designs but also from the major thermal current systems such as the
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recognizes six principal types of tidal energy converters. They are horizontal axis turbines, vertical axis turbines, oscillating hydrofoils, venturi devices, Archimedes screws and tidal kites.
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is also the unique commercial, multi-turbine array to have commenced construction. The first phase of the MeyGen project (Phase 1A) is operational and the subsequent phases are under way.
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244:, England, in 2003. The 11-meter-diameter turbine generator was fitted to a steel pile which was driven into the seabed. As a prototype, it was connected to a dump load, not to the grid.
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Minesto's kite has a wingspan of 8β14 metres (26β46 ft). The kite has neutral buoyancy, so doesn't sink as the tide turns from ebb to flow. Each kite is equipped with a gearless
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of 200 tonnes. Its three-blades were made in glass fibre-reinforced plastic and measured 10 metres from hub to tip. The device rotated at 7 rpm with an installed capacity of 0.3 MW.
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The world's first marine energy test facility was established in 2003 to kick start the development of the wave and tidal energy industry in the UK. Based in Orkney, Scotland, the
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1254:) to explore and establish tools and protocols for assessment of physical and biological conditions and monitor environmental changes associated with tidal energy development.
732:" is known, the equation below can be used to determine the power output of the hydrodynamic subsystem of the machine. This available power cannot exceed that imposed by the
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These are similar in concept to traditional windmills but operate under the sea. They have most of the prototypes currently under design, development, testing or operations.
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has been developed at Laval University and tested successfully near Quebec City, Canada, in 2009. A hydrodynamic efficiency of 40% has been achieved during the field tests.
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There are a number of individuals and companies developing tidal energy converters across the world. A database of tidal energy developers is kept up-to-date here:
645:. It is estimated that up to 3 GW could be extracted. This would not only supply the island's needs but also leave a considerable surplus for export, using a
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1199:. Tidal stream turbines may be arrayed in high-velocity areas where natural tidal current flows are concentrated such as the west and east coasts of Canada, the
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Atwater, J.F., Lawrence, G.A. (2008) Limitations on Tidal Power Generation in a Channel, Proceedings of the 10th World Renewable Energy Congress. (pp 947β952)
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In April 2008, the Ocean Renewable Power Company, LLC (ORPC) successfully completed testing its proprietary turbine-generator unit (TGU) prototype at ORPC's
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and Australia. Such flows occur almost anywhere where there are entrances to bays and rivers, or between land masses where water currents are concentrated.
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Using flow augmentation measures, for example a duct or shroud, the incident power available to a turbine can be increased. The most common example uses a
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One study of the Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy (RITE, Verdant Power) project in the East River (New York City), used 24 split beam hydroacoustic sensors (
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into electricity by moving through the tidal stream. An estimated 1% of 2011's global energy requirements could be provided by such devices at scale.
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and acoustic outputs may affect marine organisms. Because these devices are in the water, the acoustic output can be greater than those created with
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Relative to an open turbine in free stream, ducted turbines are capable of as much as 3 to 4 times the power of the same turbine rotor in open flow.
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194:, from 2016. It produced 3,200 MWhs of electricity in 12 months of continuous testing. It was removed in September 2018 to make way for the
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RWE npower renewables Sites > Projects in Development > Marine > Skerries > The Proposal : Anglesey Skerries Tidal Stream Array
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Tidal energy converters can have varying modes of operating and therefore varying power output. If the power coefficient of the device "
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2923:"Funding, paperwork slow ambitious plans to produce power using underwater turbines in Mississippi River | Business News | nola.com"
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Tocardo were declared bankrupt in 2019. QED Naval and HydroWing have joined forces to buy tidal turbine business Tocardo in 2020.
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A database for all data collected by marine energy research and development projects funded by the U.S. Department of Energy.
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kites with a wingspan of 8m (or 12m). Each kite has a rated power of 120 kilowatts at a tidal flow of 1.3 meters per second.
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Chen, Hao; Tang, Tianhao; Ait-Ahmed, Nadia; Benbouzid, Mohamed El Hachemi; Machmoum, Mohamed; Zaim, Mohamed El-Hadi (2018).
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announced that it is in partnership with Marine Current Turbines to build a tidal farm of SeaGen turbines off the coast of
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establish performance and rates of return on investments. Some of the many companies and turbines tested are summarised in
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A database of information on potential environmental effects of marine energy and offshore wind energy development.
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The kite is tethered by a cable to a fixed point. It "flies" through the current carrying a turbine. It moves in a
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was granted a licence in 2008 and is planning to use tidal turbines to extract power from the notoriously strong
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The SR2000, a prototype 2MW floating turbine developed by Orbital Marine Power in Scotland, was operated at the
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Tocardo, a Dutch-based company, has been running tidal turbines since 2008 on the Afsluitdijk, near Den Oever.
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A database that provides up-to-date information on marine energy deployments in the U.S. and around the world.
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413:. Having secured funding from the EU, they are developing a commercial-scale device to be commissioned 2012.
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2294:"Underwater kite-turbine may turn tides into green electricity | Damian Carrington | Environment"
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A 2 kW prototype relying on the use of two oscillating hydrofoils in a tandem configuration called
2766:"EnergyBulletin.net | NZ: Chance to turn the tide of power supply | Energy and Peak Oil News"
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2106:"BBC Look North "A tidal power project in the Humber has generated its first batch of electricity""
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The kinetic energy of a water current is converted into electricity by a turbine-generator system
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The Australian company Tidal Energy Pty Ltd undertook successful commercial trials of efficient
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in 1923 and patented in 1929, these turbines can be deployed either vertically or horizontally.
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islands or other land masses. The following potential sites are under serious consideration:
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Work is currently being conducted by the Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (
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649:(FAB Link) which is expected to go online by 2020. This agreement was terminated in 2017.
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on the power coefficient, although this can be circumvented to some degree by placing a
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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A database of information on technical design and engineering of marine energy devices.
2577:"Ways to Save Energy - How to save energy and the best ways to save energy in the home"
1988:. Mass High Tech: The Journal of New England Technology. August 1, 2008. Archived from
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to increase the flow rate through the turbine, which can be either axial or crossflow.
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of swimming species, such as sharks, tuna, and mackerel, using their highly efficient
2973:"Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy (RITE) Environmental Assessment Project | Tethys"
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2478:"LUNAR ENERGY POWER LIMITED overview - Find and update company information - GOV.UK"
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In November 2007, British company Lunar Energy announced that, in conjunction with
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232:, a 300 kW periodflow marine current propeller type turbine, was installed by
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Tidal stream generators are the cheapest and least ecologically damaging among the
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Pulse Tidal operate an oscillating hydrofoil device called Pulse generator in the
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In 2010, Tenax Energy of Australia proposed to put 450 turbines off the coast of
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581:. The reason given is: Most of these projects did not progress, but others have.
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Tidal stream generators draw energy from water currents in much the same way as
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Futurist 39.1 (2005): 37(5). GALE Expanded Academic ASAP. Web. 8 October 2009.
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Oscillating devices do not have a rotating component, instead making use of
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A network of databases providing broad access to marine energy information.
1651:"N.Y. Tests Turbines to Produce Power. City Taps Current Of the East River"
1581:"Read about the first open-sea tidal turbine generator off Lynmouth, Devon"
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planned as a tidal-powered desalination showcase near Brisbane Australia.
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2955:"Tethys | Environmental Effects of Wind and Marine Renewable Energy"
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684:(FERC) approved a pilot license for Snohomish County PUD to install two
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to increase the speed of the water flowing through the turbine tenfold.
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Ernst Souczek of Vienna, Austria, on August 6, 1947, filed for a patent
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mode propulsion. It is produced by Australian company BioPower Systems.
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1415:"Orbital Marine Power Launches O2: World's Most Powerful Tidal Turbine"
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945:{\displaystyle P=0.22\,\rho \,g\,\Delta H_{\text{max}}\,Q_{\text{max}}}
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The energy available from these kinetic systems can be expressed as:
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2354:"Underwater Kite Harvests Energy From Slow Currents - IEEE Spectrum"
1940:"South Korea starts up, to expand 1-MW Jindo Uldolmok tidal project"
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2748:"News: The latest news, sport, weather and events from WalesOnline"
1519:"Attraction, Challenge and Current Status of Marine Current Energy"
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Builder & Engineer - Pembrokeshire tidal barrage moves forward
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A prototype semi-submerged floating tethered tidal turbine called
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1016:= maximum differential water surface elevation across the channel
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Portal and Repository for Information on Marine Renewable Energy
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1700:"SIMEC Atlantis Energy | Turbines and Engineering Services"
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at Teddington on the River Thames in the London suburbs, England
67:. They were first conceived in the 1970s during the oil crisis.
2329:"Deep Green underwater kite to generate electricity (w/ Video)"
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2937:"Isle of Wight tidal energy demonstration site plans unveiled"
2378:"Tidal developers : EMEC: European Marine Energy Centre"
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2131:"Full scale demonstration prototype tidal stream generator"
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1501:"New EU tidal joint venture formed with Dutch acquisition"
1376:"Tidal devices : EMEC: European Marine Energy Centre"
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are planning to deploy ten 1MW HS1000 devices designed by
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Following the Seaflow trial, a full-size prototype called
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Bay of Fundy to get three test turbines | Cleantech.com
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Community Research and Development Information Service
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used to form an array in mainly estuarine conditions.
2786:. Energy NZ, Vol 1, No 1. Winter 2007. Archived from
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The bioSTREAM tidal power conversion system uses the
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has been tested since June 2008 in Strangford Lough,
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2641:"Admiralty Inlet Pilot Tidal Project | Tethys"
2175:"Shark biomimicry produces renewable energy system"
1676:"Power From the Restless Sea Stirs the Imagination"
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2482:find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk
1986:"Tide is slowly rising in interest in ocean power"
1786:"First Testing of Evopod at Strangford Narrows..."
1045:= maximum volumetric flow rate though the channel.
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1008:
978:= the density of the water (seawater is 1027 kg/m)
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865:= the density of the water (seawater is 1027 kg/m)
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2666:"Snohomish County PUD drops tidal-energy project"
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2460:"Administrators seek buyer for Tidal Energy Ltd"
2446:"Β£70m Anglesey tidal project is shelved - again"
1567:"Kvalsund Tidal Turbine Prototype | Tethys"
1417:(Press release). Edinburgh: Orbital Marine Power
2680:"Developments in ducted water current turbines"
2315:"The future of renewable energy | Minesto"
2085:"Stingray Tidal System Energy Device - Phase 3"
1917:. Worldchanging.com. 1999-02-22. Archived from
797:{\displaystyle P={\frac {\rho AV^{3}}{2}}C_{P}}
27:- A semi-submerged floating approach tested in
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81:
2420:"Renewable Energy Focus - Journal - Elsevier"
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1195:, which is covered by the more general term
2195:. Hydrolienne.fsg.ulaval.ca. Archived from
2029:"Tidal Energy - the Tidal Energy Advantage"
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1604:. Verdant Power. 2012-01-23. Archived from
198:, the production model, completed in 2021.
55:from moving masses of water, in particular
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984:= gravitational acceleration (9.80665 m/s)
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203:Typical production data of tidal generator
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1826:"Tidal power project could run all homes"
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251:began running a prototype project in the
16:Type of tidal power generation technology
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2219:"Oscillating-wings Hydrokinetic Turbine"
1967:. Neptunerenewableenergy.com. 2013-02-07
1358:"Has Welsh Firm Caught The Tide? - TIME"
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3037:Marine and Hydrokinetic Data Repository
3015:Basic information about current energy.
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2493:
2491:
2342:
2268:"Hydro | VerdErg Renewable Energy"
1873:
1871:
539:
3045:
2821:"N.Y. Tests Turbines to Produce Power"
884:
871:= the sweep area of the turbine (in m)
695:
449:
392:
114:development of tidal stream generators
2819:Shulman, Robin (September 20, 2008).
2351:
2274:
1674:Kate Galbraith (September 22, 2008).
1009:{\displaystyle \Delta H_{\text{max}}}
314:
279:A 3D model of an Evopod tidal turbine
23:Two types of Tidal Stream Generators
3013:Marine Energy Basics: Current Energy
2898:"Tidal power from Piscataqua River?"
2488:
1868:
1649:Robin Shulman (September 20, 2008).
1219:The main environmental concern with
563:
130:
2152:. Theengineer.co.uk. Archived from
2150:"EU Grant reported by The Engineer"
1942:. Hydro World. 2009. Archived from
1804:"Ocean Flow Energy company website"
682:Federal Energy Regulatory Committee
559:
13:
2216:
1360:. January 20, 2011. Archived from
1049:
993:
918:
890:basins is given to within 10% by:
63:and are thus often referred to as
14:
3064:
3000:
2784:"Harnessing the power of the sea"
2292:Carrington, Damian (2011-03-02).
2243:"San Francisco Bay Guardian News"
434:
126:
2597:. Analysis.newenergyupdate.com.
1744:"Β· Sea Generation Tidal Turbine"
1264:
843:= the power generated (in watts)
700:
568:
458:is an underwater kite system or
353:, Italy, started in 2001 of the
135:
107:Types of tidal stream generators
3019:Marine Energy Projects Database
2983:
2965:
2947:
2929:
2915:
2890:
2865:
2847:
2812:
2794:
2758:
2740:
2722:
2712:
2703:
2658:
2633:
2587:
2569:
2555:
2530:
2516:
2499:"Alderney Renewable Energy Ltd"
2470:
2452:
2438:
2426:
2384:
2370:
2352:Tweed, Katherine (2013-11-14).
2321:
2307:
2260:
2234:
2210:
2185:
2167:
2141:
2123:
2112:from the original on 2021-12-21
2098:
2077:
2056:
2035:
2021:
2003:
1978:
1957:
1932:
1907:
1889:
1847:
1817:
1796:
1778:
1757:
1736:
1718:
1692:
1667:
1642:
1619:
1573:
1559:
1493:
1479:
1390:"ScotRenewables SR2000 at EMEC"
837:= the turbine power coefficient
404:Stingray tidal stream generator
2768:. May 22, 2005. Archived from
2524:"Turbulent tides hit Alderney"
2435:. Retrieved February 26, 2010.
1465:
1428:
1407:
1382:
1368:
1350:
1324:
1171:in the Southern United States
1038:{\displaystyle Q_{\text{max}}}
429:oscillating wing tidal turbine
51:), is a machine that extracts
1:
2148:Don Pratt (3 December 2009).
1487:"Tocardo Declares Bankruptcy"
1305:
1169:Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana
647:France-Alderney-Britain cable
631:Alderney Renewable Energy Ltd
546:European Marine Energy Centre
188:European Marine Energy Centre
171:Bottom-mounted axial turbines
121:European Marine Energy Centre
2581:www.savingenergyathome.co.uk
2501:. Are.gb.com. Archived from
1725:First connection to the grid
1639:. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
1127:The Sound of Islay, between
7:
3031:Tethys Engineering Database
2627:www.islayenergytrust.org.uk
2563:"Tides wash away OpenHydro"
2179:Mongabay Environmental News
2108:. Youtube.com. 2009-08-06.
1915:"Gorlov Turbines in Koreas"
1730:September 25, 2010, at the
1544:10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2795708
1257:
1153:Humboldt County, California
738:turbine in a shroud or duct
516:increases with the cube of
82:Similarity to wind turbines
10:
3069:
2595:"Sad news for Pulse Tidal"
2245:. Sfbg.com. Archived from
1824:Nigel Adlam (2010-01-29).
877:= the velocity of the flow
438:
2623:"Islay Energy Trust Home"
2392:"MeyGen - Tidal Projects"
1901:February 5, 2009, at the
1068:between Wales and England
577:This section needs to be
217:installation is south of
144:This section needs to be
43:, often referred to as a
2241:Seth Wolf (2004-07-27).
1207:, and numerous sites in
1181:Teddington and Ham Hydro
667:ScottishPower Renewables
525:(160β980 ft) deep.
179:A cable-tethered turbine
3053:Tidal stream generators
2873:"Google Sites: Sign-in"
1830:Northern Territory News
1272:Renewable energy portal
535:Tidal energy developers
529:Tidal stream developers
382:shrouded tidal turbines
361:Flow augmented turbines
234:Marine Current Turbines
2043:"Wing'd Pump Windmill"
1245:scientific echosounder
1039:
1010:
972:
946:
859:
831:
798:
726:
386:Gold Coast, Queensland
370:
280:
180:
172:
91:
45:tidal energy converter
41:tidal stream generator
36:
1806:. Oceanflowenergy.com
1706:on September 25, 2010
1215:Environmental impacts
1040:
1011:
973:
971:{\displaystyle \rho }
947:
860:
858:{\displaystyle \rho }
832:
830:{\displaystyle C_{P}}
799:
727:
725:{\displaystyle C_{P}}
368:
278:
178:
170:
89:
22:
2861:on December 6, 2010.
2668:. 30 September 2014.
1992:on December 26, 2008
1746:. Marineturbines.com
1338:on 23 September 2010
1230:offshore wind energy
1197:marine current power
1165:in the United States
1155:in the United States
1092:in the United States
1022:
990:
962:
897:
849:
814:
750:
709:
663:liquidated in 2014.
552:, off the island of
540:Tidal stream testing
2880:accounts.google.com
2826:The Washington Post
1857:. Tidalstream.co.uk
1535:2018IEEEA...612665C
1201:Strait of Gibraltar
1187:Modern advances in
885:Resource assessment
696:Energy calculations
680:In March 2014, the
450:Tidal kite turbines
393:Oscillating devices
2886:on March 18, 2009.
2806:2008-07-04 at the
2734:2011-09-11 at the
2466:. 24 October 2016.
2017:on March 25, 2009.
1635:2010-11-12 at the
1489:. 11 October 2019.
1461:. 23 October 2023.
1035:
1006:
968:
942:
855:
827:
794:
722:
688:tidal turbines in
456:tidal kite turbine
371:
369:A shrouded turbine
315:Crossflow turbines
281:
181:
173:
92:
37:
35:in the background.
2993:. 22 August 2022.
2296:. theguardian.com
2045:. Econologica.org
1628:Technology Review
1503:. 8 January 2020.
1149:Islands, Scotland
1100:San Francisco Bay
1032:
1003:
939:
928:
782:
653:Nova Scotia Power
598:
597:
510:figure-eight loop
351:Strait of Messina
342:tidal sites near
297:Darwin, Australia
236:off the coast of
165:
164:
3060:
2995:
2994:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2925:. 24 April 2011.
2919:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2900:. Archived from
2894:
2888:
2887:
2882:. Archived from
2877:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2857:. Archived from
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2816:
2810:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2744:
2738:
2726:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2691:
2685:. Archived from
2684:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2643:. Archived from
2637:
2631:
2630:
2619:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2540:. Archived from
2534:
2528:
2527:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2495:
2486:
2485:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2448:. 22 March 2016.
2442:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2416:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2394:. Archived from
2388:
2382:
2381:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2349:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2289:
2272:
2271:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2217:Kinsey, Thomas.
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2181:. November 2006.
2171:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2089:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2013:. Archived from
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1911:
1905:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1875:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1832:. Archived from
1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1740:
1734:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1702:. Archived from
1696:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1646:
1640:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1546:
1514:
1505:
1504:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1455:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1334:. Archived from
1328:
1322:
1318:
1285:Renewable energy
1274:
1269:
1268:
1105:Piscataqua River
1044:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1004:
1001:
977:
975:
974:
969:
951:
949:
948:
943:
941:
940:
937:
930:
929:
926:
864:
862:
861:
856:
836:
834:
833:
828:
826:
825:
803:
801:
800:
795:
793:
792:
783:
778:
777:
776:
760:
731:
729:
728:
723:
721:
720:
671:Hammerfest Strom
593:
590:
584:
572:
571:
564:
560:Commercial plans
321:Georges Darreius
289:Northern Ireland
261:Roosevelt Island
160:
157:
151:
139:
138:
131:
29:Strangford Lough
3068:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3043:
3042:
3025:Tethys Database
3003:
2998:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2977:tethys.pnnl.gov
2971:
2970:
2966:
2959:tethys.pnnl.gov
2953:
2952:
2948:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2907:
2905:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2855:"Verdant Power"
2853:
2852:
2848:
2839:
2837:
2817:
2813:
2808:Wayback Machine
2799:
2795:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2736:Wayback Machine
2727:
2723:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2650:
2648:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2621:
2620:
2613:
2604:
2602:
2601:. 22 April 2014
2593:
2592:
2588:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2565:. 26 July 2018.
2561:
2560:
2556:
2547:
2545:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2508:
2506:
2497:
2496:
2489:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2431:
2427:
2418:
2417:
2410:
2401:
2399:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2362:
2360:
2350:
2343:
2334:
2332:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2299:
2297:
2290:
2275:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2252:
2250:
2239:
2235:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2215:
2211:
2202:
2200:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2159:
2157:
2146:
2142:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2115:
2113:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2092:tethys.pnnl.gov
2087:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2069:
2067:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2048:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1995:
1993:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1970:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1949:
1947:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1924:
1922:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1903:Wayback Machine
1894:
1890:
1877:
1876:
1869:
1860:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1839:
1837:
1822:
1818:
1809:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1770:
1768:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1749:
1747:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1732:Wayback Machine
1723:
1719:
1709:
1707:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1684:
1682:
1672:
1668:
1659:
1657:
1655:Washington Post
1647:
1643:
1637:Wayback Machine
1624:
1620:
1611:
1609:
1602:"Verdant Power"
1600:
1599:
1595:
1586:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1529:: 12665β12685.
1515:
1508:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1457:
1456:
1449:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1420:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1398:
1396:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1341:
1339:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1312:
1308:
1270:
1263:
1260:
1217:
1123:Channel Islands
1078:Kaipara Harbour
1052:
1050:Potential sites
1029:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1000:
996:
991:
988:
987:
963:
960:
959:
936:
932:
925:
921:
898:
895:
894:
887:
850:
847:
846:
821:
817:
815:
812:
811:
788:
784:
772:
768:
761:
759:
751:
748:
747:
716:
712:
710:
707:
706:
703:
698:
690:Admiralty Inlet
643:Channel Islands
616:in Wales, near
594:
588:
585:
582:
573:
569:
562:
550:Fall of Warness
542:
531:
480:Deep Green Kite
452:
443:
437:
395:
363:
344:Eastport, Maine
340:Western Passage
317:
301:Clarence Strait
247:In April 2007,
161:
155:
152:
149:
140:
136:
129:
109:
84:
72:four main forms
17:
12:
11:
5:
3066:
3056:
3055:
3041:
3040:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3016:
3010:
3002:
3001:External links
2999:
2997:
2996:
2982:
2964:
2946:
2928:
2914:
2889:
2864:
2846:
2811:
2793:
2790:on 2011-07-24.
2775:
2772:on 2005-05-22.
2757:
2739:
2721:
2711:
2702:
2671:
2657:
2632:
2611:
2586:
2568:
2554:
2529:
2526:. 25 May 2017.
2515:
2487:
2469:
2451:
2437:
2425:
2408:
2383:
2369:
2341:
2320:
2306:
2273:
2259:
2233:
2209:
2184:
2166:
2140:
2122:
2097:
2076:
2055:
2034:
2020:
2002:
1977:
1956:
1931:
1906:
1896:Gorlov Turbine
1888:
1867:
1846:
1816:
1795:
1792:on 2009-05-11.
1788:Archived from
1777:
1765:"Tidal Stream"
1756:
1735:
1717:
1691:
1680:New York Times
1666:
1641:
1618:
1593:
1572:
1558:
1506:
1492:
1478:
1464:
1447:
1436:"Tocardo home"
1427:
1406:
1381:
1367:
1364:on 2011-01-20.
1349:
1323:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1259:
1256:
1216:
1213:
1209:Southeast Asia
1185:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1159:Columbia River
1156:
1150:
1139:Pentland Firth
1136:
1125:
1111:
1102:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1080:in New Zealand
1075:
1074:in New Zealand
1069:
1063:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1028:
1017:
999:
995:
985:
979:
967:
953:
952:
935:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
905:
902:
886:
883:
879:
878:
872:
866:
854:
844:
838:
824:
820:
805:
804:
791:
787:
781:
775:
771:
767:
764:
758:
755:
719:
715:
702:
699:
697:
694:
675:Sound of Islay
596:
595:
576:
574:
567:
561:
558:
541:
538:
530:
527:
506:
505:
493:
492:
472:
471:
462:that converts
451:
448:
441:Venturi effect
436:
435:Venturi effect
433:
411:Humber Estuary
394:
391:
362:
359:
355:Kobold turbine
349:Trials in the
328:Gorlov turbine
316:
313:
163:
162:
143:
141:
134:
128:
127:Axial turbines
125:
108:
105:
83:
80:
65:tidal turbines
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3065:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3004:
2992:
2986:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2943:. 2014-03-20.
2942:
2938:
2932:
2924:
2918:
2904:on 2012-09-27
2903:
2899:
2893:
2885:
2881:
2874:
2868:
2860:
2856:
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2688:
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2647:on 2014-05-26
2646:
2642:
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1920:
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1332:"Tidal power"
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1280:Marine energy
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745:
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701:Turbine power
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664:
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250:
249:Verdant Power
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96:wind turbines
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61:wind turbines
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2542:the original
2538:"Open Hydro"
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1326:
1300:Wind turbine
1249:
1242:
1221:tidal energy
1218:
1186:
1113:The Race of
1084:Bay of Fundy
1066:River Severn
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874:
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840:
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618:the Skerries
603:
599:
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543:
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494:
485:carbon fiber
473:
464:tidal energy
455:
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336:Cobscook Bay
333:
325:
319:Invented by
318:
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246:
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208:
200:
185:
182:
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78:generation.
69:
64:
48:
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1883:emec.org.uk
1710:November 8,
1523:IEEE Access
1399:26 November
1290:Tidal power
1193:Gulf Stream
1135:in Scotland
1096:Golden Gate
1072:Cook Strait
660:Pulse Tidal
635:tidal races
76:tidal power
2908:2010-11-08
2840:2008-09-20
2696:2013-04-28
2651:2014-05-07
2605:2022-09-12
2548:2010-11-08
2509:2013-04-28
2402:2020-10-07
2363:2013-12-03
2335:2013-12-03
2331:. Phys.org
2300:2013-12-03
2253:2013-04-28
2227:2024-08-11
2203:2013-04-28
2160:2013-04-28
2116:2013-04-28
2070:2013-04-28
2066:. Engb.com
2064:"Stingray"
2049:2013-04-28
1996:2008-10-11
1971:2013-04-28
1950:2010-11-08
1925:2013-04-28
1861:2013-04-28
1840:2010-06-06
1810:2013-04-28
1771:2024-08-11
1750:2013-04-28
1685:2008-10-09
1660:2008-10-09
1612:2013-04-28
1587:2013-04-28
1459:"Projects"
1441:2015-04-17
1421:2021-04-29
1342:1 November
1306:References
1295:Wave power
1177:, England
1119:The Swinge
1090:East River
1086:in Canada.
734:Betz limit
439:See also:
422:Thunniform
418:biomimicry
253:East River
219:Hammerfest
196:Orbital O2
156:March 2022
101:neap tides
2835:0740-5421
2719:2563β2572
2137:(CORDIS).
1965:"Proteus"
1143:Caithness
994:Δ
966:ρ
919:Δ
911:ρ
853:ρ
763:ρ
686:OpenHydro
677:in 2013.
604:In 2010,
589:July 2024
504:Operation
476:US2501696
357:concept.
299:, in the
3047:Category
2941:BBC News
2804:Archived
2732:Archived
2464:BBC News
2110:Archived
1899:Archived
1728:Archived
1633:Archived
1258:See also
1234:dolphins
1205:Bosporus
1145:and the
1141:between
1115:Alderney
1062:in Wales
639:Alderney
614:Anglesey
518:velocity
460:paravane
399:aerofoil
255:between
238:Lynmouth
215:Kvalsund
2599:Reuters
1553:4110420
1531:Bibcode
1189:turbine
1121:in the
1098:in the
807:where:
673:in the
641:in the
637:around
579:updated
497:turbine
470:History
384:on the
230:Seaflow
146:updated
2991:"PMEC"
2833:
1879:"Home"
1583:. REUK
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1394:Tethys
1252:NNMREC
1238:whales
1203:, the
1163:Oregon
1147:Orkney
955:where
610:npower
522:SeaGen
491:Design
375:shroud
285:Evopod
269:SeaGen
257:Queens
223:Norway
192:Orkney
53:energy
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25:Evopod
2876:(PDF)
2690:(PDF)
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2222:(PDF)
2088:(PDF)
1767:. SAE
1549:S2CID
1129:Islay
514:Force
242:Devon
57:tides
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2831:ISSN
2358:IEEE
1712:2010
1626:MIT
1401:2020
1344:2010
1236:and
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1131:and
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