2151:
1826:
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1319:
22:
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project scenarios aimed at limiting global temperature increases to 1.5 °C and 2 °C, it is suggested that achieving deep decarbonization within the aviation sector within the specified timeframe is contingent upon a reduction in air travel in certain markets. The decreases in carbon intensity of aviation energy in net-zero scenarios "are heavily dependent on projected changes in aviation demand and energy intensity". The significant challenges of sustainable aviation fuel expansion, including
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1015:
64:
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1614:
3777:-following eastbound flights, costing 10–15% more due to longer distances and lower altitudes consuming more fuel, but 0.5% costs increase can reduce climate forcing by up to 25%. A 2000 feet (~600 m) lower cruise altitude than the optimal altitude has a 21% lower radiative forcing, while a 2000 feet higher cruise altitude 9% higher radiative forcing.
2651:
forecasts that alcohol-to-jet technology will become the dominant source of SAF by the mid-next decade. Meanwhile, emerging technologies like e-kerosene, though potentially reducing climate impacts significantly, face economic challenges as they cost nearly seven times more than traditional jet fuel,
3599:
emissions on its 450 daily domestic flights, that carry 57,000 passengers, from
January 2020, through certified projects. The company will also offer its customers the option to voluntarily compensate for all their flights and aims to reduce its emissions by 50% per pax/km by 2030, compared to 2005.
3171:
published the results of its 2021–2022 Climate Survey, showing that 52% of
Europeans under 30, 37% of people between 30 and 64 and 25% for people aged 65 and above plan to travel by air for their summer holidays in 2022; and 27% of those under 30, 17% for people aged 30–64 and 12% for people aged 65
3049:
levels". According to a study, the attainment of the 1.5–2 °C global temperature goal necessitates substantial demand reductions in the critical sectors of aviation, shipping, road freight, and industry, should large-scale negative emissions not be realized. According to the IMAGE model used to
1699:
estimated this weighting factor at 1.3–1.4 if aviation induced cirrus is not included, 1.7–1.8 if they are included (within a range of 1.3–2.9). This ratio depends on how aviation activity grows. If the growth is exponential then the ratio is constant. But if the growth stops, the ratio will go down
3614:
From
January 2020, British Airways began offsetting its 75 daily domestic flights emissions through carbon-reduction project investments. The airline seeks to become carbon neutral by 2050 with fuel-efficient aircraft, sustainable fuels and operational changes. Passengers flying overseas can offset
1636:
emissions. Contrails are uncommon from lower-altitude aircraft. Cirrus clouds can develop after the formation of persistent contrails and can have an additional global warming effect. Their global warming contribution is uncertain and estimating aviation's overall contribution often excludes cirrus
2340:
Aviation's environmental footprint can be mitigated by reducing air travel, optimizing flight routes, capping emissions, restricting short-distance flights, increasing taxation and decreasing subsidies to the aviation industry. Technological innovation could also mitigate damage to the environment
1960:
In 1999, the IPCC estimated aviation's radiative forcing may represent 190 mW/m or 5% of the total man-made radiative forcing in 2050, with the uncertainty ranging from 100 to 500 mW/m. If other industries achieve significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions over time, aviation's
2746:
share for aviation by 2050 if fuel efficiency improves by 1% per year and if there are no electric or hybrid aircraft, dropping to 3–6% if 10-year-old aircraft are replaced by electric or hybrid aircraft due to regulatory constraints, starting in 2030, to reach 70% of the 2050 fleet. This would
2634:
The airline industry faces a significant climate challenge due to the scarcity of clean fuel options, exemplified by the recent establishment of LanzaJet Inc.'s $ 200 million facility in
Georgia, the first to convert ethanol into jet engine-compatible fuel, with an annual production target of 9
1653:
particles have a smaller direct effect: sulfate particles have a cooling effect and reflect radiation, while soot has a warming effect and absorbs heat, while the clouds' properties and formation are influenced by particles. Contrails and cirrus clouds evolving from particles may have a greater
3554:(CCC), the UK target of an 80% reduction from 1990 to 2050 was still achievable from 2019, but the committee suggests that the Paris Agreement should tighten its emission targets. Their position is that emissions in problematic sectors, like aviation, should be offset by
3402:
Consumer behavior can be influenced by cutting subsidies for unsustainable aviation and subsidising the development of sustainable alternatives. By
September–October 2019, a carbon tax on flights would be supported by 72% of the EU citizens, in a poll conducted for the
2270:. During takeoff, 3 to 50 × 10 particles were measured per kg of fuel burned, while significant differences are observed depending on the engine. Other estimates include 4 to 200 × 10 particles for 0.1–0.7 gram, or 14 to 710 × 10 particles, or 0.1–10 × 10
2033:
scenario. Many countries have pledged emissions reductions for the Paris
Agreement, but the sum of these efforts and pledges remains insufficient and not addressing airplane pollution would be a failure despite technological and operational advancements.
2726:
estimated large electric planes could be available by 2040. Large, long-haul aircraft are unlikely to become electric before 2070 or within the 21st century, whilst smaller aircraft can be electrified. As of May 2020, the largest electric airplane was a
1890:
As it accounts for a large share of their costs, 28% by 2007, airlines have a strong incentive to lower their fuel consumption, reducing their environmental footprint. Jet airliners have become 70% more fuel efficient between 1967 and 2007. Jetliner
2305:
recognizes inhaled or ingested lead leads to adverse effects on the nervous system, red blood cells, and cardiovascular and immune systems. Lead exposure in infants and young children may contribute to behavioral and learning problems and lower IQ.
5811:
1631:
Fuel burning produces water vapor, which condenses at high altitude, under cold and humid conditions, into visible line clouds: condensation trails (contrails). They are thought to have a global warming effect, though less significant than
5729:
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million gallons of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). This volume, however, is minuscule compared to the global demand, as evidenced by the world's airlines consuming 90 billion gallons of jet fuel last year, and even major airlines like
3683:
emissions per year were caused by the lack of a Single
European Sky. As of September 2020, the Single European Sky has still not been completely achieved, costing 6 billion euros in delays and causing 11.6 million tonnes of excess
2897:. The first test flight using blended biofuel was in 2008, and in 2011, blended fuels with 50% biofuels were allowed on commercial flights. In 2023 SAF production was 600 million liters, representing 0.2% of global jet fuel use.
2513:
more affordable, and lower feedstock costs and higher conversion efficiencies would help FT and HEFA biofuels. Policy incentives like cleaner aviation fuel tax credits and low-carbon fuel standards could induce improvements, and
1971:
emissions budget would be entirely consumed by aviation emissions to keep the climate change temperature increase below 2 °C by mid-century. Given that growth projections indicate that aviation will generate 15% of global
2219:
and other aquatic organisms need sufficient dissolved oxygen levels in surface waters. Low oxygen concentrations reduce usable aquatic habitat because organisms die if they cannot move to areas with sufficient oxygen levels.
3845:, more unburned hydrocarbons are produced with low compressor pressures and/or relatively low combustor temperatures, they have been eliminated in modern jet engines through improved design and technology, like particulates.
2114:
Chapter 14 noise standard applies for aeroplanes submitted for certification after 31 December 2017, and after 31 December 2020 for aircraft below 55 t (121,000 lb), 7 EPNdB (cumulative) quieter than
Chapter4. The
13171:
13166:
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turbines could reduce climate impact by 40-50% for a 40-50% additional cost. Research and development would be required, in aircraft technology and into hydrogen infrastructure, regulations and certification standards.
3549:
In UK, transportation replaced power generation as the largest emissions source. This includes aviation's 4% contribution. This is expected to expand until 2050 and passenger demand may need to be reduced. For the UK
3880:
flights contribute half of the forcing for only 22% of the air traffic. As 2% of flights are responsible for 80% of contrail radiative forcing, changing a flight altitude by 2,000 ft (610 m) to avoid high
3627:
starting in mid-2020. In August 2020, JetBlue became entirely carbon-neutral for its U.S. domestic flights, using efficiency improvements and carbon offsets. Delta Air Lines pledged to do the same within ten years.
9250:
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emissions, even with the most advanced technology forecast, she estimated that to hold the risks of dangerous climate change to under 50% by 2050 would exceed the entire carbon budget in conventional scenarios.
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oppose any expansion of aviation and airports likely to damage the human or natural environment, and to promote an aviation policy for the UK which is in full accordance with the principles of sustainable
3622:
planned to use offsets for its emissions from domestic flights starting in July 2020, the first major US airline to do so. It also plans to use sustainable aviation fuel made from waste by
Finnish refiner
9150:
5798:
7311:
7273:
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for larger aircraft, with forecast commercial service dates in the early 2030s on short-haul routes like London to Paris, with all-electric aircraft not expected before 2045. Berger predicts a 24% CO
8194:
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2025:
of carbon dioxide emissions through 2050, consuming almost 5% of the remaining global carbon budget. Without regulation, global aviation emissions may triple by mid-century and could emit more than
8800:
8759:
1996:
airline flights by the middle of the 21st century. This prediction is supported by data showing that incidents of severe turbulence increased by 55% between 1979 and 2020, attributed to changes in
9769:
8421:
3071:
investigated by a review, the consumption options with "the highest mitigation potential advocate reduction in car and air travel". A study projected a potential reduction of "transport direct CO
2545:
can be introduced quickly and with little aircraft modification, but are restricted by scale and feedstock availability, and few are low-carbon. Producing enough renewable electricity to produce
9076:
6024:
3227:). In the 21st century, several governments, organisations and companies have imposed restrictions and even prohibitions on short-haul flights, stimulating or pressuring travellers to opt for
2048:
By 2020, global international aviation emissions were around 70% higher than in 2005 and the ICAO forecasts they could grow by over further 300% by 2050 in the absence of additional measures.
7243:
1743:
17.5 mW/m with a low confidence level (± 14) and contrail cirrus 57.4 mW/m, also with a low confidence level (± 40). All factors combined represented 43.5 mW/m (1.27 that of CO
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2747:
greatly reduce the value of the existing fleet of aircraft, however. Limits to the supply of battery cells could hamper their aviation adoption, as they compete with other industries like
8737:
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3140:
It found that socio-cultural factors promoting a preference for train travel over long-haul flights have the potential to reduce aviation greenhouse gas emissions by 10% to 40% by 2050.
1678:
alone − excluding the potential effect of cirrus cloud enhancement. This was updated for 2000, with aviation's radiative forcing estimated at 47.8 mW/m, 1.9 times the effect of CO
9369:
11969:
11678:
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emissions. As soot particles are large enough to serve as condensation nuclei, they are thought to cause the most contrail formation. Soot production may be decreased by reducing the
783:
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alone) excluding contrail cirrus and 101 mW/m (±45) including them, 3.5% of the anthropogenic ERF of 2290 mW/m (± 1100). Again, it must be remembered that the effect of CO
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Modern engines are designed so that no smoke is produced at any point in the flight while particulates and smoke were a problem with early jet engines at high power settings.
2643:) using only 0.66% of their total fuel consumption as SAF, with a goal to increase this to 10% by 2030. Incentives such as the $ 1.75 per gallon SAF credit offered by the US
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medium and long-haul air travel. These types of travel generate the most emissions, and could extend the life of older aircraft types by lowering their carbon footprint.
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3118:(ASI) options, "comes from reducing long-haul aviation and providing short-distance low-carbon urban infrastructure". It lists the following related mobility measures:
6951:
5367:
6747:
3058:, to produce enough biofuel to supply the UK's aviation industry would require using half of Britain's farming land which would put major pressures on food supplies.
2710:
while aviation fuel gives 12,500 Wh/kg. As electric machines and converters are more efficient, their shaft power available is closer to 145 Wh/kg of battery while a
11516:
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Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of
Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
6571:
6414:
Lobo P, Hagen D, Whitefield P (2012). "Measurement and analysis of aircraft engine PM emissions downwind of an active runway at the Oakland International Airport".
11184:
10641:
8958:
8926:
8696:"Resolution A39-3: Consolidated statement of continuing ICAO policies and practices related to environmental protection – Global Market-based Measure (MBM) scheme"
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reported 4% fewer passengers across its 10 airports in 2019 compared to the previous year: a 9% drop for domestic passengers and 2% for international passengers.
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concepts as zero-emissions airliners, poised for 2035. Aviation, like industrial processes that cannot be electrified, could use primarily Hydrogen-based fuel.
11671:
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3251:
reports that twice as many Swedish people chose to travel by train instead of by air in summer 2019 compared with the previous year. Swedish airports operator
3054:, local community impacts, and land use issues, underscore the importance of simultaneous demand reduction efforts. For instance, according to a report by the
2424:
7265:
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6787:
6717:
6371:
Herdon S, et al. (2008). "Commercial Aircraft Engine Emissions Characterization of in-Use Aircraft at Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport".
11867:
11357:
7345:
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estimated the cumulative radiative forcing effect of aviation as 55 mW/m, which is twice the 28 mW/m radiative forcing effect of the cumulative CO
11845:
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1609:
increases, although these effects have not been quantified. Light aircraft and small commuter aircraft fly lower in the troposphere, not in the tropopause.
8792:
8769:
7375:
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4608:
Lobo P, Hagen D, Whitefield P (2011). "Comparison of PM emissions from a commercial jet engine burning conventional, biomass, and Fischer–Tropsch fuels".
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Environmental Life-cycle Assessment of Passenger Transportation An Energy, Greenhouse Gas and Criteria Pollutant Inventory of Rail and Air Transportation
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turbines could have a 50-60% reduced climate impact for a 30-40% overcost, and a long-range aircraft (> 7,000 km, 3,800 nmi) also with H
2653:
9102:
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has been proposed since 1999 to avoid overlapping airspace restrictions between EU countries and to reduce emissions. By 2007, 12 million tons of CO
4478:
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6198:
6169:
6166:
Technical Development Document for the Final Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Airport Deicing Category
6137:(Report). Industrial Stormwater Fact Sheet Series. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). December 2006. EPA-833-F-06-034.
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reduction projects. It claims to be the first major operator to be carbon neutral, at a cost of £25 million for its 2019–20 financial year. Its CO
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2142:(CDA) is quieter as less noise is produced while the engines are near idle power. CDA can reduce noise on the ground by ~1–5 dB per flight.
1902:
The average fuel burn of new aircraft fell 45% from 1968 to 2014, a compounded annual reduction of 1.3% with variable reduction rate. By 2018, CO
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forcing. With constant air transport demand and aircraft efficiency, decarbonizing aviation would require nearly five times the 2019 worldwide
967:
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11783:
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Corporan E, et al. (2007). "Emissions characteristics of a turbine engine and research combustor burning a Fischer–Tropsch jet fuel".
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An April 2023 report of the Sustainable Aero Lab estimate current in-production aircraft will be the vast majority of the 2050 fleet as
1948:
The ICAO targets a 2% efficiency improvement per year between 2013 and 2050, while the IATA targets 1.5% for 2009–2020 and to cut net CO
1825:
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6195:
Environmental Impact and Benefit Assessment for the Final Effluent Limitation Guidelines and Standards for the Airport Deicing Category
4151:
2432:
4701:
3278:
Everyone would have a share of allowed carbon emissions and would need to trade further emissions allowances. An alternative would be
2166:
due to their extensive use and handling of jet fuel, lubricants and other chemicals. Chemical spills can be mitigated or prevented by
1771:. The traffic was experiencing continuous growth, doubling every 15 years, despite external shocks − a 4.3% average yearly growth and
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Starting in November 2019, UK budget carrier EasyJet decided to offset carbon emissions for all its flights, through investments in
3333:
operated since 2012, capping airline emissions, providing incentives to lower emissions through more efficient technology or to buy
1841:. In 2010, about 60% of aviation emissions came from international flights, which are outside the emission reduction targets of the
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capacity, especially in Europe and North America, and increased fuel burn due to lower efficiency at lower altitudes, increasing CO
3450:
A carbon offset is a means of compensating aviation emissions by saving enough carbon or absorbing carbon back into plants through
3024:
1822:
emissions increased 6.8 times from 152 to 1,034 million tonnes per year. Emissions from flights rose by 32% between 2013 and 2018.
8217:
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sustainable biofuels, low-emissions hydrogen, and derivatives (including ammonia and synthetic fuels) can support mitigation of CO
2231:
Glycol-based deicing fluids are toxic to humans and other mammals. Research into non-toxic alternative deicing fluids is ongoing.
1895:
improves continuously, 40% of the improvement come from engines and 30% from airframes. Efficiency gains were larger early in the
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Kivits R, Charles MB, Ryan N (2010). "A post-carbon aviation future: Airports and the transition to a cleaner aviation sector".
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committed to net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. In 2022, the ICAO agreed to support a net-zero carbon emission target for 2050.
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traffic reached 4.3 billion passengers with 37.8 million departures, an average of 114 passengers per flight and 8.26 trillion
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have proven fragile and fire-prone and their capacity deteriorates with age. However, alternatives are being pursued, such as
13676:
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7891:"UK net zero aviation ambitions must resolve resource and research questions around alternatives to jet fuel | Royal Society"
6241:
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Williams V, et al. (November 2002). "Reducing the climate change impacts of aviation by restricting cruise altitudes".
8187:"2021–2022 EIB Climate Survey, part 2 of 3: Shopping for a new car? Most Europeans say they will opt for hybrid or electric"
5777:
5358:
3893:, show sustainable aviation fuel reduces contrail ice-crystal formation by 56% and soot particle by 35%, maybe due to lower
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12289:
12137:
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3537:. Consumers can also purchase offsets on the individual market. There are certification standards for these, including the
2436:
2391:), and use of sustainable aviation fuels (biofuels, biowaste to jet and synthetic jet fuels) to displace fossil jet fuel."
2387:
said that: "Mitigation options considered include demand management, improvements in aircraft efficiency (including use of
2011:
emissions grow despite efficiency innovations to aircraft, powerplants and flight operations. Air travel continue to grow.
226:
5600:
5391:
2207:, consuming oxygen needed by aquatic life. Microbial populations decomposing propylene glycol consume large quantities of
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By 2050, aviation's negative effects on climate could be decreased by a 2% increase in fuel efficiency and a decrease in
1318:
353:
273:
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8922:
8663:
7575:"In pursuit of progressive and effective climate policies: Comparing an air travel carbon tax and a frequent flyer levy"
6135:
Sector S: Vehicle Maintenance Areas, Equipment Cleaning Areas, or Deicing Areas Located at Air Transportation Facilities
5963:
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and optimized cruising altitudes, would allow airlines to reduce their emissions by up to 18%. In the European Union, a
2352:
from 2020 onwards at the same level as those from 2010. To achieve these goals, multiple measures were identified: more
1537:
surface concentrations are regional and local, but it becomes well mixed globally at mid and upper tropospheric levels.
1418:
ground vehicles, those used by passengers and staff to access airports, emissions generated by airport construction and
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populations can be reduced or eliminated by low DO levels, changing a community's species profile or altering critical
1719:
interactions, aviation-produced contrails formation, the effects of soot aerosols on cirrus clouds and measuring non-CO
947:
861:
303:
8695:
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were supporting sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) because it does not require major changes to existing infrastructure.
2561:
would also need costly green hydrogen at scale, and would need substantial aircraft and infrastructure modifications.
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9507:"Aircraft emission mitigation by changing route altitude: A multi-model estimate of aircraft NOx emission impact on
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8387:
3813:, they fell by over 40% between 1997 and 2003. Cruising at a 2,000 ft (610 m) lower altitude could reduce
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5702:"Environmental impact assessment of aviation emission reduction through the implementation of composite materials"
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7749:"Decarbonising the critical sectors of aviation, shipping, road freight and industry to limit warming to 1.5–2°C"
6225:
Alternative Aircraft and Pavement Deicers and Anti-Icing Formulations with Improved Environmental Characteristics
5835:
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and climate, for example, through the development of electric aircraft, biofuels, and increased fuel efficiency.
2302:
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2015:
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with a very low level of scientific understanding. In 2018, global commercial operations generated 2.4% of all CO
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93:
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Bauen A, Howes J, Bertuccioli L, Chudziak C (August 2009). "Review of the potential for biofuels in aviation".
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emissions were 77 g per passenger in its 2018–19 financial year, down from 78.4 g the previous year.
3045:
is one of three sectors identified in a study where "demand-side options" can have a large effect in "reaching
2533:
study, reaching net zero would need replacing fossil aviation fuel with a low or zero carbon energy source, as
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Some airlines offer carbon offsets to passengers to cover the emissions created by their flight, invested in
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has increased. By 2020, aviation emissions were 70% higher than in 2005 and they could grow by 300% by 2050.
983:
433:
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Derwent R, Collins W, et al. (1 October 2002), "Global Ozone Concentrations and Regional Air Quality",
3075:
emissions by around 50% in the end of the century compared to the baseline" via combined behavioral factors.
2886:-derived fuels from plants, animals, or waste; depending on which type of biomass is used, they could lower
2796:/Turbines could reduce climate impact by 70-80% for a 20-30% additional cost, a medium-range airliner with H
2553:
would need little aircraft modification, but necessitates green hydrogen feedstock and large scale direct CO
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143:
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9098:
8793:"Revealed: more than 90% of rainforest carbon offsets by biggest certifier are worthless, analysis shows"
8123:
7000:
6284:"Aviation-attributable ozone as a driver for changes in mortality related to air quality and skin cancer"
6087:
5869:
5433:
5261:
4950:
4290:
3551:
3378:, paid by passengers for environmental reasons, may be variable by distance and include domestic flights;
3019:
2937:
2315:
2139:
2038:
1922:
1764:
632:
383:
10000:
7890:
6506:"Take-off engine particle emission indices for in-service aircraft at Los Angeles International Airport"
2738:
points to 80 new electric aircraft programmes in 2016–2018, all-electric for the smaller two-thirds and
1730:
represented 34.3 mW/m of aviation's effective radiative forcing (ERF, on the surface), with a high
1410:
emissions are the most significant and best understood contribution to climate change. The effects of CO
13629:
13500:
13362:
13141:
12631:
12557:
11632:
11396:
11199:
11156:
10929:
10851:
10705:
9888:
9859:
9733:
8814:
6194:
6165:
4912:
3869:
3632:
3559:
3489:
such as renewable energy and research into future technology. Airlines offering carbon offsets include
2999:
1031:
388:
238:
9813:
5292:
2734:
For the UK's Committee on Climate Change (CCC), huge technology shifts are uncertain, but consultancy
1818:
emissions: 747 Mt for passenger transport and 171 Mt for freight operations. Between 1960 and 2018, CO
13357:
12959:
12736:
12562:
12547:
12362:
12314:
12209:
12102:
11986:
11501:
11176:
11151:
11124:
11086:
11003:
10821:
10668:
10626:
10376:
10145:
10140:
10135:
9864:
information on the many industry measures underway to limit the impact of aviation on the environment
8764:
7747:
Sharmina M, Edelenbosch OY, Wilson C, Freeman R, Gernaat DE, Gilbert P, et al. (21 April 2021).
7098:
6283:
5459:
5107:
4408:"What are the Current and Future Impacts of Subsonic Aviation on Radiative Forcing and UV Radiation?"
3737:
3267:
3263:
2774:
2768:
2357:
2327:
2319:
2204:
2104:
1784:
1294:
1074:
763:
728:
688:
341:
308:
158:
12269:
11016:
9881:
7430:
6134:
5214:
4991:
4510:
4407:
4236:
3325:
emission, guidelines were to be presented to the 2007 ICAO Assembly. Within the European Union, the
2728:
2188:. Airports use pavement deicers on paved surfaces including runways and taxiways, which may contain
1853:, however, capping airlines carbon emissions to the year 2020 level, while allowing airlines to buy
1849:, either, to avoid a patchwork of individual country regulations. That agreement was adopted by the
13575:
13417:
13332:
13161:
12741:
12731:
12537:
12367:
12322:
12224:
11949:
11765:
11511:
11506:
11496:
11437:
11277:
10783:
10748:
10636:
10563:
10404:
10233:
10169:
10130:
8569:
8190:
6623:
3474:
3415:
3404:
3220:
3168:
2739:
2690:
2518:
could render SAFs more competitive, accelerating their deployment and reducing their costs through
2458:
2388:
2384:
2267:
2073:
1885:
1780:
1704:
in the atmosphere due to aviation will continue to go up, whereas the other effects will stagnate.
1423:
1286:
1274:
1218:
1159:
758:
378:
313:
250:
8388:"Pandemic and digitalization set stage for revival of a cast-off idea: Personal carbon allowances"
13407:
13372:
13337:
13229:
13070:
13000:
12861:
12626:
12414:
12352:
11755:
11620:
11542:
11452:
11194:
11166:
10846:
10500:
10478:
10085:
9432:
Matthes S, Lim L, Burkhardt U, Dahlmann K, Dietmüller S, Grewe V, et al. (31 January 2021).
6566:
4337:
4011:
3886:
3470:
2735:
2723:
2644:
2623:
will not be available soon enough : the main decarbonisation drivers will be SAF; replacing
2549:
would be a costly challenge and would need substantial aircraft and infrastructure modification.
1687:
788:
743:
363:
8443:
4299:
2652:
and the future of 45 proposed power-to-liquids plants in Europe remains uncertain, according to
13671:
13532:
13495:
13047:
12799:
12357:
12184:
11219:
11039:
10981:
10898:
10883:
10768:
10409:
10355:
10350:
10345:
10340:
10335:
10330:
7425:
3668:
3555:
3442:
Money generated by carbon offsets from airlines often go to fund green-energy projects such as
3089:
2587:
2440:
2419:
while air traffic should grow by 1.4% per year between 2018 and 2050. The initiative is led by
2361:
2335:
2235:
926:
413:
9595:"The importance of the diurnal and annual cycle of air traffic for contrail radiative forcing"
7689:"Demand-side solutions to climate change mitigation consistent with high levels of well-being"
6593:
6108:
5667:
5183:
4983:
13522:
13440:
13412:
13402:
12949:
12856:
12809:
12746:
12552:
11740:
11608:
11254:
11131:
10939:
10394:
10317:
9875:
collective approach of UK aviation to tackling the challenge of ensuring a sustainable future
9485:
9009:
8570:"Climate change: Commission proposes bringing air transport into EU Emissions Trading Scheme"
8342:
7997:
Girod B, van Vuuren DP, de Vries B (1 April 2013). "Influence of travel behavior on global CO
7687:
Creutzig F, Niamir L, Bai X, Callaghan M, Cullen J, Díaz-José J, et al. (January 2022).
7553:
7500:
6858:
5943:
5108:"Climate change: Commission proposes bringing air transport into EU Emissions Trading Scheme"
3842:
3585:
3228:
3181:
2752:
2703:
2489:
are less expensive than SAFs, but they may be unreliable, while specific routing could avoid
1981:
1270:
896:
738:
604:
516:
213:
4143:
3125:: integrate transport & land use planning, tele-working, fewer long-haul flights, local
13537:
13392:
13302:
13292:
13092:
13086:
12934:
12656:
12342:
12110:
11750:
11716:
11706:
11447:
11325:
10986:
10556:
10483:
9606:
9567:
9530:
9453:
9404:
8351:
8132:
7969:
7954:
Ivanova D, Barrett J, Wiedenhofer D, Macura B, Callaghan M, Creutzig F (1 September 2020).
7820:
7760:
7700:
7635:
7586:
7513:
6867:
6517:
6470:
6423:
6380:
6343:
6296:
5584:
5573:"Intensification of winter transatlantic aviation turbulence in response to climate change"
5146:
5010:
4818:
4742:
4667:
4652:
4617:
4553:
4419:
4246:
4020:
3773:
in winter shows westbound flights climate forcing can be lowered by up to 60% and ~25% for
3770:
3725:
3696:
3636:
3494:
3032:
2301:
estimated this released 34,000 tons of lead into the atmosphere between 1970 and 2007. The
2099:, which disrupts sleep, adversely affects children's school performance and could increase
2086:
1993:
1553:, another greenhouse gas, resulting in a climate cooling effect, though not offsetting the
438:
171:
21:
3923:
Construction of solar photovoltaic arrays on airport roofs to offset their electricity use
2669:
2457:
The aviation sector could be decarbonized by 2050 with moderate demand growth, continuous
1876:
Between 1950 and 2018, efficiency per passenger grew from 0.4 to 8.2 RPK per kg of CO
8:
13470:
13422:
13347:
13322:
13287:
13282:
13156:
13129:
12819:
12671:
12506:
12404:
12397:
12337:
12234:
12229:
11904:
11464:
11239:
10468:
10463:
10048:
8063:
Creutzig F, Roy J, Devine-Wright P, Díaz-José J, Geels F, Grubler A, et al. (2022).
7001:"Bridging the Gap to 2050 - How to Decarbonize Aviation Faster With Today's Technologies"
6223:
3937:
3676:
3660:
3631:
To become carbon neutral by 2050, United Airlines invests to build in the US the largest
3368:
3326:
2959:
2941:
2719:
2428:
2263:
2203:
During degradation in surface waters, ethylene and propylene glycol exert high levels of
2128:
2100:
1696:
1617:
1222:
1195:
1167:
1106:
773:
718:
683:
609:
536:
486:
481:
466:
123:
9610:
9571:
9534:
9457:
9408:
8355:
8136:
8119:"The global scale, distribution and growth of aviation: Implications for climate change"
7973:
7864:
7824:
7764:
7704:
7639:
7624:"The global scale, distribution and growth of aviation: Implications for climate change"
7590:
7517:
6871:
6809:
6521:
6474:
6427:
6384:
6347:
6300:
6091:
6080:
Basic Principles of the Continuous Descent Approach (CDA) for the Non-Aviation Community
5588:
5150:
5014:
4822:
4746:
4671:
4653:"Biofuel blending reduces particle emissions from aircraft engines at cruise conditions"
4621:
4557:
4542:"The importance of contrail ice formation for mitigating the climate impact of aviation"
4423:
4250:
4024:
3148:
estimates that 3% of the global population take regular flights. Stefan Gössling of the
2180:
can carry them to nearby streams, rivers or coastal waters. Deicing fluids are based on
2170:
structures and clean-up equipment such as vacuum trucks, portable berms and absorbents.
2078:
13655:
13460:
13099:
12419:
12377:
12372:
12332:
12284:
12048:
11944:
11820:
11292:
11224:
11141:
10991:
10956:
10913:
10908:
10903:
10473:
9630:
8953:
8369:
8168:
8155:
8118:
8097:
8036:
7846:
7786:
7726:
7664:
7623:
7529:
7376:"Bio-aviation Fuel: A Comprehensive Review and Analysis of the Supply Chain Components"
6885:
6538:
6505:
5926:
5899:
5721:
5655:
5542:
5253:
4763:
4688:
4041:
4007:"The contribution of global aviation to anthropogenic climate forcing for 2000 to 2018"
4006:
3644:
2868:
2756:
2678:
2601:
2523:
2506:
2348:(ICAO) committed to improve aviation fuel efficiency by 2% per year and to keeping the
1872:
1007:
768:
644:
406:
188:
128:
98:
45:
9579:
6461:, and Particle Emissions from Aircraft and Support Activities at a Regional Airport".
3247:" or "flygskam" has been cited as a cause of falling air travel. Swedish rail company
2250:
2176:
fluids used in cold weather can pollute water, as most of them fall to the ground and
1899:
than later, with a 55–67% gain from 1960 to 1980 and a 20–26% gain from 1980 to 2000.
1837:
Between 1990 and 2006, greenhouse gas emissions from aviation increased by 87% in the
13585:
13480:
13455:
13297:
13204:
13181:
13080:
12914:
12836:
12831:
12615:
12294:
12169:
12115:
11914:
11899:
11526:
11189:
10934:
10700:
10488:
10451:
10238:
10192:
10057:
9622:
9393:"Reduction of the air traffic's contribution to climate change: A REACT4C case study"
9340:
8373:
8172:
8160:
8040:
8028:
7936:
7850:
7838:
7790:
7778:
7730:
7718:
7669:
7651:
7604:
7533:
7494:
6921:
6889:
6543:
6486:
6396:
6312:
6237:
6058:
5931:
5682:
5631:
5546:
5164:
4970:
4768:
4693:
4633:
4383:
4046:
3733:
3514:
3473:
can be questionable. More than 90% of rainforest offset credits certified by Verra's
3375:
3318:
3273:
2945:
2715:
2695:
2686:
2648:
2620:
2616:
2477:
production, competing with other hard-to-decarbonize sectors, and 0.2 to 3.4 Gt of CO
2373:
2323:
2216:
2189:
2167:
1964:
1861:
1663:
1655:
1330:
1322:
1290:
1254:
1250:
1226:
1187:
1110:
1098:
656:
579:
572:
526:
393:
183:
178:
88:
9243:"JetBlue to be first major US airline to offset all emissions from domestic flights"
8901:
8145:
7647:
6952:"Carbon removal 'a necessity' for aviation to reach net-zero emissions: IPCC report"
5725:
4307:
3562:
and reforestation. The UK will include international aviation and shipping in their
2819:
2107:, but disturbance progressively decreases and legislation differs across countries.
13352:
13312:
13209:
13176:
13104:
12939:
12919:
12904:
12871:
12866:
12751:
12726:
12600:
12572:
12249:
12244:
12219:
12018:
11991:
11569:
11136:
11119:
11060:
10951:
10715:
10434:
10307:
10243:
9987:
9665:
9634:
9614:
9594:
9575:
9543:
9538:
9506:
9471:
9461:
9417:
9412:
9392:
9273:"Delta burns tons of jet fuel - but says it's on track to be carbon neutral. What?"
8359:
8150:
8140:
8085:
8077:
8018:
8010:
7977:
7928:
7828:
7768:
7708:
7659:
7643:
7594:
7521:
7390:
6875:
6597:
6533:
6525:
6478:
6435:
6431:
6388:
6351:
6308:
6304:
6229:
5921:
5911:
5713:
5592:
5534:
5154:
5018:
4826:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4683:
4675:
4625:
4590:
4561:
4373:
4303:
4209:
4199:
4036:
4032:
4028:
3534:
3486:
3159:
2949:
2814:
2748:
2699:
2534:
2365:
2349:
2286:
2208:
2185:
2061:
1911:
1731:
1451:
1246:
1203:
916:
813:
753:
639:
592:
541:
501:
476:
461:
443:
418:
358:
243:
193:
11656:
9991:
9662:"Small altitude changes could cut contrail impact of flights by up to 59 per cent"
7932:
7773:
7748:
3384:, paid by passengers leaving the country, sometimes also applies outside aviation;
1674:
estimated aviation's radiative forcing in 1992 to be 2.7 (2 to 4) times that of CO
13643:
13580:
13542:
13510:
13485:
13367:
13269:
13239:
13224:
13219:
13029:
13021:
12756:
12382:
12299:
12279:
12259:
12159:
12008:
11521:
11442:
11406:
11335:
11309:
11297:
11214:
11146:
11021:
10878:
10495:
10446:
10424:
9998:
9334:
9304:"United to invest in 'direct air capture' as it makes 2050 carbon-neutral pledge"
7492:
Ueckerdt F, Bauer C, Dirnaichner A, Everall J, Sacchi R, Luderer G (6 May 2021).
5783:
4403:
4232:
3857:
3530:
3510:
3506:
3490:
3427:
3208:
3135:
3007:
2640:
2538:
2331:
2282:
2181:
2163:
1892:
1846:
1751:
accumulates from year to year, unlike the effect of contrails and cirrus clouds.
1431:
1348:
1175:
1102:
1058:
701:
661:
531:
496:
428:
368:
296:
233:
133:
9066:"Carbon neutral airline gets on board UN scheme to cut greenhouse gas emissions"
7956:"Quantifying the potential for climate change mitigation of consumption options"
7807:
Bergero C, Gosnell G, Gielen D, Kang S, Bazilian M, Davis SJ (30 January 2023).
7599:
7574:
3615:
their flights for £1 to Madrid in economy or £15 to New York in business-class.
3084:
1921:
emissions totalled 747 million tonnes for passenger transport, for 8.5 trillion
1791:
has increased. Between 1960 and 2018, RPKs increased from 109 to 8,269 billion.
1525:
emissions and these in turn have a greater global warming effect. The effect of
13616:
13552:
13527:
13505:
13475:
13450:
13432:
13377:
13327:
13317:
13307:
13146:
13006:
12996:
12944:
12909:
12826:
12804:
12766:
12605:
12595:
12409:
12304:
12204:
12132:
11919:
11474:
11330:
11272:
11267:
11109:
10998:
10730:
10725:
10720:
10573:
10510:
10248:
10228:
10187:
10108:
10044:
8364:
8337:
7982:
7955:
7833:
7808:
7713:
7688:
7525:
7266:"Hydrogen instead of electrification? Potentials and risks for climate targets"
6880:
6853:
5572:
5458:
Joyce E. Penner, et al. (1999). "Potential Climate Change from Aviation".
3952:
3873:
3451:
3411:
3224:
2707:
2593:
2550:
2546:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2502:
2444:
2193:
2177:
2096:
1854:
1842:
1838:
1685:
In 2005, research by David S. Lee, et al., published in the scientific journal
1388:
1376:
1344:
1336:
1211:
1149:
1128:
Jet airliners have become 70% more fuel efficient between 1967 and 2007, and CO
1094:
1086:
1082:
1062:
1019:
823:
723:
678:
671:
666:
423:
118:
8089:
8081:
8014:
6356:
6331:
5717:
5538:
4831:
4802:
4204:
4179:
3438:
3418:. International aviation emissions escaped international regulation until the
3371:
and motivates airlines to improve fuel efficiency. Aviation taxation include:
1945:
greenhouse gas emissions, water vapor etc.; for a domestic flight in Britain.
13665:
13650:
13547:
13465:
13234:
13124:
12969:
12814:
12590:
12532:
12522:
12392:
12347:
12327:
12149:
11924:
11547:
11479:
11204:
11026:
11011:
10946:
10841:
9726:
IPCC (2022). Shukla P, Skea J, Slade R, Al Khourdajie A, et al. (eds.).
9466:
9433:
8222:
8032:
7940:
7842:
7782:
7722:
7655:
7608:
7395:
7361:
7070:
6316:
5799:
Up in the air: how airplane carbon pollution jeopardizes global climate goals
5635:
4483:
3563:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3381:
3334:
3204:
3055:
3051:
2789:
2674:
2530:
2486:
2278:
2256:
2246:
2221:
2060:
emissions, due to advanced aircraft technologies, operational procedures and
1907:
1384:
1199:
1133:
1078:
1002:
838:
328:
323:
318:
76:
26:
8760:"EU governments miss out on up to €39bn a year due to aviation's tax breaks"
8444:"How personal carbon allowances can help normal people fight climate change"
7495:"Potential and risks of hydrogen-based e-fuels in climate change mitigation"
6685:"Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA)"
2698:
operations do not produce any emissions and electricity can be generated by
1798:
emissions, having accumulated a little more than 1% of the total man-made CO
13342:
13259:
13249:
13244:
13214:
13062:
12991:
12924:
12876:
12851:
12846:
12841:
12794:
12776:
12542:
12085:
12080:
12068:
12028:
12013:
11701:
11432:
11229:
10873:
10863:
10515:
10399:
10312:
10004:
9836:
9693:"A350 flights with 100% SAF suggest lower soot cuts contrail ice formation"
9626:
8164:
7673:
6971:"US aerospace leaders disagree on best path to 'net-zero' carbon emissions"
6547:
6529:
6490:
6400:
5935:
5916:
5168:
4772:
4697:
4637:
4387:
4050:
3927:
3672:
3443:
3390:, paid by airlines for the consumed jet fuel. Jet fuel taxation is applied
3387:
3346:
3244:
3152:
estimates 1% of the world population emits half of commercial aviation's CO
2995:
2963:
2624:
2605:
2271:
2212:
2120:
1914:
went from 21.2 to 12.3 MJ/RTK between 2000 and 2019, a 42% reduction.
1864:
was estimated by the IPCC at 3.5% of the total man-made radiative forcing.
1787:
and operations improvements, overall emissions have risen as the volume of
1621:
1570:
1447:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1278:
1118:
1077:
concerns over their global effects and their effects on local air quality.
1066:
871:
833:
818:
649:
614:
559:
278:
138:
4459:, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, February 2007, archived from
3430:, air travel has a competitive advantage over other transportation modes.
2875:(SPK) refers to any non-petroleum-based fuel designed to replace kerosene
2792:. A short-range aircraft (< 2,000 km, 1,100 nmi) with hybrid
2788:
2 Joint Undertakings found that hydrogen could power aircraft by 2035 for
13562:
13516:
13387:
13253:
13026:
12983:
12899:
12199:
12154:
12023:
11996:
11459:
10976:
10968:
10223:
6914:
Net zero aviation fuels – resource requirements and environmental impacts
6450:
5596:
5022:
4566:
4541:
4214:
3902:
3890:
3003:
2987:
2967:
2919:
2824:
2711:
2631:
aircraft; and incentives to replace older jets with new generation ones.
2462:
2092:
1802:
increase over 50 years. By 2015, aviation accounted for 2.5% of global CO
1695:
emissions alone, excluding induced cirrus clouds. In 2012, research from
1486:
1340:
1070:
793:
491:
471:
108:
12771:
9618:
7035:"The Airline Industry's Biggest Climate Challenge: A Lack of Clean Fuel"
6392:
5701:
4679:
3299:
1783:, halving the amount of fuel burned per flight compared to 1990 through
1375:), interacting among themselves and with the atmosphere. While the main
13606:
12954:
12761:
12264:
11491:
10868:
10032:
9870:
9476:
8023:
7915:
Higham J, Cohen SA, Cavaliere CT, Reis A, Finkler W (16 January 2016).
5624:"What causes air turbulence and is the climate crisis making it worse?"
5427:
4098:
3810:
3774:
3581:
3502:
3367:
Financial measures can discourage airline passengers and promote other
3212:
3211:
using existing flight connections over a certain distance, in order to
3192:
3046:
2586:
emissions remain and would need to be counterbalanced by deployment of
1997:
1989:
1788:
1392:
1153:
843:
599:
103:
12475:
9727:
8246:"Is Sweden's 'flight shame' movement dampening demand for air travel?"
6748:"Europe's aviation sector launches ambitious plan to reach net zero CO
6482:
5159:
5134:
4727:
4629:
4594:
4378:
3700:
Economic cost and climate influence relation for transatlantic traffic
3284:"individual cap on air travel, that people can trade with each other".
2900:
Aviation biofuel can be produced from plant or animal sources such as
2103:
for airport neighbours. Sleep disruption can be reduced by banning or
2064:
decreasing radiative forcing due to sulfate aerosol and black carbon.
13601:
12894:
12387:
12033:
10441:
8505:"International Civil Aviation Day calls for the greening of aviation"
8475:"Opinion: A radical way to cut emissions – ration everyone's flights"
8418:"Opinion: We Need Cap-and-Trade For Individuals As Well As Companies"
8058:
8056:
8054:
8052:
8050:
7341:"Sustainable aviation fuel market demand drives new product launches"
7307:
5461:
The Role of Aircraft in Climate Change-Evaluation of Sample Scenarios
4282:
3968:
3279:
3145:
2933:
2793:
2781:
2628:
2497:' operating costs, while SAF is 2–4 times more expensive than fossil
2127:
is presented as 75% quieter than previous engines. Serrated edges or
2082:
1806:
emissions. In 2018, global commercial operations emitted 918 million
1767:, an average journey of 1,920 km (1,040 nmi), according to
911:
866:
828:
778:
713:
619:
83:
53:
7917:"Climate change, tourist air travel and radical emissions reduction"
6810:"Climate change: World aviation agrees 'aspirational' net zero plan"
5989:
5360:
Fuel efficiency trends for new commercial jet aircraft: 1960 to 2014
4479:"It turns out planes are even worse for the climate than we thought"
1910:(RTK) were more than halved compared to 1990, at 47%. The aviation
13277:
13011:
12929:
12786:
12580:
8732:
8664:"Including Aviation into the EU ETS: Impact on EU allowance prices"
6562:"Leaded Fuel Is a Thing of the Past—Unless You Fly a Private Plane"
6233:
5252:
4460:
4195:
3898:
3882:
3876:
cause 60–80% of the forcing for only 25% of the air traffic, while
3861:
3860:
with slightly increased flight times, but this would be limited by
3853:
3729:
3655:
3518:
3252:
3200:
3042:
2924:
2915:
2902:
2876:
2852:
2597:
2498:
2490:
2369:
2225:
2001:
1776:
1419:
1179:
1171:
1145:
283:
9952:"Partnership for Air Transportation Noise and Emissions Reduction"
9832:
8047:
7470:"How sustainable fuel will help power aviation's green revolution"
5356:
3868:
emissions by 4%. Contrail radiative forcing could be minimized by
13199:
13191:
13016:
12979:
12886:
12718:
12585:
12514:
12214:
12164:
10419:
10077:
9963:
6258:"Issues and Testing of Non-Glycol Aircraft Ground Deicing Fluids"
5213:
Joyce E. Penner, et al. (1999). "Summary for Policymakers".
3619:
3522:
3498:
3196:
3126:
3060:
2953:
2929:
2911:
2883:
2848:
2828:
2558:
2542:
2494:
2474:
2378:
Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation
2173:
2155:
2132:
2124:
1896:
1829:
Aviation GHG emissions within the European Economic Area for the
1760:
1646:
1550:
1415:
1183:
63:
8983:
7746:
7742:
7740:
5831:"New Report: Airplane Pollution Jeopardizes Paris Climate Goals"
2461:
improvements, new short-haul engines, higher SAF production and
1930:
1489:. At altitudes from 8 to 13 km (26,000 to 43,000 ft),
1301:
members plan net-zero carbon emissions by 2050, followed by the
12964:
12038:
11427:
9855:
9777:
Advisory Council for Aviation Research and Innovation in Europe
9125:"flypop plans to be first international carbon-neutral airline"
7953:
7615:
7491:
4342:, University of California Transportation Center, UC Berkeley,
3877:
3526:
2894:
2609:
1961:
share, as a proportion of the remaining emissions, could rise.
1772:
1566:
1352:
921:
901:
808:
798:
506:
9339:. Alphen aan de Rijn: Kluwer Law International. pp. 4–5.
8728:"Study: Aviation tax breaks cost EU states €39 billion a year"
8065:"Chapter 5: Demand, services and social aspects of mitigation"
7908:
5570:
5135:"Flying into the Future: Aviation Emissions Scenarios to 2050"
4099:
Brandon Graver, Kevin Zhang, Dan Rutherford (September 2019).
1190:, contaminating nearby water bodies. Aviation activities emit
11341:
Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
10429:
7802:
7800:
7737:
7423:
3624:
3248:
3232:
2907:
2406:
aircraft technology improvements for 37% emission reductions;
2290:
2021:
1807:
1794:
In 1992, aircraft emissions represented 2% of all man-made CO
1470:
1207:
1191:
1163:
931:
876:
268:
9362:"Corona-crisis and Brexit boost EU air traffic reform hopes"
8633:"Ban short-haul flights for climate? In EU poll 62% say yes"
3885:
for 1.7% of flights would reduce contrail formation by 59%.
3163:
Per capita emissions from domestic and international flights
1980:
In 2013, the National Center for Atmospheric Science at the
1613:
1217:
Aviation's environmental footprint can be reduced by better
10021:"Opinion: The Uncomfortable Truth About Aviation Emissions"
9817:
9798:
9431:
9157:(Press release). Air France. 1 October 2019. Archived from
8218:"Airline bailouts point to greener travel—and higher fares"
7566:
7447:"Net zero 2050: sustainable aviation fuels – December 2023"
5328:. Netherlands National Aerospace Laboratory. Archived from
5220:
5184:"UN agreement reached on aircraft climate-change emissions"
4850:
4415:
3712:
Besides carbon dioxide, aviation produces nitrogen oxides (
3314:
2294:
2197:
2111:
1768:
1650:
1258:
906:
153:
148:
113:
9951:
9155:
emissions on its domestic flights as of January 1st, 2020"
7990:
7797:
7686:
7236:"Boeing Moves Forward With Airbus A321XLR-Competitor Plan"
5216:
What are the Overall Climate Effects of Subsonic Aircraft?
4511:"Questions & Answers on Aviation & Climate Change"
3635:
facility through the company 1PointFive, jointly owned by
3207:, or by organisations or companies on their employees for
3172:
and above plan to travel by air to a faraway destination.
3006:, and Hydrogen and e-fuels may be prioritised when direct
2255:
Aviation is the main human source of ozone, a respiratory
1988:
levels will result in a significant increase in in-flight
11517:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
10067:"The aviation industry wants to be net zero—but not soon"
9761:
9560:
Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment
9182:"EasyJet to offset carbon emissions across whole network"
6594:"Lead-free airplane fuel testing is in progress at Lewis"
2116:
9755:"Aviation Emissions, Impacts & Mitigation: A Primer"
8572:(Press release). European Commission. 20 December 2006.
7914:
7806:
7066:"Hybrid Electric Airliners Will Cut Emissions—and Noise"
5683:"Aviation and Climate Change – The Continuing Challenge"
5523:"Aviation and climate change: confronting the challenge"
5497:
Aviation and Climate Change: Lessons for European Policy
4989:
4913:"Aviation industry reducing its environmental footprint"
4728:"Aviation and global climate change in the 21st century"
3580:
Some airlines have been carbon-neutral like Costa Rican
3466:) to balance the carbon emitted by a particular action.
3106:
potential" in demand-side mitigation, which consists of
2394:
In February 2021, Europe's aviation sector unveiled its
2259:, causing an estimated 6,800 premature deaths per year.
13076:
Air route authority between the United States and China
9923:
9438:
Aviation's Climate Impact by Changing Cruise Altitudes"
9336:
Achieving the Single European Sky: Goals and Challenges
9070:
7996:
6624:"Fact Sheet – Leaded Aviation Fuel and the Environment"
6332:"Particulate Emissions from in-use Commercial Aircraft"
5058:"Should we give up flying for the sake of the climate?"
4283:"Aviation radiative forcing in 2000: an update on IPCC"
4191:
3943:
Environmental effects of aviation in the United Kingdom
2944:-to-jet (ATJ) process from waste fermentation; or from
2718:, this 1:50 ratio forbids electric propulsion for long-
2647:, set to expire in 2027, aim to boost SAF usage, while
2439:. This would apply to flights within and departing the
9939:
3650:
3345:
estimates the only way to lower emissions is to put a
3276:
that reduces over time in line with national targets."
2706:
including packaging and accessories gives a 160 Wh/kg
2045:
emissions may grow from 2.5% in 2019 to 3.5% by 2030.
13627:
11358:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
9910:
An industry-backed, 1.5°C-aligned transition strategy
9690:
9179:
9127:(Press release). flypop. 17 July 2019. Archived from
6757:(Press release). Destination 2050. 11 February 2021.
3229:
more environmentally friendly means of transportation
3063:
is projected to generate up to 40% of total global CO
2879:, which is often, but not always, made from biomass.
9036:"UK to include aviation in carbon emissions targets"
8307:"'Flight shame' a factor in Swedish traffic decline"
6742:
6740:
6738:
6228:. U.S. Federal Aviation Administration. April 2010.
5357:
Anastasia Kharina, Daniel Rutherford (August 2015),
5297:
Special Report on Aviation and the Global Atmosphere
1136:(RTK) in 2018 were 47% of those in 1990. In 2018, CO
11686:
10049:"Climate change and flying: what share of global CO
8003:
Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice
6413:
6017:"The Little Gear That Could Reshape the Jet Engine"
5779:
Flying by Numbers: Global Market Forecast 2015–2034
5621:
4607:
3156:, while close to 90% does not fly in a given year.
2982:
reported a €800–1,200 mitigation cost per ton of CO
2808:
1775:forecasts expect the growth to continue. While the
8607:Centre for Aviation, Transport and the Environment
7865:"Green flights not in easy reach, warn scientists"
7572:
7493:
7295:
7293:
7291:
6907:
6905:
6903:
6901:
6899:
6847:
6845:
6843:
6841:
6839:
6837:
6835:
6282:
5110:(Press release). EU Commission. 20 December 2006.
4990:Schäfer AW, Evans AD, Reynolds TG, Dray L (2016).
4947:emissions from fuel combustion: detailed estimates
2966:. Sustainable aviation fuel is certified as being
2863:(IATA) considers it a key element in reducing the
9977:
9240:
8277:"'Flight shaming' is changing the face of travel"
7487:
7485:
7483:
7198:
7196:
7194:
7192:
7190:
7188:
7186:
7130:"How Batteries Need To Develop To Match Jet Fuel"
6735:
6263:. SAE International. 13 June 2011. Archived from
5948:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
5863:
5571:Paul D. Williams, Manoj M. Joshi (8 April 2013).
5520:
5422:
5420:
4276:
4274:
4272:
3825:-caused radiative forcing from 5 mW/m to ~3 mW/m.
2990:. Those could be reduced to €20–270 per ton of CO
13663:
11558:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
9882:"The aviation sector's climate action framework"
9301:
9212:"BA begins offsetting domestic flight emissions"
9173:
8062:
6968:
4178:Brasseur GP, Gupta M, et al. (April 2016).
4173:
4171:
4169:
3671:system, with more direct routes than suboptimal
3595:In 2019, Air France announced it would offset CO
3067:emissions by 2050. Of climate change mitigation
1152:, overall emissions have risen as the volume of
13115:Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives
9764:Office of Environment and Energy. January 2015.
9659:
9504:
9204:
8923:"11 Airlines That Offer Carbon Offset Programs"
8116:
7288:
6896:
6832:
6189:
6187:
6160:
6158:
6156:
5457:
5290:
5248:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5212:
5051:
5049:
5047:
4457:Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis
4402:
4231:
4184:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
3570:
2994:in 2050, but maybe not early enough to replace
2952:. Small piston engines can be modified to burn
2119:Stage 5 noise standards are equivalent. Higher
1933:calculate a long-haul flight release 102g of CO
1845:. International flights are not covered by the
10043:
10018:
8661:
8602:emissions gap: why emissions trading is needed
8538:Reducing the Climate Change Impact of Aviation
7809:"Pathways to net-zero emissions from aviation"
7480:
7227:
7183:
7158:
7127:
7063:
6854:"Pathways to net-zero emissions from aviation"
6647:
6645:
6280:
5900:"Aviation Noise Impacts: State of the Science"
5417:
4398:
4396:
4363:
4335:
4280:
4269:
3339:Centre for Aviation, Transport and Environment
2485:forcing. Carbon offsets would be preferred if
1501:emissions result in greater concentrations of
1414:emissions are similar regardless of altitude.
12491:
11672:
10298:History of climate change policy and politics
10093:
9940:"Laboratory for Aviation and the Environment"
9592:
9505:Ole Amund Søvde, et al. (October 2014).
9332:
8336:Fuso Nerini F, et al. (16 August 2021).
7621:
7510:Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
7270:Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
6448:
6218:
6216:
6197:(Report). EPA. April 2012. EPA-821-R-12-003.
6168:(Report). EPA. April 2012. EPA-821-R-12-005.
5893:
5891:
5451:
5206:
4800:
4177:
4166:
4138:
4136:
4112:International Council on Clean Transportation
4094:
4092:
4090:
3477:may not represent genuine carbon reductions.
3028:UK air travel by income quintile through time
2980:Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
2714:gives 6,555 Wh/kg of fuel: a 45:1 ratio. For
1039:
9770:"Strategic Research & Innovation Agenda"
9725:
9391:Volker Grewe, et al. (September 2014).
9390:
9151:"Air France to proactively offset 100% of CO
8843:Continental Airlines Carbon Offset Programme
8072:
7467:
7411:"Developing Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)"
7367:
6949:
6184:
6153:
6048:
6046:
6044:
6042:
5857:
5790:
5314:
5239:
5044:
4725:
4546:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
2762:
2493:. As of 2023, fuel represents 20-30% of the
1952:emissions in half by 2050 relative to 2005.
1269:emissions. Aviation usage can be lowered by
10415:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
9593:Nicola Stuber, et al. (15 June 2006).
9143:
9099:"Corporate Responsibility > Going Green"
8630:
8335:
8274:
7202:
7096:
6642:
6052:
5866:"Are aviation biofuels ready for take off?"
5680:
5384:
5345:An overview of historical and future trends
4794:
4393:
4281:Sausen, Robert, et al. (August 2005).
4227:
4225:
3856:formation would be reduced by lowering the
3647:technology, aiming for nearly 10% offsets.
3422:triennial conference in 2016 agreed on the
1285:. Fuel-powered aircraft may be replaced by
12498:
12484:
11679:
11665:
11639:
11627:
11084:
10100:
10086:
9359:
9180:David Kaminski-Morrow (19 November 2019).
8870:Continental Airlines Carbon Offset Schemes
8790:
8215:
7333:
7233:
6852:Bergero C, et al. (30 January 2023).
6281:Eastham SD, Barrett SR (1 November 2016).
6213:
6127:
5888:
5622:Topham G, correspondent GT (21 May 2024).
5132:
4517:. European Commission. 27 September 2005.
4133:
4087:
3691:
3544:
3426:offset scheme. Due to low or nonexistent
2659:
1833:, showing the top 10 emitters (2013–2019).
1325:from aviation emissions, estimated in 2020
1166:, children's education and could increase
1046:
1032:
62:
12190:Environmental issues in the United States
11379:
11185:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
10323:United Nations Climate Change conferences
9542:
9475:
9465:
9450:Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt
9416:
8510:(Press release). ICAO. 30 November 2005.
8363:
8154:
8144:
8022:
7981:
7832:
7772:
7712:
7663:
7598:
7429:
7417:
7394:
7374:Doliente SS, et al. (10 July 2020).
6879:
6537:
6355:
6109:"European Joint Industry CDA Action Plan"
6039:
6014:
5925:
5915:
5321:Peeters PM, et al. (November 2005).
5158:
5055:
4830:
4762:
4687:
4565:
4377:
4213:
4203:
4150:. European Commission. 23 November 2016.
4105:emissions from commercial aviation, 2018"
4069:International Civil Aviation Organization
4040:
4004:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3356:
2973:
2537:technologies are unlikely to give enough
2398:sustainability initiative towards zero CO
2346:International Civil Aviation Organization
2158:fluid may contaminate nearby water bodies
1851:International Civil Aviation Organization
16:Effect of emissions from aircraft engines
12175:Effects of climate change on agriculture
10889:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
9792:"European Aviation Environmental Report"
9557:
7573:Fouquet R, O'Garra T (1 December 2022).
7373:
7161:"The largest electric plane ever to fly"
5323:"Fuel efficiency of commercial aircraft"
4580:
4336:Horvath A, Chester M (1 December 2008),
4222:
3695:
3654:
3437:
3410:Aviation taxation could reflect all its
3298:
3158:
3083:
3036:Global distribution of aviation fuel use
3031:
3023:
2818:
2668:
2149:
2077:
2029:of carbon annually under a high-growth,
1871:
1824:
1612:
1549:emissions also reduce ambient levels of
1317:
1144:per revenue passenger per km. While the
20:
12505:
11245:National Adaptation Programme of Action
11034:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
9010:"Find Green-e Certified Carbon Offsets"
8816:British Airways Carbon Offset Programme
8594:
7622:Gössling S, Humpe A (1 November 2020).
7009:Hamburg Investment and Development Bank
6851:
6786:(Press release). IATA. 4 October 2021.
6329:
5796:
5320:
4726:David S. Lee, et al. (July 2009).
4719:
4539:
4476:
3331:European Union Emissions Trading Scheme
2861:International Air Transport Association
2583:
2415:ATM and operations improvements for 6%;
2018:estimated that aircraft could generate
1937:per passenger kilometre, and 254g of CO
13664:
12180:Effects of climate change on livestock
10894:Economics of climate change mitigation
10857:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
10375:
10203:Scientific consensus on climate change
8990:from the original on 25 September 2023
8846:, Continental Airlines, archived from
8803:from the original on 14 February 2023.
8708:from the original on 30 September 2019
8338:"Personal carbon allowances revisited"
8287:from the original on 15 September 2019
8243:
7540:from the original on 12 September 2023
7205:"Don't count on technology to save us"
6463:Environmental Science & Technology
6373:Environmental Science & Technology
6370:
6201:from the original on 22 September 2017
6172:from the original on 22 September 2017
5897:
5876:from the original on 17 September 2023
5699:
5262:"Opinion: Aviation and global warming"
5139:Environmental Science & Technology
5068:from the original on 22 September 2023
4610:Environmental Science & Technology
4366:Environmental Science & Technology
3983:
3309:European Union Emission Trading Scheme
3219:(most notably to reduce anthropogenic
3013:
2596:, hydrogen propulsion proponents like
2557:air capture at high costs. Low-carbon
1925:(RPK), giving an average of 88 gram CO
12479:
11660:
11553:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
11378:
11083:
10819:
10374:
10286:
10167:
10119:
10081:
9956:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
9944:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
9932:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
9691:David Kaminski-Morrow (6 June 2024).
9372:from the original on 22 December 2022
9302:Jon Hemmerdinger (10 December 2020).
9192:from the original on 28 November 2019
8643:from the original on 24 December 2022
8472:
8424:from the original on 24 December 2022
8317:from the original on 28 November 2022
8209:
7171:from the original on 5 September 2023
6931:from the original on 28 February 2023
6691:from the original on 18 February 2020
6665:from the original on 25 December 2022
6604:from the original on 23 December 2022
6503:
5843:from the original on 16 December 2015
5687:Encyclopedia of aerospace engineering
5472:from the original on 22 December 2022
5303:from the original on 22 December 2022
5291:Joyce E. Penner, et al. (1999),
5227:from the original on 22 December 2022
5194:from the original on 24 December 2022
4650:
4521:from the original on 22 December 2022
4430:from the original on 22 December 2022
4121:from the original on 20 November 2019
2266:(UFPs) in and near airports, as does
2251:Avgas § environmental regulation
1422:manufacturing also contribute to the
12434:
12290:Tropical cyclones and climate change
11575:Representative Concentration Pathway
10521:Tipping points in the climate system
10197:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
10025:Aviation Week & Space Technology
9660:Caroline Brogan (12 February 2020).
9241:Pilar Wolfsteller (6 January 2020).
8861:
8398:from the original on 6 November 2023
7444:
6141:from the original on 5 February 2017
6027:from the original on 15 October 2015
5817:from the original on 20 January 2018
5732:from the original on 28 January 2020
5490:
5406:from the original on 8 November 2022
5181:
4905:
4847:"The World of Air Transport in 2018"
4317:from the original on 4 February 2017
3566:and hopes other countries will too.
3433:
3294:
3289:
2664:
2041:projects aviation share of global CO
1857:from other industries and projects.
1379:emission from powered aircraft is CO
12323:Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion
11346:Nationally determined contributions
11056:Individual action on climate change
10266:World energy supply and consumption
9897:"Making Net-Zero Aviation Possible"
9856:"Aviation: Benefits Beyond Borders"
9222:from the original on 3 January 2020
8961:from the original on 11 August 2023
8807:
8551:from the original on 11 August 2021
8485:from the original on 21 August 2024
8454:from the original on 21 August 2024
7099:"Bjorn's Corner: Electric aircraft"
7045:from the original on 21 August 2024
6820:from the original on 21 August 2024
6790:from the original on 21 August 2024
6784:"Net-Zero Carbon Emissions by 2050"
6764:from the original on 12 August 2022
6711:"The Sixth Carbon Budget: Aviation"
6630:from the original on 30 August 2021
6071:
5864:Pharoah Le Feuvre (18 March 2019).
5681:Bows-Larkin A, et al. (2016),
5642:from the original on 21 August 2024
5503:from the original on 16 August 2016
5293:"9.2.2. Developments in Technology"
4957:"International Energy Statistics",
4801:Azar C, Johansson DJ (April 2012).
3964:Individual action on climate change
3651:Air traffic management improvements
1967:estimated that the annual global CO
1178:due to their extensive handling of
274:Radium and radon in the environment
13:
11485:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
10107:
9742:
9490:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
8823:from the original on 24 April 2012
8740:from the original on 25 April 2019
8662:ICF Consulting (1 February 2006).
8197:from the original on 13 April 2023
8102:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
7558:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
7246:from the original on 26 March 2023
7215:from the original on 25 April 2019
7140:from the original on 19 April 2019
7128:Paul Seidenman (10 January 2019).
7015:from the original on 28 April 2023
6981:from the original on 30 March 2023
6969:Jon Hemmerdinger (30 March 2023).
6723:from the original on 19 March 2023
6653:"Sustainable Aviation Fuels Guide"
6115:from the original on 16 March 2021
5996:from the original on 30 March 2023
5990:"Aircraft Noise Levels and Stages"
5839:(Press release). 2 December 2015.
5272:from the original on 21 April 2020
4996:emissions from passenger aircraft"
4893:from the original on 26 March 2023
4707:from the original on 27 April 2019
4412:Aviation and the Global Atmosphere
4238:Aviation and the Global Atmosphere
4144:"Reducing emissions from aviation"
3955:, UK former pro-aviation coalition
3948:Environmental effects of transport
3575:
3480:
3343:Manchester Metropolitan University
2681:electric aircraft on 10 June 2020.
2604:bemoaned that the incumbents like
2364:(ATM); market-based measures like
2354:fuel-efficient aircraft technology
2274:particles for 0.046–0.941 g.
2162:Airports can generate significant
2145:
1113:is estimated at 1.3–1.4 that of CO
14:
13698:
13053:Environmental effects of aviation
11970:pharmaceuticals and personal care
11412:Satellite temperature measurement
11017:forestry for carbon sequestration
10303:History of climate change science
10019:Antoine Gelain (10 August 2016).
9672:from the original on 20 July 2023
9641:from the original on 8 March 2023
9283:from the original on 20 June 2023
9079:from the original on 7 April 2022
8117:Stefan Gössling (November 2020).
7109:from the original on 28 July 2023
7078:from the original on 4 March 2024
6574:from the original on 17 June 2023
5753:Current Market Outlook, 2014–2033
5521:Alice Bows-Larkin (August 2010),
5032:from the original on 23 July 2018
4923:from the original on 13 June 2008
4857:from the original on 19 July 2023
4154:from the original on 22 June 2018
4075:from the original on 27 July 2019
3571:§ Personal carbon allowances
3150:Western Norway Research Institute
2285:, representing three-quarters of
1929:per RPK. The UK's Department for
1682:emissions alone, 25.3 mW/m.
1308:
1140:emissions averaged 88 grams of CO
33:grew from 0.7% to 2.65% of all CO
13649:
13637:
12445:
12444:
12433:
12121:decline in amphibian populations
11826:Deforestation and climate change
11638:
11626:
11615:
11614:
11602:
11263:Climate Change Performance Index
10642:Destruction of cultural heritage
9924:"Aviation Sustainability Center"
9703:from the original on 7 June 2024
9684:
9653:
9586:
9551:
9498:
9425:
9384:
9360:Sam Morgan (22 September 2020).
9353:
9326:
9314:from the original on 29 May 2023
9295:
9265:
9253:from the original on 6 June 2023
9234:
9117:
9091:
9058:
9046:from the original on 1 June 2023
9028:
9016:from the original on 4 July 2023
9002:
8976:
8941:
8929:from the original on 28 May 2023
8915:
8888:
8834:
8791:Greenfield P (18 January 2023).
8784:
8752:
8720:
8688:
8655:
8624:
8588:
8576:from the original on 22 May 2023
8562:
8529:
8517:from the original on 29 May 2017
8497:
8466:
8436:
8410:
8380:
8329:
8299:
8275:Kerry Reals (6 September 2019).
8268:
8264:– via www.telegraph.co.uk.
8256:from the original on 12 May 2023
8237:
8216:Wabl M, Jasper C (9 June 2020).
8179:
8110:
7947:
7883:
7857:
7314:2 Joint Undertakings. May 2020.
7276:from the original on 30 May 2023
5970:from the original on 1 June 2023
5603:from the original on 9 June 2023
5553:from the original on 2 June 2020
5440:from the original on 6 July 2023
5373:from the original on 4 June 2023
5114:from the original on 19 May 2011
5056:Timperley J (19 February 2020).
4782:from the original on 4 July 2023
4491:from the original on 5 July 2019
4346:from the original on 5 July 2017
4257:from the original on 7 June 2023
3584:, or claim to be, like Canadian
3270:(PCAs) where all adults receive
3217:environmental impact of aviation
2893:emissions by 20–98% compared to
2865:environmental impact of aviation
2809:Sustainable aviation fuels (SAF)
2773:In 2020, Airbus unveiled liquid-
2722:aircraft. By November 2019, the
2481:removal to compensate for non-CO
2356:; development and deployment of
2240:
2123:engines produce less noise. The
1867:
1457:In the tropopause, emissions of
1391:in four ways as they fly in the
1229:can be optimized to lower non-CO
1013:
1001:
25:Between 1940 and 2018, aviation
13612:Aviation taxation and subsidies
13571:Aircraft maintenance technician
13383:Pre-flight safety demonstration
12255:Land surface effects on climate
11712:Environmental impact assessment
11688:Human impact on the environment
11402:Instrumental temperature record
11353:Sustainable Development Goal 13
9105:from the original on 7 May 2021
8897:easyJet Carbon Offset Programme
8676:from the original on 4 May 2015
8146:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102194
7680:
7648:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102194
7461:
7438:
7403:
7321:from the original on 5 May 2022
7258:
7159:Chris Baraniuk (18 June 2020).
7152:
7121:
7090:
7057:
7027:
6993:
6962:
6943:
6802:
6776:
6703:
6677:
6616:
6586:
6554:
6497:
6442:
6407:
6364:
6330:Herndon S, et al. (2005).
6323:
6274:
6250:
6101:
6008:
5982:
5956:
5836:Center for Biological Diversity
5807:Center for Biological Diversity
5770:
5744:
5693:
5674:
5615:
5564:
5514:
5484:
5350:
5284:
5175:
5126:
5100:
5080:
4935:
4869:
4839:
4644:
4601:
4574:
4533:
4503:
4470:
4442:
4180:"Impact of aviation on climate"
4005:D. S. Lee, et al. (2021).
3917:Aviation Environment Federation
3363:Aviation taxation and subsidies
2970:by a third-party organisation.
2619:will not have enough range and
2303:Federal Aviation Administration
2299:Environmental Protection Agency
2016:Center for Biological Diversity
1645:Compared with other emissions,
1283:aviation taxation and subsidies
94:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
13682:Environmental impact by source
11470:Climate variability and change
10820:
10506:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
10053:emissions come from aviation?"
9719:
9544:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.06.049
9418:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.05.059
9333:Crespo DC, de Leon PM (2011).
8768:. 24 July 2013. Archived from
7961:Environmental Research Letters
7468:Mark Pilling (25 March 2021).
7234:Guy Norris (4 February 2021).
7203:Kerry Reals (7 January 2019).
7064:Philip E. Ross (1 June 2018).
6950:Lewis Harper (22 March 2023).
6436:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.07.028
6336:Aerosol Science and Technology
6309:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.08.040
5964:"Reduction of Noise at Source"
5920:(inactive 12 September 2024).
5898:Basner M, et al. (2017).
5782:, Airbus, 2015, archived from
5759:, Boeing, 2014, archived from
5700:Timmis A, et al. (2014).
5133:Owen B, Lee DS, Lim L (2010).
4755:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.04.024
4357:
4329:
4057:
4033:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117834
3971:, Irish concerned action group
3933:Energy efficiency in transport
3663:would allow more direct routes
3223:which is the leading cause of
3002:could bear the risk of e-fuel
2867:. Aviation biofuel is used to
2501:. Projected cost decreases of
1707:Uncertainties remain on the NO
963:Least polluted cities by PM2.5
1:
13491:Flight cancellation and delay
13120:European Common Aviation Area
12126:decline in insect populations
11580:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
11115:Climate emergency declaration
9992:10.1016/j.futures.2009.11.005
9580:10.1016/S1361-9209(02)00013-5
8631:Kate Abnett (10 March 2020).
8595:Lee, D., et al. (2013),
8544:, European Commission, 2005,
8420:. Bloomberg. 25 August 2021.
7933:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.10.100
7921:Journal of Cleaner Production
7774:10.1080/14693062.2020.1831430
7005:Sustainable Aviation Lab GmbH
6504:Moore R, et al. (2017).
6015:Peter Coy (15 October 2015).
4651:Moore R, et al. (2017).
3976:
3588:. Long-haul low-cost venture
3329:has included aviation in the
2873:Synthetic paraffinic kerosene
2592:. On 29 March 2003, during a
2309:
1245:, particulates or contrails.
434:Electrical resistance heating
13677:Aviation and the environment
11563:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
10789:Middle East and North Africa
10120:
10009:"Aloft - An Inflight Review"
9966:. Sustainable Sky Institute.
9905:Mission Possible Partnership
7383:Frontiers in Energy Research
7362:Investable Universe>About
7097:Bjorn Fehrm (30 June 2017).
5491:Bows A, et al. (2009),
4807:climate impacts of aviation"
3959:Health hazards of air travel
3797:As designers work to reduce
3471:permanence and additionality
3414:and could be included in an
3396:banned in the European Union
3199:to establish and maintain a
3191:is a prohibition imposed by
3100:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
2729:modified Cessna 208B Caravan
2582:some hard-to-abate residual
1955:
1941:equivalent, including non-CO
1923:revenue passenger kilometres
144:Persistent organic pollutant
68:Air pollution from a factory
7:
13446:Airline reservations system
13398:Special visual flight rules
10287:
10037:International Energy Agency
10033:"Tracking report: Aviation"
9964:"Sustainable Sky Institute"
9928:Washington State University
9871:"sustainableaviation.co.uk"
8949:"How to Buy Carbon Offsets"
8873:, Bloomberg, archived from
8124:Global Environmental Change
7628:Global Environmental Change
7600:10.1016/j.enpol.2022.113278
6088:UK Civil Aviation Authority
5870:International Energy Agency
5797:Paradee V (December 2015).
5434:International Energy Agency
4308:10.1127/0941-2948/2005/0049
4291:Meteorologische Zeitschrift
4065:"Aircraft Engine Emissions"
3919:, UK concerned organization
3909:
3889:'s ECLIF3 study, flying an
3838:Unburned hydrocarbons (UHC)
3592:aims to be carbon neutral.
3552:Committee on Climate Change
3079:
3020:Air travel demand reduction
2654:Transport & Environment
2385:UK Climate Change Committee
2316:Air travel demand reduction
2140:Continuous Descent Approach
2105:restricting flying at night
2062:renewable alternative fuels
2039:International Energy Agency
1984:forecast that increasing CO
1628:Contrails and cirrus clouds
1585:, partially offsetting the
1569:and water emissions in the
1426:from the aviation industry.
10:
13703:
13501:Government contract flight
13363:Flight information service
13142:Hague Hijacking Convention
13135:EU–US Open Skies Agreement
12727:Pilot in command (Captain)
11397:Global surface temperature
11288:Popular culture depictions
11200:Ecosystem-based adaptation
10930:Carbon capture and storage
10852:Carbon offsets and credits
10168:
9889:Air Transport Action Group
9860:Air Transport Action Group
9734:Cambridge University Press
9040:CAPA - Centre for Aviation
8701:. ICAO. 15 February 2019.
8365:10.1038/s41893-021-00756-w
7834:10.1038/s41893-022-01046-9
7714:10.1038/s41558-021-01219-y
7526:10.1038/s41558-021-01032-7
6881:10.1038/s41893-022-01046-9
5499:, Routledge, p. 146,
4477:Le Page M (27 June 2019).
4450:"Summary for Policymakers"
3641:Rusheen Capital Management
3633:carbon capture and storage
3568:
3560:carbon capture and storage
3360:
3337:from other companies. The
3268:Personal carbon allowances
3243:In Sweden the concept of "
3179:
3017:
2812:
2766:
2684:
2358:sustainable aviation fuels
2313:
2244:
2233:
2071:
1883:
1328:
1313:
13594:
13561:
13431:
13358:Flight information region
13268:
13190:
13061:
13038:
12978:
12960:Low-cost carrier terminal
12885:
12785:
12717:
12614:
12571:
12528:Airline holding companies
12513:
12428:
12363:Environmental engineering
12313:
12210:Environmental degradation
12101:
11987:fishing down the food web
11764:
11694:
11609:Climate change portal
11596:
11535:
11502:Extreme event attribution
11420:
11389:
11385:
11374:
11318:
11253:
11175:
11125:School Strike for Climate
11097:
11093:
11079:
11048:
11004:Climate-smart agriculture
10965:
10922:
10832:
10828:
10815:
10739:
10597:
10544:
10387:
10383:
10370:
10293:
10282:
10211:
10180:
10176:
10163:
10146:Climate change adaptation
10141:Climate change mitigation
10136:Effects of climate change
10126:
10115:
8900:, easyJet, archived from
8765:Transport and Environment
8082:10.1017/9781009157926.007
8015:10.1016/j.tra.2013.01.046
7301:Hydrogen-powered aviation
6626:. FAA. 20 November 2019.
6357:10.1080/02786820500247363
5718:10.1007/s11367-014-0824-0
5539:10.1017/S000192400000395X
5182:Lowy J (7 October 2016).
4832:10.1007/s10584-011-0168-8
4205:10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00089.1
3274:tradable carbon allowance
3264:Climate change mitigation
2857:sustainable aviation fuel
2775:hydrogen-powered aircraft
2769:Hydrogen-powered aircraft
2763:Hydrogen-powered aircraft
2412:economic measures for 8%;
2328:Hydrogen-powered aircraft
2320:Climate change mitigation
2205:biochemical oxygen demand
1785:technological advancement
1754:
1565:forming effect. Aircraft
1485:) formation in the upper
1295:hydrogen-powered aircraft
1202:. Piston engines used in
1117:alone, excluding induced
689:War and environmental law
309:Health effects from noise
159:Volatile organic compound
13687:Environmental mitigation
13576:Aircraft ground handling
13418:Upper information region
13333:Civil aviation authority
13162:Paris Convention of 1919
12368:Environmental mitigation
12225:Greenhouse gas emissions
12185:Environmental insecurity
11512:Global warming potential
11319:International agreements
10966:Preserving and enhancing
10405:Arctic methane emissions
10327:Years in climate change
10234:Greenhouse gas emissions
10131:Causes of climate change
10001:Heinrich Böll Foundation
9873:. Sustainable Aviation.
9467:10.3390/aerospace8020036
8598:Bridging the aviation CO
8244:Haines G (31 May 2019).
8191:European Investment Bank
7983:10.1088/1748-9326/ab8589
7396:10.3389/fenrg.2020.00110
5708:(Submitted manuscript).
4877:"Global Market Forecast"
3475:Verified Carbon Standard
3469:However, carbon credits
3416:emissions trading scheme
3405:European Investment Bank
3221:greenhouse gas emissions
3169:European Investment Bank
2691:Hybrid electric aircraft
2469:to compensate for non-CO
2389:hybrid electric aircraft
2268:ground support equipment
2074:Aircraft noise pollution
2067:
1886:fuel economy in aircraft
1424:greenhouse gas emissions
1361:atmospheric particulates
1287:hybrid electric aircraft
1233:effects on climate from
1219:fuel economy in aircraft
1160:Aircraft noise pollution
1109:and particulates. Their
1099:scientific understanding
314:Marine mammals and sonar
13408:Terminal control center
13373:Instrument flight rules
13230:Baggage handling system
13071:Air transport agreement
12862:In-flight entertainment
12415:Sustainable consumption
11756:Social ecology (ethics)
11543:Climate change scenario
11195:Disaster risk reduction
10847:Carbon emission trading
10657:U.S. insurance industry
10632:Civilizational collapse
10479:sea surface temperature
9523:Atmospheric Environment
9397:Atmospheric Environment
8972:(subscription required)
7451:www.iata.org/flynetzero
7312:Fuel Cells and Hydrogen
6658:. ICAO. December 2018.
6416:Atmospheric Environment
6289:Atmospheric Environment
5706:Int J Life Cycle Assess
5399:, IATA, December 2019,
4992:"Costs of mitigating CO
4735:Atmospheric Environment
4012:Atmospheric Environment
3692:Operations improvements
3545:National carbon budgets
3282:everyone's flights: an
2938:Fischer–Tropsch process
2786:Fuel Cells and Hydrogen
2780:A 2020 study by the EU
2724:German Aerospace Center
2660:Technology improvements
2645:Inflation Reduction Act
2566:Sixth Assessment Report
1688:Atmospheric Environment
1093:), the best understood
789:Freshwater salinization
709:Agricultural wastewater
13533:Round-the-world ticket
13496:Frequent-flyer program
12358:Ecological engineering
12138:runaway climate change
11536:Research and modelling
11220:Nature-based solutions
11040:Nature-based solutions
10982:Carbon dioxide removal
10899:Fossil fuel divestment
10884:Climate risk insurance
10794:Small island countries
10410:Arctic sea ice decline
9814:"Environmental Report"
9801:. 2019. Archived from
9779:. 2017. Archived from
8473:Sodha S (9 May 2018).
7445:IATA (December 2023).
6530:10.1038/sdata.2017.198
5917:10.4103/nah.NAH_104_16
5810:(Report). Tucson, AZ.
4406:, et al. (1999).
4235:, et al. (1999).
3701:
3669:air traffic management
3664:
3556:greenhouse gas removal
3447:
3428:taxes on aviation fuel
3357:Taxation and subsidies
3311:
3164:
3093:
3090:Taiwan High Speed Rail
3037:
3029:
3004:uncertain availability
2974:Electrofuels (e-fuels)
2962:are an alternative to
2928:(bio-SPK); from solid
2832:
2682:
2588:carbon dioxide removal
2441:European single market
2383:In December 2020, the
2362:air traffic management
2336:Solar-powered aircraft
2262:Aircraft engines emit
2236:Aircraft deicing fluid
2159:
2089:
1906:emissions per revenue
1881:
1834:
1624:
1335:Airplanes emit gases (
1326:
1271:short-haul flight bans
1132:emissions per revenue
1008:Environment portal
38:
13523:Passenger name record
13441:Airline booking ploys
13413:Uncontrolled airspace
13403:Terminal control area
13040:Environmental effects
12950:International airport
12857:Crew rest compartment
12810:Premium economy class
12553:Non-scheduled airline
11741:List of global issues
11497:Earth's energy budget
11380:Background and theory
11268:Climate crisis (term)
10940:Fossil fuel phase-out
10834:Economics and finance
10799:by individual country
10741:By country and region
10716:Security and conflict
10711:Psychological impacts
10395:Abrupt climate change
10318:Charles David Keeling
10151:By country and region
9833:"airportwatch.org.uk"
9434:"Mitigation of Non-CO
8343:Nature Sustainability
7813:Nature Sustainability
7693:Nature Climate Change
7501:Nature Climate Change
7134:Aviation Week Network
6859:Nature Sustainability
6111:. Eurocontrol. 2009.
5577:Nature Climate Change
5260:(20 September 2007).
5089:EEA Report No 19/2020
5003:Nature Climate Change
3843:incomplete combustion
3771:transatlantic flights
3726:unburned hydrocarbons
3699:
3658:
3586:Harbour Air Seaplanes
3441:
3351:market-based measures
3321:to reduce aviation CO
3302:
3189:short-haul flight ban
3182:Short-haul flight ban
3176:Short-haul flight ban
3162:
3134:: from air travel to
3087:
3035:
3027:
2895:conventional jet fuel
2822:
2753:Lithium-ion batteries
2704:Lithium-ion batteries
2672:
2450:In October 2021, the
2153:
2081:
1982:University of Reading
1875:
1828:
1616:
1363:(incompletely burned
1321:
749:Industrial wastewater
517:Municipal solid waste
439:Soil guideline values
24:
13393:Special use airspace
13303:Airport crash tender
13293:Aircraft safety card
13093:Cross-strait charter
13087:Bermuda II Agreement
12343:Community resilience
12143:in the United States
12111:Biodiversity threats
11784:cannabis cultivation
11751:Planetary boundaries
11717:Environmental issues
11707:Ecological footprint
11326:Glasgow Climate Pact
10987:Carbon sequestration
10557:Mass mortality event
9279:. 14 February 2020.
9075:. 20 November 2008.
8076:. pp. 752–943.
7457:on 24 February 2024.
6053:Rolls-Royce (1996).
5992:. FAA. 1 July 2020.
5597:10.1038/nclimate1866
5527:Aeronautical Journal
5023:10.1038/nclimate2865
4741:(22–23): 3520–3537.
4567:10.1002/2015JD024696
4300:Gebrüder Borntraeger
3637:Occidental Petroleum
3618:US low-cost carrier
3495:Continental Airlines
3392:in the United States
3369:transportation modes
2960:Sustainable biofuels
2790:short-range aircraft
2757:sodium-ion batteries
2529:According to a 2023
2200:or other chemicals.
2192:, glycol compounds,
2087:Berlin Tegel Airport
1198:, both of which are
1073:combustion, raising
958:Most polluted cities
610:Overhead power lines
13471:Codeshare agreement
13423:Visual flight rules
13348:Controlled airspace
13323:Area control center
13288:Air traffic service
13283:Air traffic control
13172:Sabotage Convention
13157:Montreal Convention
13130:Freedoms of the air
12820:Basic economy class
12507:Commercial aviation
12405:Restoration ecology
12338:Climate engineering
12275:Ocean acidification
12265:Loss of green belts
12235:Holocene extinction
12230:Habitat destruction
11905:Environmental crime
11465:Climate sensitivity
11240:The Adaptation Fund
10696:Infectious diseases
10598:Social and economic
10047:(22 October 2020).
9619:10.1038/nature04877
9611:2006Natur.441..864S
9572:2002EGSGA..27.1331W
9535:2014AtmEn..95..468S
9458:2021Aeros...8...36M
9409:2014AtmEn..94..616G
9131:on 26 November 2020
8984:"The Gold Standard"
8819:, British Airways,
8356:2021NatSu...4.1025F
8313:. 10 January 2020.
8250:The Daily Telegraph
8137:2020GEC....6502194G
7974:2020ERL....15i3001I
7825:2023NatSu...6..404B
7765:2021CliPo..21..455S
7705:2022NatCC..12...36C
7640:2020GEC....6502194G
7591:2022EnPol.17113278F
7518:2021NatCC..11..384U
7346:Investable Universe
6872:2023NatSu...6..404B
6570:. 10 January 2013.
6522:2017NatSD...470198M
6475:2012EnST...4610974K
6469:(20): 10974–10981.
6428:2012AtmEn..61..114L
6385:2008EnST...42.1877H
6348:2005AerST..39..799H
6301:2016AtmEn.144...17E
6270:on 2 February 2013.
5589:2013NatCC...3..644W
5151:2010EnST...44.2255O
5015:2016NatCC...6..412S
4823:2012ClCh..111..559A
4803:"Valuing the non-CO
4747:2009AtmEn..43.3520L
4680:10.1038/nature21420
4672:2017Natur.543..411M
4622:2011EnST...4510744L
4616:(24): 10744–10749.
4558:2016JGRD..121.3497K
4466:on 14 November 2007
4424:1999aga..book.....P
4251:1999aga..book.....P
4198:Phase II: 561–583.
4025:2021AtmEn.24417834L
3938:European Green Deal
3677:Single European Sky
3661:Air Traffic Control
3376:air passenger taxes
3327:European Commission
3260:Personal allowances
3167:In early 2022, the
3069:consumption options
3014:Reducing air travel
2986:for hydrogen-based
2639:(parent company of
2402:emissions by 2050:
2264:ultrafine particles
2131:on the back of the
2101:cardiovascular risk
1723:radiative forcing.
1697:Chalmers university
1223:air traffic control
1196:ultrafine particles
1168:cardiovascular risk
774:Ocean acidification
684:Unexploded ordnance
605:Advertising clutter
537:Post-consumer waste
482:Foam food container
467:Biodegradable waste
124:Global distillation
13461:Bereavement flight
13110:Chicago Convention
13100:Beijing Convention
13089:(UK–US, 1978–2008)
13083:(UK–US, 1946–1978)
12558:Passenger airlines
12420:Waste minimization
12378:Mitigation banking
12373:Industrial ecology
12333:Cleaner production
12285:Resource depletion
11821:Corporate behavior
11779:animal agriculture
11036:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
11008:Forest management
10992:Direct air capture
10957:Sustainable energy
10914:Net zero emissions
10909:Low-carbon economy
10904:Green Climate Fund
10691:Indigenous peoples
10589:Plant biodiversity
10377:Effects and issues
9218:. 3 January 2020.
9161:on 9 February 2023
8954:The New York Times
8450:. 28 August 2021.
8394:. 16 August 2021.
8090:20.500.11937/88566
7871:. 28 February 2023
6816:. 7 October 2022.
6752:emissions by 2050"
6097:on 9 November 2008
5904:Noise & Health
5786:on 15 January 2013
5766:on 15 October 2014
5666:has generic name (
5335:on 19 January 2018
5266:The New York Times
5254:Giovanni Bisignani
5096:, 2021, p. 24
4583:Energy & Fuels
4540:Kärcher B (2016).
3702:
3665:
3645:Carbon Engineering
3605:atmospheric carbon
3448:
3312:
3165:
3094:
3038:
3030:
2940:(FT-SPK); with an
2833:
2683:
2602:Universal Hydrogen
2524:economies of scale
2297:into the air. The
2217:macroinvertebrates
2160:
2090:
1882:
1860:In 1992, aircraft
1835:
1637:cloud enhancement.
1625:
1399:Carbon dioxide (CO
1359:upon release) and
1327:
1323:Radiative forcings
1297:. Since 2021, the
1020:Ecology portal
645:Herbicidal warfare
189:Introduced species
129:Indoor air quality
99:Chlorofluorocarbon
39:
13625:
13624:
13586:Flight dispatcher
13481:Electronic ticket
13456:Airline timetable
13298:Airport authority
13205:Baggage allowance
13182:Warsaw Convention
13081:Bermuda Agreement
12915:Airport rail link
12837:Aircraft seat map
12832:Aircraft lavatory
12563:Regional airlines
12548:Low-cost airlines
12473:
12472:
12295:Water degradation
12170:Ecological crisis
12116:biodiversity loss
11915:Industrialisation
11900:Genetic pollution
11746:Impact assessment
11654:
11653:
11592:
11591:
11588:
11587:
11527:Radiative forcing
11370:
11369:
11366:
11365:
11190:Adaptive capacity
11075:
11074:
11071:
11070:
10935:Energy transition
10811:
10810:
10807:
10806:
10526:Tropical cyclones
10452:Urban heat island
10366:
10365:
10278:
10277:
10274:
10273:
10239:Carbon accounting
10193:Greenhouse effect
10159:
10158:
10058:Our World in Data
9808:on 16 March 2019.
9605:(7095): 864–867.
9346:978-90-411-3730-2
9042:. 27 April 2021.
8904:on 4 October 2012
8350:(12): 1025–1031.
8193:. 22 March 2022.
8073:IPCC AR6 WG3 2022
7349:. 4 December 2020
7268:(Press release).
7041:. 11 April 2024.
6924:. February 2023.
6922:The Royal Society
6596:(Press release).
6483:10.1021/es302346x
6393:10.1021/es072029+
6243:978-0-309-11832-3
5533:(1158): 459–468,
5160:10.1021/es902530z
4978:Missing or empty
4917:Aviation Benefits
4666:(7645): 411–415.
4630:10.1021/es201902e
4595:10.1021/ef070015j
4379:10.1021/es022419q
4372:(19): 379A–382A,
3897:, as well as low
3782:Nitrogen oxides (
3724:), particulates,
3541:and the Green-e.
3515:Emirates Airlines
3454:(for example, by
3434:Carbon offsetting
3353:like the EU ETS.
3319:emissions trading
3295:Emissions trading
3290:Economic measures
3266:can be backed by
3201:flight connection
3098:According to the
3010:is inaccessible.
2946:synthetic biology
2936:processed with a
2845:bio-aviation fuel
2749:electric vehicles
2716:Collins Aerospace
2696:Electric aircraft
2687:Electric aircraft
2679:type certificated
2665:Electric aircraft
2649:L.E.K. Consulting
2621:hydrogen aircraft
2617:electric aircraft
2374:carbon offsetting
2360:(SAFs); improved
2324:Electric aircraft
2287:private airplanes
2281:, 167,000 piston
2190:potassium acetate
2168:spill containment
2031:business-as-usual
1965:Alice Bows-Larkin
1862:radiative forcing
1779:industry is more
1734:(± 6 mW/m),
1664:aromatic compound
1656:radiative forcing
1331:radiative forcing
1291:electric aircraft
1275:train connections
1255:carbon offsetting
1251:emissions trading
1186:chemicals if not
1148:industry is more
1111:radiative forcing
1097:, and, with less
1056:
1055:
991:
990:
657:Nuclear holocaust
580:Urban heat island
394:Radioactive waste
179:Biological hazard
89:Air quality index
13694:
13654:
13653:
13642:
13641:
13640:
13633:
13353:Evacuation slide
13313:Airport security
13210:Baggage carousel
13177:Tokyo Convention
13105:Cape Town Treaty
12940:Domestic airport
12920:Airport terminal
12905:Airport check-in
12867:Inflight smoking
12752:Flight attendant
12601:Vanilla Alliance
12538:Charter airlines
12500:
12493:
12486:
12477:
12476:
12448:
12447:
12437:
12436:
12270:Phosphorus cycle
12250:Land consumption
12245:Land degradation
12220:Freshwater cycle
12019:Overexploitation
11992:marine pollution
11799:cocoa production
11681:
11674:
11667:
11658:
11657:
11642:
11641:
11630:
11629:
11618:
11617:
11607:
11606:
11605:
11570:Paleoclimatology
11387:
11386:
11376:
11375:
11137:Ecological grief
11120:Climate movement
11095:
11094:
11081:
11080:
11061:Plant-based diet
10952:Renewable energy
10830:
10829:
10817:
10816:
10652:Economic impacts
10579:Invasive species
10435:Coastal flooding
10385:
10384:
10372:
10371:
10308:Svante Arrhenius
10284:
10283:
10254:from agriculture
10244:Carbon footprint
10229:Greenhouse gases
10178:
10177:
10165:
10164:
10117:
10116:
10102:
10095:
10088:
10079:
10078:
10074:
10062:
10040:
10028:
10015:
10013:
9995:
9967:
9959:
9947:
9935:
9912:
9901:
9892:
9891:. November 2015.
9886:
9877:
9866:
9844:
9821:
9809:
9807:
9796:
9787:
9786:on 18 July 2020.
9785:
9774:
9765:
9759:
9737:
9713:
9712:
9710:
9708:
9688:
9682:
9681:
9679:
9677:
9666:Imperial College
9657:
9651:
9650:
9648:
9646:
9590:
9584:
9583:
9555:
9549:
9548:
9546:
9518:
9517:
9516:
9502:
9496:
9495:
9489:
9481:
9479:
9469:
9429:
9423:
9422:
9420:
9388:
9382:
9381:
9379:
9377:
9357:
9351:
9350:
9330:
9324:
9323:
9321:
9319:
9299:
9293:
9292:
9290:
9288:
9269:
9263:
9262:
9260:
9258:
9238:
9232:
9231:
9229:
9227:
9208:
9202:
9201:
9199:
9197:
9177:
9171:
9170:
9168:
9166:
9147:
9141:
9140:
9138:
9136:
9121:
9115:
9114:
9112:
9110:
9095:
9089:
9088:
9086:
9084:
9062:
9056:
9055:
9053:
9051:
9032:
9026:
9025:
9023:
9021:
9006:
9000:
8999:
8997:
8995:
8980:
8974:
8973:
8970:
8968:
8966:
8945:
8939:
8938:
8936:
8934:
8919:
8913:
8912:
8911:
8909:
8892:
8886:
8885:
8884:
8882:
8877:on 28 March 2008
8865:
8859:
8858:
8857:
8855:
8838:
8832:
8831:
8830:
8828:
8811:
8805:
8804:
8788:
8782:
8781:
8779:
8777:
8772:on 25 April 2019
8756:
8750:
8749:
8747:
8745:
8736:. 25 July 2013.
8724:
8718:
8717:
8715:
8713:
8707:
8700:
8692:
8686:
8685:
8683:
8681:
8675:
8668:
8659:
8653:
8652:
8650:
8648:
8628:
8622:
8621:
8620:
8618:
8609:, archived from
8592:
8586:
8585:
8583:
8581:
8566:
8560:
8559:
8558:
8556:
8550:
8543:
8533:
8527:
8526:
8524:
8522:
8516:
8509:
8501:
8495:
8494:
8492:
8490:
8470:
8464:
8463:
8461:
8459:
8440:
8434:
8433:
8431:
8429:
8414:
8408:
8407:
8405:
8403:
8384:
8378:
8377:
8367:
8333:
8327:
8326:
8324:
8322:
8303:
8297:
8296:
8294:
8292:
8272:
8266:
8265:
8263:
8261:
8241:
8235:
8234:
8232:
8230:
8213:
8207:
8206:
8204:
8202:
8183:
8177:
8176:
8158:
8148:
8114:
8108:
8107:
8101:
8093:
8069:
8060:
8045:
8044:
8026:
7994:
7988:
7987:
7985:
7951:
7945:
7944:
7912:
7906:
7905:
7903:
7901:
7895:royalsociety.org
7887:
7881:
7880:
7878:
7876:
7861:
7855:
7854:
7836:
7804:
7795:
7794:
7776:
7744:
7735:
7734:
7716:
7684:
7678:
7677:
7667:
7619:
7613:
7612:
7602:
7570:
7564:
7563:
7557:
7549:
7547:
7545:
7497:
7489:
7478:
7477:
7465:
7459:
7458:
7453:. Archived from
7442:
7436:
7435:
7433:
7421:
7415:
7414:
7407:
7401:
7400:
7398:
7380:
7371:
7365:
7358:
7356:
7354:
7337:
7331:
7330:
7328:
7326:
7320:
7305:
7297:
7286:
7285:
7283:
7281:
7262:
7256:
7255:
7253:
7251:
7231:
7225:
7224:
7222:
7220:
7200:
7181:
7180:
7178:
7176:
7156:
7150:
7149:
7147:
7145:
7125:
7119:
7118:
7116:
7114:
7094:
7088:
7087:
7085:
7083:
7061:
7055:
7054:
7052:
7050:
7031:
7025:
7024:
7022:
7020:
6997:
6991:
6990:
6988:
6986:
6966:
6960:
6959:
6947:
6941:
6940:
6938:
6936:
6930:
6919:
6909:
6894:
6893:
6883:
6849:
6830:
6829:
6827:
6825:
6806:
6800:
6799:
6797:
6795:
6780:
6774:
6773:
6771:
6769:
6763:
6756:
6744:
6733:
6732:
6730:
6728:
6722:
6715:
6707:
6701:
6700:
6698:
6696:
6681:
6675:
6674:
6672:
6670:
6664:
6657:
6649:
6640:
6639:
6637:
6635:
6620:
6614:
6613:
6611:
6609:
6600:. 18 July 2011.
6598:Lewis University
6590:
6584:
6583:
6581:
6579:
6558:
6552:
6551:
6541:
6501:
6495:
6494:
6446:
6440:
6439:
6411:
6405:
6404:
6379:(6): 1877–1883.
6368:
6362:
6361:
6359:
6327:
6321:
6320:
6286:
6278:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6262:
6254:
6248:
6247:
6220:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6206:
6191:
6182:
6181:
6179:
6177:
6162:
6151:
6150:
6148:
6146:
6131:
6125:
6124:
6122:
6120:
6105:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6090:, archived from
6085:
6075:
6069:
6068:
6050:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6012:
6006:
6005:
6003:
6001:
5986:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5975:
5960:
5954:
5953:
5947:
5939:
5929:
5919:
5895:
5886:
5885:
5883:
5881:
5861:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5848:
5826:
5824:
5822:
5816:
5803:
5794:
5788:
5787:
5774:
5768:
5767:
5765:
5758:
5748:
5742:
5741:
5739:
5737:
5697:
5691:
5690:
5678:
5672:
5671:
5665:
5661:
5659:
5651:
5649:
5647:
5619:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5608:
5568:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5518:
5512:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5488:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5477:
5455:
5449:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5424:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5405:
5398:
5388:
5382:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5372:
5365:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5342:
5340:
5334:
5327:
5318:
5312:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5288:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5277:
5250:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5232:
5210:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5199:
5188:Associated Press
5179:
5173:
5172:
5162:
5145:(7): 2255–2260.
5130:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5119:
5104:
5098:
5097:
5084:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5073:
5053:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5037:
5031:
5000:
4987:
4981:
4976:
4974:
4966:
4954:
4939:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4928:
4909:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4892:
4881:
4873:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4843:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4817:(3–4): 559–579.
4798:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4787:
4781:
4766:
4732:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4706:
4691:
4657:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4605:
4599:
4598:
4589:(5): 2615–2626.
4578:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4552:(7): 3497–3505.
4537:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4454:
4446:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4400:
4391:
4390:
4381:
4361:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4316:
4287:
4278:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4229:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4207:
4197:
4193:
4175:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4140:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4120:
4109:
4096:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4080:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4044:
4002:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3535:Virgin Australia
3487:green technology
3205:certain distance
3147:
3102:, "the greatest
3048:
3000:Climate policies
2892:
2837:aviation biofuel
2815:Aviation biofuel
2700:renewable energy
2585:
2396:Destination 2050
2366:emission trading
2350:carbon emissions
2283:aircraft engines
2209:dissolved oxygen
2186:propylene glycol
2154:Excess aircraft
2059:
2028:
2024:
1932:
1912:energy intensity
1814:, 2.4% of all CO
1742:
1732:confidence level
1608:
1607:
1606:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1573:tend to deplete
1564:
1563:
1562:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1452:nitrogen dioxide
1445:
1444:
1443:
1279:personal choices
1247:Aviation biofuel
1244:
1243:
1242:
1204:general aviation
1059:Aircraft engines
1048:
1041:
1034:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1006:
1005:
937:
936:
640:Chemical warfare
542:Waste management
502:Industrial waste
477:Electronic waste
462:Advertising mail
444:Phytoremediation
419:Land degradation
359:Depleted uranium
244:Overillumination
194:Invasive species
66:
56:
41:
40:
13702:
13701:
13697:
13696:
13695:
13693:
13692:
13691:
13662:
13661:
13660:
13648:
13638:
13636:
13628:
13626:
13621:
13590:
13581:Baggage handler
13557:
13511:Open-jaw ticket
13486:Fare basis code
13433:Airline tickets
13427:
13368:Flight recorder
13270:Aviation safety
13264:
13240:Checked baggage
13225:Baggage handler
13220:Baggage reclaim
13186:
13167:Rome Convention
13057:
13034:
13022:Travel document
12974:
12881:
12781:
12757:Flight engineer
12713:
12610:
12567:
12509:
12504:
12474:
12469:
12424:
12383:Organic farming
12309:
12300:Water pollution
12280:Ozone depletion
12260:Loss and damage
12160:Desertification
12097:
12009:Overconsumption
11930:cleaning agents
11831:Energy industry
11794:meat production
11760:
11690:
11685:
11655:
11650:
11603:
11601:
11584:
11531:
11522:Orbital forcing
11416:
11381:
11362:
11336:Paris Agreement
11314:
11310:Warming stripes
11249:
11215:Managed retreat
11210:Loss and damage
11171:
11105:Business action
11089:
11067:
11044:
10967:
10961:
10918:
10879:Climate finance
10824:
10803:
10735:
10593:
10569:Extinction risk
10545:Flora and fauna
10540:
10501:Permafrost thaw
10496:Ozone depletion
10425:Extreme weather
10379:
10362:
10289:
10270:
10207:
10172:
10155:
10122:
10111:
10106:
10065:
10052:
10031:
10011:
9962:
9950:
9938:
9922:
9899:
9895:
9884:
9880:
9869:
9854:
9831:
9812:
9805:
9794:
9790:
9783:
9772:
9768:
9757:
9753:
9745:
9743:Further reading
9722:
9717:
9716:
9706:
9704:
9689:
9685:
9675:
9673:
9658:
9654:
9644:
9642:
9591:
9587:
9556:
9552:
9519:photochemistry"
9515:
9512:
9511:
9510:
9508:
9503:
9499:
9483:
9482:
9437:
9430:
9426:
9389:
9385:
9375:
9373:
9358:
9354:
9347:
9331:
9327:
9317:
9315:
9300:
9296:
9286:
9284:
9271:
9270:
9266:
9256:
9254:
9239:
9235:
9225:
9223:
9210:
9209:
9205:
9195:
9193:
9178:
9174:
9164:
9162:
9154:
9149:
9148:
9144:
9134:
9132:
9123:
9122:
9118:
9108:
9106:
9101:. Harbour Air.
9097:
9096:
9092:
9082:
9080:
9064:
9063:
9059:
9049:
9047:
9034:
9033:
9029:
9019:
9017:
9008:
9007:
9003:
8993:
8991:
8982:
8981:
8977:
8971:
8964:
8962:
8947:
8946:
8942:
8932:
8930:
8921:
8920:
8916:
8907:
8905:
8894:
8893:
8889:
8880:
8878:
8867:
8866:
8862:
8853:
8851:
8850:on 2 March 2012
8840:
8839:
8835:
8826:
8824:
8813:
8812:
8808:
8789:
8785:
8775:
8773:
8758:
8757:
8753:
8743:
8741:
8726:
8725:
8721:
8711:
8709:
8705:
8698:
8694:
8693:
8689:
8679:
8677:
8673:
8666:
8660:
8656:
8646:
8644:
8629:
8625:
8616:
8614:
8613:on 9 March 2013
8601:
8593:
8589:
8579:
8577:
8568:
8567:
8563:
8554:
8552:
8548:
8541:
8535:
8534:
8530:
8520:
8518:
8514:
8507:
8503:
8502:
8498:
8488:
8486:
8471:
8467:
8457:
8455:
8448:Popular Science
8442:
8441:
8437:
8427:
8425:
8416:
8415:
8411:
8401:
8399:
8386:
8385:
8381:
8334:
8330:
8320:
8318:
8305:
8304:
8300:
8290:
8288:
8273:
8269:
8259:
8257:
8242:
8238:
8228:
8226:
8214:
8210:
8200:
8198:
8185:
8184:
8180:
8115:
8111:
8095:
8094:
8067:
8061:
8048:
8000:
7995:
7991:
7952:
7948:
7913:
7909:
7899:
7897:
7889:
7888:
7884:
7874:
7872:
7863:
7862:
7858:
7805:
7798:
7745:
7738:
7685:
7681:
7620:
7616:
7571:
7567:
7551:
7550:
7543:
7541:
7490:
7481:
7466:
7462:
7443:
7439:
7431:10.1.1.170.8750
7422:
7418:
7409:
7408:
7404:
7378:
7372:
7368:
7352:
7350:
7339:
7338:
7334:
7324:
7322:
7318:
7303:
7299:
7298:
7289:
7279:
7277:
7264:
7263:
7259:
7249:
7247:
7232:
7228:
7218:
7216:
7201:
7184:
7174:
7172:
7157:
7153:
7143:
7141:
7126:
7122:
7112:
7110:
7095:
7091:
7081:
7079:
7062:
7058:
7048:
7046:
7033:
7032:
7028:
7018:
7016:
6999:
6998:
6994:
6984:
6982:
6967:
6963:
6948:
6944:
6934:
6932:
6928:
6917:
6911:
6910:
6897:
6850:
6833:
6823:
6821:
6808:
6807:
6803:
6793:
6791:
6782:
6781:
6777:
6767:
6765:
6761:
6754:
6751:
6746:
6745:
6736:
6726:
6724:
6720:
6713:
6709:
6708:
6704:
6694:
6692:
6683:
6682:
6678:
6668:
6666:
6662:
6655:
6651:
6650:
6643:
6633:
6631:
6622:
6621:
6617:
6607:
6605:
6592:
6591:
6587:
6577:
6575:
6560:
6559:
6555:
6510:Scientific Data
6502:
6498:
6460:
6456:
6447:
6443:
6412:
6408:
6369:
6365:
6328:
6324:
6279:
6275:
6267:
6260:
6256:
6255:
6251:
6244:
6222:
6221:
6214:
6204:
6202:
6193:
6192:
6185:
6175:
6173:
6164:
6163:
6154:
6144:
6142:
6133:
6132:
6128:
6118:
6116:
6107:
6106:
6102:
6094:
6083:
6077:
6076:
6072:
6065:
6057:. Rolls-Royce.
6051:
6040:
6030:
6028:
6013:
6009:
5999:
5997:
5988:
5987:
5983:
5973:
5971:
5962:
5961:
5957:
5941:
5940:
5896:
5889:
5879:
5877:
5862:
5858:
5846:
5844:
5829:
5820:
5818:
5814:
5801:
5795:
5791:
5776:
5775:
5771:
5763:
5756:
5750:
5749:
5745:
5735:
5733:
5698:
5694:
5679:
5675:
5663:
5662:
5653:
5652:
5645:
5643:
5620:
5616:
5606:
5604:
5569:
5565:
5556:
5554:
5519:
5515:
5506:
5504:
5489:
5485:
5475:
5473:
5456:
5452:
5443:
5441:
5429:Aviation report
5426:
5425:
5418:
5409:
5407:
5403:
5396:
5393:Fuel Fact Sheet
5390:
5389:
5385:
5376:
5374:
5370:
5363:
5355:
5351:
5338:
5336:
5332:
5325:
5319:
5315:
5306:
5304:
5289:
5285:
5275:
5273:
5251:
5240:
5230:
5228:
5211:
5207:
5197:
5195:
5180:
5176:
5131:
5127:
5117:
5115:
5106:
5105:
5101:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5071:
5069:
5054:
5045:
5035:
5033:
5029:
4998:
4995:
4979:
4977:
4968:
4967:
4956:
4946:
4941:
4940:
4936:
4926:
4924:
4911:
4910:
4906:
4896:
4894:
4890:
4879:
4875:
4874:
4870:
4860:
4858:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4811:Climatic Change
4806:
4799:
4795:
4785:
4783:
4779:
4730:
4724:
4720:
4710:
4708:
4704:
4655:
4649:
4645:
4606:
4602:
4579:
4575:
4538:
4534:
4524:
4522:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4494:
4492:
4475:
4471:
4463:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4443:
4433:
4431:
4404:Joyce E. Penner
4401:
4394:
4362:
4358:
4349:
4347:
4334:
4330:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4285:
4279:
4270:
4260:
4258:
4233:Joyce E. Penner
4230:
4223:
4176:
4167:
4157:
4155:
4142:
4141:
4134:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4107:
4104:
4097:
4088:
4078:
4076:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4003:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3912:
3895:sulphur content
3867:
3858:cruise altitude
3821:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3809:emissions from
3805:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3708:
3694:
3687:
3682:
3653:
3610:
3598:
3578:
3576:Airline offsets
3573:
3547:
3531:United Airlines
3511:Delta Air Lines
3507:Air New Zealand
3491:British Airways
3483:
3481:Consumer option
3436:
3382:departure taxes
3365:
3359:
3347:price on carbon
3324:
3306:
3297:
3292:
3209:business travel
3184:
3155:
3142:
3141:
3136:high-speed rail
3082:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3066:
3022:
3016:
3008:electrification
2993:
2985:
2976:
2891:
2887:
2839:(also known as
2817:
2811:
2803:
2799:
2771:
2765:
2745:
2693:
2685:Main articles:
2667:
2662:
2641:British Airways
2577:
2556:
2551:Synthetic fuels
2539:specific energy
2511:synthetic fuels
2484:
2480:
2472:
2466:
2401:
2338:
2332:Ram air turbine
2312:
2253:
2243:
2238:
2182:ethylene glycol
2164:water pollution
2148:
2146:Water pollution
2076:
2070:
2058:
2052:
2044:
2026:
2019:
2010:
1992:experienced by
1987:
1975:
1970:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1928:
1920:
1905:
1893:fuel efficiency
1888:
1879:
1870:
1847:Paris Agreement
1821:
1817:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1757:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1703:
1694:
1681:
1677:
1661:
1635:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1432:Nitrogen oxides
1413:
1409:
1402:
1382:
1358:
1351:− bonding with
1349:carbon monoxide
1345:nitrogen oxides
1333:
1316:
1311:
1268:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1176:water pollution
1143:
1139:
1131:
1124:
1116:
1103:nitrogen oxides
1092:
1061:produce gases,
1052:
1014:
1012:
1000:
993:
992:
892:
884:
883:
857:
849:
848:
784:Pharmaceuticals
764:Nonpoint source
704:
694:
693:
662:Nuclear fallout
635:
625:
624:
595:
585:
584:
575:
565:
564:
555:
547:
546:
532:Packaging waste
497:Hazardous waste
457:
449:
448:
409:
399:
398:
369:Nuclear fallout
364:Nuclear fission
344:
334:
333:
299:
289:
288:
264:
256:
255:
229:
227:Electromagnetic
219:
218:
209:
201:
200:
174:
164:
163:
134:Ozone depletion
79:
69:
54:
36:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
13700:
13690:
13689:
13684:
13679:
13674:
13659:
13658:
13646:
13623:
13622:
13620:
13619:
13617:Mile high club
13614:
13609:
13604:
13598:
13596:
13592:
13591:
13589:
13588:
13583:
13578:
13573:
13567:
13565:
13559:
13558:
13556:
13555:
13553:Travel website
13550:
13545:
13540:
13535:
13530:
13528:Red-eye flight
13525:
13520:
13513:
13508:
13506:One-way travel
13503:
13498:
13493:
13488:
13483:
13478:
13476:Continent pass
13473:
13468:
13463:
13458:
13453:
13451:Airline ticket
13448:
13443:
13437:
13435:
13429:
13428:
13426:
13425:
13420:
13415:
13410:
13405:
13400:
13395:
13390:
13385:
13380:
13378:Overwing exits
13375:
13370:
13365:
13360:
13355:
13350:
13345:
13340:
13335:
13330:
13328:Brace position
13325:
13320:
13318:Airspace class
13315:
13310:
13308:Airport police
13305:
13300:
13295:
13290:
13285:
13280:
13274:
13272:
13266:
13265:
13263:
13262:
13257:
13247:
13242:
13237:
13232:
13227:
13222:
13217:
13212:
13207:
13202:
13196:
13194:
13188:
13187:
13185:
13184:
13179:
13174:
13169:
13164:
13159:
13154:
13149:
13147:Hague Protocol
13144:
13139:
13138:
13137:
13127:
13122:
13117:
13112:
13107:
13102:
13097:
13096:
13095:
13090:
13084:
13078:
13067:
13065:
13059:
13058:
13056:
13055:
13050:
13044:
13042:
13036:
13035:
13033:
13032:
13024:
13019:
13014:
13009:
13007:Departure card
13004:
12997:Border control
12994:
12988:
12986:
12976:
12975:
12973:
12972:
12967:
12962:
12957:
12952:
12947:
12942:
12937:
12932:
12927:
12922:
12917:
12912:
12910:Airport lounge
12907:
12902:
12897:
12891:
12889:
12883:
12882:
12880:
12879:
12874:
12869:
12864:
12859:
12854:
12849:
12844:
12839:
12834:
12829:
12827:Aircraft cabin
12824:
12823:
12822:
12817:
12812:
12807:
12805:Business class
12802:
12791:
12789:
12783:
12782:
12780:
12779:
12774:
12769:
12767:Aircraft pilot
12764:
12759:
12754:
12749:
12744:
12739:
12737:Second officer
12734:
12729:
12723:
12721:
12715:
12714:
12712:
12711:
12710:
12709:
12704:
12699:
12694:
12688:Other regions
12686:
12685:
12684:
12679:
12674:
12666:
12665:
12664:
12659:
12653:United States
12651:
12650:
12649:
12644:
12639:
12634:
12629:
12623:International
12620:
12618:
12612:
12611:
12609:
12608:
12606:U-FLY Alliance
12603:
12598:
12596:Value Alliance
12593:
12588:
12583:
12577:
12575:
12569:
12568:
12566:
12565:
12560:
12555:
12550:
12545:
12540:
12535:
12530:
12525:
12519:
12517:
12511:
12510:
12503:
12502:
12495:
12488:
12480:
12471:
12470:
12468:
12467:
12462:
12457:
12452:
12441:
12429:
12426:
12425:
12423:
12422:
12417:
12412:
12410:Sustainability
12407:
12402:
12401:
12400:
12390:
12385:
12380:
12375:
12370:
12365:
12360:
12355:
12350:
12345:
12340:
12335:
12330:
12325:
12319:
12317:
12311:
12310:
12308:
12307:
12305:Water scarcity
12302:
12297:
12292:
12287:
12282:
12277:
12272:
12267:
12262:
12257:
12252:
12247:
12242:
12240:Nitrogen cycle
12237:
12232:
12227:
12222:
12217:
12212:
12207:
12205:Forest dieback
12202:
12197:
12192:
12187:
12182:
12177:
12172:
12167:
12162:
12157:
12152:
12147:
12146:
12145:
12140:
12133:Climate change
12130:
12129:
12128:
12123:
12118:
12107:
12105:
12099:
12098:
12096:
12095:
12090:
12089:
12088:
12078:
12077:
12076:
12071:
12066:
12061:
12051:
12046:
12041:
12036:
12031:
12026:
12021:
12016:
12011:
12006:
12001:
12000:
11999:
11994:
11989:
11984:
11974:
11973:
11972:
11967:
11962:
11957:
11952:
11950:nanotechnology
11947:
11942:
11937:
11932:
11922:
11917:
11912:
11907:
11902:
11897:
11896:
11895:
11890:
11885:
11880:
11875:
11870:
11865:
11855:
11854:
11853:
11848:
11843:
11838:
11828:
11823:
11818:
11813:
11812:
11811:
11806:
11801:
11796:
11791:
11786:
11781:
11770:
11768:
11762:
11761:
11759:
11758:
11753:
11748:
11743:
11738:
11737:
11736:
11734:on marine life
11726:
11725:
11724:
11722:list of issues
11714:
11709:
11704:
11698:
11696:
11692:
11691:
11684:
11683:
11676:
11669:
11661:
11652:
11651:
11649:
11648:
11636:
11624:
11612:
11597:
11594:
11593:
11590:
11589:
11586:
11585:
11583:
11582:
11577:
11572:
11567:
11566:
11565:
11555:
11550:
11545:
11539:
11537:
11533:
11532:
11530:
11529:
11524:
11519:
11514:
11509:
11504:
11499:
11494:
11489:
11488:
11487:
11477:
11475:Cloud feedback
11472:
11467:
11462:
11457:
11456:
11455:
11450:
11445:
11440:
11430:
11424:
11422:
11418:
11417:
11415:
11414:
11409:
11404:
11399:
11393:
11391:
11383:
11382:
11372:
11371:
11368:
11367:
11364:
11363:
11361:
11360:
11355:
11350:
11349:
11348:
11343:
11333:
11331:Kyoto Protocol
11328:
11322:
11320:
11316:
11315:
11313:
11312:
11307:
11306:
11305:
11300:
11295:
11285:
11283:Media coverage
11280:
11275:
11273:Climate spiral
11270:
11265:
11259:
11257:
11251:
11250:
11248:
11247:
11242:
11237:
11232:
11227:
11222:
11217:
11212:
11207:
11202:
11197:
11192:
11187:
11181:
11179:
11173:
11172:
11170:
11169:
11164:
11162:Public opinion
11159:
11154:
11149:
11144:
11139:
11134:
11129:
11128:
11127:
11117:
11112:
11110:Climate action
11107:
11101:
11099:
11091:
11090:
11077:
11076:
11073:
11072:
11069:
11068:
11066:
11065:
11064:
11063:
11052:
11050:
11046:
11045:
11043:
11042:
11037:
11031:
11030:
11029:
11024:
11022:REDD and REDD+
11019:
11014:
11006:
11001:
10999:Carbon farming
10996:
10995:
10994:
10989:
10979:
10973:
10971:
10963:
10962:
10960:
10959:
10954:
10949:
10944:
10943:
10942:
10932:
10926:
10924:
10920:
10919:
10917:
10916:
10911:
10906:
10901:
10896:
10891:
10886:
10881:
10876:
10871:
10866:
10861:
10860:
10859:
10849:
10844:
10838:
10836:
10826:
10825:
10813:
10812:
10809:
10808:
10805:
10804:
10802:
10801:
10796:
10791:
10786:
10781:
10776:
10771:
10766:
10761:
10756:
10751:
10745:
10743:
10737:
10736:
10734:
10733:
10731:Water security
10728:
10726:Water scarcity
10723:
10721:Urban flooding
10718:
10713:
10708:
10703:
10698:
10693:
10688:
10683:
10682:
10681:
10671:
10666:
10661:
10660:
10659:
10649:
10644:
10639:
10634:
10629:
10624:
10619:
10618:
10617:
10612:
10601:
10599:
10595:
10594:
10592:
10591:
10586:
10581:
10576:
10574:Forest dieback
10571:
10566:
10561:
10560:
10559:
10548:
10546:
10542:
10541:
10539:
10538:
10533:
10528:
10523:
10518:
10513:
10511:Sea level rise
10508:
10503:
10498:
10493:
10492:
10491:
10486:
10484:stratification
10481:
10476:
10471:
10466:
10456:
10455:
10454:
10449:
10439:
10438:
10437:
10427:
10422:
10417:
10412:
10407:
10402:
10397:
10391:
10389:
10381:
10380:
10368:
10367:
10364:
10363:
10361:
10360:
10359:
10358:
10353:
10348:
10343:
10338:
10333:
10325:
10320:
10315:
10310:
10305:
10300:
10294:
10291:
10290:
10280:
10279:
10276:
10275:
10272:
10271:
10269:
10268:
10263:
10262:
10261:
10256:
10251:
10249:Carbon leakage
10246:
10241:
10231:
10226:
10221:
10215:
10213:
10209:
10208:
10206:
10205:
10200:
10190:
10188:Climate system
10184:
10182:
10174:
10173:
10161:
10160:
10157:
10156:
10154:
10153:
10148:
10143:
10138:
10133:
10127:
10124:
10123:
10113:
10112:
10109:Climate change
10105:
10104:
10097:
10090:
10082:
10076:
10075:
10073:. 14 May 2023.
10063:
10050:
10045:Hannah Ritchie
10041:
10029:
10016:
9996:
9986:(3): 199–211.
9974:
9973:
9969:
9968:
9960:
9948:
9936:
9919:
9918:
9914:
9913:
9893:
9878:
9867:
9851:
9850:
9846:
9845:
9828:
9827:
9823:
9822:
9810:
9788:
9766:
9750:
9749:
9744:
9741:
9740:
9739:
9721:
9718:
9715:
9714:
9683:
9652:
9585:
9566:(6): 451–464.
9550:
9513:
9497:
9435:
9424:
9383:
9352:
9345:
9325:
9294:
9264:
9233:
9203:
9172:
9152:
9142:
9116:
9090:
9057:
9027:
9001:
8975:
8940:
8914:
8887:
8860:
8833:
8806:
8783:
8751:
8719:
8687:
8654:
8623:
8599:
8587:
8561:
8528:
8496:
8465:
8435:
8409:
8379:
8328:
8298:
8267:
8236:
8208:
8178:
8109:
8046:
7998:
7989:
7946:
7907:
7882:
7856:
7819:(4): 404–414.
7796:
7759:(4): 455–474.
7753:Climate Policy
7736:
7679:
7614:
7565:
7479:
7460:
7437:
7416:
7402:
7366:
7332:
7287:
7272:. 6 May 2021.
7257:
7226:
7182:
7151:
7120:
7089:
7056:
7026:
7011:. April 2023.
6992:
6961:
6942:
6895:
6866:(4): 404–414.
6831:
6801:
6775:
6749:
6734:
6702:
6676:
6641:
6615:
6585:
6553:
6496:
6458:
6454:
6441:
6406:
6363:
6342:(8): 799–809.
6322:
6273:
6249:
6242:
6234:10.17226/14370
6212:
6183:
6152:
6126:
6100:
6070:
6063:
6055:The Jet Engine
6038:
6007:
5981:
5955:
5887:
5856:
5854:
5853:
5789:
5769:
5743:
5712:(2): 233–243.
5692:
5673:
5614:
5563:
5513:
5483:
5450:
5416:
5383:
5349:
5313:
5283:
5238:
5205:
5174:
5125:
5099:
5079:
5043:
5009:(4): 412–417.
4993:
4944:
4934:
4904:
4868:
4838:
4804:
4793:
4718:
4643:
4600:
4573:
4532:
4502:
4469:
4441:
4392:
4356:
4328:
4268:
4221:
4165:
4148:Climate Action
4132:
4102:
4086:
4056:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3953:Flying Matters
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3865:
3851:
3847:
3846:
3839:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3819:
3803:
3795:
3788:
3779:
3778:
3763:
3750:
3741:
3740:: modelling CO
3718:
3710:
3706:
3693:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3652:
3649:
3608:
3596:
3577:
3574:
3564:carbon budgets
3546:
3543:
3482:
3479:
3456:planting trees
3452:photosynthesis
3435:
3432:
3412:external costs
3400:
3399:
3388:jet fuel taxes
3385:
3379:
3361:Main article:
3358:
3355:
3335:carbon credits
3322:
3304:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3225:climate change
3180:Main article:
3178:
3177:
3153:
3139:
3138:
3129:
3096:
3095:
3081:
3078:
3072:
3064:
3040:
3039:
3018:Main article:
3015:
3012:
2991:
2983:
2975:
2972:
2914:, waste oils,
2889:
2851:used to power
2813:Main article:
2810:
2807:
2801:
2797:
2767:Main article:
2764:
2761:
2743:
2708:energy density
2677:was the first
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2594:Senate hearing
2575:
2554:
2547:green hydrogen
2516:carbon pricing
2507:carbon capture
2503:green hydrogen
2487:carbon credits
2482:
2478:
2470:
2464:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2399:
2311:
2308:
2242:
2239:
2228:interactions.
2194:sodium acetate
2178:surface runoff
2147:
2144:
2135:reduce noise.
2097:aircraft noise
2072:Main article:
2069:
2066:
2054:
2042:
2008:
2002:high altitudes
1985:
1973:
1968:
1957:
1954:
1949:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1926:
1918:
1903:
1877:
1869:
1866:
1855:carbon credits
1843:Kyoto Protocol
1839:European Union
1819:
1815:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1781:fuel efficient
1756:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1727:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1700:because the CO
1692:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1667:
1659:
1658:effect than CO
1643:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1591:
1579:
1559:
1543:
1531:
1519:
1507:
1495:
1479:
1463:
1455:
1440:
1428:
1427:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1389:climate change
1387:contribute to
1380:
1377:greenhouse gas
1356:
1337:carbon dioxide
1315:
1312:
1310:
1309:Climate change
1307:
1266:
1265:, can lower CO
1257:, part of the
1239:
1230:
1200:health hazards
1150:fuel efficient
1141:
1137:
1129:
1122:
1114:
1095:greenhouse gas
1090:
1087:carbon dioxide
1083:climate change
1081:contribute to
1054:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1043:
1036:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1010:
995:
994:
989:
988:
987:
986:
978:
977:
973:
972:
971:
970:
965:
960:
955:
953:Law by country
950:
942:
941:
935:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
893:
890:
889:
886:
885:
882:
881:
880:
879:
874:
864:
858:
855:
854:
851:
850:
847:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
824:Surface runoff
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
724:Eutrophication
721:
716:
711:
705:
700:
699:
696:
695:
692:
691:
686:
681:
679:Scorched earth
676:
675:
674:
672:Nuclear winter
669:
667:Nuclear famine
664:
654:
653:
652:
642:
636:
631:
630:
627:
626:
623:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
596:
591:
590:
587:
586:
583:
582:
576:
571:
570:
567:
566:
563:
562:
556:
553:
552:
549:
548:
545:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
458:
455:
454:
451:
450:
447:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
424:Bioremediation
421:
416:
410:
405:
404:
401:
400:
397:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
354:Bioremediation
351:
345:
340:
339:
336:
335:
332:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
304:Transportation
300:
295:
294:
291:
290:
287:
286:
281:
276:
271:
265:
262:
261:
258:
257:
254:
253:
251:Radio spectrum
248:
247:
246:
241:
230:
225:
224:
221:
220:
217:
216:
210:
207:
206:
203:
202:
199:
198:
197:
196:
186:
181:
175:
170:
169:
166:
165:
162:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
119:Global dimming
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
80:
75:
74:
71:
70:
67:
59:
58:
50:
49:
34:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13699:
13688:
13685:
13683:
13680:
13678:
13675:
13673:
13672:Air pollution
13670:
13669:
13667:
13657:
13652:
13647:
13645:
13635:
13634:
13631:
13618:
13615:
13613:
13610:
13608:
13605:
13603:
13600:
13599:
13597:
13595:Miscellaneous
13593:
13587:
13584:
13582:
13579:
13577:
13574:
13572:
13569:
13568:
13566:
13564:
13560:
13554:
13551:
13549:
13548:Travel agency
13546:
13544:
13541:
13539:
13536:
13534:
13531:
13529:
13526:
13524:
13521:
13518:
13515:Overbooking (
13514:
13512:
13509:
13507:
13504:
13502:
13499:
13497:
13494:
13492:
13489:
13487:
13484:
13482:
13479:
13477:
13474:
13472:
13469:
13467:
13466:Boarding pass
13464:
13462:
13459:
13457:
13454:
13452:
13449:
13447:
13444:
13442:
13439:
13438:
13436:
13434:
13430:
13424:
13421:
13419:
13416:
13414:
13411:
13409:
13406:
13404:
13401:
13399:
13396:
13394:
13391:
13389:
13386:
13384:
13381:
13379:
13376:
13374:
13371:
13369:
13366:
13364:
13361:
13359:
13356:
13354:
13351:
13349:
13346:
13344:
13341:
13339:
13336:
13334:
13331:
13329:
13326:
13324:
13321:
13319:
13316:
13314:
13311:
13309:
13306:
13304:
13301:
13299:
13296:
13294:
13291:
13289:
13286:
13284:
13281:
13279:
13276:
13275:
13273:
13271:
13267:
13261:
13258:
13255:
13251:
13248:
13246:
13243:
13241:
13238:
13236:
13235:Baggage sizer
13233:
13231:
13228:
13226:
13223:
13221:
13218:
13216:
13213:
13211:
13208:
13206:
13203:
13201:
13198:
13197:
13195:
13193:
13189:
13183:
13180:
13178:
13175:
13173:
13170:
13168:
13165:
13163:
13160:
13158:
13155:
13153:
13150:
13148:
13145:
13143:
13140:
13136:
13133:
13132:
13131:
13128:
13126:
13125:Flight permit
13123:
13121:
13118:
13116:
13113:
13111:
13108:
13106:
13103:
13101:
13098:
13094:
13091:
13088:
13085:
13082:
13079:
13077:
13074:
13073:
13072:
13069:
13068:
13066:
13064:
13060:
13054:
13051:
13049:
13048:Hypermobility
13046:
13045:
13043:
13041:
13037:
13031:
13028:
13025:
13023:
13020:
13018:
13015:
13013:
13010:
13008:
13005:
13002:
12998:
12995:
12993:
12990:
12989:
12987:
12985:
12981:
12977:
12971:
12970:Transit hotel
12968:
12966:
12963:
12961:
12958:
12956:
12953:
12951:
12948:
12946:
12943:
12941:
12938:
12936:
12933:
12931:
12928:
12926:
12923:
12921:
12918:
12916:
12913:
12911:
12908:
12906:
12903:
12901:
12898:
12896:
12893:
12892:
12890:
12888:
12884:
12878:
12875:
12873:
12870:
12868:
12865:
12863:
12860:
12858:
12855:
12853:
12850:
12848:
12845:
12843:
12840:
12838:
12835:
12833:
12830:
12828:
12825:
12821:
12818:
12816:
12815:Economy class
12813:
12811:
12808:
12806:
12803:
12801:
12798:
12797:
12796:
12793:
12792:
12790:
12788:
12784:
12778:
12775:
12773:
12770:
12768:
12765:
12763:
12760:
12758:
12755:
12753:
12750:
12748:
12745:
12743:
12742:Third officer
12740:
12738:
12735:
12733:
12732:First officer
12730:
12728:
12725:
12724:
12722:
12720:
12716:
12708:
12705:
12703:
12700:
12698:
12695:
12693:
12690:
12689:
12687:
12683:
12680:
12678:
12675:
12673:
12670:
12669:
12667:
12663:
12660:
12658:
12655:
12654:
12652:
12648:
12645:
12643:
12640:
12638:
12635:
12633:
12630:
12628:
12625:
12624:
12622:
12621:
12619:
12617:
12613:
12607:
12604:
12602:
12599:
12597:
12594:
12592:
12591:Star Alliance
12589:
12587:
12584:
12582:
12579:
12578:
12576:
12574:
12570:
12564:
12561:
12559:
12556:
12554:
12551:
12549:
12546:
12544:
12543:Flag carriers
12541:
12539:
12536:
12534:
12533:Cargo airline
12531:
12529:
12526:
12524:
12523:Airline codes
12521:
12520:
12518:
12516:
12512:
12508:
12501:
12496:
12494:
12489:
12487:
12482:
12481:
12478:
12466:
12463:
12461:
12458:
12456:
12453:
12451:
12442:
12440:
12431:
12430:
12427:
12421:
12418:
12416:
12413:
12411:
12408:
12406:
12403:
12399:
12396:
12395:
12394:
12393:Reforestation
12391:
12389:
12386:
12384:
12381:
12379:
12376:
12374:
12371:
12369:
12366:
12364:
12361:
12359:
12356:
12354:
12351:
12349:
12348:Cultured meat
12346:
12344:
12341:
12339:
12336:
12334:
12331:
12329:
12328:Birth control
12326:
12324:
12321:
12320:
12318:
12316:
12312:
12306:
12303:
12301:
12298:
12296:
12293:
12291:
12288:
12286:
12283:
12281:
12278:
12276:
12273:
12271:
12268:
12266:
12263:
12261:
12258:
12256:
12253:
12251:
12248:
12246:
12243:
12241:
12238:
12236:
12233:
12231:
12228:
12226:
12223:
12221:
12218:
12216:
12213:
12211:
12208:
12206:
12203:
12201:
12198:
12196:
12193:
12191:
12188:
12186:
12183:
12181:
12178:
12176:
12173:
12171:
12168:
12166:
12163:
12161:
12158:
12156:
12153:
12151:
12150:Deforestation
12148:
12144:
12141:
12139:
12136:
12135:
12134:
12131:
12127:
12124:
12122:
12119:
12117:
12114:
12113:
12112:
12109:
12108:
12106:
12104:
12100:
12094:
12091:
12087:
12084:
12083:
12082:
12079:
12075:
12072:
12070:
12067:
12065:
12062:
12060:
12057:
12056:
12055:
12052:
12050:
12047:
12045:
12042:
12040:
12037:
12035:
12032:
12030:
12027:
12025:
12022:
12020:
12017:
12015:
12012:
12010:
12007:
12005:
12002:
11998:
11995:
11993:
11990:
11988:
11985:
11983:
11980:
11979:
11978:
11975:
11971:
11968:
11966:
11963:
11961:
11958:
11956:
11953:
11951:
11948:
11946:
11943:
11941:
11938:
11936:
11933:
11931:
11928:
11927:
11926:
11925:Manufacturing
11923:
11921:
11918:
11916:
11913:
11911:
11908:
11906:
11903:
11901:
11898:
11894:
11891:
11889:
11886:
11884:
11881:
11879:
11876:
11874:
11873:nuclear power
11871:
11869:
11868:fracking (US)
11866:
11864:
11861:
11860:
11859:
11856:
11852:
11849:
11847:
11844:
11842:
11839:
11837:
11834:
11833:
11832:
11829:
11827:
11824:
11822:
11819:
11817:
11814:
11810:
11807:
11805:
11802:
11800:
11797:
11795:
11792:
11790:
11787:
11785:
11782:
11780:
11777:
11776:
11775:
11772:
11771:
11769:
11767:
11763:
11757:
11754:
11752:
11749:
11747:
11744:
11742:
11739:
11735:
11732:
11731:
11730:
11727:
11723:
11720:
11719:
11718:
11715:
11713:
11710:
11708:
11705:
11703:
11700:
11699:
11697:
11693:
11689:
11682:
11677:
11675:
11670:
11668:
11663:
11662:
11659:
11647:
11646:
11637:
11635:
11634:
11625:
11623:
11622:
11613:
11611:
11610:
11599:
11598:
11595:
11581:
11578:
11576:
11573:
11571:
11568:
11564:
11561:
11560:
11559:
11556:
11554:
11551:
11549:
11548:Climate model
11546:
11544:
11541:
11540:
11538:
11534:
11528:
11525:
11523:
11520:
11518:
11515:
11513:
11510:
11508:
11505:
11503:
11500:
11498:
11495:
11493:
11490:
11486:
11483:
11482:
11481:
11480:Cloud forcing
11478:
11476:
11473:
11471:
11468:
11466:
11463:
11461:
11458:
11454:
11451:
11449:
11446:
11444:
11441:
11439:
11436:
11435:
11434:
11431:
11429:
11426:
11425:
11423:
11419:
11413:
11410:
11408:
11405:
11403:
11400:
11398:
11395:
11394:
11392:
11388:
11384:
11377:
11373:
11359:
11356:
11354:
11351:
11347:
11344:
11342:
11339:
11338:
11337:
11334:
11332:
11329:
11327:
11324:
11323:
11321:
11317:
11311:
11308:
11304:
11301:
11299:
11296:
11294:
11291:
11290:
11289:
11286:
11284:
11281:
11279:
11276:
11274:
11271:
11269:
11266:
11264:
11261:
11260:
11258:
11256:
11255:Communication
11252:
11246:
11243:
11241:
11238:
11236:
11235:Vulnerability
11233:
11231:
11228:
11226:
11223:
11221:
11218:
11216:
11213:
11211:
11208:
11206:
11205:Flood control
11203:
11201:
11198:
11196:
11193:
11191:
11188:
11186:
11183:
11182:
11180:
11178:
11174:
11168:
11165:
11163:
11160:
11158:
11155:
11153:
11150:
11148:
11145:
11143:
11140:
11138:
11135:
11133:
11130:
11126:
11123:
11122:
11121:
11118:
11116:
11113:
11111:
11108:
11106:
11103:
11102:
11100:
11096:
11092:
11088:
11082:
11078:
11062:
11059:
11058:
11057:
11054:
11053:
11051:
11047:
11041:
11038:
11035:
11032:
11028:
11027:reforestation
11025:
11023:
11020:
11018:
11015:
11013:
11012:afforestation
11010:
11009:
11007:
11005:
11002:
11000:
10997:
10993:
10990:
10988:
10985:
10984:
10983:
10980:
10978:
10975:
10974:
10972:
10970:
10964:
10958:
10955:
10953:
10950:
10948:
10947:Nuclear power
10945:
10941:
10938:
10937:
10936:
10933:
10931:
10928:
10927:
10925:
10921:
10915:
10912:
10910:
10907:
10905:
10902:
10900:
10897:
10895:
10892:
10890:
10887:
10885:
10882:
10880:
10877:
10875:
10872:
10870:
10867:
10865:
10862:
10858:
10855:
10854:
10853:
10850:
10848:
10845:
10843:
10842:Carbon budget
10840:
10839:
10837:
10835:
10831:
10827:
10823:
10818:
10814:
10800:
10797:
10795:
10792:
10790:
10787:
10785:
10782:
10780:
10777:
10775:
10772:
10770:
10767:
10765:
10762:
10760:
10757:
10755:
10752:
10750:
10747:
10746:
10744:
10742:
10738:
10732:
10729:
10727:
10724:
10722:
10719:
10717:
10714:
10712:
10709:
10707:
10704:
10702:
10699:
10697:
10694:
10692:
10689:
10687:
10684:
10680:
10679:Mental health
10677:
10676:
10675:
10672:
10670:
10667:
10665:
10662:
10658:
10655:
10654:
10653:
10650:
10648:
10645:
10643:
10640:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10630:
10628:
10625:
10623:
10620:
10616:
10615:United States
10613:
10611:
10608:
10607:
10606:
10603:
10602:
10600:
10596:
10590:
10587:
10585:
10582:
10580:
10577:
10575:
10572:
10570:
10567:
10565:
10562:
10558:
10555:
10554:
10553:
10550:
10549:
10547:
10543:
10537:
10534:
10532:
10529:
10527:
10524:
10522:
10519:
10517:
10514:
10512:
10509:
10507:
10504:
10502:
10499:
10497:
10494:
10490:
10487:
10485:
10482:
10480:
10477:
10475:
10472:
10470:
10469:deoxygenation
10467:
10465:
10464:acidification
10462:
10461:
10460:
10457:
10453:
10450:
10448:
10445:
10444:
10443:
10440:
10436:
10433:
10432:
10431:
10428:
10426:
10423:
10421:
10418:
10416:
10413:
10411:
10408:
10406:
10403:
10401:
10398:
10396:
10393:
10392:
10390:
10386:
10382:
10378:
10373:
10369:
10357:
10354:
10352:
10349:
10347:
10344:
10342:
10339:
10337:
10334:
10332:
10329:
10328:
10326:
10324:
10321:
10319:
10316:
10314:
10311:
10309:
10306:
10304:
10301:
10299:
10296:
10295:
10292:
10285:
10281:
10267:
10264:
10260:
10259:from wetlands
10257:
10255:
10252:
10250:
10247:
10245:
10242:
10240:
10237:
10236:
10235:
10232:
10230:
10227:
10225:
10222:
10220:
10219:Deforestation
10217:
10216:
10214:
10210:
10204:
10201:
10198:
10194:
10191:
10189:
10186:
10185:
10183:
10179:
10175:
10171:
10166:
10162:
10152:
10149:
10147:
10144:
10142:
10139:
10137:
10134:
10132:
10129:
10128:
10125:
10118:
10114:
10110:
10103:
10098:
10096:
10091:
10089:
10084:
10083:
10080:
10072:
10071:The Economist
10068:
10064:
10060:
10059:
10054:
10046:
10042:
10038:
10034:
10030:
10026:
10022:
10017:
10010:
10006:
10002:
9997:
9993:
9989:
9985:
9981:
9976:
9975:
9971:
9970:
9965:
9961:
9957:
9953:
9949:
9945:
9941:
9937:
9933:
9929:
9925:
9921:
9920:
9916:
9915:
9911:
9908:. July 2022.
9907:
9906:
9898:
9894:
9890:
9883:
9879:
9876:
9872:
9868:
9865:
9861:
9857:
9853:
9852:
9848:
9847:
9843:
9838:
9834:
9830:
9829:
9825:
9824:
9819:
9815:
9811:
9804:
9800:
9793:
9789:
9782:
9778:
9771:
9767:
9763:
9756:
9752:
9751:
9748:Institutional
9747:
9746:
9735:
9731:
9730:
9724:
9723:
9702:
9698:
9694:
9687:
9671:
9667:
9663:
9656:
9640:
9636:
9632:
9628:
9624:
9620:
9616:
9612:
9608:
9604:
9600:
9596:
9589:
9581:
9577:
9573:
9569:
9565:
9561:
9554:
9545:
9540:
9536:
9532:
9528:
9524:
9520:
9501:
9493:
9487:
9478:
9473:
9468:
9463:
9459:
9455:
9451:
9447:
9443:
9439:
9428:
9419:
9414:
9410:
9406:
9402:
9398:
9394:
9387:
9371:
9367:
9363:
9356:
9348:
9342:
9338:
9337:
9329:
9313:
9309:
9305:
9298:
9282:
9278:
9274:
9268:
9252:
9248:
9244:
9237:
9221:
9217:
9213:
9207:
9191:
9187:
9183:
9176:
9160:
9156:
9146:
9130:
9126:
9120:
9104:
9100:
9094:
9078:
9074:
9072:
9067:
9061:
9045:
9041:
9037:
9031:
9015:
9011:
9005:
8989:
8985:
8979:
8960:
8956:
8955:
8950:
8944:
8928:
8924:
8918:
8903:
8899:
8898:
8891:
8876:
8872:
8871:
8864:
8849:
8845:
8844:
8837:
8822:
8818:
8817:
8810:
8802:
8798:
8794:
8787:
8771:
8767:
8766:
8761:
8755:
8739:
8735:
8734:
8729:
8723:
8704:
8697:
8691:
8672:
8665:
8658:
8642:
8638:
8634:
8627:
8612:
8608:
8604:
8603:
8591:
8575:
8571:
8565:
8547:
8540:
8539:
8532:
8513:
8506:
8500:
8484:
8480:
8476:
8469:
8453:
8449:
8445:
8439:
8423:
8419:
8413:
8397:
8393:
8389:
8383:
8375:
8371:
8366:
8361:
8357:
8353:
8349:
8345:
8344:
8339:
8332:
8316:
8312:
8308:
8302:
8286:
8282:
8278:
8271:
8255:
8251:
8247:
8240:
8225:
8224:
8223:BNN Bloomberg
8219:
8212:
8196:
8192:
8188:
8182:
8174:
8170:
8166:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8138:
8134:
8130:
8126:
8125:
8120:
8113:
8105:
8099:
8091:
8087:
8083:
8079:
8075:
8074:
8066:
8059:
8057:
8055:
8053:
8051:
8042:
8038:
8034:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8016:
8012:
8008:
8004:
7993:
7984:
7979:
7975:
7971:
7968:(9): 093001.
7967:
7963:
7962:
7957:
7950:
7942:
7938:
7934:
7930:
7926:
7922:
7918:
7911:
7896:
7892:
7886:
7870:
7866:
7860:
7852:
7848:
7844:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7826:
7822:
7818:
7814:
7810:
7803:
7801:
7792:
7788:
7784:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7766:
7762:
7758:
7754:
7750:
7743:
7741:
7732:
7728:
7724:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7706:
7702:
7698:
7694:
7690:
7683:
7675:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7657:
7653:
7649:
7645:
7641:
7637:
7633:
7629:
7625:
7618:
7610:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7592:
7588:
7584:
7580:
7579:Energy Policy
7576:
7569:
7561:
7555:
7539:
7535:
7531:
7527:
7523:
7519:
7515:
7511:
7507:
7503:
7502:
7496:
7488:
7486:
7484:
7475:
7474:Flight Global
7471:
7464:
7456:
7452:
7448:
7441:
7432:
7427:
7420:
7412:
7406:
7397:
7392:
7388:
7384:
7377:
7370:
7364:
7363:
7348:
7347:
7342:
7336:
7317:
7313:
7309:
7306:(Report). EU
7302:
7296:
7294:
7292:
7275:
7271:
7267:
7261:
7245:
7241:
7240:Aviation Week
7237:
7230:
7214:
7210:
7206:
7199:
7197:
7195:
7193:
7191:
7189:
7187:
7170:
7166:
7165:Future Planet
7162:
7155:
7139:
7135:
7131:
7124:
7108:
7104:
7100:
7093:
7077:
7073:
7072:
7071:IEEE Spectrum
7067:
7060:
7044:
7040:
7039:Bloomberg.com
7036:
7030:
7014:
7010:
7006:
7002:
6996:
6980:
6976:
6972:
6965:
6957:
6953:
6946:
6927:
6923:
6916:
6915:
6908:
6906:
6904:
6902:
6900:
6891:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6873:
6869:
6865:
6861:
6860:
6855:
6848:
6846:
6844:
6842:
6840:
6838:
6836:
6819:
6815:
6811:
6805:
6789:
6785:
6779:
6760:
6753:
6743:
6741:
6739:
6719:
6712:
6706:
6690:
6686:
6680:
6661:
6654:
6648:
6646:
6629:
6625:
6619:
6603:
6599:
6595:
6589:
6573:
6569:
6568:
6563:
6557:
6549:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6531:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6516:(1): 170198.
6515:
6511:
6507:
6500:
6492:
6488:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6464:
6452:
6449:Klapmeyer M,
6445:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6425:
6421:
6417:
6410:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6374:
6367:
6358:
6353:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6326:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6285:
6277:
6266:
6259:
6253:
6245:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6226:
6219:
6217:
6200:
6196:
6190:
6188:
6171:
6167:
6161:
6159:
6157:
6140:
6136:
6130:
6114:
6110:
6104:
6093:
6089:
6082:
6081:
6074:
6066:
6064:0-902121-2-35
6060:
6056:
6049:
6047:
6045:
6043:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6011:
5995:
5991:
5985:
5969:
5965:
5959:
5951:
5945:
5937:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5910:(87): 41–50.
5909:
5905:
5901:
5894:
5892:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5860:
5842:
5838:
5837:
5832:
5828:
5827:
5813:
5809:
5808:
5800:
5793:
5785:
5781:
5780:
5773:
5762:
5755:
5754:
5747:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5696:
5688:
5684:
5677:
5669:
5657:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5618:
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5598:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5567:
5552:
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5540:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5517:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5487:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5462:
5454:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5430:
5423:
5421:
5402:
5395:
5394:
5387:
5369:
5362:
5361:
5353:
5346:
5331:
5324:
5317:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5287:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5256:, CEO of the
5255:
5249:
5247:
5245:
5243:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5217:
5209:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5178:
5170:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5129:
5113:
5109:
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5095:
5091:
5090:
5083:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5052:
5050:
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5020:
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4889:
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4736:
4729:
4722:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4654:
4647:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4604:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4577:
4568:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4536:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4506:
4490:
4486:
4485:
4484:New Scientist
4480:
4473:
4462:
4458:
4451:
4445:
4429:
4425:
4421:
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4413:
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4405:
4399:
4397:
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4385:
4380:
4375:
4371:
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4341:
4340:
4332:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4292:
4284:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4228:
4226:
4216:
4215:1721.1/109270
4211:
4206:
4201:
4189:
4185:
4181:
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4172:
4170:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4139:
4137:
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4093:
4091:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4060:
4052:
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4043:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
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4014:
4013:
4008:
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3997:
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3993:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3982:
3970:
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3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
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3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3875:
3874:night flights
3871:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3812:
3796:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3739:
3735:
3734:Flight routes
3731:
3727:
3711:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3689:
3678:
3674:
3673:air corridors
3670:
3662:
3657:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3629:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3612:
3606:
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3593:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3572:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3542:
3540:
3539:Gold Standard
3536:
3532:
3528:
3525:, Lufthansa,
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3465:
3464:afforestation
3461:
3460:reforestation
3457:
3453:
3445:
3440:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3408:
3406:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3364:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3320:
3317:has endorsed
3316:
3310:
3307:price in the
3301:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3275:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3231:, especially
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3161:
3157:
3151:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3091:
3086:
3070:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3056:Royal Society
3053:
3052:food security
3044:
3034:
3026:
3021:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2989:
2981:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2950:solar reactor
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2898:
2896:
2885:
2882:Biofuels are
2880:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2830:
2826:
2823:Refueling an
2821:
2816:
2806:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2776:
2770:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2741:
2737:
2736:Roland Berger
2732:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2680:
2676:
2675:Velis Electro
2671:
2657:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2625:regional jets
2622:
2618:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2589:
2579:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2560:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2531:Royal Society
2527:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2476:
2468:
2460:
2455:
2453:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2414:
2411:
2409:SAFs for 34%;
2408:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2397:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2344:In 2016, the
2342:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2279:United States
2275:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2258:
2257:health hazard
2252:
2248:
2247:Air pollution
2241:Air pollution
2237:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2222:Bottom feeder
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2157:
2152:
2143:
2141:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2065:
2063:
2057:
2049:
2046:
2040:
2035:
2032:
2023:
2017:
2014:In 2015, the
2012:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1998:wind velocity
1995:
1994:transatlantic
1991:
1983:
1978:
1966:
1962:
1953:
1946:
1924:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1908:ton-kilometer
1900:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1874:
1868:Per passenger
1865:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1809:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1752:
1740:
1733:
1724:
1705:
1698:
1690:
1689:
1683:
1673:
1670:In 1999, the
1665:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1622:cirrus clouds
1619:
1615:
1572:
1568:
1552:
1513:than surface
1488:
1472:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1405:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1385:jet airliners
1378:
1374:
1370:
1369:sulfur oxides
1366:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1324:
1320:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1228:
1227:flight routes
1224:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1174:can generate
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1135:
1134:ton-kilometer
1126:
1120:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1079:Jet airliners
1076:
1075:environmental
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1011:
1009:
1004:
999:
998:
997:
996:
985:
982:
981:
980:
979:
975:
974:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
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945:
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933:
930:
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925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
894:
888:
887:
878:
875:
873:
870:
869:
868:
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863:
860:
859:
853:
852:
845:
842:
840:
839:Water quality
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
706:
703:
698:
697:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
659:
658:
655:
651:
648:
647:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
634:
629:
628:
621:
618:
616:
615:Traffic signs
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
597:
594:
589:
588:
581:
578:
577:
574:
569:
568:
561:
558:
557:
551:
550:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
522:Nanomaterials
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
459:
453:
452:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
411:
408:
403:
402:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
384:Radioactivity
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
346:
343:
338:
337:
330:
329:Soundproofing
327:
325:
324:Noise control
322:
320:
319:Noise barrier
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
301:
298:
293:
292:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
266:
260:
259:
252:
249:
245:
242:
240:
237:
236:
235:
232:
231:
228:
223:
222:
215:
212:
211:
205:
204:
195:
192:
191:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
176:
173:
168:
167:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
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105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
81:
78:
73:
72:
65:
61:
60:
57:
52:
51:
47:
43:
42:
32:
23:
19:
13343:Control zone
13338:Control area
13260:Luggage lock
13250:Lost luggage
13245:Hand luggage
13215:Baggage cart
13030:(Electronic)
12992:Arrival card
12925:Airside pass
12877:Sickness bag
12852:Buy on board
12847:Airline seat
12842:Airline meal
12795:Travel class
12777:Dead mileage
12616:Trade groups
12086:urban sprawl
12081:Urbanization
12029:Particulates
12014:Overdrafting
11729:Human impact
11702:Anthropocene
11643:
11631:
11619:
11600:
11433:Carbon cycle
11390:Measurements
11085:Society and
10969:carbon sinks
10874:Climate debt
10864:Carbon price
10686:Human rights
10516:Season creep
10474:heat content
10400:Anoxic event
10313:James Hansen
10070:
10056:
10039:. June 2020.
10024:
10007:(May 2016).
10005:Airbus Group
9983:
9979:
9909:
9903:
9874:
9863:
9840:
9837:AirportWatch
9803:the original
9781:the original
9728:
9705:. Retrieved
9697:Flightglobal
9696:
9686:
9674:. Retrieved
9655:
9643:. Retrieved
9602:
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9559:
9553:
9526:
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9486:cite journal
9445:
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9374:. Retrieved
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9316:. Retrieved
9308:Flightglobal
9307:
9297:
9285:. Retrieved
9276:
9267:
9255:. Retrieved
9247:Flightglobal
9246:
9236:
9224:. Retrieved
9216:Flightglobal
9215:
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9194:. Retrieved
9186:Flightglobal
9185:
9175:
9163:. Retrieved
9159:the original
9145:
9133:. Retrieved
9129:the original
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9093:
9081:. Retrieved
9069:
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9039:
9030:
9018:. Retrieved
9004:
8992:. Retrieved
8978:
8963:. Retrieved
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8931:. Retrieved
8917:
8906:, retrieved
8902:the original
8896:
8890:
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8875:the original
8869:
8863:
8852:, retrieved
8848:the original
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8797:The Guardian
8796:
8786:
8774:. Retrieved
8770:the original
8763:
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8742:. Retrieved
8731:
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8657:
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8636:
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8615:, retrieved
8611:the original
8597:
8590:
8578:. Retrieved
8564:
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8537:
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8499:
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8479:The Guardian
8478:
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8447:
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8426:. Retrieved
8412:
8400:. Retrieved
8391:
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8319:. Retrieved
8311:Flightglobal
8310:
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8289:. Retrieved
8281:Flightglobal
8280:
8270:
8258:. Retrieved
8249:
8239:
8227:. Retrieved
8221:
8211:
8199:. Retrieved
8181:
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8001:emissions".
7992:
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7898:. Retrieved
7894:
7885:
7873:. Retrieved
7868:
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7816:
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7752:
7699:(1): 36–46.
7696:
7692:
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7568:
7554:cite journal
7542:. Retrieved
7505:
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7455:the original
7450:
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7351:. Retrieved
7344:
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7323:. Retrieved
7278:. Retrieved
7260:
7248:. Retrieved
7239:
7229:
7217:. Retrieved
7209:Flightglobal
7208:
7173:. Retrieved
7164:
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7142:. Retrieved
7133:
7123:
7111:. Retrieved
7102:
7092:
7080:. Retrieved
7069:
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7047:. Retrieved
7038:
7029:
7017:. Retrieved
7004:
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6983:. Retrieved
6975:FlightGlobal
6974:
6964:
6956:FlightGlobal
6955:
6945:
6933:. Retrieved
6913:
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6813:
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6778:
6766:. Retrieved
6725:. Retrieved
6705:
6693:. Retrieved
6679:
6667:. Retrieved
6632:. Retrieved
6618:
6606:. Retrieved
6588:
6576:. Retrieved
6567:Mother Jones
6565:
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6265:the original
6252:
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6174:. Retrieved
6143:. Retrieved
6129:
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6103:
6092:the original
6079:
6073:
6054:
6029:. Retrieved
6020:
6010:
5998:. Retrieved
5984:
5972:. Retrieved
5958:
5944:cite journal
5907:
5903:
5878:. Retrieved
5859:
5845:. Retrieved
5834:
5819:. Retrieved
5805:
5792:
5784:the original
5778:
5772:
5761:the original
5752:
5746:
5734:. Retrieved
5709:
5705:
5695:
5686:
5676:
5664:|last2=
5644:. Retrieved
5628:The Guardian
5627:
5617:
5605:. Retrieved
5580:
5576:
5566:
5555:, retrieved
5530:
5526:
5516:
5505:, retrieved
5496:
5486:
5474:. Retrieved
5460:
5453:
5442:, retrieved
5428:
5408:, retrieved
5392:
5386:
5375:, retrieved
5359:
5352:
5344:
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5330:the original
5316:
5305:, retrieved
5296:
5286:
5274:. Retrieved
5265:
5229:. Retrieved
5215:
5208:
5196:. Retrieved
5187:
5177:
5142:
5138:
5128:
5116:. Retrieved
5102:
5088:
5082:
5070:. Retrieved
5061:
5034:. Retrieved
5006:
5002:
4958:
4942:
4937:
4925:. Retrieved
4916:
4907:
4895:. Retrieved
4883:
4871:
4859:. Retrieved
4841:
4814:
4810:
4796:
4784:. Retrieved
4738:
4734:
4721:
4709:. Retrieved
4663:
4659:
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4613:
4609:
4603:
4586:
4582:
4576:
4549:
4545:
4535:
4523:. Retrieved
4515:Press corner
4514:
4505:
4493:. Retrieved
4482:
4472:
4461:the original
4456:
4444:
4432:. Retrieved
4411:
4369:
4365:
4359:
4348:, retrieved
4338:
4331:
4319:. Retrieved
4295:
4289:
4259:. Retrieved
4237:
4187:
4183:
4156:. Retrieved
4147:
4123:. Retrieved
4077:. Retrieved
4059:
4016:
4010:
3928:Business jet
3841:Produced by
3830:Particulates
3667:An improved
3666:
3630:
3617:
3613:
3602:
3594:
3579:
3548:
3501:,; and also
3484:
3468:
3449:
3409:
3401:
3366:
3313:
3283:
3271:
3245:flight shame
3240:Flight shame
3216:
3188:
3166:
3143:
3131:
3122:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3041:
2996:fossil fuels
2977:
2964:electrofuels
2958:
2923:
2901:
2899:
2881:
2872:
2864:
2847:(BAF)) is a
2844:
2841:bio-jet fuel
2840:
2836:
2834:
2779:
2772:
2733:
2694:
2633:
2614:
2606:GE Aerospace
2581:
2573:
2563:
2528:
2456:
2449:
2418:
2395:
2393:
2382:
2343:
2339:
2293:, releasing
2276:
2272:black carbon
2261:
2254:
2230:
2213:water column
2211:(DO) in the
2202:
2172:
2161:
2137:
2121:bypass ratio
2109:
2091:
2055:
2050:
2047:
2036:
2013:
2006:
1979:
1963:
1959:
1947:
1916:
1901:
1889:
1859:
1836:
1793:
1758:
1738:
1725:
1706:
1686:
1684:
1669:
1666:of jet fuel.
1642:Particulates
1571:stratosphere
1448:nitric oxide
1373:black carbon
1365:hydrocarbons
1355:to become CO
1334:
1216:
1210:, releasing
1158:
1127:
1119:cirrus cloud
1085:by emitting
1067:particulates
1057:
927:Point source
872:Heavy metals
834:Urban runoff
819:Sulfur water
794:Septic tanks
650:Agent Orange
560:Space debris
414:Agricultural
279:Volcanic ash
139:Particulates
18:
13656:Environment
13563:Ground crew
13517:Overselling
13388:Sky marshal
13254:WorldTracer
13027:Travel visa
12984:Immigration
12900:Airline hub
12800:First class
12747:Relief crew
12200:Externality
12195:Coral reefs
12155:Defaunation
12024:Overgrazing
11997:overfishing
11977:Marine life
11851:electricity
11774:Agriculture
11460:Carbon sink
11438:atmospheric
11303:video games
10977:Blue carbon
10605:Agriculture
10584:Marine life
10531:Water cycle
10489:temperature
10224:Fossil fuel
9842:development
9720:Works cited
9676:22 February
9645:25 November
9477:10852/92624
9318:10 December
9196:19 November
8712:15 February
8580:20 November
8555:21 November
8521:21 November
8489:27 February
8458:27 February
8428:28 February
8402:27 February
8291:8 September
8024:1874/386161
8009:: 183–197.
7927:: 336–347.
7353:12 December
7144:24 November
7113:24 November
6768:13 February
6608:25 November
6578:25 November
6453:(2012). "CO
6422:: 114–123.
6119:25 November
6031:25 November
5880:11 December
5377:26 November
5339:21 November
5307:26 November
5072:28 November
4959:www.eia.gov
4302:: 555–561.
3903:naphthalene
3891:Airbus A350
3811:jet engines
3769:effects of
3688:emissions.
3349:and to use
3272:"an equal,
3193:governments
2968:sustainable
2869:decarbonize
2859:(SAF). The
2825:Airbus A320
2712:gas turbine
2572:notes that
2509:could make
2093:Air traffic
2007:Aviation CO
1917:In 2018, CO
1726:In 2018, CO
1487:troposphere
1341:water vapor
1125:emissions.
1071:fossil fuel
897:Area source
739:Groundwater
492:Green waste
472:Brown waste
456:Solid waste
214:Information
109:Exhaust gas
13666:Categories
13607:Air travel
12955:Jet bridge
12762:Loadmaster
12465:mitigation
12460:assessment
12455:by country
12353:Decoupling
12315:Mitigation
12044:Reservoirs
11965:pesticides
11910:Explosives
11888:reservoirs
11789:irrigation
11492:Cryosphere
11453:permafrost
11225:Resilience
11177:Adaptation
11152:Litigation
11142:Governance
11087:adaptation
10869:Carbon tax
10822:Mitigation
10759:Antarctica
10647:Disability
9376:19 October
9287:18 October
9135:2 December
9109:2 December
9083:2 December
9020:18 October
8994:18 October
8965:18 October
8933:18 October
8776:18 January
8744:18 January
8680:15 October
8647:20 October
8321:11 January
7634:: 102194.
7585:: 113278.
7325:6 December
7250:4 February
7219:20 October
7175:18 October
6824:31 January
6794:1 February
6695:6 December
6669:6 December
6205:4 February
6176:4 February
6145:4 February
6000:6 February
5974:4 February
5847:17 October
5821:17 October
5736:20 October
5607:21 October
5583:(7): 644.
5557:18 October
5476:21 October
5444:20 October
5410:8 November
5276:18 October
5231:20 October
5198:20 October
5036:18 October
4980:|url=
4927:23 October
4861:20 October
4786:28 October
4525:23 October
4434:20 October
4350:27 January
4321:4 February
4261:20 October
4125:10 January
4079:23 October
4019:: 117834.
3977:References
3775:jet stream
3728:(UHC) and
3582:Nature Air
3569:See also:
3503:Air Canada
3444:wind farms
2948:through a
2459:efficiency
2425:ASD Europe
2421:ACI Europe
2380:(CORSIA).
2314:See also:
2310:Mitigation
2245:See also:
2234:See also:
2129:'chevrons'
1990:turbulence
1884:See also:
1810:(Mt) of CO
1789:air travel
1393:tropopause
1329:See also:
1212:toxic lead
1154:air travel
984:By country
976:Categories
867:Pollutants
844:Wastewater
814:Stagnation
759:Monitoring
734:Freshwater
600:Air travel
487:Food waste
429:Defecation
239:Ecological
172:Biological
104:Combustion
44:Part of a
13602:Air cargo
12895:Aerodrome
12573:Alliances
12388:Recycling
12054:Transport
12039:Quarrying
12034:Pollution
11893:transport
11883:petroleum
11878:oil shale
11841:biodiesel
11507:Feedbacks
11278:Education
10779:Caribbean
10774:Australia
10701:Migration
10664:Fisheries
10610:Livestock
10536:Wildfires
10442:Heat wave
9442:Aerospace
9257:7 January
9226:3 January
9165:3 January
8374:237101457
8173:228984718
8098:cite book
8041:154332068
8033:0965-8564
7941:0959-6526
7851:256449498
7843:2398-9629
7791:226330972
7783:1469-3062
7731:234275540
7723:1758-6798
7656:0959-3780
7609:0301-4215
7534:233876615
7426:CiteSeerX
7308:Clean Sky
6890:256449498
6317:1352-2310
6295:: 17–23.
6021:Bloomberg
5656:cite news
5636:0261-3077
5547:233361436
5118:3 January
4897:4 October
3969:Plane Mad
3870:schedules
3850:Contrails
3738:optimized
3730:contrails
3709:emissions
3659:Improved
3280:rationing
2934:pyrolysis
2855:and is a
2794:Fuel cell
2782:Clean Sky
2629:turboprop
2578:emissions
2491:contrails
2083:Noise map
2027:3 Gt
1956:Evolution
1759:By 2018,
1618:Contrails
1597:-induced
1305:in 2022.
1188:contained
1162:disrupts
1107:contrails
912:Garbology
829:Turbidity
779:Oil spill
729:Firewater
714:Biosolids
620:Vandalism
379:Poisoning
374:Plutonium
349:Actinides
342:Radiation
84:Acid rain
55:Pollution
37:emissions
31:emissions
13644:Aviation
13543:Tracking
13278:Air rage
13012:Passport
13001:internal
12935:Boarding
12930:Airstair
12787:Airliner
12581:Oneworld
12515:Airlines
12450:Category
12074:shipping
12059:aviation
11945:plastics
11935:concrete
11920:Land use
11836:biofuels
11804:palm oil
11633:Glossary
11621:Category
11443:biologic
11157:Politics
11049:Personal
10754:Americas
10622:Children
10388:Physical
10181:Overview
10121:Overview
10003:and the
9930:and the
9917:Research
9849:Industry
9826:Concerns
9701:Archived
9670:Archived
9639:Archived
9627:16778887
9370:Archived
9366:Euractiv
9312:Archived
9281:Archived
9251:Archived
9220:Archived
9190:Archived
9103:Archived
9077:Archived
9044:Archived
9014:Archived
8988:Archived
8959:Archived
8927:Archived
8821:archived
8801:Archived
8738:Archived
8733:euractiv
8703:Archived
8671:Archived
8641:Archived
8574:Archived
8546:archived
8512:Archived
8483:Archived
8452:Archived
8422:Archived
8396:Archived
8392:phys.org
8315:Archived
8285:Archived
8254:Archived
8195:Archived
8165:36777089
7869:BBC News
7674:36777089
7538:Archived
7512:): 384.
7316:Archived
7274:Archived
7244:Archived
7213:Archived
7169:Archived
7138:Archived
7107:Archived
7076:Archived
7049:15 April
7043:Archived
7019:28 April
7013:Archived
6985:31 March
6979:Archived
6926:Archived
6818:Archived
6814:BBC News
6788:Archived
6759:Archived
6718:Archived
6689:Archived
6687:. ICAO.
6660:Archived
6628:Archived
6602:Archived
6572:Archived
6548:29257135
6491:22963581
6401:18409607
6199:Archived
6170:Archived
6139:Archived
6113:Archived
6025:Archived
5994:Archived
5968:Archived
5966:. ICAO.
5936:29192612
5874:Archived
5841:Archived
5812:Archived
5730:Archived
5726:55899619
5689:, Fig. 7
5640:Archived
5601:Archived
5551:archived
5501:archived
5470:Archived
5438:archived
5436:, 2020,
5401:archived
5368:archived
5366:, ICCT,
5301:archived
5299:, IPCC,
5270:Archived
5225:Archived
5192:Archived
5169:20225840
5112:Archived
5066:Archived
5027:Archived
4971:citation
4921:Archived
4888:Archived
4886:. 2019.
4855:Archived
4777:Archived
4773:32362760
4702:Archived
4698:28300096
4638:22043875
4519:Archived
4489:Archived
4428:Archived
4388:12380066
4344:archived
4312:Archived
4255:Archived
4152:Archived
4116:Archived
4073:Archived
4051:32895604
3910:See also
3905:content.
3899:aromatic
3883:humidity
3862:airspace
3854:Contrail
3519:Gulf Air
3458:through
3253:Swedavia
3213:mitigate
3197:airlines
3127:holidays
3080:Measures
3043:Aviation
2925:Camelina
2916:palm oil
2903:Jatropha
2877:jet fuel
2853:aircraft
2598:ZeroAvia
2543:Biofuels
2520:learning
2499:jet fuel
2495:airlines
2443:and the
2226:food-web
2215:. Fish,
2020:43
1777:aviation
1420:aircraft
1180:jet fuel
1172:Airports
1146:aviation
968:Treaties
948:Diseases
804:Shipping
769:Nutrient
719:Diseases
284:Wildfire
13630:Portals
13538:Standby
13200:Bag tag
13192:Baggage
13017:Timatic
12980:Customs
12887:Airport
12719:Aircrew
12668:Europe
12586:SkyTeam
12439:Commons
12215:Erosion
12165:Ecocide
12103:Effects
12049:Tourism
11982:fishing
11940:fashion
11863:fashion
11816:Bitcoin
11695:General
11448:oceanic
11298:fiction
11147:Justice
11098:Society
10706:Poverty
10420:Drought
10288:History
10212:Sources
9980:Futures
9972:Studies
9820:. 2019.
9635:4348401
9607:Bibcode
9568:Bibcode
9531:Bibcode
9529:: 468.
9454:Bibcode
9452:): 36.
9405:Bibcode
9403:: 616.
8637:Reuters
8617:4 March
8352:Bibcode
8229:13 June
8201:5 April
8156:9900393
8133:Bibcode
7970:Bibcode
7900:3 March
7875:3 March
7821:Bibcode
7761:Bibcode
7701:Bibcode
7665:9900393
7636:Bibcode
7587:Bibcode
7514:Bibcode
7413:. IATA.
7167:. BBC.
7082:31 July
6935:1 March
6868:Bibcode
6539:5744856
6518:Bibcode
6471:Bibcode
6424:Bibcode
6381:Bibcode
6344:Bibcode
6297:Bibcode
5927:5437751
5585:Bibcode
5147:Bibcode
5011:Bibcode
4819:Bibcode
4764:7185790
4743:Bibcode
4689:8025803
4668:Bibcode
4618:Bibcode
4554:Bibcode
4420:Bibcode
4247:Bibcode
4042:7468346
4021:Bibcode
3736:can be
3643:, with
3620:JetBlue
3590:Fly POP
3523:Jetstar
3499:easyJet
3203:over a
3116:Improve
3092:in 2007
3061:Tourism
2988:e-fuels
2954:ethanol
2942:alcohol
2930:biomass
2920:Babassu
2912:tallows
2884:biomass
2849:biofuel
2831:in 2011
2829:biofuel
2590:methods
2564:In its
2559:Ammonia
2535:battery
2475:biofuel
2467:removal
2289:, burn
2277:In the
2174:Deicing
2156:deicing
2133:nacelle
2125:PW1000G
2095:causes
1897:jet age
1761:airline
1647:sulfate
1551:methane
1416:Airport
1314:Factors
1184:deicing
862:History
744:Hypoxia
573:Thermal
527:Plastic
389:Uranium
263:Natural
208:Digital
184:Genetic
12965:Runway
12872:Galley
12772:Purser
12443:
12432:
12004:Mining
11858:energy
11766:Causes
11428:Albedo
11421:Theory
11132:Denial
10923:Energy
10784:Europe
10764:Arctic
10749:Africa
10674:Health
10669:Gender
10627:Cities
10552:Biomes
10459:Oceans
10447:Marine
10170:Causes
9707:7 June
9633:
9625:
9599:Nature
9448:(2). (
9343:
9050:15 May
8372:
8260:1 June
8171:
8163:
8153:
8039:
8031:
7939:
7849:
7841:
7789:
7781:
7729:
7721:
7672:
7662:
7654:
7607:
7544:12 May
7532:
7508:(5). (
7428:
7359:Note:
7310:2 and
7280:12 May
7103:Leeham
6888:
6727:21 May
6634:21 May
6546:
6536:
6489:
6451:Marr L
6399:
6315:
6240:
6061:
5934:
5924:
5724:
5646:28 May
5634:
5545:
5507:9 June
5167:
4965:, 2015
4953:, 2014
4884:Airbus
4771:
4761:
4711:4 July
4696:
4686:
4660:Nature
4636:
4495:5 July
4386:
4158:1 June
4049:
4039:
3878:winter
3705:Non-CO
3527:Qantas
3424:CORSIA
3394:, but
3233:trains
2932:using
2922:, and
2784:2 and
2740:hybrid
2637:IAG SA
2610:Boeing
2568:, the
2376:, the
2372:, and
2370:levies
2334:, and
1831:EU ETS
1808:tonnes
1773:Airbus
1755:Volume
1567:sulfur
1469:favor
1353:oxygen
1293:or by
1263:CORSIA
1065:, and
922:Midden
917:Legacy
902:Debris
856:Topics
809:Sludge
799:Sewage
754:Marine
593:Visual
512:Mining
507:Litter
46:series
12702:AFRAA
12647:ISTAT
12642:IATAN
12398:urban
12069:roads
11960:paper
11955:paint
11645:Index
11407:Proxy
11167:Women
10637:Crime
10564:Birds
10430:Flood
10012:(PDF)
9900:(PDF)
9885:(PDF)
9806:(PDF)
9795:(PDF)
9784:(PDF)
9773:(PDF)
9758:(PDF)
9631:S2CID
8908:2 May
8881:2 May
8854:2 May
8827:2 May
8706:(PDF)
8699:(PDF)
8674:(PDF)
8667:(PDF)
8549:(PDF)
8542:(PDF)
8515:(PDF)
8508:(PDF)
8370:S2CID
8169:S2CID
8068:(PDF)
8037:S2CID
7847:S2CID
7787:S2CID
7727:S2CID
7530:S2CID
7379:(PDF)
7319:(PDF)
7304:(PDF)
6929:(PDF)
6918:(PDF)
6886:S2CID
6762:(PDF)
6755:(PDF)
6721:(PDF)
6714:(PDF)
6663:(PDF)
6656:(PDF)
6268:(PDF)
6261:(PDF)
6095:(PDF)
6084:(PDF)
5815:(PDF)
5802:(PDF)
5764:(PDF)
5757:(PDF)
5722:S2CID
5543:S2CID
5404:(PDF)
5397:(PDF)
5371:(PDF)
5364:(PDF)
5333:(PDF)
5326:(PDF)
5030:(PDF)
4999:(PDF)
4891:(PDF)
4880:(PDF)
4780:(PDF)
4731:(PDF)
4705:(PDF)
4656:(PDF)
4464:(PDF)
4453:(PDF)
4315:(PDF)
4298:(4).
4286:(PDF)
4196:ACCRI
4190:(4).
4119:(PDF)
4108:(PDF)
3625:Neste
3249:SJ AB
3132:Shift
3123:Avoid
3112:Shift
3108:Avoid
3104:Avoid
2908:algae
2827:with
2720:range
2627:with
2433:CANSO
2291:Avgas
2068:Noise
1471:ozone
1221:, or
1208:Avgas
1206:burn
1192:ozone
1164:sleep
1069:from
1063:noise
940:Lists
932:Waste
877:Paint
702:Water
554:Space
297:Noise
269:Ozone
234:Light
13152:ICAO
12945:Gate
12707:RAAA
12697:AAPA
12692:AACO
12677:EBAA
12637:IATA
12632:ATAG
12064:rail
11846:coal
11809:(US)
11230:Risk
10769:Asia
10356:2024
10351:2023
10346:2022
10341:2021
10336:2020
10331:2019
9999:The
9818:ICAO
9799:EASA
9709:2024
9678:2020
9647:2020
9623:PMID
9492:link
9378:2020
9341:ISBN
9320:2020
9289:2020
9259:2020
9228:2020
9198:2019
9167:2020
9137:2020
9111:2020
9085:2020
9073:News
9052:2021
9022:2020
8996:2020
8967:2020
8935:2020
8910:2010
8883:2010
8856:2010
8829:2010
8778:2019
8746:2019
8714:2019
8682:2014
8649:2020
8619:2013
8582:2020
8557:2020
8523:2020
8491:2023
8460:2023
8430:2023
8404:2023
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