43:
435:) announced in September 2023 that it would approve the use of 28 million vehicles in Europe with Electofuels. This information came after a lengthy test process in collaboration with Saudi Aramco. 24 engine families installed in Europe since 2014 were tested for exhaust emissions, startability, engine performance, reliability, durability, oil dilution, fuel tank, fuel lines and filters, as well as fuel performance in extreme cold and high temperatures. Stellantis expects to save up to 400 million tonnes of CO
138:
459:
455:, the evaluation should consider not only the efficiency of the vehicle but also how much of the energy generated by the energy system can be converted into kinetic energy. However, this high potential for renewable energy often exists in regions where the demand is not as pronounced. By converting this electrical energy into liquid energy carriers, it can be more feasibly transported, as transporting liquids is easier than electricity.
293:
price. For instance, by utilizing PV systems in North Africa and the Middle East, the production costs of synthetic liquid fuels could reach as high as €11 cents per kilowatt-hour (€ct/kWh), equating to 0.96 euros per liter or 3.63 euros per gallon by 2030. (3,94 US-$ per Gallon based on calculations from 26 May 2024 without taxes). Another notable location, according to the authors, would be
Iceland using existing geothermal energy.
257:
possible applications. The fuels are chemically identical to the fossil counterpart and have identical properties. This similarity with fossil fuels make it possible to use them not only in the existing fleet, it is also possible to use them in use existing infrastructure in the form of sea transport, pipelines, tankers and filling station networks. At the same time, the difficulties of handling hydrogen are avoided.
467:
combustion engine vehicles and battery electric vehicles. The poor efficiency of combustion engines can be offset by increased electricity generation, according to the
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. Some favorable locations can have up to three times as many full-load hours and thus generate up to three times as much electricity as the same facility with the same capacity in other locations.
297:
depending on various parameters such as interest rates, electrolysis efficiency, direct air capture costs, electricity costs, as well as investment and production costs among others, manufacturing costs could range from at least €0.70/L to €1.30/L ( 2,88 US-$ per Gallon and 5,34 US-$ per Gallon based on calculations from 26 May 2024), excluding taxes.
614:, Chile, based on wind power and producing ~130 m of eFuel per year in the pilot phase, scaling to 55,000 m per year by the mid-2020s, and 550,000 m after another two years, to be exported through its port. As of 2023 this facility can successfully produce 34,340 gallons a year with commercial applications coming later down the line.
474:
The eFuel
Alliance states that "the perspective of the lack of efficiency of electrofuels is misleading as what is critical for global energy transition is not the degree of efficiency of electricity’s end usage, but rather how efficiently electricity can be produced from renewable energies, and then
466:
Under these circumstances, according to some studies, the efficiency of internal combustion engine vehicles can significantly increase when considering the electricity generation of an energy facility in a high-potential region and comparing the full-load hours of energy facilities for both internal
292:
For this reason, the authors recommend producing in sunny and windy regions instead of using renewable electricity from off-shore wind turbines from
Regions like North Sea or the Baltic Sea. Three of the regions examined provided excellent conditions and had the potential to significantly reduce the
355:
in
November 2011. At that conference, Director Eric Toone stated that "Eighteen months into the program, we know it works. We need to know if we can make it matter." Several groups are beyond proof-of-principle, and are working to scale up cost-effectively. Porsche is currently considered to be the
296:
Similar findings were reported in the 2018 report by
Prognos AG, the Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety, and Energy Technology, and the German Biomass Research Center (DBF). According to their data, by 2050, with production in the MENA region and utilizing the Fischer-Tropsch process,
1042:
The cheap natural gas freed from shale by horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing (or fracking) has helped kill off bleeding-edge programs like
Electrofuels, a bid to use microbes to turn cheap electricity into liquid fuels, and ushered in programs like REMOTE, a bid to use microbes to turn
207:
Electrofuels are hydrocarbons that are artificially synthesized from hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide can be extracted from three different sources: from ambient air (direct air capture), from point sources such as power plants (carbon capture and utility) or from biomass. To maximize
280:
According to the study “The Future Costs of
Electricity-Based Synthetic Fuels” published in 2018 by Agora Verkehrswende, synthetic fuels such as e-fuels need two prerequisites in order to be able to offer a competitive price. First, high full-load hours are essential, as the plant complexes for
470:
Frontier
Economics found in its 2020 study that by using favorable locations with very high potential for renewable energy, internal combustion engine vehicles can achieve similar efficiency to battery electric vehicles. This similar efficiency is ensured by increased electricity production in
256:
Thus, e-fuels are not primary energy sources, but secondary energy sources. They make it possible to use electric energy to produce fuels with high energy density, storage, transport and combustion properties which, due to their properties and versatility, can theoretically replace them in all
239:
To produce e-fuels, a synthesis gas consisting of hydrogen and carbon dioxide is provided, which is then converted into hydrocarbons in a subsequent synthesis process, which can then be used as a fuel. In the past, such synthesis processes have been carried out with other sources of carbon and
224:
is produced as a by-product and must then be separated and purified. In the direct air capture process, ambient air is sucked in and transferred to a sorbent, in which the carbon dioxide forms a chemical bond with an absorbent or adsorbent, separating it from the air. Subsequently, during
534:
Europe defines a class of electrofuels called "Renewable Liquid and
Gaseous Transport Fuels of Non-Biological Origin" (RFNBO), chemically the same as e-fuels in general, but with stricter requirements. The power must be made by new renewable unsubsidized power plants located in the same
288:
The second important aspect is cheap electricity costs. The synthesis of e-fuels requires very large amounts of electricity and is characterized by conversion losses. In order to keep the price as low as possible, cheap renewable electricity is essential.
1000:
83:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
175:
The process uses carbon dioxide in manufacturing and releases around the same amount of carbon dioxide into the air when the fuel is burned, for an overall low carbon footprint. Electrofuels are thus an option for reducing
471:
favorable locations, which is harnessed through power-to-fuel applications. According to these study results, the efficiency ratio is not 5-7 but rather a manageable 1.6 (e.g., the figure "total efficiency of mobility").
1104:
442:
In 2023, a study published by the NATO Energy Security Centre of Excellence, concluded that e-fuels offer one of the most promising decarbonization pathways for military mobility across the land, sea and air domains.
371:. Electrofuels also has significant potential in altering the renewable energy landscape, as electrofuels allows renewables from all sources to be stored conveniently as a liquid fuel and reducing
281:
producing e-fuels require significantly high investment costs and consequently have high fixed costs. Each additional operating hour reduces costs. According to the study, at least 3,000-4,000
502:
sector needs e-kerosene to be deployed as it could substantially reduce their climate impact, and similarly for shipping. It also stated that electrofuel usage in cars emits two significant
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which function as drop-in replacement fuels for internal combustion engines. They are manufactured using captured carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide, together with
305:
A primary source of funding for research on liquid electrofuels for transportation was the Electrofuels Program of the Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (
921:
1055:
172:. Electrolysis is possible with both traditional fossil fuel energy sources, as well as low-carbon electricity sources such as wind, solar and nuclear power.
405:, has developed a process it terms 'petrosynthesis' to create sustainable fuel and has set up a development plant in Bicester Heritage business centre near
564:
451:
There are regions in the world with significantly higher potential for renewable energy than others. According to sources such as the eFuel Alliance, an
225:
regeneration of the sorbent, or desorption, the carbon dioxide is separated by the addition of thermal energy and prepared for further use or storage.
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1232:
491:
86:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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487:; academics have acknowledged the necessity of these methods in the early stages of electrofuel production despite their counterintuitive nature.
552:
325:. Examples of projects funded under this program include OPX Biotechnologies’ biodiesel effort led by Michael Lynch and Derek Lovley's work on
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236:. With the help of renewable electricity, water can be separated into its components, hydrogen and oxygen, as part of water electrolysis.
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as the e-fuel facility, power production and e-fuel production must occur simultaneously, and carbon sources must be certain types.
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382:, ARPA-E's focus has moved from electrical feedstocks to natural-gas based feedstocks, and thus away from electrofuels.
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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Some current processes that claim to produce electrofuels are powered by electricity generated by non-renewable
1105:"Stellantis Finalizing eFuel Testing on 28 Engine Families to Support Decarbonization of ICE Fleet on the Road"
526:
O); local air pollution was still a concern, and it was five times less efficient than direct electrification.
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Electrofuels are largely seen as a supplement and eventual replacement for fuels used in transport, such as
17:
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leader on these projects with their estimated cost per gallon of efuel at forty-five dollars per gallon.
220:
needed. This can be achieved by the biome production of biogas or bioethanol. In all these processes, CO
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It is the answer of the question "How efficient is the use of eFuels compared to direct electricity?"
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announced its investment in electrofuels, including the Haru Oni project in Chile, creating synthetic
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hydrogen and there are therefore a number of different types of processes which could be used, e.g.:
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321:’s attempt to duplicate the effectiveness of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency,
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896:"Novel Biological Conversion of Hydrogen and Carbon Dioxide Directly into Free Fatty Acids"
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8:
1302:"P2X Solutions procures synthetic methane production technology from the Finnish Q Power"
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792:"The Role of Direct Air Capture in Mitigation of Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
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Descriptions of all ARPA-E Electrofuels Program research projects can be found at the
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from transport, particularly for long-distance freight, marine, and air transport.
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116:
952:
https://arpa-e.energy.gov/technologies/projects/biofuels-solar-energy-and-bacteria
1145:"The Concept of Efficiency in the German Climate Policy Debate on Road Transport"
367:, and if chemical feedstocks produced by electrosynthesis are cheaper than those
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are preferred. When using biomass, there are different ways of getting the CO
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1247:"First binding target to supply green H2 and e-fuels to the transport sector"
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820:"Status and Perspectives of Liquid Energy Sources in the Entergy Transition"
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922:"Electrofuels Via Direct Electron Transfer from Electrodes to Microbes"
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
31:
1406:"Electrofuels: Charged Microbes May "Poop Out" a Gasoline Alternative"
1282:"Questions and Answers on the EU Delegated Acts on Renewable Hydrogen"
428:
1001:"Future Fuel: Porsche Sponsors Major EFuel Initiative—at $ 45/Gallon"
341:
55:
30:
For the alternative fuel sometimes referred to as "electrofuel", see
1345:"Future Porsche Cars to Run on eFuels, Motorsport Machines Included"
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1056:"Audi advances e-fuels technology: new "e-benzin" fuel being tested"
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766:"Europe's Definition of Green Hydrogen (RFNBO) Adopted into EU Law"
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1131:"Mission Net-Zero: Charting the Path for E-fuels in the Military"
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191:, but include other alcohols and carbon-containing gases such as
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a synthetic methane production unit to be delivered in 2024 in
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333:, which reportedly produced the first liquid electrofuel using
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870:"Electrofuels: Microorganisms for Liquid Transportation Fuel"
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322:
946:“ARPA-E Project | Biofuels from Solar Energy and Bacteria.”
584:
424:
386:
334:
711:"Sustainable synthetic carbon based fuels for transport"
1081:"Zero Petroleum to produce synthetic fuels at Bicester"
309:), headed by Eric Toone. ARPA-E, created in 2009 under
847:"The Future Cost of Electricity-Based Synthetic Fuels"
567:
has several synthetic methane production projects in
347:
The first Electrofuels Conference, sponsored by the
208:
climate-friendly production, atmospheric capture by
76:
401:, which was founded in 2020 by former F1 engineer
228:Hydrogen can be produced in different ways. For CO
1233:European Federation for Transport and Environment
492:European Federation for Transport and Environment
1438:
363:if carbon-neutral electrofuels are cheaper than
1369:"eFuels pilot plant in Chile officially opened"
101:accompanying your translation by providing an
67:Click for important translation instructions.
54:expand this article with text translated from
1128:
232:-neutral e-fuels, it is essential to produce
1133:. NATO Energy Security Centre of Excellence.
978:"SBE's Conference on Electrofuels Research"
645:Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide
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980:. American Institute of Chemical Engineers
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1027:"Fracking Hammers Clean Energy Research"
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1190:Proceedings of the Combustion Institute
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547:In September 2022, the Finnish company
27:Carbon-neutral drop-in replacement fuel
14:
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1129:Trakimavicius, Lukas (December 2023).
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741:from the original on 27 September 2019
359:Electrofuels have the potential to be
1371:(Press release). Porsche. 2022-12-20.
1226:"FAQ: the what and how of e-kerosene"
1186:"Challenges for turbulent combustion"
1183:
790:Beuttler, Christoph (November 2019).
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1404:Lovett, Richard A. (June 17, 2013).
1043:cheap natural gas into liquid fuels.
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965:ARPA-E Electrofuels Program website
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598:from wind power. In December 2022,
559:, Finland, next to its 20 MW green
331:University of Massachusetts Amherst
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999:Markus, Frank (20 December 2022).
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212:or direct capture from the air by
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1263:Krajinska, Anna (December 2021).
1173:https://www.efuel-alliance.eu/faq
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685:Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles
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389:announced that it was working on
1025:Biello, David (March 20, 2014).
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1270:. Transport & Environment.
1252:. Transport & Environment.
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111:You may also add the template
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510:captured for the production:
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462:Total efficiency of Mobility
378:As of 2014, prompted by the
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1211:10.1016/j.proci.2020.07.144
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670:Microbial electrosynthesis
630:Bioelectrochemical reactor
397:projects. British company
327:microbial electrosynthesis
75:Machine translation, like
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590:Towards the end of 2020,
245:Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis
56:the corresponding article
954:. Accessed 9 Dec. 2023.‌
924:. ARPA-E. Archived from
898:. ARPA-E. Archived from
872:. ARPA-E. Archived from
275:
183:The primary targets are
178:greenhouse gas emissions
113:{{Translated|de|E-Fuel}}
1427:(subscription required)
604:Highly Innovative Fuels
415:(Important brands: are
313:’s Secretary of Energy
285:are required per year.
122:For more guidance, see
660:Enzymatic biofuel cell
463:
369:refined from crude oil
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655:Electromethanogenesis
461:
140:
124:Knowledge:Translation
95:copyright attribution
1184:Masri, A.R. (2021).
640:Electrochemical cell
602:and Chilean company
319:Department of Energy
251:Methanol to Gasoline
1410:National Geographic
1389:. 14 February 2023.
1383:"EFuel for Thought"
1290:. 13 February 2023.
1287:European Commission
1265:"Magic green fuels"
1202:2021PComI..38..121M
1031:Scientific American
928:on October 10, 2013
902:on October 10, 2013
876:on October 10, 2013
845:Deutsch, Matthias.
650:Electrohydrogenesis
635:Carbon-neutral fuel
561:hydrogen production
1152:Frontier Economics
724:. September 2019.
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249:• Mobile Process (
214:direct air capture
151:
141:Electrofuels from
103:interlanguage link
1447:Alternative fuels
1304:(Press release).
948:Arpa-E.energy.gov
731:978-1-78252-422-9
722:The Royal Society
160:, are a class of
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266:diesel fuel
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1441:Categories
1354:2021-03-30
1329:2023-05-22
1324:Ren-Gas Oy
1320:"Projects"
1115:2024-05-26
1109:Stellantis
1090:2023-01-13
1065:2021-03-30
1010:9 December
1005:MotorTrend
855:2024-05-26
828:2024-05-26
801:2024-05-26
692:References
680:Power-to-X
557:Harjavalta
447:Efficiency
417:Alfa Romeo
413:Stellantis
403:Paddy Lowe
395:e-gasoline
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315:Steven Chu
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665:Hydrozine
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117:talk page
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932:July 23,
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880:July 23,
736:Archived
618:See also
608:Haru Oni
596:methanol
543:Projects
500:aviation
433:Chrysler
391:e-diesel
301:Research
270:fuel oil
262:jet fuel
185:methanol
166:hydrogen
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1306:Q Power
1198:Bibcode
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592:Porsche
581:Mikkeli
569:Tampere
565:Ren-Gas
563:plant.
549:Q Power
512:methane
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