168:
20:
286:
4189:
4177:
28:
4213:
4201:
392:(namely limiting the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels). However, others claim that relying on this technology is risky and might postpone emission reduction under the notion that it will be possible to fix the problem later, and suggest that reducing emissions may be a better solution.
924:
solution for direct air capture marks a significant innovation. This technology, still under refinement, stands out for its minimal energy requirements and its novel chemical process that enables efficient CO2 capture and release. This method's potential for scalability and its environmental benefits
375:
rely on semi-permeable membranes. This method requires little water and has a smaller footprint. Typically polymeric membranes, either glassy or rubbery, are used for direct air capture. Glassy membranes typically exhibit high selectivity with respect to Carbon
Dioxide; however, they also have low
158:
In contrast to carbon capture and storage (CCS) which captures emissions from a point source such as a factory, DAC reduces the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere as a whole. Thus, DAC can be used to capture emissions that originated in non-stationary sources such as airplanes.
693:
On May 8, 2024, Climeworks activated the world's largest DAC planet named
Mammoth in Iceland. It will be able to pull 36,000 tons of carbon from the atmosphere a year at full capacity, according to Climeworks, equivalent to taking around 7,800 gas-powered cars off the road for a year.
154:
DAC was suggested in 1999 and is still in development. Several commercial plants are planned or in operation in Europe and the US. Large-scale DAC deployment may be accelerated when connected with economical applications or policy incentives.
341:
when dry, and releases it when exposed to moisture. A large part of the energy for the process is supplied by the latent heat of phase change of water. The technology requires further research to determine its cost-effectiveness.
522:
from the CCS network, and leakage from geological formations. Because DAC can be deployed far from the source of pollution, synthetic fuel produced with this method can use already existing fuel transport infrastructure.
179:
Most commercial techniques require large fans to push ambient air through a filter. More recently, Ireland-based company Carbon
Collect Limited has developed the MechanicalTree™ which simply stands in the wind to capture
2400:
517:
DAC is not an alternative to traditional, point-source carbon capture and storage (CCS), rather it is a complementary technology that could be utilized to manage carbon emissions from distributed sources,
1335:
510:
products (concentration > 99%), while other applications such as agriculture can function with more dilute products (~ 5%). Since the air that is processed through DAC originally contains 0.04% CO
656:
2462:
1299:
2570:
2041:
1483:
2431:
2312:
3913:
1795:
1648:
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align it with ongoing efforts by other companies listed in this section, contributing to the global pursuit of effective and sustainable carbon capture solutions.
1997:
977:
1833:
1324:
3930:
1700:
Freitas RA Jr. Diamond Trees (Tropostats): A Molecular
Manufacturing Based System for Compositional Atmospheric Homeostasis. IMM Report No. 43, 10 Feb 2010;
3366:
3182:
3361:
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permeabilities. Membrane capture of carbon dioxide is still in development and needs further research before it can be implemented on a larger scale.
3229:
2160:
2194:
2454:
3209:
3156:
1868:
1288:
756:. According to Soletair Power, its technology is the first to combine Direct Air Capture with buildings' HVAC systems. The technology captures CO
2562:
1444:
1139:
139:). DACCS can act as a carbon dioxide removal mechanism (or a carbon negative technology), although as of 2023 it has yet to be integrated into
1140:"The value of hydrogen and carbon capture, storage and utilisation in decarbonising energy: Insights from integrated value chain optimisation"
449:
to the atmosphere than it would capture. Moreover, using DAC for enhanced oil recovery would cancel any supposed climate mitigation benefits.
2865:
2508:
1890:
Castro-Muñoz, Roberto; Zamidi Ahmad, Mohd; Malankowska, Magdalena; Coronas, Joaquín (October 2022). "A new relevant membrane application: CO
3098:
566:. As of 2018, it runs a pilot plant in British Columbia, Canada, that has been in use since 2015 and is able to extract about a tonne of CO
2982:
2601:
2033:
1475:
250:
Among the specific chemical processes that are being explored, three stand out: causticization with alkali and alkali-earth hydroxides,
3251:
3199:
978:
European
Commission. Directorate General for Research and Innovation; European Commission's Group of Chief Scientific Advisors (2018).
4130:
3246:
2821:
1191:
2423:
1752:
167:
3461:
3172:
2890:
2667:
1679:
2335:
2304:
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1352:
570:
a day. An economic study of its pilot plant conducted from 2015 to 2018 estimated the cost at $ 94–232 per tonne of atmospheric CO
395:
DAC relying on amine-based absorption demands significant water input. It was estimated, that to capture 3.3 gigatonnes of CO
3817:
3606:
2764:
2625:"Scientists make breakthrough in pollution removal with liquid that bubbles like cola: 'Our process … requires much less energy'"
1783:
1636:
351:
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3429:
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sources, since the process can be quite power intensive. Future innovations may reduce the energy intensity of this process.
403:. On the other hand, using sodium hydroxide needs far less water, but the substance itself is highly caustic and dangerous.
4147:
3093:
3088:
879:
326:
3628:
3406:
3224:
3146:
3136:
3119:
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188:
significantly reduces the energy cost of Direct Air
Capture, and that its geometry lends itself to scaling for gigaton CO
3151:
1209:
422:, while capture from natural gas and coal power plants requires, respectively, about 100 and 65 kWh per tonne of CO
4057:
3918:
3875:
3371:
514:(or 400 ppm), creating a pure product requires more energy than a dilute product and is thus typically more expensive.
3984:
3860:
3677:
2870:
1396:
124:
stream that can undergo dehydration and compression, while simultaneously regenerating the chemical media for reuse.
23:
Flow diagram of direct air capture process using sodium hydroxide as the absorbent and including solvent regeneration
2624:
1821:
4217:
3855:
3835:
3782:
3734:
2786:
686:
forming carbonate minerals. The DAC plant uses low-grade waste heat from the plant, effectively eliminating more CO
862:
annually, which is then mixed into concrete using technologies from CarbonCure. Heirloom also has a contract with
4239:
3974:
3925:
3351:
3313:
3258:
2718:
760:
from the air running through a building's existing ventilation units inside buildings for removing atmospheric CO
577:
Partnering with
California energy company Greyrock, Carbon Engineering converts a portion of its concentrated CO
4042:
3326:
3073:
102:
506:
product formed from the captured gas. Forms of carbon sequestration such as geological storage require pure CO
105:. Carbon dioxide removal is achieved when ambient air makes contact with chemical media, typically an aqueous
4152:
3687:
3219:
1014:
Erans, María; Sanz-Pérez, Eloy S.; Hanak, Dawid P.; Clulow, Zeynep; Reiner, David M.; Mutch, Greg A. (2022).
19:
2485:
1230:
Sanz-Pérez, Eloy S.; Murdock, Christopher R.; Didas, Stephanie A.; Jones, Christopher W. (12 October 2016).
147:
on those markets. For the end-to-end process to remain net carbon negative, DAC machines must be powered by
4249:
4135:
3807:
3336:
3331:
3236:
3103:
2660:
2594:"Carbon-Removal Tech Grabs Elon Musk's Check Millions poured into XPrize effort to pull CO2 out of the sky"
2370:
672:
406:
DAC also requires much greater energy input in comparison to traditional capture from point sources, like
4259:
3346:
3189:
901:– a research institute that advocates for the use nuclear energy to power direct air capture technologies
772:. In 2020, Wärtsilä, together with Soletair Power and Q Power, created their first demonstration unit of
357:
297:
172:
2336:"The 'world's largest' vacuum to suck climate pollution out of the air just opened. Here's how it works"
2186:
814:
from the air and turn it into zero-net-carbon gasoline and jet fuel. The company uses a DAC technology,
204:
4205:
3969:
3772:
3729:
3502:
3424:
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1856:
434:
74:
4074:
3749:
3724:
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3576:
3394:
3241:
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2944:
2713:
2708:
2703:
934:
385:
3589:
1429:
4084:
4079:
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4010:
3850:
3356:
3321:
3204:
3131:
2972:
2801:
2737:
2698:
1717:
Lackner, Klaus S. (1 February 2013). "The thermodynamics of direct air capture of carbon dioxide".
883:
768:
is mineralized to concrete, stored or utilized to create synthetic products like food, textile or
736:
which intends to start a DAC‑to‑fuel business using Global
Thermostat's technology.
655:, a project launched in 2007. In 2017, the CarbFix2 project was started and received funding from
4254:
4244:
4193:
4115:
4025:
3767:
3739:
3419:
3068:
3046:
2653:
2504:
1505:
Sanz-Pérez, Eloy S.; Murdock, Christopher R.; Didas, Stephanie A.; Jones, Christopher W. (2016).
267:
140:
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3612:
3554:
3471:
3456:
3341:
2977:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2532:"This startup has unlocked a novel way to capture carbon—by turning the fouling gas into rocks"
939:
803:
208:
82:
63:
1601:
535:
and air. As of 2023 it is estimated that the total system cost is over $ 1,000 per tonne of CO
232:
4181:
3827:
3704:
3512:
2962:
2885:
2593:
725:
461:
427:
558:
Carbon
Engineering is a commercial DAC company founded in 2009 and backed, among others, by
4020:
3898:
3559:
3124:
3051:
2229:
1957:
1726:
1154:
898:
480:
98:
51:
8:
4037:
3812:
3036:
3031:
1760:
1569:
Service, Robert (7 June 2018). "Cost plunges for capturing carbon dioxide from the air".
714:
from the atmosphere. The company has projects ranging from 40 to 50,000 tonnes per year.
707:
597:
589:
468:
2505:"Carbon capture technology has been around for decades — here's why it hasn't taken off"
2233:
1961:
1730:
1671:
1158:
1107:"The Role of Direct Air Capture in Mitigation of Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
1016:"Direct air capture: process technology, techno-economic and socio-political challenges"
822:
from the air directly into process electrolytes, where it is converted into alcohols by
3865:
3797:
3714:
3529:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3041:
2273:
2255:
2141:
2100:
1921:
1582:
1540:
1170:
1047:
830:, and upgraded to gasoline and jet fuels. Since the process uses only electricity from
553:
334:
618:
Climeworks's first industrial-scale DAC plant, which started operation in May 2017 in
4099:
3762:
3507:
3273:
3056:
3019:
2806:
2760:
2247:
2145:
2104:
2092:
2082:
1925:
1586:
1532:
1402:
1392:
1253:
1174:
1051:
991:
851:
835:
827:
563:
519:
2259:
1544:
4142:
3709:
3692:
3633:
3524:
3288:
3002:
2875:
2811:
2237:
2131:
2074:
1965:
1911:
1903:
1734:
1617:
1574:
1522:
1243:
1166:
1162:
1118:
1085:
1068:
Keith, David W.; Holmes, Geoffrey; St. Angelo, David; Heide, Kenton (7 June 2018).
1037:
1027:
983:
892:
831:
797:
668:
648:
474:
438:
224:
216:
148:
2136:
2119:
710:. Global Thermostat uses amine-based sorbents bound to carbon sponges to remove CO
143:
because, at over US$ 1000, the cost per tonne of carbon dioxide is many times the
4094:
4015:
3979:
3908:
3882:
3870:
3787:
3719:
3594:
3451:
3063:
3014:
2992:
1970:
1945:
1738:
1386:
769:
389:
254:, and organic−inorganic hybrid sorbents consisting of amines supported in porous
1527:
1506:
1248:
1231:
1090:
1069:
31:
An example of what Direct Air
Capture could look like and how the process works.
4047:
3903:
3845:
3840:
3682:
3571:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3141:
3078:
2816:
2796:
2755:
2676:
2393:"Expo 2020 Dubai: The key to clean air inside Finland Pavilion? Carbon dioxide"
2242:
2217:
582:
270:—analogous to live plants—to create environmentally significant reduction in CO
231:
stream. Sodium hydroxide can be recycled from sodium carbonate in a process of
43:
1907:
1621:
4233:
4120:
4052:
3777:
3599:
3584:
3519:
3414:
1406:
1385:
Smit, Berend; Reimer, Jeffrey A.; Oldenburg, Curtis M.; Bourg, Ian C (2014).
1123:
1106:
753:
626:
per year. To lower its energy requirements, the plant uses heat from a local
322:
240:
2563:"Last Energy raises $ 3 million to fight climate change with nuclear energy"
1578:
1434:
with Chemicals: A Technology Assessment for the APS Panel on Public Affairs"
1353:"Carbon Collect's MechanicalTree selected for US Department of Energy award"
4005:
3802:
3446:
3436:
3083:
2967:
2880:
2251:
2096:
1536:
1257:
807:
745:
627:
531:
One of the largest hurdles to implementing DAC is the cost of separating CO
144:
1889:
1105:
Beuttler, Christoph; Charles, Louise; Wurzbacher, Jan (21 November 2019).
437:
system, it can produce a negative emissions plant, but it would require a
4032:
3549:
3541:
2791:
442:
251:
2486:"In a U.S. First, a Commercial Plant Starts Pulling Carbon From the Air"
2424:"This former playwright aims to turn solar and wind power into gasoline"
2305:"Test of Carbon Capture Technology Underway at Iceland Geothermal Plant"
1916:
1701:
637:
The company stated that it costs around $ 600 to capture one tonne of CO
285:
4064:
3441:
1042:
1032:
1015:
949:
917:
815:
773:
749:
733:
644:
613:
559:
496:
426:. Because of this implied demand for energy, some have proposed using "
400:
399:
a year would require 300 km of water, or 4% of the water used for
388:. Researchers posit that DAC could help contribute to the goals of the
255:
3009:
944:
921:
863:
855:
823:
777:
703:
539:
Large-scale DAC deployment can be accelerated by policy incentives.
90:
27:
2218:"Sucking carbon dioxide from air is cheaper than scientists thought"
1602:"Feasibility of Na-based thermochemical cycles for the capture of CO
1600:
Nikulshina, V.; Ayesa, N.; Gálvez, M.E.; Steinfeld, A. (July 2008).
854:, California, in November 2023. The facility can remove up to 1,000
667:
research program. The CarbFix2 pilot plant project runs alongside a
622:, in the canton of Zurich, Switzerland, can capture 900 tonnes of CO
2078:
1009:
1007:
407:
368:
106:
93:
plant. After the capture, DAC generates a concentrated stream of CO
987:
752:. The startup is primarily backed by the Finnish technology group
120:
through the application of energy (namely heat), resulting in a CO
2987:
2645:
2034:"The Promise of Direct Air Capture: Making Stuff Out of Thin Air"
888:
781:
702:
Global Thermostat is private company founded in 2010, located in
683:
652:
196:
113:
109:
73:) is captured directly from the ambient air; this is contrast to
2362:
1004:
904:
175:
reported growth in direct air capture global operating capacity.
4000:
2455:"In Silicon Valley, the Quest to Make Gasoline Out of Thin Air"
2187:"From thin air to stone: greenhouse gas test starts in Iceland"
680:
619:
86:
1599:
826:. The alcohols are then separated from the electrolytes using
352:
Carbon dioxide scrubber § Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)
227:. This carbonate is heated to produce a highly pure gaseous CO
3914:
Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
2997:
2120:"Techno-economic assessment of CO2 direct air capture plants"
2118:
Fasihi, Mahdi; Efimova, Olga; Breyer, Christian (July 2019).
748:, Finland, operating in the fields of Direct Air Capture and
679:
is injected 700 meters under the ground and mineralizes into
634:
is used to increase vegetable yields in a nearby greenhouse.
384:
Proponents of DAC argue that it is an essential component of
200:
1138:
Quarton, Christopher J.; Samsatli, Sheila (1 January 2020).
764:
while reducing the building's net emissions. The captured CO
1504:
1229:
866:
in which the latter will purchase 315,000 metric tons of CO
2530:
Sigurdardottir, Ragnhildur; Rathi, Akshat (6 March 2021).
2161:"LEAK: EU strategy seeks to remove carbon from atmosphere"
2071:
Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration
1476:"Direct Air Capture: Recent developments and future plans"
1067:
1013:
42:) is the use of chemical or physical processes to extract
4090:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
2340:
1104:
502:
These applications require different concentrations of CO
131:, DAC is known as direct air carbon capture and storage (
1384:
744:
Soletair Power is a startup founded in 2016, located in
850:
Heirloom's first direct air capture facility opened in
414:. The theoretical minimum energy required to extract CO
1606:
from air—Thermodynamic and thermogravimetric analyses"
418:
from ambient air is about 250 kWh per tonne of CO
116:. These chemical media are subsequently stripped of CO
3931:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
1826:'Air Capture' Could Be Key to Slowing Global Warming"
1325:"Direct Air Capture / A key technology for net zero"
321:
In a cyclical process designed in 2012 by professor
2529:
2117:
1232:"Direct Capture of carbon dioxide from Ambient Air"
721:for $ 120 per tonne at its facility in Huntsville.
215:from a gas. For example, a common caustic solvent:
16:
Method of carbon capture from carbon dioxide in air
46:directly from the ambient air. If the extracted CO
980:Novel carbon capture and utilisation technologies
184:. The company claims this 'passive capture' of CO
66:and be a "negative emissions technology" (NET).
4231:
4131:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
1388:Introduction to carbon capture and sequestration
1192:"Carbon-dioxide-removal options are multiplying"
1225:
1223:
1137:
845:
1712:
1710:
2866:History of climate change policy and politics
2661:
489:creating carbon-neutral concrete alternative,
1998:"How Bill Gates aims to clean up the planet"
1943:
1220:
585:, including gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel.
274:levels, has earned the technology a name of
2983:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
1784:"400 PPM: Can Artificial Trees Help Pull CO
1707:
1637:"400 PPM: Can Artificial Trees Help Pull CO
1289:"Direct Air Capture (Technology Factsheet)"
345:
266:The idea of using many small dispersed DAC
56:direct air carbon capture and sequestration
4212:
4200:
3657:
2668:
2654:
1317:
911:
445:electricity would end up releasing more CO
127:When combined with long-term storage of CO
3952:
3758:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
2891:United Nations Climate Change conferences
2560:
2241:
2215:
2135:
2031:
1969:
1944:Ranjan, Manya; Herzog, Howard J. (2011).
1915:
1819:
1526:
1247:
1122:
1089:
1041:
1031:
337:called Marathon MSA, which absorbs air CO
316:
261:
239:binds to solid sorbent in the process of
3462:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
2502:
2452:
724:Global Thermostat has closed deals with
195:Most commercial techniques use a liquid
166:
26:
18:
3818:National Adaptation Programme of Action
3607:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
2503:Clifford, Catherine (1 February 2021).
2421:
2333:
2302:
1716:
1568:
1473:
457:Practical applications of DAC include:
379:
356:Other substances which can be used are
4232:
3467:Economics of climate change mitigation
3430:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
2943:
2771:Scientific consensus on climate change
2622:
2483:
2032:Diamandis, Peter H. (23 August 2019).
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
1854:
1781:
1634:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
600:, which removes a certain amount of CO
492:enhancing productivity of algae farms,
333:can be efficiently separated using an
4126:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
3951:
3656:
3392:
2942:
2854:
2735:
2687:
2649:
2591:
2542:from the original on 21 November 2021
2511:from the original on 21 November 2021
2197:from the original on 1 September 2019
2184:
2158:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1871:from the original on 25 December 2017
1836:from the original on 3 September 2019
1815:
1813:
1798:from the original on 4 September 2019
1757:Lenfest Center for Sustainable Energy
1702:http://www.imm.org/Reports/rep043.pdf
1669:
1651:from the original on 4 September 2019
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1450:from the original on 3 September 2019
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1063:
1061:
547:
162:
62:)), the overall process will achieve
4148:Representative Concentration Pathway
3089:Tipping points in the climate system
2765:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
2573:from the original on 12 January 2021
2561:Takahashi, Dean (25 February 2020).
2465:from the original on 29 January 2020
2373:from the original on 9 November 2018
2303:Proctor, Darrell (1 December 2017).
2159:Simon, Frédéric (23 November 2021).
1676:BBC News | Science & Environment
1186:
1184:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
880:Center for Negative Carbon Emissions
697:
410:, due to the low concentration of CO
327:Center for Negative Carbon Emissions
280:
3919:Nationally determined contributions
3629:Individual action on climate change
2834:World energy supply and consumption
2434:from the original on 6 October 2019
2355:
2327:
2315:from the original on 26 August 2019
2284:from the original on 26 August 2019
2044:from the original on 29 August 2019
2008:
1682:from the original on 14 August 2017
1486:from the original on 26 August 2019
1413:
1371:
1341:from the original on 10 April 2022.
1305:from the original on 26 August 2019
1210:"The many prices of carbon dioxide"
791:
728:(which aims to use DAC to source CO
13:
4058:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
2675:
2453:Brustein, Joshua (30 April 2019).
2422:Service, Robert F. (3 July 2019).
2296:
2209:
2185:Doyle, Alister (11 October 2017).
2056:
1978:
1932:
1820:Schiffman, Richard (23 May 2016).
1810:
1672:"'Artificial trees' to cut carbon"
1551:
1462:
1391:. London: Imperial College Press.
1264:
1058:
1020:Energy & Environmental Science
873:
732:for its carbonated beverages) and
430:" connected to DAC installations.
54:in safe long-term storage (called
14:
4271:
3985:Satellite temperature measurement
3590:forestry for carbon sequestration
2871:History of climate change science
2403:from the original on 28 July 2021
1332:International Energy Agency (IEA)
1181:
962:
739:
247:is then desorbed from the solid.
243:. Through heat and vacuum, the CO
4211:
4199:
4188:
4187:
4175:
3836:Climate Change Performance Index
3215:Destruction of cultural heritage
2604:from the original on 28 May 2022
2484:Plumer, Brad (9 November 2023).
1670:Burns, Judith (27 August 2009).
916:Within the research domain, the
435:carbon capture and storage (CCS)
284:
75:carbon capture and storage (CCS)
3975:Instrumental temperature record
3926:Sustainable Development Goal 13
2616:
2585:
2554:
2523:
2496:
2477:
2446:
2415:
2385:
2334:Proctor, Darrell (8 May 2024).
2266:
2216:Tollefson, Jeff (7 June 2018).
2178:
2152:
2111:
1996:Vidal, John (4 February 2018).
1883:
1848:
1775:
1745:
1694:
1663:
1628:
1593:
1498:
1345:
802:Is a start-up company based in
717:The company claims to remove CO
452:
4043:Climate variability and change
3393:
3074:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
2623:Kazmer, Rick (10 April 2024).
1855:Yarris, Lynn (17 March 2015).
1474:Chalmin, Anja (16 July 2019).
1202:
1167:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113936
1131:
1098:
542:
439:carbon-free electricity source
335:anionic exchange polymer resin
1:
4153:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
3688:Climate emergency declaration
2592:Patel, Prachi (28 May 2022).
2137:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.086
2124:Journal of Cleaner Production
1857:"A Better Way of Scrubbing CO
1782:Biello, David (16 May 2013).
1635:Biello, David (16 May 2013).
955:
838:when used, emitting no net CO
780:, that can produce synthetic
607:
469:carbon-neutral synthetic fuel
4136:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
3362:Middle East and North Africa
2688:
1971:10.1016/j.egypro.2011.02.193
1946:"Feasibility of air capture"
1896:Chemical Engineering Journal
1739:10.1016/j.energy.2012.09.012
1610:Chemical Engineering Journal
846:Heirloom Carbon Technologies
706:, New York, with a plant in
486:improving concrete strength,
433:When DAC is combined with a
363:
7:
3210:Depopulation of settlements
2855:
1894:direct air capture (DAC)".
1528:10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00173
1249:10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00173
1091:10.1016/j.joule.2018.05.006
1070:"A Process for Capturing CO
928:
592:solution. It reacts with CO
173:International Energy Agency
10:
4276:
3970:Global surface temperature
3861:Popular culture depictions
3773:Ecosystem-based adaptation
3503:Carbon capture and storage
3425:Carbon offsets and credits
2736:
2274:"Public Update on CarbFix"
2243:10.1038/d41586-018-05357-w
1334:. April 2022. p. 18.
795:
611:
551:
428:small nuclear power plants
349:
223:and precipitates a stable
4182:Climate change portal
4169:
4108:
4075:Extreme event attribution
3993:
3962:
3958:
3947:
3891:
3826:
3748:
3698:School Strike for Climate
3670:
3666:
3652:
3621:
3577:Climate-smart agriculture
3538:
3495:
3405:
3401:
3388:
3312:
3165:
3112:
2955:
2951:
2938:
2861:
2850:
2779:
2748:
2744:
2731:
2714:Climate change adaptation
2709:Climate change mitigation
2704:Effects of climate change
2694:
2683:
1908:10.1016/j.cej.2022.137047
1622:10.1016/j.cej.2007.09.007
1430:"Direct Air Capture of CO
935:Artificial photosynthesis
907:— a startup in London, UK
905:Mission Zero Technologies
828:carbon nanotube membranes
386:climate change mitigation
4085:Global warming potential
3892:International agreements
3539:Preserving and enhancing
2973:Arctic methane emissions
2895:Years in climate change
2802:Greenhouse gas emissions
2699:Causes of climate change
1124:10.3389/fclim.2019.00010
920:team's development of a
884:Arizona State University
690:than they both produce.
628:waste incineration plant
358:metal–organic frameworks
346:Metal-organic frameworks
4116:Climate change scenario
3768:Disaster risk reduction
3420:Carbon emission trading
3230:U.S. insurance industry
3200:Civilizational collapse
3047:sea surface temperature
1579:10.1126/science.aau4107
982:. Publications Office.
912:Innovations in Research
834:sources, the fuels are
526:
235:. Alternatively, the CO
4240:Carbon dioxide removal
4109:Research and modelling
3793:Nature-based solutions
3613:Nature-based solutions
3555:Carbon dioxide removal
3472:Fossil fuel divestment
3457:Climate risk insurance
3367:Small island countries
2978:Arctic sea ice decline
1480:Geoengineering Monitor
1296:Geoengineering Monitor
940:Carbon dioxide removal
806:which launched out of
675:. In this approach, CO
669:geothermal power plant
325:, the director of the
317:Moisture swing sorbent
262:Other explored methods
176:
69:The carbon dioxide (CO
64:carbon dioxide removal
32:
24:
4070:Earth's energy budget
3953:Background and theory
3841:Climate crisis (term)
3513:Fossil fuel phase-out
3407:Economics and finance
3372:by individual country
3314:By country and region
3289:Security and conflict
3284:Psychological impacts
2963:Abrupt climate change
2886:Charles David Keeling
2719:By country and region
1507:"Direct Capture of CO
495:enrichment of air in
462:enhanced oil recovery
443:fossil-fuel-generated
170:
30:
22:
3899:Glasgow Climate Pact
3560:Carbon sequestration
3125:Mass mortality event
1111:Frontiers in Climate
1074:from the Atmosphere"
899:Energy Impact Center
810:in 2019 to remove CO
673:Hellisheidi, Iceland
481:carbon sequestration
475:beverage carbonation
380:Environmental impact
4250:Climate engineering
4038:Climate sensitivity
3813:The Adaptation Fund
3269:Infectious diseases
3166:Social and economic
2363:"Global Thermostat"
2280:. 3 November 2017.
2234:2018Natur.558..173T
1962:2011EnPro...4.2869R
1792:Scientific American
1763:on 20 December 2012
1731:2013Ene....50...38L
1645:Scientific American
1521:(19): 11840–11876.
1242:(19): 11840–11876.
1216:. 20 November 2023.
1198:. 20 November 2023.
1159:2020ApEn..25713936Q
842:to the atmosphere.
708:Huntsville, Alabama
598:potassium carbonate
590:potassium hydroxide
588:The company uses a
4260:Direct air capture
3609:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
3581:Forest management
3565:Direct air capture
3530:Sustainable energy
3487:Net zero emissions
3482:Low-carbon economy
3477:Green Climate Fund
3264:Indigenous peoples
3157:Plant biodiversity
2945:Effects and issues
2490:The New York Times
1033:10.1039/D1EE03523A
891:– a subsidiary of
554:Carbon Engineering
548:Carbon Engineering
520:fugitive emissions
296:. You can help by
177:
163:Methods of capture
36:Direct air capture
33:
25:
4227:
4226:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4100:Radiative forcing
3943:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3763:Adaptive capacity
3648:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3508:Energy transition
3384:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3094:Tropical cyclones
3020:Urban heat island
2934:
2933:
2846:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2807:Carbon accounting
2761:Greenhouse effect
2727:
2726:
2367:Global Thermostat
2088:978-0-309-48452-7
1511:from Ambient Air"
997:978-92-79-82006-9
698:Global Thermostat
441:. The use of any
329:(CNCE), dilute CO
314:
313:
278:in popular media.
141:emissions trading
77:which captures CO
4267:
4215:
4214:
4203:
4202:
4191:
4190:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4143:Paleoclimatology
3960:
3959:
3949:
3948:
3710:Ecological grief
3693:Climate movement
3668:
3667:
3654:
3653:
3634:Plant-based diet
3525:Renewable energy
3403:
3402:
3390:
3389:
3225:Economic impacts
3147:Invasive species
3003:Coastal flooding
2953:
2952:
2940:
2939:
2876:Svante Arrhenius
2852:
2851:
2822:from agriculture
2812:Carbon footprint
2797:Greenhouse gases
2746:
2745:
2733:
2732:
2685:
2684:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2647:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2399:. 28 June 2021.
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2245:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2165:www.euractiv.com
2156:
2150:
2149:
2139:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2067:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2029:
2006:
2005:
1993:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1941:
1930:
1929:
1919:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1817:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1759:. Archived from
1753:"Carbon Capture"
1749:
1743:
1742:
1714:
1705:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1566:
1549:
1548:
1530:
1515:Chemical Reviews
1502:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1471:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1449:
1438:
1426:
1411:
1410:
1382:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1329:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1304:
1293:
1285:
1262:
1261:
1251:
1236:Chemical Reviews
1227:
1218:
1217:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1188:
1179:
1178:
1144:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1084:(8): 1573–1594.
1065:
1056:
1055:
1045:
1035:
1026:(4): 1360–1405.
1011:
1002:
1001:
975:
893:Reykjavik Energy
824:electrocatalysis
798:Prometheus Fuels
792:Prometheus Fuels
788:from buildings.
784:from captured CO
664:
660:
649:Reykjavik Energy
371:separation of CO
309:
306:
288:
281:
276:artificial trees
225:sodium carbonate
217:sodium hydroxide
149:renewable energy
4275:
4274:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4176:
4174:
4157:
4104:
4095:Orbital forcing
3989:
3954:
3935:
3909:Paris Agreement
3887:
3883:Warming stripes
3822:
3788:Managed retreat
3783:Loss and damage
3744:
3678:Business action
3662:
3640:
3617:
3540:
3534:
3491:
3452:Climate finance
3397:
3376:
3308:
3161:
3137:Extinction risk
3113:Flora and fauna
3108:
3069:Permafrost thaw
3064:Ozone depletion
2993:Extreme weather
2947:
2930:
2857:
2838:
2775:
2740:
2723:
2690:
2679:
2674:
2644:
2643:
2633:
2631:
2621:
2617:
2607:
2605:
2590:
2586:
2576:
2574:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2543:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2512:
2501:
2497:
2482:
2478:
2468:
2466:
2451:
2447:
2437:
2435:
2420:
2416:
2406:
2404:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2376:
2374:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2346:
2344:
2332:
2328:
2318:
2316:
2301:
2297:
2287:
2285:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2214:
2210:
2200:
2198:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2157:
2153:
2116:
2112:
2089:
2069:
2068:
2057:
2047:
2045:
2038:Singularity Hub
2030:
2009:
1994:
1979:
1950:Energy Procedia
1942:
1933:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1874:
1872:
1860:
1853:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1801:
1799:
1787:
1780:
1776:
1766:
1764:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1715:
1708:
1699:
1695:
1685:
1683:
1668:
1664:
1654:
1652:
1640:
1633:
1629:
1605:
1598:
1594:
1567:
1552:
1510:
1503:
1499:
1489:
1487:
1472:
1463:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1443:. 1 June 2011.
1436:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1414:
1399:
1383:
1372:
1362:
1360:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:. 24 May 2018.
1291:
1287:
1286:
1265:
1228:
1221:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1142:
1136:
1132:
1103:
1099:
1073:
1066:
1059:
1012:
1005:
998:
976:
963:
958:
931:
914:
876:
874:Other companies
869:
861:
848:
841:
821:
813:
800:
794:
787:
767:
763:
759:
742:
731:
720:
713:
700:
689:
678:
662:
661:Union's Horizon
658:
647:partnered with
640:
633:
625:
616:
610:
603:
595:
580:
573:
569:
556:
550:
545:
538:
534:
529:
513:
509:
505:
455:
448:
425:
421:
417:
413:
398:
390:Paris Agreement
382:
374:
366:
354:
348:
340:
332:
319:
310:
304:
301:
294:needs expansion
273:
264:
246:
238:
230:
222:
214:
191:
187:
183:
165:
130:
123:
119:
96:
80:
72:
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4273:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4255:Sustainability
4252:
4247:
4245:Carbon dioxide
4242:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4209:
4197:
4185:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4050:
4048:Cloud feedback
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4003:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3966:
3964:
3956:
3955:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3906:
3904:Kyoto Protocol
3901:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3858:
3856:Media coverage
3853:
3848:
3846:Climate spiral
3843:
3838:
3832:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3754:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3735:Public opinion
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3690:
3685:
3683:Climate action
3680:
3674:
3672:
3664:
3663:
3650:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3595:REDD and REDD+
3592:
3587:
3579:
3574:
3572:Carbon farming
3569:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3552:
3546:
3544:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3505:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3422:
3417:
3411:
3409:
3399:
3398:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3318:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3304:Water security
3301:
3299:Water scarcity
3296:
3294:Urban flooding
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3142:Forest dieback
3139:
3134:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3079:Sea level rise
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3052:stratification
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3007:
3006:
3005:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2959:
2957:
2949:
2948:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2817:Carbon leakage
2814:
2809:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2758:
2756:Climate system
2752:
2750:
2742:
2741:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2681:
2680:
2677:Climate change
2673:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2650:
2642:
2641:
2615:
2584:
2553:
2522:
2495:
2476:
2445:
2428:Science | AAAS
2414:
2384:
2354:
2326:
2309:POWER Magazine
2295:
2265:
2208:
2177:
2151:
2110:
2087:
2079:10.17226/25259
2055:
2007:
1977:
1931:
1891:
1882:
1858:
1847:
1823:
1809:
1788:from the Air?"
1785:
1774:
1744:
1706:
1693:
1662:
1641:from the Air?"
1638:
1627:
1616:(1–3): 62–70.
1603:
1592:
1550:
1508:
1497:
1461:
1431:
1412:
1397:
1370:
1344:
1316:
1263:
1219:
1201:
1180:
1147:Applied Energy
1130:
1097:
1071:
1057:
1003:
996:
960:
959:
957:
954:
953:
952:
947:
942:
937:
930:
927:
913:
910:
909:
908:
902:
896:
886:
875:
872:
867:
859:
847:
844:
839:
836:carbon neutral
819:
811:
796:Main article:
793:
790:
785:
770:renewable fuel
765:
761:
757:
741:
740:Soletair Power
738:
729:
718:
711:
699:
696:
687:
676:
641:from the air.
638:
631:
623:
612:Main article:
609:
606:
604:from the air.
601:
593:
583:synthetic fuel
578:
571:
567:
564:Murray Edwards
552:Main article:
549:
546:
544:
541:
536:
532:
528:
525:
511:
507:
503:
500:
499:
493:
490:
487:
484:
478:
472:
467:production of
465:
454:
451:
446:
423:
419:
415:
411:
396:
381:
378:
372:
365:
362:
350:Main article:
347:
344:
338:
330:
318:
315:
312:
311:
305:September 2019
291:
289:
271:
263:
260:
244:
236:
228:
220:
219:reacts with CO
212:
189:
185:
181:
164:
161:
128:
121:
117:
94:
78:
70:
47:
44:carbon dioxide
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4272:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4220:
4219:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4198:
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4195:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4172:
4171:
4168:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4121:Climate model
4119:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4053:Cloud forcing
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3950:
3946:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3884:
3881:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3828:Communication
3825:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3808:Vulnerability
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3778:Flood control
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3655:
3651:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3601:
3600:reforestation
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3585:afforestation
3583:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3520:Nuclear power
3518:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3415:Carbon budget
3413:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3391:
3387:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3252:Mental health
3250:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3183:United States
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3037:deoxygenation
3035:
3033:
3032:acidification
3030:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2853:
2849:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2827:from wetlands
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2787:Deforestation
2785:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2671:
2666:
2664:
2659:
2657:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2630:
2629:The Cool Down
2626:
2619:
2603:
2599:
2598:IEEE Spectrum
2595:
2588:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2464:
2460:
2459:Bloomberg.com
2456:
2449:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2402:
2398:
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2372:
2368:
2364:
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2337:
2330:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2228:(7709): 173.
2227:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1956:: 2869–2876.
1955:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1886:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1851:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1816:
1814:
1797:
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1789:
1778:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1711:
1703:
1697:
1681:
1677:
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1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1596:
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1557:
1555:
1546:
1542:
1538:
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1524:
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1485:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1398:9781783263295
1394:
1390:
1389:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1359:. 2 July 2021
1358:
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1255:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1224:
1215:
1214:The Economist
1211:
1205:
1197:
1196:The Economist
1193:
1187:
1185:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
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1141:
1134:
1125:
1120:
1116:
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1101:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1064:
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1053:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1008:
999:
993:
989:
988:10.2777/01532
985:
981:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
961:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
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926:
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906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
890:
887:
885:
881:
878:
877:
871:
865:
857:
853:
843:
837:
833:
829:
825:
817:
809:
805:
799:
789:
783:
779:
775:
771:
755:
751:
747:
737:
735:
727:
722:
715:
709:
705:
695:
691:
685:
682:
674:
670:
666:
654:
650:
646:
642:
635:
629:
621:
615:
605:
599:
591:
586:
584:
575:
565:
561:
555:
540:
524:
521:
515:
498:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
471:and plastics,
470:
466:
463:
460:
459:
458:
450:
444:
440:
436:
431:
429:
409:
404:
402:
393:
391:
387:
377:
370:
361:
359:
353:
343:
336:
328:
324:
323:Klaus Lackner
308:
299:
295:
292:This section
290:
287:
283:
282:
279:
277:
269:
259:
257:
253:
248:
242:
241:chemisorption
234:
226:
218:
210:
206:
202:
198:
193:
174:
169:
160:
156:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
125:
115:
111:
108:
104:
100:
99:sequestration
92:
89:factory or a
88:
84:
83:point sources
76:
67:
65:
61:
57:
53:
45:
41:
37:
29:
21:
4216:
4204:
4192:
4173:
4006:Carbon cycle
3963:Measurements
3658:Society and
3564:
3542:carbon sinks
3447:Climate debt
3437:Carbon price
3259:Human rights
3084:Season creep
3042:heat content
2968:Anoxic event
2881:James Hansen
2632:. Retrieved
2628:
2618:
2606:. Retrieved
2597:
2587:
2575:. Retrieved
2566:
2556:
2544:. Retrieved
2535:
2525:
2513:. Retrieved
2498:
2489:
2479:
2467:. Retrieved
2458:
2448:
2436:. Retrieved
2427:
2417:
2405:. Retrieved
2397:gulfnews.com
2396:
2387:
2375:. Retrieved
2366:
2357:
2345:. Retrieved
2339:
2329:
2317:. Retrieved
2308:
2298:
2286:. Retrieved
2277:
2268:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2199:. Retrieved
2190:
2180:
2168:. Retrieved
2164:
2154:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2070:
2046:. Retrieved
2037:
2002:The Observer
2001:
1953:
1949:
1917:10261/280157
1899:
1895:
1885:
1873:. Retrieved
1864:
1850:
1838:. Retrieved
1829:
1800:. Retrieved
1791:
1777:
1765:. Retrieved
1761:the original
1756:
1747:
1722:
1718:
1696:
1684:. Retrieved
1675:
1665:
1653:. Retrieved
1644:
1630:
1613:
1609:
1595:
1570:
1518:
1514:
1500:
1488:. Retrieved
1479:
1452:. Retrieved
1440:
1387:
1361:. Retrieved
1356:
1347:
1331:
1319:
1307:. Retrieved
1295:
1239:
1235:
1213:
1204:
1195:
1150:
1146:
1133:
1114:
1110:
1100:
1081:
1077:
1023:
1019:
979:
915:
849:
808:Y Combinator
801:
746:Lappeenranta
743:
723:
716:
701:
692:
643:
636:
617:
587:
576:
557:
530:
516:
501:
456:
453:Applications
432:
405:
394:
383:
367:
355:
320:
302:
298:adding to it
293:
275:
265:
249:
233:causticizing
194:
178:
157:
153:
145:carbon price
136:
132:
126:
85:, such as a
68:
59:
55:
39:
35:
34:
4033:Carbon sink
4011:atmospheric
3876:video games
3550:Blue carbon
3173:Agriculture
3152:Marine life
3099:Water cycle
3057:temperature
2792:Fossil fuel
2577:21 November
2567:VentureBeat
2546:21 November
2515:21 November
2319:4 September
2288:2 September
2201:4 September
2130:: 957–980.
1875:7 September
1865:News Center
1840:6 September
1802:4 September
1767:6 September
1686:6 September
1655:4 September
1441:APS physics
1043:10115/19074
543:Development
497:greenhouses
252:carbonation
103:utilization
52:sequestered
4234:Categories
4065:Cryosphere
4026:permafrost
3798:Resilience
3750:Adaptation
3725:Litigation
3715:Governance
3660:adaptation
3442:Carbon tax
3395:Mitigation
3332:Antarctica
3220:Disability
2469:23 January
2438:23 January
2377:7 December
2278:Climeworks
2170:1 December
1902:: 137047.
1363:9 December
1153:: 113936.
956:References
950:Smog tower
918:ETH Zurich
804:Santa Cruz
776:for Dubai
774:Power-to-X
750:Power-to-X
734:ExxonMobil
645:Climeworks
614:Climeworks
608:Climeworks
560:Bill Gates
401:irrigation
256:adsorbents
203:-based or
4080:Feedbacks
3851:Education
3352:Caribbean
3347:Australia
3274:Migration
3237:Fisheries
3178:Livestock
3104:Wildfires
3010:Heat wave
2146:159399402
2105:134196575
2048:29 August
1926:248930982
1830:Yale E360
1725:: 38–46.
1587:242097184
1490:27 August
1454:26 August
1407:872565493
1309:27 August
1175:208829001
1052:247178548
945:CityTrees
922:photoacid
895:, Iceland
870:removal.
864:Microsoft
856:U.S. tons
832:renewable
816:adsorbing
778:Expo 2020
726:Coca-Cola
704:Manhattan
574:removed.
364:Membranes
268:scrubbers
199:—usually
192:capture.
91:bioenergy
4206:Glossary
4194:Category
4016:biologic
3730:Politics
3622:Personal
3327:Americas
3190:Children
2956:Physical
2749:Overview
2689:Overview
2634:14 April
2602:Archived
2571:Archived
2540:Archived
2509:Archived
2507:. CNBC.
2463:Archived
2432:Archived
2401:Archived
2371:Archived
2313:Archived
2282:Archived
2260:48355402
2252:29895915
2195:Archived
2097:31120708
2073:. 2019.
2042:Archived
1869:Archived
1834:Archived
1796:Archived
1680:Archived
1649:Archived
1545:19566110
1537:27560307
1484:Archived
1445:Archived
1357:ASU News
1336:Archived
1300:Archived
1258:27560307
929:See also
754:Wärtsilä
681:basaltic
657:European
630:. The CO
596:to form
408:flue gas
369:Membrane
360:(MOFs).
114:sorbents
107:alkaline
50:is then
4021:oceanic
3871:fiction
3720:Justice
3671:Society
3279:Poverty
2988:Drought
2856:History
2780:Sources
2608:16 June
2536:Fortune
2407:28 July
2230:Bibcode
2191:Reuters
1958:Bibcode
1822:"Why CO
1727:Bibcode
1571:Science
1155:Bibcode
889:Carbfix
782:methane
684:bedrock
653:Carbfix
205:caustic
197:solvent
110:solvent
4001:Albedo
3994:Theory
3705:Denial
3496:Energy
3357:Europe
3337:Arctic
3322:Africa
3247:Health
3242:Gender
3195:Cities
3120:Biomes
3027:Oceans
3015:Marine
2738:Causes
2347:16 May
2258:
2250:
2222:Nature
2144:
2103:
2095:
2085:
1924:
1719:Energy
1585:
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