22:
912:. A carbon tax is considered easier to enforce on a broad-base scale than cap-and-trade programs. The simplicity and immediacy of a carbon tax has been proven effective in British Columbia, Canada – enacted and implemented in five months. A hybrid cap-and-trade program puts a limit on price increases and, in some cases, sets a floor price as well. The upper limit is set by adding more allowances to the market at a set price while the floor price is maintained by not allowing sales into the market at a price below the floor. The
4472:
886:
6031:
6019:
668:
6055:
6043:
692:
680:
4486:
1631:
986:
924:
climate change. A declining cap gives allowance for firm reduction targets and a system for measuring when targets are met. It also allows for flexibility, unlike rigid taxes. Providing emission permits (also called allowances) under emissions trading is preferred in situations where a more accurate target level of emissions certainty is needed.
999:
consume less energy compared to wealthier parts of the population. The higher the high carbon price the greater the relief. Looking at individual situations though, the compensation would not apply to commuters in rural areas or people living in houses with poor insulation. They neither have liquidity to invest into solutions using less
2772:
2504:
under the Kyoto
Protocol. These credits can be traded to other facilities where they can be used for compliance with a cap-and-trade program. Unfortunately the concept of additionality is difficult to define and monitor, with the result that some companies purposefully increased emissions in order to
2344:
could be significant for developing countries. In 2010, World Bank commented that introducing border tariffs could lead to a proliferation of trade measures where the competitive playing field is viewed as being uneven. Tariffs could also be a burden on low-income countries that have contributed very
2919:
Döbbeling-Hildebrandt, Niklas; Miersch, Klaas; Khanna, Tarun M.; Bachelet, Marion; Bruns, Stephan B.; Callaghan, Max; Edenhofer, Ottmar; Flachsland, Christian; Forster, Piers M.; Kalkuhl, Matthias; Koch, Nicolas; Lamb, William F.; Ohlendorf, Nils; Steckel, Jan
Christoph; Minx, Jan C. (May 16, 2024).
2293:
Many economic properties of carbon pricing hold regardless of whether carbon is priced with a cap or a tax. However, there are a few important differences. Cap-based prices are more volatile and so they are riskier for investors, consumers and for governments that auction permits. Also, caps tend to
923:
Most cap and trade programs have a descending cap, usually a fixed percentage every year, which gives certainty to the market and guarantees that emissions will decline over time. With a tax, there can be estimates of reduction in carbon emissions, which may not be sufficient to change the course of
2385:
In order for such a business model to become attractive, the subsidies would therefore have to exceed this value. Here, a technology openness could be the best choice, as a reduction in costs due to technical progress can be expected. Already today, these costs of generating negative emissions are
2317:
Estimates of leakage rates for action under the Kyoto
Protocol ranged from 5% to 20% as a result of a loss in price competitiveness, but these leakage rates were considered very uncertain. For energy-intensive industries, the beneficial effects of Annex I actions through technological development
2313:
emissions outside the countries taking domestic mitigation action, divided by the reduction in emissions of countries taking domestic mitigation action. Accordingly, a leakage rate greater than 100% means that actions to reduce emissions within countries had the effect of increasing emissions in
998:
Unexpected spikes in natural gas prices and commodities such as oil and coal in 2021 caused a debate whether a carbon price increase should be postponed to avoid additional social burden. On the other hand, a redistribution on a per-capita-basis would even release poorer households which tend to
4238:
Global
Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to
2447:
The most efficient approach to slowing climate change is through market-based policies. In order for the world to achieve its climatic objectives at minimum cost, a cooperative approach among nations is required – such as an international emissions trading agreement. The United States and other
2499:
Besides cap and trade, emission trading can refer to project-based programs, also referred to as a credit or offset programs. Such programs can sell credits for emission reductions provided by approved projects. Generally there is an additionality requirement that states that they must reduce
2425:, a leading climate economist at Harvard, published a theoretical study arguing that such a regime would make it far easier to reach an international agreement, while a focus on national targets would continue to make it nearly impossible. Nordhaus also makes this argument, but less formally.
919:
However, industries may successfully lobby to exempt themselves from a carbon tax. It is therefore argued that with emissions trading, polluters have an incentive to cut emissions, but if they are exempted from a carbon tax, they have no incentive to cut emissions. On the other hand, freely
2508:
Cap-and-trade programs often allow "banking" of permits. This means that permits can be saved and can be used in the future. This allows an entity to over-comply in early periods in anticipation of higher carbon prices in subsequent years. This helps to stabilize the price of permits.
2452:
This statement argues that carbon pricing is a "market mechanism" in contrast to renewable subsidies or direct regulation of individual sources of carbon emissions and hence is the way that the "United States and other nations can most efficiently implement their climate policies."
2390:
of $ 220 per ton, which means that a state-subsidized business model for creating negative emissions already makes economic sense today. In sum, while a carbon price has the potential to reduce future emissions, a carbon subsidy has the potential to reduce past emissions.
2736:
1028:. In many EU member states like France or Germany, there is a coexistence of two systems: The EU-ETS covers power generation and large industry emissions while national ETS or taxes put a different price on petrol, natural gas and oil for private consumption.
940:
This can compensate the risk of rising energy prices reaching high levels as long as cheap wind and solar power is not available yet. Rich people who tend to have a larger carbon footprint would pay more while poorer people can even benefit from such a
745:
of the unpriced external costs of carbon emissions at its source. It is regarded as more efficient than renewable energy subsidies given to individual firms, because the difficulties of determining the value of emissions to each firm makes
2496:, while carbon taxes do not. Others argue that an enforced cap is the only way to guarantee that carbon emissions will actually be reduced; a carbon tax will not prevent those who can afford to do so from continuing to generate emissions.
3695:
2305:
is the effect that regulation of emissions in one country/sector has on the emissions in other countries/sectors that are not subject to the same regulation. There is no consensus over the magnitude of long-term carbon leakage.
4455:
761:
design, the government establishes an emissions cap and allocates to firms emission allowances, which can thereafter be privately traded. Emitters without the required allowances face a penalty more than the price of permits.
1015:
In the relevant countries with ETS and taxes, about 40% to 80% of emissions are covered. The schemes differ much in detail. They include or exclude fuels, transport, heating, agriculture or other greenhouse gases apart from
3247:
94:(ETS) that requires firms to purchase allowances to emit. The method is widely agreed to be an efficient policy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon pricing seeks to address the economic problem that emissions of
740:
way to reduce emissions, taking into account the costs of both efficiency measures and the inconvenience of lesser fossil fuels. By pricing the externalities of carbon emissions, efficiency comes about by eliminating the
2997:
781:
Evaluations of 21 carbon pricing schemes, show that at least 17 of these have caused reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. The achieved emissions reductions range between 5% and 21% for the studied schemes.
4115:
3846:
2484:
is much the same for taxes and cap-and-trade. Both prices are efficient; they have the same social cost and the same effect on profits if permits are auctioned. However, some economists argue that
716:
2443:
The "Economists' Statement on
Climate Change" was signed by over 2500 economists including nine Nobel Laureates in 1997. This statement summarizes the economic case for carbon pricing as follows:
3688:
2831:
965:. The removal past emissions – 1,700 Gt in total – can theoretically be addressed by auctioning allowances starting with a price that exceeds the removal costs of the proposed emissions.
3933:
3660:
Climate Change 1995: Economic and Social
Dimensions of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
908:
works by setting a quantitative limit on the emissions produced by emitters. As a result, the price automatically adjusts to this target. This is the main advantage compared to a fixed
182:
A carbon tax is generally favoured on economic grounds for its simplicity and stability, while cap-and-trade theoretically offers the possibility to limit allowances to the remaining
978:, the majority is below $ 40. One exception is the steep incline in the EU-ETS reaching $ 60 in September 2021. Sweden and Switzerland are the only countries with more than $ 100/tCO
3209:
2470:
emission target. The "assembly of governments" would issue permits in the amount of the global target and all upstream fossil-fuel providers would be forced to buy these permits.
897:
provisions with floor and ceiling limits. Such designs are often referred to as hybrid designs. To the extent the price is controlled by these limits, it can be considered a tax.
1184:
The final consumer price for fuels and electric energy depends on individual tax regulations and conditions in each country. Though carbon pricing is playing an increasing role,
3426:
5755:
1003:
and would be dependent on credits or subsidies. On the other hand, a carbon price still helps to provide an incentive to use more effective fossil fuel technologies such as
2990:
2713:
5931:
3721:
5599:
3058:
Beinecke, Frances; Sachs, Jeffrey D.; Krupp, Fred; Pielke Jr., Roger A.; Stavins, Robert N.; Komanoff, Charles; Claussen, Eileen; Fischhoff, Baruch (May 7, 2009).
167:
growth rates, while policy recommendations range from about $ 50 to $ 200. Many carbon pricing schemes including the ETS in China remain below $ 10 per ton of CO
4105:
3850:
5772:
506:
3877:
2432:
and have previously appeared in a number of papers. The price-commitment view appears to have gained major support from independent positions taken by the
5208:
5034:
3093:
770:
uses this method. In practice, it has resulted in a fairly strong carbon price from 2005 to 2009, but that was later undermined by an oversupply and the
723:
3456:
2318:
were considered possibly substantial. However, this beneficial effect had not been reliably quantified. On the empirical evidence they assessed, Barker
5203:
2417:, which culminates in a description of an international "carbon price regime". Such a regime would require national commitments to a carbon price, but
4408:
2369:. By contrast, if a cap-and-trade system has a binding cap (sufficiently stringent to affect emission-related decisions), then other policies such as
5071:
4420:
2274:
2838:
3625:
Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of
Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2448:
nations can most efficiently implement their climate policies through market mechanisms, such as carbon taxes or the auction of emissions permits.
5008:
3798:
4145:
3926:
2613:
2553:
4717:
152:
4950:
3620:
2802:
4190:
4834:
5093:
5051:
4172:
3956:
5972:
5088:
4673:
3434:
3030:
937:
792:
depends on climate and economic feedback effects and remains to some degree uncertain. Latest calculations show an increasing trend:
144:
4381:
3378:
5303:
5024:
4742:
4519:
3311:
3127:
220:
3183:
Tamiotti, Ludivine; Teh, Robert; Kulaçoğlu, Vesile; Olhoff, Anne; Simmons, Benjamin; UNEP; World Trade
Organization, eds. (2009).
5659:
5448:
4616:
2683:
551:
172:
4216:
5308:
5271:
5125:
5110:
5029:
4678:
4622:
2332:
A general perception among developing countries is that discussion of climate change in trade negotiations could lead to green
2288:
767:
361:
113:
3059:
2421:
to a specific policy. Carbon taxes, caps, and hybrid schemes could all be used to satisfy such a commitment. At the same time
5967:
5105:
4340:
3990:
3672:
3192:
3167:
2705:
2267:
4050:
4020:
5989:
4945:
4940:
2314:
other countries to a greater extent, i.e., domestic mitigation action had actually led to an increase in global emissions.
954:
3728:
3338:
2867:
1192:, utility expenses and other components are still the main cause for completely different price levels between countries.
5470:
5248:
5066:
4998:
4988:
4971:
4878:
4685:
2322:(2007) concluded that the competitive losses of then-current mitigation actions, e.g., the EU-ETS, were not significant.
774:. Recent policy changes have led to a steep increase of the carbon price since 2018, exceeding 100€ ($ 118) per ton of CO
356:
303:
5003:
4276:
Kikstra, Jarmo S; Waidelich, Paul; Rising, James; Yumashev, Dmitry; Hope, Chris; Brierley, Chris M (September 6, 2021).
4236:
5899:
5760:
5717:
5213:
4360:
3829:
2188:
1846:
913:
709:
381:
198:
5826:
5702:
5519:
4722:
4255:
3404:
766:, the market for permits will automatically adjust the carbon price to a level that ensures that the cap is met. The
268:
112:
21.7% of global GHG emissions are covered by carbon pricing in 2021, a major increase due to the introduction of the
3116:
6059:
5697:
5677:
5624:
5576:
4638:
2893:
2260:
1614:
696:
2466:
A new quantity commitment approach, suggested by
Mutsuyoshi Nishimura, is for all countries to commit to the same
5816:
5767:
5193:
5155:
5100:
4570:
589:
129:
3873:
5884:
5168:
4925:
3185:
Trade and climate change: a report by the United
Nations Environment Programme and the World Trade Organization
2382:
According to a 2020 study carbon prices have not harmed economic growth in wealthy industrialized democracies.
2017:
747:
634:
3903:
3085:
5994:
5529:
5061:
3449:
2410:
2042:
1965:
1741:
619:
4449:
3651:
5977:
5649:
5178:
5173:
5078:
4955:
4512:
2216:
2032:
4427:
4361:"Technical Update of the Social Cost of Carbon for Regulatory Impact Analysis Under Executive Order 12866"
2591:
5188:
5041:
2501:
2437:
1985:
1970:
1851:
624:
386:
137:
6096:
6047:
5811:
5614:
5571:
5344:
5266:
5120:
3455:. German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) / adelphi.
2709:
2365:
A carbon tax can have an additive environmental effect to policies such as subsidies for the supply of
2354:
1955:
1950:
1935:
1004:
684:
406:
326:
243:
3794:
5916:
5591:
5566:
5539:
5501:
5418:
5236:
5083:
5046:
4796:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4138:
2329:
is used to determine the volumes of free allocation of emission permits to industrial installations.
2326:
2087:
1980:
1718:
604:
546:
496:
476:
206:
71:
5431:
3664:
3658:
2294:
short-out the effect of non-price policies such as renewables subsidies, while carbon taxes do not.
5926:
5921:
5911:
5852:
5692:
5198:
5163:
5056:
4983:
4824:
4653:
4589:
4550:
3149:
2922:"Systematic review and meta-analysis of ex-post evaluations on the effectiveness of carbon pricing"
2545:
2493:
2158:
2057:
1990:
1836:
1826:
1801:
1756:
1365:
594:
501:
453:
371:
225:
91:
75:
6081:
6035:
5957:
5867:
5609:
5581:
5261:
4920:
4898:
4505:
2400:
2231:
2082:
2037:
2022:
2007:
2002:
1945:
1868:
1685:
1655:
1650:
1622:
905:
431:
51:
31:
4393:
3628:
2795:
2500:
emissions more than is required by pre-existing regulation. An example of such a program is the
5634:
5454:
5396:
5313:
5298:
5183:
4829:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4278:"The social cost of carbon dioxide under climate-economy feedbacks and temperature variability"
2168:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2012:
1873:
1856:
916:, for example, sets an upper limit on allowance prices through its cost containment provision.
556:
531:
441:
421:
391:
346:
273:
258:
21:
6086:
6023:
5669:
5546:
5354:
4814:
4737:
4477:
3271:"Biogeochemical potential of biomass pyrolysis systems for limiting global warming to 1.5 °C"
2226:
2173:
2102:
1841:
1695:
1100:
786:
672:
491:
446:
263:
156:
4169:
3847:"Can Negotiating a Uniform Carbon Price Help to Internalize the Global Warming Externality?"
5862:
5740:
5401:
4976:
4903:
4289:
3960:
3282:
2748:
2474:
2221:
2092:
1831:
1811:
1796:
1791:
536:
436:
376:
3023:
2459:
for individuals and businesses may also be purchased through carbon offset retailers like
1278:/km, Domestic flight NZ, A320, 173 seats, all occupied, with radiative forcing multiplier
8:
5879:
5654:
4888:
4883:
4322:
3374:
2153:
2097:
2052:
1821:
1816:
737:
649:
614:
609:
321:
4293:
4235:(2018). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pörtner, H.-O.; Roberts, D.; et al. (eds.).
3286:
2954:
2752:
6091:
5707:
5639:
5556:
5406:
5371:
5328:
5323:
5318:
4893:
4346:
4307:
3239:
3210:"Carbon Dividend – An Instrument for a Socially Just Environmental and Climate Policy?"
2764:
2193:
2178:
2077:
2047:
2027:
644:
584:
541:
416:
293:
236:
5941:
5604:
5349:
5115:
4908:
4871:
4658:
4612:
4350:
4336:
4311:
3825:
3776:
3668:
3243:
3188:
3163:
2959:
2941:
2921:
2768:
2679:
2148:
2137:
1960:
1888:
1680:
1675:
1209:
1025:
948:
366:
253:
2353:
Cap-and-trade and carbon taxes interact differently with non-price policies such as
5984:
5551:
5534:
5475:
5366:
5130:
4854:
4727:
4663:
4491:
4328:
4297:
4085:
3766:
3290:
3229:
3221:
3155:
3063:
2949:
2933:
2756:
2489:
2406:
2366:
2142:
1940:
1878:
1746:
1713:
1204:
or 100 units of any other currency accordingly. Food calculation is all based on CO
639:
411:
283:
3982:
2340:
on imports ("virtual carbon") consistent with a carbon price of $ 50 per ton of CO
106:
5936:
5857:
5821:
5750:
5724:
5712:
5629:
5561:
5436:
5293:
4915:
4866:
4844:
4176:
4042:
4012:
2429:
2422:
2109:
1908:
1863:
1751:
894:
858:
847:
771:
763:
486:
481:
471:
341:
4471:
5889:
5745:
5687:
5682:
5524:
5413:
5145:
5140:
5135:
4993:
4930:
4668:
4648:
4607:
4528:
4366:. Interagency Working Group on Social Cost of Greenhouse Gases (US govt.). 2016
4302:
4277:
4106:"Tax carbon, not people: UN chief issues climate plea from Pacific 'frontline'"
3795:"Estimated social cost of climate change not accurate, Stanford scientists say"
3295:
3270:
2937:
2460:
2302:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2211:
2163:
2119:
1997:
1975:
1918:
1883:
1781:
1771:
1660:
742:
629:
579:
426:
396:
351:
248:
215:
186:. Current implementations are only designed to meet certain reduction targets.
102:
95:
83:
4332:
3225:
3159:
2760:
6075:
5962:
5894:
5619:
5441:
5426:
5361:
5256:
3780:
3771:
3754:
3312:"More than half of all CO2 emissions since 1751 emitted in the last 30 years"
2945:
2456:
2333:
1928:
1923:
1913:
1893:
1806:
1786:
1766:
1665:
1645:
961:, the cost for generating negative emissions is about $ 150–165 per ton of CO
758:
599:
561:
278:
183:
147:, a price level of $ 135–$ 5500 in 2030 and $ 245–$ 13,000 per metric ton CO
5847:
5644:
5288:
4935:
4819:
4732:
4110:
2963:
2183:
1898:
1776:
1690:
1000:
920:
distributing emission permits could potentially lead to corrupt behaviour.
519:
336:
3400:
2918:
5874:
5391:
5383:
4643:
4254:
de Coninck, H.; Revi, A.; Babiker, M.; Bertoldi, P.; et al. (2018).
526:
288:
79:
3234:
2897:
947:
research, public transport, car sharing and other policies that promote
5906:
5283:
3117:"Environmentally Related Taxes and Tradable Permit Systems in Practice"
2991:
Methodological Convention 3.0 for the Assessment of Environmental Costs
2433:
2337:
1723:
1670:
1185:
953:
subsidies for negative emissions: Depending on the technology, such as
909:
885:
754:
401:
331:
298:
87:
41:
4861:
4090:
4073:
3269:
Werner, C.; Schmidt, H-P; Gerten, D.; Lucht, W.; Kammann, C. (2018).
2114:
1903:
757:
model, a tax is imposed on carbon emissions produced by a firm. In a
133:
3899:
3722:"IPCC 2014: Summary for Policymakers: Mitigation of Climate Change"
3339:"Don't let high gas prices stop the EU ETS from doing its real job"
1761:
116:. Regions with carbon pricing include most European countries and
4839:
4497:
4195:
1021:
2485:
1630:
985:
151:
in 2050 would be needed to drive carbon emissions to stay below
5842:
4485:
4256:"Chapter 4: Strengthening and Implementing the Global Response"
3689:"World Development Report 2010: Development and Climate Change"
736:
Carbon pricing is considered by many economists to be the most
125:
117:
109:– a detrimental product that is not charged for by any market.
3927:"Carbon Pricing Becomes a Cause for the World Bank and I.M.F."
2868:"A U.S. Cap-and-Trade System to Address Global Climate Change"
2348:
5756:
Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
4849:
3151:
World Development Report 2010: Development and Climate Change
958:
121:
4461:
4247:
3057:
4232:
3123:
2735:
Hagman, David; Ho, Emily; Loewenstein, George (June 2019).
2358:
832:
High impact value for 2050 / 3% discount / 95th percentile
3182:
3060:"Putting a Price on Carbon: An Emissions Cap or a Tax? by"
1293:/km, Domestic flight NZ, less than 50 seats, all occupied
25:
Emission trading and carbon taxes around the world (2021)
5932:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
4444:
2371:
RE subsidies have no further impact on reducing emissions
1189:
944:
subsidies accelerating the transition to renewable energy
164:
3900:"A Compete Collection of Carbon-Price-Commitment Papers"
3356:
3354:
3352:
3268:
2796:"Smart Taxes: An Open Invitation to Join the Pigou Club"
4078:
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment
2825:
2823:
132:
and many US states have not introduced carbon pricing.
3948:
140:. In 2020, carbon pricing generated $ 53B in revenue.
5773:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
4191:"Firms abusing Kyoto carbon trading scheme: watchdog"
4074:"A new market-based solution achieving 2C and equity"
3349:
2377:
993:
932:
Standard proposals for using carbon revenues include
4467:
4394:"Specific Carbon Dioxide Emissions of Various Fuels"
4179:. Clean Air Market Programs. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
4071:
3954:
2989:
Matthey, Astrid; Bünger, Björn (February 11, 2019).
2820:
2546:"What is Carbon Pricing? | Carbon Pricing Dashboard"
1033:
Carbon pricing schemes with more than $ 2 bn revenue
900:
163:
as a result of economy feedbacks and falling global
3819:
3713:
2832:"Social, Economic and Ethical Concepts and Methods"
2734:
1179:
974:
About one third of the systems stays below $ 10/tCO
159:
calculate a damage of more than $ 300 per ton of CO
4464:— US focused effort for carbon-pricing commitments
4387:. Ministry for the environment, New Zealand. 2020.
4139:"Additionality in the Clean Development Mechanism"
4013:"For Businesses - Offset Your Corporate Footprint"
1298:5000 km jet aircraft, economy class, per seat
889:Carbon emission trade – allowance prices from 2008
175:(EU-ETS) which exceeded €100 ($ 108) per ton of CO
3759:Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World
2865:
2793:
2309:The leakage rate is defined as the increase in CO
6073:
5973:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
4382:"Measuring Emissions: A Guide for Organisations"
3983:"For Individuals - Offset Your Carbon Footprint"
3433:(in German). ARD. August 2, 2021. Archived from
2996:(Report). German Environment Agency. p. 8.
2706:"What is a carbon price and why do we need one?"
2481:
2428:Similar views have previously been discussed by
1313:5000 km jet aircraft, first class, per seat
78:. This is done to encourage polluters to reduce
3871:
3844:
3813:
3053:
3051:
2394:
1452:$ 33.50 with land-use in tropical rain forests
3649:
3621:"Mitigation from a cross-sectoral perspective"
3024:"Factsheet: Climate, Environment, and the IMF"
2660:
2658:
824:Central estimate for 3% discount rate in 2020
4718:History of climate change policy and politics
4513:
4253:
4136:
4130:
3015:
2988:
2649:
2373:within the time period that the cap applies .
2268:
717:
86:. A carbon price usually takes the form of a
4245:. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
3865:
3427:"Bund erwartet Rekorderlöse aus CO2-Rechten"
3048:
2861:
2859:
4835:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
2655:
2585:
2583:
2525:ignoring the riskiness of prices under caps
2349:Interactions with renewable energy policies
1170:transport, buildings, industry, agriculture
1140:$ 8.75 bn (€7.4 bn) expected, launch 2021
6054:
6042:
5499:
4520:
4506:
4391:
4320:
4065:
3892:
3618:
3525:
3360:
3324:
3309:
3147:
2787:
2637:
2589:
2574:
2275:
2261:
1195:
938:return to the public on a per-capita basis
815:Interagency Working Group (US government)
724:
710:
691:
679:
5794:
5600:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
4743:United Nations Climate Change conferences
4301:
4263:
4231:
4217:Cap and trade programs for greenhouse gas
4089:
3957:"Economists' Statement on Climate Change"
3924:
3770:
3755:"Do Carbon Prices Limit Economic Growth?"
3614:
3612:
3336:
3294:
3233:
3114:
2953:
2856:
2614:"State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2023"
2345:little to the problem of climate change.
1208:equivalents including the high impact of
145:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
74:, in which a monetary cost is applied to
5304:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
4426:(in German). WWF Germany. Archived from
3838:
3752:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3128:Centre for Tax Policy and Administration
2580:
1065:industry, electricity, intra-EU aviation
984:
884:
20:
5660:National Adaptation Programme of Action
5449:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
4380:
4324:State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2021
4275:
4163:
4144:. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies.
3652:"Introduction: scope of the assessment"
3536:
3513:
3509:
3507:
3498:
3494:
3492:
3483:
3381:from the original on September 13, 2021
3310:Stainforth, Thorfinn (April 29, 2020).
3096:from the original on September 24, 2019
2885:
2686:from the original on September 15, 2021
2664:
2592:"China's National ETS Launches Trading"
1103:, additional taxes and ETS in provinces
552:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
173:European Union Emissions Trading System
138:carbon pricing scheme from 2012 to 2014
120:. On the other hand, top emitters like
6074:
5309:Economics of climate change mitigation
5272:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
4795:
4623:Scientific consensus on climate change
4445:Our Climate Put A Price On It campaign
3609:
3447:
3062:. Yale Environment 360. Archived from
3003:from the original on November 10, 2021
2737:"Nudging out support for a carbon tax"
2590:Davies, Paul A.; Westgate, R. Andrew.
2289:Economics of climate change mitigation
362:Economics of climate change mitigation
114:Chinese national carbon trading scheme
5968:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
5793:
5498:
5234:
4794:
4706:
4587:
4539:
4501:
4458:— Lists national commitments for 2020
4188:
3959:. Redefining Progress. Archived from
3657:. In J.P. Bruce; et al. (eds.).
3580:
3542:
3479:
3477:
2775:from the original on January 28, 2020
1010:
5990:Representative Concentration Pathway
4941:Tipping points in the climate system
4617:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
4414:. Environmental Working Group. 2011.
4151:from the original on August 10, 2014
3906:from the original on August 11, 2014
3880:from the original on August 12, 2014
3719:
3650:Goldemberg, J.; et al. (1996).
3504:
3489:
3407:from the original on August 31, 2021
3337:Elkerbout, Milan (October 7, 2021).
3207:
3187:. Geneva: World Trade Organization.
2829:
2808:from the original on August 16, 2014
2674:
2672:
2550:carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org
5761:Nationally determined contributions
5471:Individual action on climate change
4686:World energy supply and consumption
4418:
4407:
4359:
3936:from the original on April 24, 2016
3925:Davenport, Coral (April 23, 2016).
3874:"Overcoming the Copenhagen Failure"
3681:
3603:
3591:
3575:
3563:
3462:from the original on April 13, 2021
3036:from the original on August 8, 2014
3021:
2976:
2894:"Cap and Trade: Frequent Questions"
2891:
2556:from the original on March 11, 2021
1283:500 km small aircraft per seat
1257:500 km car travel, 1 passenger
1007:in contrast to high-emission coal.
927:
787:social cost caused by a tonne of CO
357:Economic analysis of climate change
304:World energy supply and consumption
13:
5900:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
4527:
4053:from the original on July 21, 2021
4023:from the original on July 21, 2021
3993:from the original on July 16, 2021
3801:from the original on June 24, 2019
3701:from the original on March 4, 2016
3623:. In B. Metz; et al. (eds.).
3474:
2698:
2378:Carbon pricing and economic growth
2189:Renewable energy commercialization
994:Market price surge in fossil fuels
914:Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative
893:Cap-and-trade systems can include
382:Environmental full-cost accounting
14:
6108:
5827:Satellite temperature measurement
5432:forestry for carbon sequestration
4723:History of climate change science
4438:
4118:from the original on May 15, 2019
3753:Driscoll, Daniel (January 2020).
3694:. World Bank. 2010. p. 251.
3250:from the original on May 12, 2021
2716:from the original on May 15, 2019
2669:
2538:
2477:asked governments to tax carbon.
2297:
1268:500 km jet aircraft per seat
901:Carbon tax versus emissions trade
880:
785:The exact monetary damage of the
70:) is a method for governments to
54:or carbon tax under consideration
6053:
6041:
6030:
6029:
6017:
5678:Climate Change Performance Index
4484:
4470:
4189:Szabo, Michael (June 14, 2010).
3619:Barker, T.; et al. (2007).
3372:
1629:
1180:Other taxes and price components
690:
678:
666:
5817:Instrumental temperature record
5768:Sustainable Development Goal 13
4210:
4182:
4098:
4035:
4005:
3975:
3918:
3787:
3746:
3643:
3597:
3569:
3530:
3519:
3448:Ackva, Johannes; Hoppe, Janna.
3441:
3419:
3393:
3366:
3330:
3318:
3303:
3262:
3201:
3176:
3148:World Bank (November 6, 2009).
3141:
3108:
3078:
3029:. International Monetary Fund.
2982:
2970:
2912:
2728:
2519:
2486:caps prevent non-price policies
969:
590:Corporate social responsibility
82:combustion, the main driver of
5885:Climate variability and change
5235:
4926:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
4282:Environmental Research Letters
3275:Environmental Research Letters
2643:
2631:
2606:
2568:
2327:Carbon Leakage Exposure Factor
1137:non EU-ETS: transport, heating
748:command and control regulation
1:
5995:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
5530:Climate emergency declaration
4072:Mutsuyoshi Nishimura (2014).
3955:Nine Nobel Laureates (1997).
3375:"Carbon Taxes in Europe 2020"
3090:Union of Concerned Scientists
2532:
2411:American Economic Association
1966:Socially responsible business
1742:Bright green environmentalism
1082:electricity, district heating
874:Including economic feedbacks
750:less likely to be efficient.
620:Socially responsible business
5978:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
5204:Middle East and North Africa
4540:
4421:"Klimawandel auf dem Teller"
3849:. World Bank. Archived from
3820:William D. Nordhaus (2013).
2801:. Eastern Economic Journal.
2505:get paid to eliminate them.
2395:Advantages and disadvantages
2217:Environmental pricing reform
1605:
837:German Environmental Agency
7:
4707:
4456:UN Climate Change Framework
4452:— Defines Kyoto commitments
3126:, Environment Directorate,
3115:Smith, S. (June 11, 2008).
2502:Clean Development Mechanism
2482:economics of carbon pricing
2438:International Monetary Fund
1971:Social return on investment
1263:7 L petrol per 100 km
1202:for a carbon price of $ 100
989:Carbon prices (USD) in 2021
625:Sustainability organization
387:Environmental impact design
189:
10:
6113:
5812:Global surface temperature
5703:Popular culture depictions
5615:Ecosystem-based adaptation
5345:Carbon capture and storage
5267:Carbon offsets and credits
4588:
4248:Global Warming of 1.5 °C —
4225:
3450:"The carbon tax in Sweden"
2938:10.1038/s41467-024-48512-w
2866:Robert N. Stavins (2007).
2794:N. Gregory Mankiw (2009).
2710:London School of Economics
2398:
2355:renewable energy subsidies
2286:
1956:Pollution haven hypothesis
1951:Natural resource economics
1936:High-performance buildings
804:Carbon price per ton of CO
764:Assuming all else is equal
407:High-performance buildings
327:Carbon offsets and credits
244:Carbon capture and storage
6024:Climate change portal
6011:
5950:
5917:Extreme event attribution
5835:
5804:
5800:
5789:
5733:
5668:
5590:
5540:School Strike for Climate
5512:
5508:
5494:
5463:
5419:Climate-smart agriculture
5380:
5337:
5247:
5243:
5230:
5154:
5017:
4964:
4807:
4803:
4790:
4713:
4702:
4631:
4600:
4596:
4583:
4566:Climate change adaptation
4561:Climate change mitigation
4556:Effects of climate change
4546:
4535:
4462:Pricing Carbon Initiative
4419:Noleppa, Steffen (2012).
4333:10.1596/978-1-4648-1728-1
4175:October 25, 2012, at the
3824:. Yale University Press.
3226:10.1007/s10273-019-2395-y
3216:(in German and English).
3160:10.1596/978-0-8213-7987-5
2761:10.1038/s41558-019-0474-0
2461:Carbonfund.org Foundation
2361:explains this as follows:
2336:by high-income countries
1719:Climate change mitigation
1396:1 KWh from light fuel oil
1200:The table gives examples
839:
836:
817:
814:
605:Effects of climate change
547:Climate-smart agriculture
497:Sustainability accounting
477:Climate change litigation
221:Co-benefits of mitigation
207:Climate change mitigation
5927:Global warming potential
5734:International agreements
5381:Preserving and enhancing
4825:Arctic methane emissions
4747:Years in climate change
4654:Greenhouse gas emissions
4551:Causes of climate change
4303:10.1088/1748-9326/ac1d0b
4043:"Carbon Offset Retailer"
3872:Joseph Stiglitz (2010).
3845:Martin Weitzman (2013).
3772:10.1177/2378023119898326
3296:10.1088/1748-9326/aabb0e
2512:
2159:Environmental technology
1802:Ecological modernization
1757:Corporate sustainability
906:Carbon emissions trading
595:Corporate sustainability
502:Sustainability reporting
454:Verified Carbon Standard
372:Environmental accounting
226:Greenhouse gas emissions
92:emissions trading scheme
76:greenhouse gas emissions
44:implemented or scheduled
34:implemented or scheduled
5958:Climate change scenario
5610:Disaster risk reduction
5262:Carbon emission trading
5072:U.S. insurance industry
5052:Civilizational collapse
4899:sea surface temperature
3208:Held, Benjamin (2019).
2401:Carbon emission trading
2325:Under the EU ETS rules
2232:Green industrial policy
1946:Marginal abatement cost
1869:Fiscal environmentalism
1686:Personal carbon trading
1656:Carbon fee and dividend
1651:Carbon emission trading
1623:Environmental economics
1196:Impact on retail prices
466:Frameworks and treaties
171:. One exception is the
155:. Latest models of the
72:mitigate climate change
52:Carbon emission trading
32:Carbon emission trading
5951:Research and modelling
5635:Nature-based solutions
5455:Nature-based solutions
5397:Carbon dioxide removal
5314:Fossil fuel divestment
5299:Climate risk insurance
5209:Small island countries
4830:Arctic sea ice decline
4137:Benito Müller (2009).
3627:. IPCC. Archived from
2873:. The Hamilton Project
2594:. Latham & Watkins
2450:
2375:
2169:Fossil fuel divestment
1422:life cycle assessment
1388:1 KWh from natural gas
1323:/km, >3700 km
1308:/km, >3700 km
990:
890:
738:economically efficient
557:Nature-based solutions
532:Carbon dioxide removal
422:Public interest design
392:Fossil fuel divestment
347:Climate risk insurance
274:Low-carbon electricity
259:Fossil fuel divestment
56:
5912:Earth's energy budget
5795:Background and theory
5683:Climate crisis (term)
5355:Fossil fuel phase-out
5249:Economics and finance
5214:by individual country
5156:By country and region
5131:Security and conflict
5126:Psychological impacts
4815:Abrupt climate change
4738:Charles David Keeling
4571:By country and region
4478:Global Warming portal
3876:. Project Syndicate.
2926:Nature Communications
2741:Nature Climate Change
2680:"Carbon Price Viewer"
2445:
2386:below the costs of CO
2363:
2227:Free public transport
2174:Fossil fuel phase-out
1696:Social cost of carbon
1531:salmon / canned tuna
988:
888:
492:Social responsibility
264:Fossil fuel phase-out
157:social cost of carbon
24:
5741:Glasgow Climate Pact
5402:Carbon sequestration
4977:Mass mortality event
4433:on November 1, 2020.
4409:"Meat Eater's Guide"
4392:Quaschning, Volker.
4321:Bank, World (2021).
3797:. January 12, 2015.
3727:. UN. Archived from
3086:"Carbon Pricing 101"
2900:on November 13, 2014
2837:. UN. Archived from
2488:, such as renewable
2475:UN Secretary General
2222:Environmental tariff
1847:full-cost accounting
1812:Efficient energy use
1797:Ecological footprint
1792:Ecological economics
537:Carbon sequestration
377:Environmental design
269:Fossil fuel vehicles
107:negative externality
5880:Climate sensitivity
5655:The Adaptation Fund
5111:Infectious diseases
5018:Social and economic
4294:2021ERL....16i4037K
4267:. pp. 313–443.
3853:on October 20, 2014
3765:: 237802311989832.
3437:on August 17, 2021.
3287:2018ERL....13d4036W
2753:2019NatCC...9..484H
2409:, president of the
2154:Carbon-neutral fuel
1817:Energy conservation
1364:1 kWh natural gas (
1035:
615:Ethical consumerism
610:Energy conservation
322:Building insulation
16:CO2 Emission Market
5451:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
5423:Forest management
5407:Direct air capture
5372:Sustainable energy
5329:Net zero emissions
5324:Low-carbon economy
5319:Green Climate Fund
5106:Indigenous peoples
5009:Plant biodiversity
4797:Effects and issues
4327:. The World Bank.
3930:The New York Times
3822:The Climate Casino
3377:. Tax Foundation.
3154:. The World Bank.
2650:IPCC SR15 Ch4 2018
2619:. World Bank Group
2415:The Climate Casino
2194:Sustainable energy
2179:Low-carbon economy
2018:consumer behaviour
1590:1 kg potatoes
1425:source / remarks
1404:1 L light fuel oil
1048:coverage / remarks
1031:
1011:Scope and coverage
991:
891:
778:in February 2023.
635:Consumer behaviour
585:Conscious business
542:Direct air capture
417:Low-carbon economy
294:Sustainable energy
179:in February 2023.
57:
6097:Environmental tax
6069:
6068:
6007:
6006:
6003:
6002:
5942:Radiative forcing
5785:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5605:Adaptive capacity
5490:
5489:
5486:
5485:
5350:Energy transition
5226:
5225:
5222:
5221:
4946:Tropical cyclones
4872:Urban heat island
4786:
4785:
4698:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4659:Carbon accounting
4613:Greenhouse effect
4579:
4578:
4342:978-1-4648-1728-1
4239:eradicate poverty
3674:978-0-521-56854-8
3214:Wirtschaftsdienst
3194:978-92-870-3522-6
3169:978-0-8213-7987-5
3066:on August 2, 2010
2285:
2284:
2149:Carbon neutrality
2138:2000-watt society
2132:Energy transition
2043:development goals
1961:Social accounting
1681:Environmental tax
1676:Emissions trading
1603:
1602:
1509:1 kg chicken
1411:
1410:
1375:
1374:
1356:1 kWh natural gas
1327:
1326:
1241:
1240:
1210:methane emissions
1177:
1176:
1101:pricing in Canada
1026:fluorinated gases
1005:CCGT gas turbines
949:carbon neutrality
878:
877:
734:
733:
367:Emissions trading
254:Energy transition
143:According to the
6104:
6057:
6056:
6045:
6044:
6033:
6032:
6022:
6021:
6020:
5985:Paleoclimatology
5802:
5801:
5791:
5790:
5552:Ecological grief
5535:Climate movement
5510:
5509:
5496:
5495:
5476:Plant-based diet
5367:Renewable energy
5245:
5244:
5232:
5231:
5067:Economic impacts
4999:Invasive species
4855:Coastal flooding
4805:
4804:
4792:
4791:
4728:Svante Arrhenius
4704:
4703:
4674:from agriculture
4664:Carbon footprint
4649:Greenhouse gases
4598:
4597:
4585:
4584:
4537:
4536:
4522:
4515:
4508:
4499:
4498:
4494:
4492:Economics portal
4489:
4488:
4480:
4475:
4474:
4434:
4432:
4425:
4415:
4413:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4388:
4386:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4365:
4354:
4315:
4305:
4268:
4260:
4246:
4244:
4220:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4186:
4180:
4170:Types of Trading
4167:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4150:
4143:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4114:. May 15, 2019.
4102:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4091:10.1002/wene.131
4069:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4009:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3963:on March 4, 2016
3952:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3774:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3733:
3726:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3700:
3693:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3663:. IPCC. p.
3656:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3616:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3589:
3578:
3573:
3567:
3561:
3540:
3534:
3528:
3523:
3517:
3511:
3502:
3496:
3487:
3481:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3461:
3454:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3370:
3364:
3363:, pp. 29–30
3358:
3347:
3346:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3237:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3121:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3055:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3035:
3028:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3002:
2995:
2986:
2980:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2957:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2896:. Archived from
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2872:
2863:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2844:on June 29, 2014
2843:
2836:
2827:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2807:
2800:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2676:
2667:
2662:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2618:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2587:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2542:
2526:
2523:
2494:carbon emissions
2492:, from reducing
2490:energy subsidies
2407:William Nordhaus
2277:
2270:
2263:
2143:Alternative fuel
2033:design standards
1941:Impact investing
1747:Circular economy
1714:Carbon footprint
1633:
1610:
1609:
1469:1 kg cheese
1457:1 kg butter
1413:
1412:
1377:
1376:
1329:
1328:
1243:
1242:
1215:
1214:
1039:country / region
1036:
1030:
928:Revenue policies
795:
794:
726:
719:
712:
694:
693:
682:
681:
675:
671:
670:
669:
412:Impact investing
284:Renewable energy
194:
193:
103:greenhouse gases
49:
39:
29:
6112:
6111:
6107:
6106:
6105:
6103:
6102:
6101:
6072:
6071:
6070:
6065:
6018:
6016:
5999:
5946:
5937:Orbital forcing
5831:
5796:
5777:
5751:Paris Agreement
5729:
5725:Warming stripes
5664:
5630:Managed retreat
5625:Loss and damage
5586:
5520:Business action
5504:
5482:
5459:
5382:
5376:
5333:
5294:Climate finance
5239:
5218:
5150:
5013:
4989:Extinction risk
4965:Flora and fauna
4960:
4921:Permafrost thaw
4916:Ozone depletion
4845:Extreme weather
4799:
4782:
4709:
4690:
4627:
4592:
4575:
4542:
4531:
4526:
4490:
4483:
4476:
4469:
4441:
4430:
4423:
4411:
4398:
4396:
4384:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4343:
4258:
4242:
4228:
4223:
4215:
4211:
4201:
4199:
4187:
4183:
4177:Wayback Machine
4168:
4164:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4141:
4135:
4131:
4121:
4119:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4070:
4066:
4056:
4054:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4026:
4024:
4011:
4010:
4006:
3996:
3994:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3966:
3964:
3953:
3949:
3939:
3937:
3923:
3919:
3909:
3907:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3883:
3881:
3870:
3866:
3856:
3854:
3843:
3839:
3832:
3818:
3814:
3804:
3802:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3751:
3747:
3737:
3735:
3734:on July 2, 2014
3731:
3724:
3718:
3714:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3691:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3675:
3654:
3648:
3644:
3634:
3632:
3631:on June 8, 2011
3617:
3610:
3602:
3598:
3590:
3581:
3574:
3570:
3566:, p. 19,23
3562:
3543:
3535:
3531:
3526:Quaschning 2021
3524:
3520:
3512:
3505:
3497:
3490:
3482:
3475:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3452:
3446:
3442:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3410:
3408:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3384:
3382:
3371:
3367:
3361:World Bank 2021
3359:
3350:
3335:
3331:
3325:World Bank 2021
3323:
3319:
3308:
3304:
3267:
3263:
3253:
3251:
3206:
3202:
3195:
3181:
3177:
3170:
3146:
3142:
3132:
3130:
3119:
3113:
3109:
3099:
3097:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3069:
3067:
3056:
3049:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3020:
3016:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2993:
2987:
2983:
2975:
2971:
2917:
2913:
2903:
2901:
2890:
2886:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2857:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2834:
2828:
2821:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2792:
2788:
2778:
2776:
2733:
2729:
2719:
2717:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2689:
2687:
2678:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2648:
2644:
2638:World Bank 2021
2636:
2632:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2597:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2575:World Bank 2021
2573:
2569:
2559:
2557:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2430:Joseph Stiglitz
2423:Martin Weitzman
2403:
2397:
2389:
2380:
2351:
2343:
2312:
2300:
2291:
2281:
2252:
2251:
2207:
2199:
2198:
2133:
2125:
2124:
2110:Thermoeconomics
1864:Ethical banking
1752:Climate finance
1737:
1729:
1728:
1709:
1701:
1700:
1641:
1608:
1348:1 kWh hard coal
1322:
1319:0.585 kgCO
1307:
1304:0.153 kgCO
1292:
1289:0.659 kgCO
1277:
1274:0.134 kgCO
1207:
1198:
1182:
1019:
1013:
996:
981:
977:
972:
964:
930:
903:
895:price stability
883:
865:Kikstra et al.
859:time preference
848:time preference
807:
790:
777:
772:Great Recession
730:
667:
665:
664:
657:
656:
575:
574:Related content
567:
566:
522:
512:
511:
487:Paris Agreement
482:Ethical banking
472:Business ethics
467:
459:
458:
342:Climate finance
317:
309:
308:
239:
192:
178:
170:
162:
153:the 1.5°C limit
150:
99:
67:
55:
47:
45:
37:
35:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6110:
6100:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6082:Carbon finance
6067:
6066:
6064:
6063:
6051:
6039:
6027:
6012:
6009:
6008:
6005:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5954:
5952:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5903:
5902:
5892:
5890:Cloud feedback
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5871:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5845:
5839:
5837:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5808:
5806:
5798:
5797:
5787:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5779:
5778:
5776:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5764:
5763:
5758:
5748:
5746:Kyoto Protocol
5743:
5737:
5735:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5727:
5722:
5721:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5700:
5698:Media coverage
5695:
5690:
5688:Climate spiral
5685:
5680:
5674:
5672:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5596:
5594:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5584:
5579:
5577:Public opinion
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5543:
5542:
5532:
5527:
5525:Climate action
5522:
5516:
5514:
5506:
5505:
5492:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5467:
5465:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5452:
5446:
5445:
5444:
5439:
5437:REDD and REDD+
5434:
5429:
5421:
5416:
5414:Carbon farming
5411:
5410:
5409:
5404:
5394:
5388:
5386:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5347:
5341:
5339:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5275:
5274:
5264:
5259:
5253:
5251:
5241:
5240:
5228:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5160:
5158:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5148:
5146:Water security
5143:
5141:Water scarcity
5138:
5136:Urban flooding
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5075:
5074:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5032:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4994:Forest dieback
4991:
4986:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4968:
4966:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4931:Sea level rise
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4906:
4904:stratification
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4859:
4858:
4857:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4811:
4809:
4801:
4800:
4788:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4700:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4669:Carbon leakage
4666:
4661:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4635:
4633:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4610:
4608:Climate system
4604:
4602:
4594:
4593:
4581:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4533:
4532:
4529:Climate change
4525:
4524:
4517:
4510:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4481:
4466:
4465:
4459:
4453:
4447:
4440:
4439:External links
4437:
4436:
4435:
4416:
4405:
4389:
4377:
4376:
4356:
4355:
4341:
4317:
4316:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4264:IPCC SR15 2018
4227:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4209:
4181:
4162:
4129:
4097:
4064:
4047:Carbonfund.org
4034:
4017:Carbonfund.org
4004:
3987:Carbonfund.org
3974:
3947:
3917:
3891:
3864:
3837:
3831:978-0300189773
3830:
3812:
3786:
3745:
3712:
3680:
3673:
3642:
3608:
3596:
3579:
3568:
3541:
3529:
3518:
3503:
3488:
3473:
3440:
3418:
3401:"ICAP ETS-Map"
3392:
3365:
3348:
3329:
3317:
3302:
3261:
3200:
3193:
3175:
3168:
3140:
3107:
3077:
3047:
3014:
2981:
2969:
2911:
2884:
2855:
2819:
2786:
2747:(6): 484–489.
2727:
2697:
2668:
2654:
2642:
2630:
2605:
2579:
2567:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2457:Carbon offsets
2405:In late 2013,
2396:
2393:
2387:
2379:
2376:
2350:
2347:
2341:
2310:
2303:Carbon leakage
2299:
2298:Carbon leakage
2296:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2247:Rail subsidies
2244:
2242:Green politics
2239:
2237:Green New Deal
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2212:Carbon leakage
2208:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2164:Feed-in tariff
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:Value of Earth
2117:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1976:Sustainability
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1782:Eco-innovation
1779:
1774:
1772:Eco-capitalism
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1710:
1708:Climate change
1707:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1661:Carbon finance
1658:
1653:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1626:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1599:Eastern Idaho
1597:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1577:1 kg tofu
1574:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1550:1 kg nuts
1547:
1546:
1545:100 g per egg
1543:
1540:
1537:
1536:1 kg eggs
1533:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1522:1 kg fish
1519:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1495:1 kg rice
1492:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1482:1 kg pork
1479:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1443:1 kg beef
1440:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1430:1 kg lamb
1427:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1205:
1197:
1194:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1085:launched 2021
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1017:
1012:
1009:
995:
992:
979:
975:
971:
968:
967:
966:
962:
951:
945:
942:
929:
926:
902:
899:
882:
881:Implementation
879:
876:
875:
872:
869:
866:
862:
861:
855:
854:$ 757 (640 €)
851:
850:
844:
843:$ 213 (180 €)
841:
838:
834:
833:
830:
826:
825:
822:
819:
816:
812:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
788:
775:
743:market failure
732:
731:
729:
728:
721:
714:
706:
703:
702:
701:
700:
688:
676:
659:
658:
655:
654:
653:
652:
647:
642:
637:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
580:Climate action
576:
573:
572:
569:
568:
565:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
523:
518:
517:
514:
513:
510:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
468:
465:
464:
461:
460:
457:
456:
451:
450:
449:
444:
439:
434:
427:Sustainability
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
397:Green building
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
352:Eco-capitalism
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
318:
315:
314:
311:
310:
307:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
249:Coal phase-out
246:
240:
235:
234:
231:
230:
229:
228:
223:
218:
216:Climate change
210:
209:
203:
202:
191:
188:
176:
168:
160:
148:
97:
84:climate change
65:
60:Carbon pricing
46:
36:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6109:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6062:
6061:
6052:
6050:
6049:
6040:
6038:
6037:
6028:
6026:
6025:
6014:
6013:
6010:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5979:
5976:
5975:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5963:Climate model
5961:
5959:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5949:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5901:
5898:
5897:
5896:
5895:Cloud forcing
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5840:
5838:
5834:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5792:
5788:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5753:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5738:
5736:
5732:
5726:
5723:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5705:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5671:
5670:Communication
5667:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5650:Vulnerability
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5620:Flood control
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5597:
5595:
5593:
5589:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5497:
5493:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5462:
5456:
5453:
5450:
5447:
5443:
5442:reforestation
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5427:afforestation
5425:
5424:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5379:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5362:Nuclear power
5360:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5336:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5257:Carbon budget
5255:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5233:
5229:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5157:
5153:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5095:
5094:Mental health
5092:
5091:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5036:
5035:United States
5033:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5016:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4963:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4889:deoxygenation
4887:
4885:
4884:acidification
4882:
4881:
4880:
4877:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4863:
4860:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4793:
4789:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4712:
4705:
4701:
4687:
4684:
4680:
4679:from wetlands
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4639:Deforestation
4637:
4636:
4634:
4630:
4624:
4621:
4618:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4586:
4582:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4523:
4518:
4516:
4511:
4509:
4504:
4503:
4500:
4493:
4487:
4482:
4479:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4429:
4422:
4417:
4410:
4406:
4399:September 23,
4395:
4390:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4370:September 12,
4362:
4358:
4357:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4313:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4288:(9): 094037.
4287:
4283:
4279:
4274:
4273:
4266:
4265:
4257:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4241:
4240:
4234:
4230:
4229:
4219:. iasplus.com
4218:
4213:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4185:
4178:
4174:
4171:
4166:
4147:
4140:
4133:
4117:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4101:
4092:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4068:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4038:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4008:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3978:
3962:
3958:
3951:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3921:
3905:
3901:
3895:
3879:
3875:
3868:
3852:
3848:
3841:
3833:
3827:
3823:
3816:
3800:
3796:
3790:
3782:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3749:
3730:
3723:
3720:IPCC (2014).
3716:
3697:
3690:
3684:
3676:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3653:
3646:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3615:
3613:
3605:
3600:
3593:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3577:
3572:
3565:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3538:
3533:
3527:
3522:
3515:
3510:
3508:
3500:
3495:
3493:
3485:
3480:
3478:
3466:September 13,
3458:
3451:
3444:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3411:September 13,
3406:
3402:
3396:
3385:September 13,
3380:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3321:
3313:
3306:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3281:(4): 044036.
3280:
3276:
3272:
3265:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3204:
3196:
3190:
3186:
3179:
3171:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3152:
3144:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3052:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3007:September 13,
2999:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2973:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2915:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2869:
2862:
2860:
2840:
2833:
2830:IPCC (2014).
2826:
2824:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2731:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2673:
2666:
2661:
2659:
2652:, p. 374
2651:
2646:
2639:
2634:
2615:
2609:
2593:
2586:
2584:
2576:
2571:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2537:
2522:
2518:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2476:
2471:
2469:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2392:
2383:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2346:
2339:
2335:
2334:protectionism
2330:
2328:
2323:
2321:
2315:
2307:
2304:
2295:
2290:
2278:
2273:
2271:
2266:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2088:refurbishment
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1852:impact design
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1822:Environmental
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1807:Ecotechnology
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1787:Eco-investing
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1767:Disinvestment
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1666:Carbon offset
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1646:Carbon credit
1644:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1419:at farm gate
1418:
1415:
1414:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1340:1 kWh lignite
1339:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1203:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1051:revenue 2020
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1008:
1006:
1002:
987:
983:
960:
956:
952:
950:
946:
943:
939:
935:
934:
933:
925:
921:
917:
915:
911:
907:
898:
896:
887:
873:
870:
867:
864:
863:
860:
856:
853:
852:
849:
845:
842:
835:
831:
828:
827:
823:
820:
813:
809:
803:
800:
797:
796:
793:
791:
783:
779:
773:
769:
765:
760:
759:cap-and-trade
756:
751:
749:
744:
739:
727:
722:
720:
715:
713:
708:
707:
705:
704:
699:
698:
689:
687:
686:
677:
674:
663:
662:
661:
660:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
632:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
600:Disinvestment
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
577:
571:
570:
563:
562:Reforestation
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
524:
521:
516:
515:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
469:
463:
462:
455:
452:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
429:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
319:
313:
312:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
279:Nuclear power
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
241:
238:
233:
232:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
213:
212:
211:
208:
205:
204:
200:
196:
195:
187:
185:
184:carbon budget
180:
174:
166:
158:
154:
146:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
110:
108:
104:
100:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
61:
53:
43:
33:
23:
19:
6087:Fossil fuels
6058:
6046:
6034:
6015:
5848:Carbon cycle
5805:Measurements
5500:Society and
5384:carbon sinks
5289:Climate debt
5279:Carbon price
5278:
5101:Human rights
4936:Season creep
4894:heat content
4820:Anoxic event
4733:James Hansen
4450:CDM Rulebook
4428:the original
4397:. Retrieved
4368:. Retrieved
4323:
4285:
4281:
4262:
4237:
4212:
4200:. Retrieved
4194:
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4132:
4120:. Retrieved
4111:The Guardian
4109:
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4046:
4037:
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3986:
3977:
3967:February 25,
3965:. Retrieved
3961:the original
3950:
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3929:
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3894:
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3867:
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3851:the original
3840:
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3803:. Retrieved
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3729:the original
3715:
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3683:
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3629:the original
3624:
3606:, p. 46
3599:
3594:, p. 45
3571:
3539:, p. 20
3537:NZ Govt 2020
3532:
3521:
3516:, p. 64
3514:NZ Govt 2020
3501:, p. 60
3499:NZ Govt 2020
3486:, p. 22
3484:NZ Govt 2020
3464:. Retrieved
3443:
3435:the original
3430:
3421:
3409:. Retrieved
3395:
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3373:Asen, Elke.
3368:
3342:
3332:
3327:, p. 13
3320:
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3264:
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3235:10419/213707
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3110:
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3089:
3080:
3068:. Retrieved
3064:the original
3038:. Retrieved
3022:IMF (2014).
3017:
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2984:
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2929:
2925:
2914:
2902:. Retrieved
2898:the original
2892:EPA (2009).
2887:
2875:. Retrieved
2846:. Retrieved
2839:the original
2810:. Retrieved
2789:
2779:September 3,
2777:. Retrieved
2744:
2740:
2730:
2718:. Retrieved
2700:
2690:September 7,
2688:. Retrieved
2665:Kikstra 2021
2645:
2640:, p. 14
2633:
2621:. Retrieved
2608:
2598:September 7,
2596:. Retrieved
2577:, p. 23
2570:
2558:. Retrieved
2549:
2540:
2521:
2507:
2498:
2479:
2473:In 2019 the
2472:
2467:
2465:
2455:
2451:
2446:
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2418:
2414:
2413:, published
2404:
2384:
2381:
2370:
2364:
2352:
2331:
2324:
2319:
2316:
2308:
2301:
2292:
2184:Net metering
2058:food systems
1986:organization
1777:Eco commerce
1691:Pigovian tax
1640:Carbon price
1332:ELECTRICITY
1201:
1199:
1186:energy taxes
1183:
1032:
1014:
1001:fossil fuels
997:
973:
970:Price levels
931:
922:
918:
904:
892:
818:2013 / 2016
784:
780:
752:
735:
695:
683:
520:Carbon sinks
337:Climate debt
181:
142:
111:
63:
59:
58:
18:
5875:Carbon sink
5853:atmospheric
5718:video games
5392:Blue carbon
5025:Agriculture
5004:Marine life
4951:Water cycle
4909:temperature
4644:Fossil fuel
4084:: 133–138.
3343:Energy Post
3100:October 11,
2979:, p. 4
2932:(1): 4147.
2338:Eco-tariffs
2083:procurement
2038:development
2023:consumption
2008:agriculture
2003:advertising
1998:Sustainable
1889:development
1504:white rice
941:regulation.
630:Sustainable
527:Blue carbon
432:Agriculture
289:Solar power
130:Gulf states
80:fossil fuel
6076:Categories
5907:Cryosphere
5868:permafrost
5640:Resilience
5592:Adaptation
5567:Litigation
5557:Governance
5502:adaptation
5284:Carbon tax
5237:Mitigation
5174:Antarctica
5062:Disability
3431:Tagesschau
2533:References
2434:World Bank
2399:See also:
2287:See also:
2073:management
2068:livelihood
2063:industries
2013:capitalism
1981:accounting
1879:accounting
1837:enterprise
1827:accounting
1724:Food miles
1671:Carbon tax
1246:TRANSPORT
1234:1 L diesel
1226:1 L petrol
1120:non EU-ETS
1068:$ 22.5 bn
910:carbon tax
755:carbon tax
442:Capitalism
402:Green home
332:Carbon tax
299:Wind power
101:and other
88:carbon tax
42:Carbon tax
6092:Subsidies
5922:Feedbacks
5693:Education
5194:Caribbean
5189:Australia
5116:Migration
5079:Fisheries
5030:Livestock
4956:Wildfires
4862:Heat wave
4351:242987579
4312:237427400
4202:August 5,
3940:April 25,
3910:August 4,
3857:August 1,
3781:2378-0231
3738:August 3,
3244:159287863
3220:: 53–60.
3133:April 26,
3070:August 6,
3040:August 2,
2946:2041-1723
2904:August 3,
2877:March 31,
2848:August 3,
2812:August 3,
2769:182663891
2682:. EMBER.
2560:March 14,
2115:Used good
2103:transport
1991:reporting
1909:marketing
1606:Economics
1173:$ 2.3 bn
1156:$ 2.4 bn
1123:$ 9.6 bn
1106:$ 3.4 bn
1099:National
447:Transport
316:Economics
134:Australia
6048:Glossary
6036:Category
5858:biologic
5572:Politics
5464:Personal
5169:Americas
5042:Children
4808:Physical
4601:Overview
4541:Overview
4173:Archived
4155:July 26,
4146:Archived
4116:Archived
4057:July 21,
4051:Archived
4027:July 21,
4021:Archived
3997:July 21,
3991:Archived
3934:Archived
3904:Archived
3884:July 26,
3878:Archived
3805:June 24,
3799:Archived
3705:April 6,
3696:Archived
3635:April 5,
3604:EWG 2011
3592:EWG 2011
3576:WWF 2012
3564:EWG 2011
3457:Archived
3405:Archived
3403:. ICAP.
3379:Archived
3248:Archived
3094:Archived
3031:Archived
2998:Archived
2977:IWG 2016
2964:38755167
2955:11099057
2803:Archived
2773:Archived
2714:Archived
2684:Archived
2554:Archived
2436:and the
2206:Policies
2093:sourcing
1919:recovery
1884:building
1857:planning
1762:Degrowth
1736:Concepts
1615:a series
1613:Part of
1563:1 L milk
1316:$ 292.50
1252:remarks
857:Without
846:With 1%
810:Remarks
685:Glossary
437:Business
199:a series
197:Part of
190:Overview
90:, or an
5863:oceanic
5713:fiction
5562:Justice
5513:Society
5121:Poverty
4840:Drought
4708:History
4632:Sources
4290:Bibcode
4226:Sources
4196:Reuters
4122:May 15,
3314:. IEEE.
3283:Bibcode
3254:May 11,
2749:Bibcode
2720:May 15,
2623:June 2,
2440:(IMF).
2098:tourism
2053:finance
1929:vehicle
1924:trading
1914:paradox
1894:economy
1842:finance
1572:2% fat
1407:$ 0.29
1399:$ 0.03
1391:$ 0.02
1383:impact
1371:$ 0.04
1359:$ 0.06
1351:$ 0.10
1343:$ 0.11
1335:impact
1301:$ 76.50
1286:$ 32.95
1249:impact
1237:$ 0.27
1229:$ 0.24
1221:impact
1128:Germany
1022:methane
871:$ 3372
798:Source
650:Tourism
68:pricing
5843:Albedo
5836:Theory
5547:Denial
5338:Energy
5199:Europe
5179:Arctic
5164:Africa
5089:Health
5084:Gender
5047:Cities
4972:Biomes
4879:Oceans
4867:Marine
4590:Causes
4349:
4339:
4310:
3828:
3779:
3671:
3242:
3191:
3166:
2962:
2952:
2944:
2767:
2468:global
2357:. The
2320:et al.
2078:market
2048:energy
2028:design
1899:growth
1832:design
1596:$ 0.29
1593:$ 0.03
1583:$ 0.20
1580:$ 0.07
1569:$ 0.19
1566:$ 0.11
1556:$ 0.23
1553:$ 0.13
1542:$ 0.41
1539:$ 0.20
1528:$ 0.61
1525:$ 0.41
1515:$ 0.69
1512:$ 0.23
1501:$ 0.27
1498:$ 0.24
1488:$ 1.21
1485:$ 0.46
1475:$ 1.35
1472:$ 0.98
1460:$ 1.47
1449:$ 2.70
1446:$ 1.52
1436:$ 3.92
1433:$ 2.04
1271:$ 6.70
1260:$ 8.40
1161:Sweden
1111:France
1090:Canada
829:$ 212
768:EU ETS
673:Portal
645:Living
507:UNFCCC
237:Energy
136:had a
128:, the
126:Russia
118:Canada
105:are a
50:
48:
40:
38:
30:
28:
6060:Index
5822:Proxy
5582:Women
5057:Crime
4984:Birds
4850:Flood
4431:(PDF)
4424:(PDF)
4412:(PDF)
4385:(PDF)
4364:(PDF)
4347:S2CID
4308:S2CID
4259:(PDF)
4243:(PDF)
4149:(PDF)
4142:(PDF)
3732:(PDF)
3725:(PDF)
3699:(PDF)
3692:(PDF)
3655:(PDF)
3460:(PDF)
3453:(PDF)
3240:S2CID
3120:(PDF)
3034:(PDF)
3027:(PDF)
3001:(PDF)
2994:(PDF)
2871:(PDF)
2842:(PDF)
2835:(PDF)
2806:(PDF)
2799:(PDF)
2765:S2CID
2617:(PDF)
2513:Notes
1874:Green
1617:about
1416:FOOD
1380:HEAT
1218:FUEL
1145:Japan
1073:China
1045:share
1020:like
959:BECCS
955:PyCCS
868:2021
840:2019
821:$ 42
801:Year
753:In a
697:Index
122:India
5645:Risk
5184:Asia
4776:2024
4771:2023
4766:2022
4761:2021
4756:2020
4751:2019
4401:2021
4372:2021
4337:ISBN
4233:IPCC
4204:2010
4157:2014
4124:2019
4059:2021
4029:2021
3999:2021
3969:2014
3942:2016
3912:2014
3886:2014
3859:2014
3826:ISBN
3807:2019
3777:ISSN
3740:2014
3707:2010
3669:ISBN
3637:2010
3468:2021
3413:2021
3387:2021
3256:2021
3189:ISBN
3164:ISBN
3135:2010
3124:OECD
3102:2019
3072:2010
3042:2014
3009:2021
2960:PMID
2942:ISSN
2906:2014
2879:2019
2850:2014
2814:2014
2781:2019
2722:2019
2692:2021
2625:2023
2600:2021
2562:2021
2480:The
2359:IPCC
1366:CCGT
1042:type
640:Diet
62:(or
5708:art
4329:doi
4298:doi
4086:doi
3767:doi
3291:doi
3230:hdl
3222:doi
3156:doi
2950:PMC
2934:doi
2757:doi
2419:not
1904:job
1190:VAT
1167:40%
1164:tax
1151:75%
1148:tax
1134:40%
1131:ETS
1117:35%
1114:tax
1096:22%
1093:tax
1079:40%
1076:ETS
1062:39%
1059:ETS
1024:or
957:or
165:GDP
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