Fischer–Tropsch process

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South Africa, Sasol operated 16 advanced reactors of this type with a capacity of approximately 330,000 tons per annum each. The circulating catalyst process can be replaced by fluid-bed technology. Early experiments with cobalt catalyst particles suspended in oil have been performed by Fischer. The bubble column reactor with a powdered iron slurry catalyst and a CO-rich syngas was particularly developed to pilot plant scale by Kölbel at the Rheinpreuben Company in 1953. Since 1990, low-temperature FT slurry processes are under investigation for the use of iron and cobalt catalysts, particularly for the production of a hydrocarbon wax, or to be hydrocracked and isomerized to produce diesel fuel, by Exxon and Sasol. Slurry-phase (bubble column) low-temperature FT synthesis is efficient. This technology is also under development by the Statoil Company (Norway) for use on a vessel to convert associated gas at offshore oil fields into a hydrocarbon liquid.

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Gazprom LLC. In 2014 INFRA commissioned and operated on a continuous basis a new, larger scale full cycle Pilot Plant. It represents the second generation of INFRA's testing facility and is differentiated by a high degree of automation and extensive data gathering system. In 2015, INFRA built its own catalyst factory in Troitsk (Moscow, Russia). The catalyst factory has a capacity of over 15 tons per year, and produces the unique proprietary Fischer–Tropsch catalysts developed by the company's R&D division. In 2016, INFRA designed and built a modular, transportable GTL (gas-to-liquid) M100 plant for processing natural and associated gas into synthetic crude oil in Wharton (Texas, USA). The M100 plant is operating as a technology demonstration unit, R&D platform for catalyst refinement, and economic model to scale the Infra GTL process into larger and more efficient plants.

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1946–50 and named the 'Hydrocol' process. A large scale Fischer–Tropsch Hydrocol plant (350,000 tons per annum) operated during 1951–57 in Brownsville, Texas. Due to technical problems, and impractical economics due to increasing petroleum availability, this development was discontinued. Fluid-bed FT synthesis has been reinvestigated by Sasol. One reactor with a capacity of 500,000 tons per annum is in operation. The process has been used for C

1568: 125: 992:. Promoters are additives that enhance the behavior of the catalyst. For F-T catalysts, typical promoters including potassium and copper, which are usually added as salts. The choice of promoters depends on the primary metal, iron vs cobalt. Iron catalysts need alkali promotion to attain high activity and stability (e.g. 0.5 wt% 961:

analysis. Its high price preclude industrial applications. Cobalt catalysts are more active for FT synthesis when the feedstock is natural gas. Natural gas has a high hydrogen to carbon ratio, so the water-gas shift is not needed for cobalt catalysts. Cobalt-based catalysts are more sensitive than their iron counterparts.

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Starting as a biomass technology licensor In Summer of 2012 SGC Energia (SGCE) successfully commissioned a pilot multi tubular Fischer–Tropsch process unit and associated product upgrading units at the Pasadena, Tx Technology Center. The technology center focused on the development and operations of

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for the Fischer–Tropsch process: iron, cobalt, nickel, and ruthenium. Since FT process typically transforms inexpensive precursors into complex mixtures that require further refining, FT catalysts are based on inexpensive metals, especially iron and cobalt. Nickel generates too much methane, so it is

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This type of reactor contains several tubes with small diameters. These tubes contain catalysts and are surrounded by cooling water which removes the heat of the reaction. A fixed-bed reactor is suitable for operation at low temperatures and has an upper-temperature limit of 257 °C (530 K).

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These are used for high-temperature FT synthesis (nearly 340 °C) to produce low-molecular-weight unsaturated hydrocarbons on alkalized fused iron catalysts. The fluid-bed technology (as adapted from the catalytic cracking of heavy petroleum distillates) was introduced by Hydrocarbon Research in

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and Syntroleum's FT fuel. The seven-hour flight test was considered a success. The goal of the flight test program is to qualify the fuel blend for fleet use on the service's B-52s, and then flight test and qualification on other aircraft. The test program concluded in 2007. This program is part of

1469:. Syntroleum is working to commercialize its licensed Fischer–Tropsch technology via coal-to-liquid plants in the United States, China, and Germany, as well as gas-to-liquid plants internationally. Using natural gas as a feedstock, the ultra-clean, low sulfur fuel has been tested extensively by the 824:

alkene production. A high-temperature process with a circulating iron catalyst ('circulating fluid bed', 'riser reactor', 'entrained catalyst process') was introduced by the Kellogg Company and a respective plant built at Sasol in 1956. It was improved by Sasol for successful operation. At Secunda,

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This type of reactor contains two banks of heat exchangers which remove heat; the remainder of which is removed by the products and recycled in the system. The formation of heavy waxes should be avoided, since they condense on the catalyst and form agglomerations. This leads to fluidization. Hence,

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Generally, the Fischer–Tropsch process is operated in the temperature range of 150–300 °C (302–572 °F). Higher temperatures lead to faster reactions and higher conversion rates but also tend to favor methane production. For this reason, the temperature is usually maintained at the low to

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or with the feedstock to be treated, i.e., the catalysts are generated in situ. Owing to the multistep nature of the FT process, analysis of the catalytically active species is challenging. Furthermore, as is known for iron catalysts, a number of phases may coexist and may participate in diverse

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for conversion of natural gas into synthetic oil. The plant modeled the full cycle of the GTL chemical process including the intake of pipeline gas, sulfur removal, steam methane reforming, syngas conditioning, and Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. In 2013 the first pilot plant was acquired by VNIIGAZ

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is the most active of the Fischer–Tropsch catalysts in the sense that It works at the lowest reaction temperatures and produces higher molecular weight hydrocarbons. Ruthenium catalysts consist of the metal, without any promoters, thus providing relatively simple system suitable for mechanistic

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Construction is underway for Velocys' commercial reference plant incorporating its microchannel Fischer–Tropsch technology; ENVIA Energy's Oklahoma City GTL project being built adjacent to Waste Management's East Oak landfill site. The project is being financed by a joint venture between Waste

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increases the formation of long-chained hydrocarbons. The very long-chained hydrocarbons are waxes, which are solid at room temperature. Therefore, for production of liquid transportation fuels it may be necessary to crack some of the FT products. In order to avoid this, some researchers have

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Heat removal is done by internal cooling coils. The synthesis gas is bubbled through the waxy products and finely-divided catalyst which is suspended in the liquid medium. This also provides agitation of the contents of the reactor. The catalyst particle size reduces diffusional heat and mass

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A demonstration-scale Fischer–Tropsch plant was built and operated by Rentech, Inc., in partnership with ClearFuels, a company specializing in biomass gasification. Located in Commerce City, Colorado, the facility produces about 10 barrels per day (1.6 m/d) of fuels from natural gas.

1477:. Syntroleum has worked to develop a synthetic jet fuel blend that will help the Air Force to reduce its dependence on imported petroleum. The Air Force, which is the United States military's largest user of fuel, began exploring alternative fuel sources in 1999. On December 15, 2006, a 1041:

for structural promotion and maybe some manganese can be applied for selectivity control (e.g. high olefinicity). The choice of promoters depends on the primary metal, i.e., iron vs cobalt. While group 1 alkali metals (e.g., potassium), help iron catalysts, they poison cobalt catalysts.

1286:, a country with large coal reserves, but little oil. With a capacity of 165000 Bpd at its Secunda plant. The first commercial plant opened in 1952. Sasol uses coal and natural gas as feedstocks and produces a variety of synthetic petroleum products, including most of the country's 742:, both of which are desirable. Typical pressures range from one to several tens of atmospheres. Even higher pressures would be favorable, but the benefits may not justify the additional costs of high-pressure equipment, and higher pressures can lead to catalyst deactivation via 1301:, another South African company, operates a refinery with a 36,000 barrels a day plant that completed semi-commercial demonstration in 2011, paving the way to begin commercial preparation. The technology can be used to convert natural gas, biomass or coal into synthetic fuels. 242:

products is a multi-step reaction with several intermediate compounds. The growth of the hydrocarbon chain may be visualized as involving a repeated sequence in which hydrogen atoms are added to carbon and oxygen, the C–O bond is split and a new C–C bond is formed. For one

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Carbon dioxide is not a typical feedstock for FT catalysis. Hydrogen and carbon dioxide react over a cobalt-based catalyst, producing methane. With iron-based catalysts unsaturated short-chain hydrocarbons are also produced. Upon introduction to the catalyst's support,

93:. This process has received intermittent attention as a source of low-sulfur diesel fuel and to address the supply or cost of petroleum-derived hydrocarbons. Fischer–Tropsch process is discussed as a step of producing carbon-neutral liquid hydrocarbon fuels from CO 1244:

Another plant in Ras Laffan, called Oryx GTL, has been commissioned in 2007 with a capacity of 34,000 barrels per day (5,400 m/d). The plant utilizes the Sasol slurry phase distillate process, which uses a cobalt catalyst. Oryx GTL is a joint venture between

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In the United States and India, some coal-producing states have invested in Fischer–Tropsch plants. In Pennsylvania, Waste Management and Processors, Inc. was funded by the state to implement FT technology licensed from Shell and Sasol to convert so-called

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transfer limitations. A lower temperature in the reactor leads to a more viscous product and a higher temperature (> 297 °C, 570 K) gives an undesirable product spectrum. Also, separation of the product from the catalyst is a problem.

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Assured Fuel Initiative, an effort to develop secure domestic sources for the military energy needs. The Pentagon hopes to reduce its use of crude oil from foreign producers and obtain about half of its aviation fuel from alternative sources by 2016.

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their XTLH solution which optimized processing of low value carbon waste streams into advanced fuels and wax products. This unit also serves as an operations training environment for the 1100 BPD Juniper GTL facility constructed in Westlake, LA.

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margarine made from synthetic oils was found to be nutritious and of agreeable taste, and it was incorporated into diets contributing as much as 700 calories per day. The process required at least 60 kg of coal per kg of synthetic butter.

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Using conventional FT technology the process ranges in carbon efficiency from 25 to 50 percent and a thermal efficiency of about 50% for CTL facilities idealised at 60% with GTL facilities at about 60% efficiency idealised to 80% efficiency.

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Balonek, Christine M.; Lillebø, Andreas H.; Rane, Shreyas; Rytter, Erling; Schmidt, Lanny D.; Holmen, Anders (2010-08-01). "Effect of Alkali Metal Impurities on Co–Re Catalysts for Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis from Biomass-Derived Syngas".

519:(GTL) technology, the hydrocarbons are low molecular weight materials that often would be discarded or flared. Stranded gas provides relatively cheap gas. For GTL to be commercially viable, gas must remain relatively cheaper than oil. 1113:(replacement) fuels. FT production accounted for an estimated 9% of German war production of fuels and 25% of the automobile fuel. Many refinements and adjustments have been made to the process since Fischer and Tropsch's time. 783:

Excess temperature leads to carbon deposition and hence blockage of the reactor. Since large amounts of the products formed are in liquid state, this type of reactor can also be referred to as a trickle flow reactor system.

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Fratalocchi, Laura; Visconti, Carlo Giorgio; Groppi, Gianpiero; Lietti, Luca; Tronconi, Enrico (2018). "Intensifying heat transfer in Fischer-Tropsch tubular reactors through the adoption of conductive packed foams".

1465:, a publicly traded United States company, has produced over 400,000 U.S. gallons (1,500,000 L) of diesel and jet fuel from the Fischer–Tropsch process using natural gas and coal at its demonstration plant near 2828: 2849: 1792:

Davis, S.J., Lewis, N.S., Shaner, M., Aggarwal, S., Arent, D., Azevedo, I.L., Benson, S.M., Bradley, T., Brouwer, J., Chiang, Y.M. and Clack, C.T., 2018. Net-zero emissions energy systems. Science, 360(6396),

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catalysts at 230 °C, converting natural gas to petroleum liquids at a rate of 140,000 barrels per day (22,000 m/d), with additional production of 120,000 barrels (19,000 m) of oil equivalent in

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is the chain growth probability or the probability that a molecule will continue reacting to form a longer chain. In general, α is largely determined by the catalyst and the specific process conditions.

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Khodakov, Andrei Y.; Chu, Wei; Fongarland, Pascal (2007-05-01). "Advances in the Development of Novel Cobalt Fischer−Tropsch Catalysts for Synthesis of Long-Chain Hydrocarbons and Clean Fuels".

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Addition of isotopically labelled alcohol to the feed stream results in incorporation of alcohols into product. This observation establishes the facility of C–O bond scission. Using C-labelled

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plants (CTL). Low-temperature Fischer–Tropsch (LTFT) uses an iron- or cobalt-based catalyst. This process is best known for being used in the first integrated GTL-plant operated and built by

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functions as a reverse water-gas shift catalyst, further increasing the yield of the reaction. The short-chain hydrocarbons were upgraded to liquid fuels over solid acid catalysts, such as

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Illustrative of real world catalyst selection, high-temperature Fischer–Tropsch (HTFT), which operates at 330–350 °C, uses an iron-based catalyst. This process was used extensively by

915: < 10). This way they can drive the reaction so as to minimize methane formation without producing many long-chained hydrocarbons. Such efforts have had only limited success. 2964: 2803: 370:

over cobalt catalysts results in incorporation of these olefins into the growing chain. Chain growth reaction thus appears to involve both 'olefin insertion' as well as 'CO-insertion'.

3066: 58:, typically at temperatures of 150–300 °C (302–572 °F) and pressures of one to several tens of atmospheres. The Fischer–Tropsch process is an important reaction in both 773:

Efficient removal of heat from the reactor is the basic need of FT reactors since these reactions are characterized by high exothermicity. Four types of reactors are discussed:

2419: 2824: 507:, depending upon the energy source of the gasification process. However, most coal-based plants rely on the feed coal to supply all the energy requirements of the process. 2922: 952:

of the metals. Control of these constituents may be relevant to product distributions. Aside from iron and cobalt, nickel and ruthenium are active for converting the CO/H

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proposed using zeolites or other catalyst substrates with fixed sized pores that can restrict the formation of hydrocarbons longer than some characteristic size (usually

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Zamorano, Marti (2006-12-22). "B-52 synthetic fuel testing: Center commander pilots first Air Force B-52 flight using solely synthetic fuel blend in all eight engines".

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announced its plans to produce biodiesel by the Fischer–Tropsch process alongside the manufacturing processes at its European paper and pulp plants, using waste

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that converts biomass to syngas and fuels using the Shell FT process structure. The company went bankrupt in 2011 due to impracticalities in the process.

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Deutschmann, Olaf; Knözinger, Helmut; Kochloefl, Karl; Turek, Thomas (2011). "Heterogeneous Catalysis and Solid Catalysts, 3. Industrial Applications".

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Around the 1930s and 1940s, Arthur Imhausen developed and implemented an industrial process for producing edible fats from these synthetic oils through

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Unruh, Dominik; Pabst, Kyra; Schaub, Georg (2010-04-15). "Fischer−Tropsch Synfuels from Biomass: Maximizing Carbon Efficiency and Hydrocarbon Yield".

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Pearce, Ben K. D.; Pudritz, Ralph E. (2015). "Seeding the Pregenetic Earth: Meteoritic Abundances of Nucleobases and Potential Reaction Pathways".

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Inderwildi, Oliver R.; Jenkins, Stephen J.; King, David A. (2008). "Mechanistic Studies of Hydrocarbon Combustion and Synthesis on Noble Metals".

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close to one, the total amount of methane formed can be minimized compared to the sum of all of the various long-chained products. Increasing

351:(CH), and hydroxymethylidyne (COH). Furthermore, and critical to the production of liquid fuels, are reactions that form C–C bonds, such as 3562: 2946: 2799: 2778: 2736: 1742: 135:

The Fischer–Tropsch process involves a series of chemical reactions that produce a variety of hydrocarbons, ideally having the formula (C

1845: 3237: 1474: 1395:. Rentech closed down their pilot plant in 2013, and abandoned work on their FT process as well as the proposed commercial facilities. 835: 109: 3945: 2968: 2349:"Chemical State of Potassium on the Surface of Iron Oxides: Effects of Potassium Precursor Concentration and Calcination Temperature" 17: 2615: 738:

middle part of the range. Increasing the pressure leads to higher conversion rates and also favors the formation of long-chained

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are synthesized under variable calcination temperatures (400–800 °C). Addition of Cu for reduction promotion, addition of

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or coal or related solid feedstocks (sources of carbon) must first convert the solid fuel into gases. These gases include CO, H

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are obtained through precipitation from iron nitrate solutions. Such solutions can be used to deposit the metal salt onto the

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catalyst. This reactivity can be important for synthesis gas derived from coal or biomass, which tend to have relatively low H

3471: 3213: 2139: 1637: – Chemical reaction between molecular hydrogen and another compound or element, a generic term for this type of process 376: 311:) of C–O bonds, and the formation of C–C bonds. Such reactions are assumed to proceed via initial formation of surface-bound 2501:"Improvements in or relating to Methods of Producing Hydrocarbon Oils from Gaseous Mixtures of Hydrogen and Carbon Monoxide" 4112: 4013: 2477: 3600: 3131: 2755: 1495: 2208: 1876: 1470: 654: 4102: 3440: 2531:

Imhausen, Arthur (1943). "Die Fettsäure-Synthese und ihre Bedeutung für die Sicherung der deutschen Fettversorgung".

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is a molecule that illustrates the kind of reduced carbon species speculated to occur in the Fischer–Tropsch process.

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In addition to the active metal (usually Fe or Co), two other components comprise the catalyst: promoters and the

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Leckel, Dieter (2009-05-21). "Diesel Production from Fischer−Tropsch: The Past, the Present, and New Concepts".

1439:(BG) and Fischer–Tropsch (FT) synthesis can in principle be combined to produce renewable transportation fuels ( 3095:

Dorner, Robert; Dennis R. Hardy; Frederick W. Williams; Heather D. Willauer (2010). "Heterogeneous catalytic CO

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Kaneko, Takao; Derbyshire, Frank; Makino, Eiichiro; Gray, David; Tamura, Masaaki (2001). "Coal Liquefaction".

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Examination of the above equation reveals that methane will always be the largest single product so long as

4087: 3697: 2507: 1228:, Qatar, is the second largest FT plant in the world after Sasol's Secunda plant in South Africa. It uses 4043: 4033: 2993: 1278:

The world's largest scale implementation of Fischer–Tropsch technology is a series of plants operated by

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In general the product distribution of hydrocarbons formed during the Fischer–Tropsch process follows an

495:("syngas") is obtained from biomass/coal gasification is a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The H 3752: 1533:

A Fischer–Tropsch-type process has also been suggested to have produced a few of the building blocks of

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In the usual implementation, carbon monoxide and hydrogen, the feedstocks for FT, are produced from

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Management, NRG Energy, Ventech and Velocys. The feedstock for this plant will be a combination of

754: 641: 546: 500: 753::CO ratio is around 1.8–2.1. Iron-based catalysts can tolerate lower ratios, due to the intrinsic 4137: 3593: 2994:"Fairley, Peter. Growing Biofuels – New production methods could transform the niche technology. 1667: 1587: 269: 55: 2981: 2950: 3950: 2774: 2347:

Hoque, Md Ariful; Guzman, Marcelo I.; Selegue, John P.; Gnanamani, Muthu Kumaran (2022-10-21).

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A variety of synthesis-gas compositions can be used. For cobalt-based catalysts the optimal H

1628: – standardized laboratory test for determining the oil yield from a conventional shale 3376: 3272: 2360: 1716: 1436: 1392: 1384: 939:(see below). Such treated materials transform into active catalysts by heating under CO, H 8: 4048: 2825:"Frontline Bioenergy completes Series B financing, gasifier partnership with SGC Energia" 2604: 1640: 1546: 1234: 1132: 1125: 352: 219: 3527: 3380: 3276: 2364: 1720: 1103:

in Germany in 1936. Being petroleum-poor but coal-rich, Germany used the process during

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Gates, Bruce C. (February 1993). "Extending the Metal Cluster-Metal Surface Analogy".

1910: 1805:"Single-Step Production of Alcohols and Paraffins from CO2 and H2 at Metric Ton Scale" 1153:. The products were fractionally distilled and the edible fats were obtained from the 203:= 1) is unwanted. Most of the alkanes produced tend to be straight-chain, suitable as 3987: 3879: 3481: 3467: 3436: 3410: 3392: 3345: 3337: 3284: 3231: 3171: 3154: 3040: 2671: 2455: 2438: 2396: 2378: 2321: 2304: 2254: 2246: 2204: 2135: 2109: 2097: 2002: 1990: 1942: 1872: 1830: 1734: 1661: 1619: 1314: 973: 356: 223: 59: 27:

Chemical reactions that convert carbon monoxide and hydrogen into liquid hydrocarbons

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Schulz, H. (1999). "Short history and Present Trends of Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis".

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for improvements to the process in the 1930s and 1940s. Aicher's company was named

989: 936: 78: 3763: 3127: 1821: 1804: 4028: 3890: 3840: 3548: 3501: 3490: 2947:"Governor Rendell leads with innovative solution to help address PA energy needs" 2898: 2762: 2740: 1652: 1610: 1466: 1182: 969: 527: 39: 1670: – Method for producing hydrogen and carbon monoxide from hydrocarbon fuels 2093: 1646: 1128: 522:

Several reactions are required to obtain the gaseous reactants required for FT

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Unconventional ideas about unconventional gas (Society of Petroleum Engineers)

2317: 1976: 1095: 4097: 4081: 4038: 3704: 3396: 3341: 3175: 2459: 2382: 2325: 2250: 2200: 2101: 1994: 1938: 1634: 1625: 1613: – method of production of liquid hydrocarbons for use as synthetic fuel 1573: 1363: 1198: 492: 359:, but homogeneous Fischer–Tropsch catalysts are of no commercial importance. 300: 207:. In addition to alkane formation, competing reactions give small amounts of 86: 3388: 1194: 3980: 3850: 3687: 3645: 3625: 3414: 3349: 3323: 3044: 3036: 2675: 2400: 2258: 2029: 1738: 1729: 1703:

Höök, Mikael; Fantazzini, Dean; Angelantoni, André; Snowden, Simon (2013).

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Biological Fischer-Tropsch-type chemistry can be carried out by the enzyme

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resulting from paper and pulp manufacturing processes as source material.

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and food-grade wax. The scale is 12,000 barrels per day (1,900 m/d).

4023: 3975: 3970: 3955: 3741: 3714: 3675: 3660: 3635: 3332: 2800:""Setting the stage for the future of smaller-scale GTL", Gas Processing" 1985: 1553: 1325: 1318: 1287: 1246: 743: 348: 204: 74: 51: 2691:"Success factors for the commercialisation of Gas-to-Liquids technology" 2130:

Moulijn, Jacob A.; Makkee, Michiel; van Diepen, Annelies E. (May 2013).

355:. Many related stoichiometric reactions have been simulated on discrete 229: 3884: 3820: 3665: 3630: 2706: 2654:

Carl Mesters (2016). "A Selection of Recent Advances in C1 Chemistry".

2544: 2373: 2075:"Carbon Neutral Fuels and Chemicals from Standalone Biomass Refineries" 1705:"Hydrocarbon liquefaction: viability as a peak oil mitigation strategy" 1486: 1462: 1418: 1309:

One of the largest implementations of Fischer–Tropsch technology is in

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Max Planck Institute for Coal Research at Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.

3167: 2775:"PetroSA technology ready for next stage | Archive | BDlive" 2451: 2242: 1202: 1077:

to produce liquid hydrocarbons. The original process was developed by

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Catalysts are supported on high-surface-area binders/supports such as

809: 113: 4008: 3924: 3825: 3650: 3609: 3128:"Catalytic Support for use in Carbon Dioxide Hydrogenation Reactions" 3112: 2498:

For example, British Patent No. 573,982, applied 1941, published 1945

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Bibliography of the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis and Related Processes

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Bibliography of the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis and Related Processes

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Carbon monoxide for FT catalysis is derived from hydrocarbons. In

3815: 3809: 3758: 3640: 3617: 1846:"Mission Net-Zero: Charting the Path for E-fuels in the Military" 1567: 1513: 1440: 1430: 1421:(leftovers from the mining process) into low-sulfur diesel fuel. 1367: 1359: 1310: 1298: 1266: 1050: 977: 945: 633: 480: 367: 320: 208: 1702: 768: 3861: 3793: 3709: 3655: 2965:"Schweitzer wants to convert Otter Creek coal into liquid fuel" 1961: 1897:

Dry, Mark E. (2002). "The Fischer–Tropsch process: 1950–2000".

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formation requires some naturally occurring FT-like processes.

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is speculated to undergo dissociation, possibly into oxide and

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steps in the reaction. Such phases include various oxides and

3835: 3778: 3768: 3721: 2891: 2875:"UPM-Kymmene says to establish beachhead in biodiesel market" 2850:"Successful Operation of a 1 BPD Fischer Tropsch Pilot Plant" 1509: 1279: 1273: 1250: 965: 124: 3578: 1764:"U.S. Product Supplied for Crude Oil and Petroleum Products" 3803: 3773: 3533:

Gas origin theories to be studied (AAPG Explorer Nov. 2002)

3244: 2346: 1664: – Methanation process of carbon dioxide with hydrogen 1490: 1478: 1447: 758: 70: 3363:

Lee, Chi Chung; Hu, Yilin; Ribbe, Markus W. (2010-08-06).

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Chen, Chi; Garedew, Mahlet; Sheehan, Stafford W. (2022).

1538: 1534: 1099:, applied 1926, published 1930. It was commercialized by 715: 685: 669: 615: 599: 574: 454: 434: 421: 405: 2300: 1454:

in small scale with two steps, the second one being FT.

464:{\displaystyle {\ce {8 CO + 17 H2 -> C8H18 + 8 H2O}}} 3563:

Implementing the "Hydrogen Economy" with Synfuels (pdf)

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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

1146:(not related to a company of the same name in Canada). 530:. Otherwise, sulfur-containing impurities deactivate (" 2656:

Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering

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for the first time powered solely by a 50–50 blend of

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Catalysis in the refining of Fischer–Tropsch syncrude

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Fischer–Tropsch intermediates and elemental reactions

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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

1563: 1304: 503:. Coal-based FT plants produce varying amounts of CO 323:

ligands. Other potential intermediates are various C

3499: 3488: 3306:Gerlach, Deidra L.; Lehnert, Nicolai (2011-08-22). 1205:, Burgenland, Austria. Operated by SGCE and Velocys 810:

Fluid-bed and circulating catalyst (riser) reactors

526:. First, reactant gases entering a reactor must be 3500:Anderson, H. C.; Wiley, J. L.; Newell, A. (1955). 3489:Anderson, H. C.; Wiley, J. L.; Newell, A. (1954). 2967:. Billings Gazette. August 2, 2005. Archived from 2018:Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 1802: 1684:Pages displaying short descriptions with no spaces 1138:In Britain, Alfred August Aicher obtained several 1073:The F-T process attracted attention as a means of 886:is the weight fraction of hydrocarbons containing 794:risers are operated over 297 °C (570 K). 776: 721: 621: 463: 2719:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 1859:Arno de Klerk (2013). "Fischer–Tropsch Process". 1709:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 722:{\displaystyle {\ce {CH4 + CO2 -> 2CO + 2H2}}} 54:. These reactions occur in the presence of metal 4079: 3450:de Klerk, Arno; Furimsky, Edward (15 Dec 2010). 3449: 3308:"Fischer–Tropsch Chemistry at Room Temperature?" 3151: 3941:Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels 2734:"Construction of World's First Synthesis Plant" 1955: 1861:Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 1643: – One of the primary theories on peak oil 1457: 622:{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O + CO -> H2 + CO2}}} 3528:Abiogenic gas debate (AAPG Explorer Nov. 2002) 3435:(1st ed.). Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH. 3305: 3201: 3199: 2193:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 1931:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 541:Several reactions are employed to adjust the H 292:Transfer of 2 H to the carbon to yield CH 199:is typically 10–20. The formation of methane ( 66:technology for producing liquid hydrocarbons. 3594: 3250: 3187: 3185: 2296: 2294: 2155:Spath, P. L.; Dayton, D. C. (December 2003). 1858: 1843: 1655: – low temperature carbonization process 1379:Commercial-scale facilities were planned for 956:mixture to hydrocarbons. Although expensive, 769:Design of the Fischer–Tropsch process reactor 278:Transfer of 2 H to the oxygen to yield H 85:. The process then converts these gases into 2695:South African Journal of Business Management 2653: 1848:. NATO Energy Security Centre of Excellence. 1528: 129:Methylidynetricobaltnonacarbonyl 3574:Effect of alkali metals on cobalt catalysts 3544:Process of synthesis of liquid hydrocarbons 3523:Fischer–Tropsch fuels from coal and biomass 3196: 2614:. Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. pp. 78–79. 2579: 2577: 2222: 2220: 2154: 474: 3601: 3587: 3362: 3182: 2291: 2041: 2039: 1475:United States Department of Transportation 644:, which converts the methane into CO and H 331:, hydroxycarbene (HCOH), hydroxymethyl (CH 110:Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Coal Research 3946:Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage 3404: 3331: 3266: 3099:conversion to value-added hydrocarbons". 2431: 2429: 2390: 2372: 2082:Indian Journal of Environment Engineering 1984: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1820: 1728: 1181:such as that synthesized from propylene. 1131:scientists in a Fischer–Tropsch plant in 1089:in 1926. They filed a number of patents, 983: 902:is less than 0.5; however, by increasing 787: 704: 694: 487:, and alkanes. This conversion is called 443: 394: 384: 299:The conversion of CO to alkanes involves 3430: 3191: 3079: 2746:, February 1952, p. 264, bottom of page. 2689:Meleloe K.E.; Walwyn D.R. (2016-09-01). 2668:10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-080615-034616 2632: 2596: 2574: 2565: 2559: 2530: 2524: 2217: 2072: 1424: 1260: 1193: 1064: 123: 3312:Angewandte Chemie International Edition 3025:Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2949:. State of Pennsylvania. Archived from 2073:Sasidhar, Nallapaneni (November 2023). 2036: 1502: 1429:Choren Industries has built a plant in 1398: 829: 479:Fischer–Tropsch plants associated with 14: 4080: 3236:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2570:. Dover Publications Inc. p. 256. 2435: 2426: 2045: 1917: 1863:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. pp. 1–20. 1844:Trakimavicius, Lukas (December 2023). 1622: – Production of syngas from coal 3582: 2602: 2015: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1519: 1403:In 2010, INFRA built a compact Pilot 1087:Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut for Chemistry 732: 149:). The more useful reactions produce 119: 4014:Cellulosic ethanol commercialization 3073: 2756:"technologies & processes" Sasol 2638: 1209: 1189: 259:O, several reactions are necessary: 3004:from the original on August 9, 2020 2641:The Development of Modern Chemistry 2474:"German Synthetic Fuels Scientists" 1896: 1696: 553:at the expense of carbon monoxide: 215:and other oxygenated hydrocarbons. 100:The process was first developed by 24: 3547:– Great Britain patent GB309002 – 3424: 3125: 2877:. NewsRoom Finland. Archived from 2647: 2584:"Synthetic Soap and Edible Fats". 2506:. January 14, 1941. Archived from 2279:from the original on 16 April 2015 1885: 1471:United States Department of Energy 836:Anderson–Schulz–Flory distribution 798: 510: 25: 4149: 3511: 3365:"Vanadium Nitrogenase Reduces CO" 2777:. Businessday.co.za. 2011-05-10. 2273:"Gas to Liquids (GTL) Technology" 1305:Shell middle distillate synthesis 1177:fraction which were reacted with 545::CO ratio. Most important is the 247:– group produced by CO + 2 H 226:(ΔH) of −165 kJ/mol CO combined. 4062: 4061: 2643:. Harper & Row. p. 683. 1594: 1580: 1566: 1353: 1120:, in a program initiated by the 640:, another important reaction is 499::CO ratio is adjusted using the 3356: 3299: 3145: 3134:from the original on 2014-09-11 3119: 3088: 3059: 3016: 2986: 2975: 2957: 2939: 2928:from the original on 2018-08-21 2919:Vol. 14, No. 4 – 2017 Pgs 14-17 2904: 2885: 2867: 2856:from the original on 2022-01-03 2842: 2831:from the original on 2022-01-03 2817: 2806:from the original on 2015-09-09 2792: 2781:from the original on 2012-04-03 2767: 2749: 2727: 2682: 2621:from the original on 2020-11-01 2492: 2466: 2407: 2340: 2265: 2184: 2148: 2123: 2066: 2009: 1869:10.1002/0471238961.fiscdekl.a01 1745:from the original on 2019-03-28 777:Multi tubular fixed-bed reactor 1852: 1837: 1796: 1786: 1756: 1677:Synthetic Liquid Fuels Program 1545:. Similarly, the hypothetical 1201:gasification with FT-pilot in 688: 586: 408: 13: 1: 3608: 2060:10.1016/S0926-860X(99)00160-X 1911:10.1016/S0920-5861(01)00453-9 1822:10.1021/acsenergylett.2c00214 1690: 1446:In partnership with Sunfire, 1118:United States Bureau of Mines 838:, which can be expressed as: 549:, which provides a source of 2048:Applied Catalysis A: General 1965:Chemical Engineering Journal 1458:U.S. Air Force certification 1362:paper and pulp manufacturer 918: 263:Associative adsorption of CO 7: 4113:Synthetic fuel technologies 4044:Issues relating to biofuels 4034:Energy return on investment 2566:Whitmore, Frank C. (1951). 2134:. Wiley. pp. 193–200. 2132:Chemical Process Technology 1559: 538:required for FT reactions. 38:that converts a mixture of 10: 4154: 3569:Carbon-to-liquids research 3456:Royal Society of Chemistry 3285:10.1088/0004-637X/807/1/85 2892:http://www.rentechinc.com/ 2603:Maier, Elke (April 2016). 2094:10.54105/ijee.B1845.113223 1373: 1341:and pipeline natural gas. 1331: 1293: 1271: 1213: 1122:Synthetic Liquid Fuels Act 1060: 923:Four metals are active as 765::CO ratios (< 1). 4057: 4019:Energy content of biofuel 4001: 3933: 3849: 3740: 3616: 3254:The Astrophysical Journal 2318:10.1007/s10562-010-0366-4 1977:10.1016/j.cej.2018.05.108 1529:Fischer–Tropsch in nature 266:Splitting of the C–O bond 234:Converting a mixture of H 218:The reaction is a highly 87:synthetic lubrication oil 18:Fischer Tropsch synthesis 4103:Organometallic chemistry 3993:Thermal depolymerization 3966:Industrial biotechnology 3518:Fischer–Tropsch archives 3433:Fischer–Tropsch refining 3082:Aerotech News and Review 2983:Choren official web site 2201:10.1002/14356007.o05_o03 1939:10.1002/14356007.a07_197 1411: 1256: 755:water-gas shift reaction 547:water-gas shift reaction 501:water-gas shift reaction 475:Feedstocks: gasification 34:(FT) is a collection of 4133:Organic redox reactions 3961:Fischer–Tropsch process 3951:Biomass heating systems 3431:de Klerk, Arno (2011). 3389:10.1126/science.1191455 2639:Ihde, Aaron J. (1964). 2417:, issued 1930-02-11 1933:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. 1668:Steam methane reforming 1588:Renewable energy portal 1556:at ambient conditions. 1344: 1000:). Potassium-doped α-Fe 933:heterogeneous catalysts 632:For FT plants that use 270:Dissociative adsorption 32:Fischer–Tropsch process 3555:Clean diesel from coal 3324:10.1002/anie.201102979 3037:10.1002/anie.200800685 2709:(inactive 2024-09-12). 2030:10.1002/anie.199302281 1730:10.1098/rsta.2012.0319 1483:Edwards Air Force Base 1269: 1206: 1070: 984:Promoters and supports 788:Entrained flow reactor 723: 623: 465: 132: 81:in a process known as 3464:10.1039/9781849732017 2996:MIT Technology Review 2852:. AICHE. April 2013. 2605:"Coal-in Liquid Form" 1496:Department of Defense 1425:Research developments 1389:Port St. Joe, Florida 1264: 1197: 1096:U.S. patent 1,746,464 1068: 724: 624: 466: 127: 4108:Petroleum production 2912:"GEO ExPro magazine" 2513:on December 17, 2008 2480:on 24 September 2015 1503:Carbon dioxide reuse 1437:Biomass gasification 1399:INFRA GTL Technology 1393:White River, Ontario 1385:Natchez, Mississippi 830:Product distribution 655: 560: 377: 327:fragments including 116:, Germany, in 1925. 4088:Biofuels technology 4049:Sustainable biofuel 3381:2010Sci...329..642L 3277:2015ApJ...807...85P 3101:Energy Environ. Sci 2612:Max Planck Research 2533:Kolloid-Zeitschrift 2365:2022Mate...15.7378H 1774:on 28 February 2011 1721:2013RSPTA.37220319H 1641:Hubbert peak theory 1547:abiogenic petroleum 1235:natural gas liquids 1133:Louisiana, Missouri 1126:Operation Paperclip 717: 687: 671: 617: 601: 576: 456: 436: 423: 407: 353:migratory insertion 220:exothermic reaction 114:Mülheim an der Ruhr 3155:Energy & Fuels 2998:November 23, 2005" 2897:2010-11-27 at the 2761:2008-11-16 at the 2739:2022-04-29 at the 2707:10.10520/EJC194106 2545:10.1007/BF01502087 2439:Energy & Fuels 2374:10.3390/ma15207378 1809:ACS Energy Letters 1715:(2006): 20120319. 1679: – US-program 1520:Process efficiency 1381:Rialto, California 1317:facility converts 1270: 1265:A SASOL garage in 1220:The LTFT facility 1207: 1144:Synthetic Oils Ltd 1071: 890:carbon atoms, and 733:Process conditions 719: 705: 675: 659: 619: 605: 589: 564: 461: 444: 424: 411: 395: 222:due to a standard 133: 120:Reaction mechanism 36:chemical reactions 4118:German inventions 4075: 4074: 3988:Sabatier reaction 3473:978-1-84973-080-8 3318:(35): 7984–7986. 3168:10.1021/ef9009185 2744:Popular Mechanics 2568:Organic Chemistry 2452:10.1021/ef900064c 2305:Catalysis Letters 2243:10.1021/cr050972v 2141:978-1-4443-2025-1 1768:tonto.eia.doe.gov 1662:Sabatier reaction 1620:Coal gasification 1358:In October 2006, 1313:, Malaysia. This 1210:Ras Laffan, Qatar 1190:Commercialization 1124:, employed seven 1085:, working at the 708: 697: 678: 662: 608: 592: 585: 579: 567: 459: 447: 427: 414: 398: 387: 224:reaction enthalpy 60:coal liquefaction 16:(Redirected from 4145: 4065: 4064: 3909:Pongamia pinnata 3603: 3596: 3589: 3580: 3579: 3507: 3496: 3485: 3446: 3419: 3418: 3408: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3335: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3270: 3248: 3242: 3241: 3235: 3227: 3225: 3224: 3218: 3212:. Archived from 3211: 3203: 3194: 3189: 3180: 3179: 3162:(4): 2634–2641. 3149: 3143: 3142: 3140: 3139: 3126:Dorner, Robert. 3123: 3117: 3116: 3113:10.1039/C001514H 3092: 3086: 3085: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3020: 3014: 3013: 3011: 3009: 2990: 2984: 2979: 2973: 2972: 2961: 2955: 2954: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2934: 2933: 2927: 2916: 2908: 2902: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2861: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2837: 2836: 2821: 2815: 2814: 2812: 2811: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2787: 2786: 2771: 2765: 2753: 2747: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2718: 2710: 2686: 2680: 2679: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2636: 2630: 2629: 2627: 2626: 2620: 2609: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2581: 2572: 2571: 2563: 2557: 2556: 2528: 2522: 2521: 2519: 2518: 2512: 2505: 2496: 2490: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2476:. Archived from 2470: 2464: 2463: 2446:(5): 2342–2358. 2433: 2424: 2423: 2422: 2418: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2394: 2376: 2344: 2338: 2337: 2298: 2289: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2269: 2263: 2262: 2237:(5): 1692–1744. 2230:Chemical Reviews 2224: 2215: 2214: 2188: 2182: 2181: 2179: 2178: 2172: 2164:NREL/TP510-34929 2161: 2152: 2146: 2145: 2127: 2121: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2079: 2070: 2064: 2063: 2043: 2034: 2033: 2013: 2007: 2006: 1988: 1959: 1953: 1952: 1926: 1915: 1914: 1905:(3–4): 227–241. 1894: 1883: 1882: 1856: 1850: 1849: 1841: 1835: 1834: 1824: 1800: 1794: 1790: 1784: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1770:. Archived from 1760: 1754: 1753: 1751: 1750: 1732: 1700: 1685: 1682: 1673: 1658: 1631: 1616: 1604: 1602:Chemistry portal 1599: 1598: 1597: 1590: 1585: 1584: 1576: 1571: 1570: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1098: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1030: 1029: 1019: 1018: 1017: 999: 990:catalyst support 937:catalyst support 931:Typically, such 865: 863: 862: 857: 854: 757:activity of the 728: 726: 725: 720: 718: 716: 713: 706: 695: 686: 683: 676: 670: 667: 660: 628: 626: 625: 620: 618: 616: 613: 606: 600: 597: 590: 583: 577: 575: 572: 565: 470: 468: 467: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 445: 435: 432: 425: 422: 419: 412: 406: 403: 396: 385: 343:), methylene (CH 307:(cleavage with H 21: 4153: 4152: 4148: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4143: 4142: 4128:1925 in Germany 4123:1925 in science 4078: 4077: 4076: 4071: 4053: 4029:Energy forestry 3997: 3929: 3891:Jatropha curcas 3852: 3845: 3753:Camelina sativa 3743: 3736: 3612: 3607: 3558:by Kevin Bullis 3549:Hermann Plauson 3514: 3474: 3443: 3427: 3425:Further reading 3422: 3361: 3357: 3304: 3300: 3249: 3245: 3229: 3228: 3222: 3220: 3216: 3209: 3207:"Archived copy" 3205: 3204: 3197: 3190: 3183: 3150: 3146: 3137: 3135: 3124: 3120: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3078: 3074: 3065: 3064: 3060: 3021: 3017: 3007: 3005: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2980: 2976: 2963: 2962: 2958: 2945: 2944: 2940: 2931: 2929: 2925: 2914: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2901:(official site) 2899:Wayback Machine 2890: 2886: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2859: 2857: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2834: 2832: 2823: 2822: 2818: 2809: 2807: 2802:. 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Vol. 2. 3497: 3495:. Vol. 1. 3486: 3472: 3447: 3441: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3420: 3355: 3298: 3243: 3195: 3181: 3144: 3118: 3107:(7): 884–890. 3096: 3087: 3072: 3058: 3031:(28): 5253–5. 3015: 2985: 2974: 2971:on 2009-01-01. 2956: 2953:on 2008-12-11. 2938: 2903: 2884: 2881:on 2007-03-17. 2866: 2841: 2827:. 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Fischer–Tropsch process

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