246:, among other European researchers, say that nuclear families have been a primary arrangement in England since the 13th century. This primary arrangement was different from the normal arrangements in Southern Europe, in parts of Asia, and the Middle East, where it was common for young adults to remain in or marry into the family home. In England, multi-generational households were uncommon because young adults would save enough money to move out, into their own household once they married. Sociologist Brigitte Berger argued, "the young nuclear family had to be flexible and mobile as it searched for opportunity and property. Forced to rely on their own ingenuity, its members also needed to plan for the future and develop bourgeois habits of work and saving." Berger also mentions that this could be one of the reasons that the Industrial Revolution began in England and other Northwest European countries. However, the historicity of the nuclear family in England has been challenged by Cord Oestmann.
336:, detects traces of the nuclear family in prehistoric Central Europe. A 2005 archeological dig in Elau in Germany, analyzed by Haak, revealed genetic evidence suggesting that the 13 individuals found in a grave were closely related. Haak said, "By establishing the genetic links between the two adults and two children buried together in one grave, we have established the presence of the classic nuclear family in a prehistoric context in Central Europe.... Their unity in death suggest a unity in life." This paper does not regard the nuclear family as "natural" or as the only model for human family life. "This does not establish the elemental family to be a universal model or the most ancient institution of human communities. For example, polygamous unions are prevalent in ethnographic data and models of household communities have apparently been involving a high degree of complexity from their origins."
77:
301:
313:
The Pew
Research Center's analysis of data from the American Community Survey and the Decennial Census revealed that the number of children living outside of the traditional ideal of parents marrying young and staying together till death has risen precipitously between the mid-to-late 20th century and the early 21st century. In 2013, only 43% of children lived with married parents in their first marriage, down from 73% in 1960. Meanwhile, the share of children living with a single parent was 34% in 2013, up from 9% in 1960.
268:
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very rapidly, particularly since the 1950s. Since then middle class incomes have stagnated or even declined, whilst living costs have soared to the point where even two-income households are now unable to offer the same level of financial stability that was once possible under the single income nuclear family household of the 1950s.
321:
compared with 40.30% in 1970. Roughly two-thirds of all children in the United States will spend at least some time in a single-parent household. According to some sociologists, " no longer seems adequate to cover the wide diversity of household arrangements we see today." (Edwards 1991; Stacey 1996). A new term has been introduced,
435:
model has been most common, not the nuclear family, though the nuclear family has had a longer tradition in
England than in other parts of Europe and Asia which contributed large numbers of immigrants to the Americas. The nuclear family became the most common form in the U.S. in the 1960s and 1970s.
312:
showed that 70% of children in the US live in two-parent families, with 66% of those living with parents who were married, and 60% living with their biological parents. Furthermore, "the figures suggest that the tumultuous shifts in family structure since the late 1960s have leveled off since 1990."
286:
consists of non-nuclear (or "non-immediate") family members considered together with nuclear (or "immediate") family members. When extended family is involved they also influence children's development just as much as the parents would on their own. In an extended family resources are usually shared
138:, but others allow for a step-parent and any mix of dependent children, including stepchildren and adopted children. Some sociologists and anthropologists consider the extended family structure to be the most common family structure in most cultures and at most times, rather than the nuclear family.
339:
Lastly, large shifts in the financial landscape for families has made the historically middle class, traditional, nuclear family structure significantly more risky, expensive and unstable. The expenses associated with raising a family; notably housing, medical care and education, have all increased
363:
There have been studies done that shows a difference in the number of children wanted per household according to where they live. Families that live in rural areas wanted to have more kids than families in urban areas. A study done in Japan between
October 2011 and February 2012 further researched
422:
to face societal, familial, and/or peer pressure to give up their education and career to focus on stabilizing the home. As ethnic and cultural diversity continues to grow in the United States, it has become more difficult for the traditional nuclear family to remain the norm. Data from 2014 also
427:
and the likelihood of children living with one is correlated with race. The Pew
Research Center projected that 54% of African Americans will be single parents compared to only 19% of European Americans. Several factors account for the differences in family structure including economic and social
320:
families, and unmarried couples with children, the United States nuclear families appear to constitute a minority of households—with a rising prevalence of other family arrangements. In 2000, nuclear families with the original biological parents constituted roughly 24.10% of
American households,
448:
states, "Very little is known about the extent variation in the behavior of fathers and mothers towards sons and daughters, and even less about the possible effects on such differential treatment." Little is known about how parental behavior and identification processes work, and how children
325:, intended to describe the great variability in family forms, including single-parent families and couples without children." Nuclear family households are now less common compared to household with couples without children, single-parent families, and unmarried couples with children.
207:
The family is a social group characterized by common residence, economic cooperation and reproduction. It contains adults of both sexes, at least two of whom maintain a socially approved relationship, and one or more children, own or adopted, of the sexually cohabiting
364:
the effect of area of residence on mean desired number of children. Researchers of the study came to the conclusion that the women living in rural areas with larger families were more likely to want more children, compared to women that lived in urban areas in Japan.
449:
interpret sex role learning. In his theory, he uses "identification" with the father in the sense that the son will follow the sex role provided by his father and then for the father to be able to identify the difference of the "cross sex" parent for his daughter.
291:
are able to watch over grandchildren, allowing parents to continue and pursue careers, and allows the parents to reduce stress levels. Extended families also contribute to children’s mental health due to increased resources in terms of adult support.
443:
who are social conservatives in the United States, and has been challenged as historically and sociologically inadequate to describe the complexity of actual family relations. In "Freudian
Theories of Identification and Their Derivatives"
133:
couple which may have any number of children. There are differences in definition among observers. Some definitions allow only biological children who are full-blood siblings and consider adopted or half- and step-siblings a part of the
328:
In the UK, the number of nuclear families fell from 39.0% of all households in 1968 to 28.0% in 1992. The decrease accompanied an equivalent increase in the number of single-parent households and in the number of adults living alone.
803:"Strictly, a nuclear or elementary or conjugal family consists merely of parents and children, though it often includes one or two other relatives as well, for example, a widowed parent or unmarried sibling of one or other spouse."
428:
class. Differences in education level also change the amount of single parents. In 2014, those with less than a high school education are 46% more likely to be a single parent compared to 12% who have graduated from college.
287:
among those involved, adding more of a community aspect to the family unit. This is not limited to the sharing of objects and money, but includes sharing time. For example, extended family members such as
414:. The number of nuclear families is slowly dwindling in the US as more women pursue higher education, develop professional lives, and delay having children until later in their life. Children and
249:
Family structures of a married couple and their children were present in
Western Europe and New England in the 17th century, influenced by church and theocratic governments. With the emergence of
1154:
Haak, Wolfgang; Brandt, Guido; Jong, Hylke N. de; Meyer, Christian; Ganslmeier, Robert; Heyd, Volker; Hawkesworth, Chris; Pike, Alistair W. G.; Meller, Harald; Alt, Kurt W. (25 November 2008).
145:
was popularized in the 20th century. Since that time, the number of North
American nuclear families is gradually decreasing, while the number of alternative family formations has increased.
212:
Many individuals are part of two nuclear families in their lives: the family of origin in which they are offspring, and the family of procreation in which they are a parent.
646:
352:, single nuclear family households generally have a higher number of children than co-operative living arrangements according to studies from both the
235:
burial site in
Germany has provided the earliest evidence for the social recognition of a family consisting of two parents with multiple children.
1052:
2937:
419:
961:
LaFave, Daniel; Thomas, Duncan (2016). "Farms, Families, and
Markets: New Evidence on Completeness of Markets in Agricultural Settings".
1077:
391:
1516:
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1156:"Ancient DNA, Strontium isotopes, and osteological analyses shed light on social and kinship organization of the Later Stone Age"
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696:
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896:
Lordship and Community: The Lestrange Family and the Village of Hunstanton, Norfolk, in the First Half of the Sixteenth Century
808:, citing Parkin, R. (1997). Kinship: An introduction to basic concepts. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Retrieved April 18, 2012.
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Between 1960 to 2017, the nuclear family lost its dominant position in American society to other household arrangements.
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The concept that narrowly defines a nuclear family as central to stability in modern society that has been promoted by
167:
has a reference to the term from 1925; thus it is relatively new. The phrase is taken from the general use of the noun
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AragĂŁo, Carolina; Parker, Kim; Greenwood, Shannon; Baronavski, Chris; Mandapat, John Carlo (14 September 2023).
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by Chris Knight. (anthropological debates as to whether the nuclear family is natural and universal).
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Critics of the term "traditional family" point out that in most cultures and at most times, the
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Berger, Brigitte (2017). "The Family: The Primary Institution of Individual and Social Life".
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and early capitalism, the nuclear family became a financially viable social unit.
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1320:"Family size preference and factors affecting the fertility rate in Hyogo, Japan"
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223:, and perhaps additional adult relatives who take on a cohabiting parental role.
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129:, or a family with more than two parents. Nuclear families typically center on a
126:
42:
1459:
Johnson, Miriam M. (1 January 1963). "Sex Role Learning in the Nuclear Family".
1234:
989:
946:
Traditions and Encounters: A Brief Global History (New York: McGraw Hill, 2008).
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etc. is therefore coincidental, even in spite of its association with the early
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An American nuclear family composed of the mother, father, and their children,
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1286:"Differences in fertility and family planning practices by type of family"
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1028:"Most Children Still Live in Two-Parent Homes, Census Bureau Reports"
399:
232:
118:
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1976:
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1948:
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1053:"Fewer than half of U.S. kids today live in a 'traditional' family"
220:
130:
69:
This article is about the concept. For works using that title, see
460:
231:
DNA extracted from bones and teeth discovered at a 4,600-year-old
215:
Alternative definitions have evolved to include family units with
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3381:
3361:
3309:
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2630:
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1966:
1873:
1843:
1756:
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1646:
410:
forms and social institutions that are seen by them to undermine
378:
3105:
367:
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3194:
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2369:
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2319:
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1746:
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1656:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1553:
1508:, a 1950s social guidance film about an idealized family dinner
634:
192:
188:
107:
3481:
3269:
2081:
1684:
1629:
1391:
Pew Research Center’s Social & Demographic Trends Project
1235:
Nicoletta Balbo; Francesco C. Billari; Melinda Mills (2013).
1001:
Williams, Brian; Stacey C. Sawyer; Carl M. Wahlstrom (2005).
746:
Collins, Donald; Jordan, Catheleen; Coleman, Heather (2009).
357:
196:
172:
111:
2272:
2461:
2011:
1751:
1688:
1078:"Focus on Michigan's Future: Changing Family and Household"
480:
115:
316:
When considered separately from couples without children,
2735:
1634:
1522:
825:(Press release). University of Bristol. 18 November 2008.
203:, an observer of families, offered an early description:
1237:"Fertility in Advanced Societies: A Review of Research"
745:
456:
1430:
History of the family § Evolution of household
1153:
747:
718:
658:
656:
3601:
1318:Matsumoto, Yasuyo; Yamabe, Shingo (2013-01-30).
1003:Marriages, Families & Intimate Relationships
256:
1317:
1160:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
772:
697:"Nuclear family - Definition and pronunciation"
278:), with his family on his 75th birthday in 1936
1283:
920:Volo, James M.; Volo, Dorothy Denneen (2006).
653:
295:
3121:
2288:
1538:
923:Family life in 17th- and 18th-century America
892:
602:Georgas, James (2004). "Family and Culture".
404:family is seen as the primary unit of society
180:, meaning "nut", i.e. the core of something.
1224:. Vol. 108, no. 3. pp. 28–31.
960:
886:
2025:
175:
3128:
3114:
2295:
2281:
1545:
1531:
1051:Livingston, Gretchen (December 22, 2014).
1050:
157:first appeared in the early 20th century.
1353:
1335:
1260:
1228:
1189:
1179:
1019:
919:
754:(3 ed.). Cengage Learning. p.
377:
343:
299:
266:
75:
1458:
1025:
819:"World's Earliest Nuclear Family Found"
716:
601:
161:dates the term back to 1924, while the
114:(one or more), typically living in one
66:Group of two parents and their children
14:
3602:
1212:
1149:
1147:
1127:
870:"The Real Roots of the Nuclear Family"
835:
806:Sloan Work and Family Research Network
398:, the idea that the nuclear family is
187:refers to a household consisting of a
110:group consisting of parents and their
3109:
2276:
1526:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
956:
954:
952:
750:An Introduction to Family Social Work
699:. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary
565:Any similarity to the terminology of
420:less appealing as many women continue
649:from the original on 3 October 2023.
26:
1517:Early Human Kinship was Matrilineal
1215:"The middle class on the precipice"
1144:
382:A contemporary Irish nuclear family
368:"Traditional" North American family
183:In its most common usage, the term
24:
3095:Parents Against Child Exploitation
1512:The Nuclear Family from Buzzle.com
1370:
1097:"The Nuclear Family Was a Mistake"
1094:
1026:Roberts, Sam (February 25, 2008).
949:
684:1924, in the meaning defined above
604:Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology
402:is a very important aspect, where
25:
3631:
3135:
3065:Mothers Apart from Their Children
1499:
199:, all in one household dwelling.
1128:Pothan, Peter (September 1992).
459:
31:
2923:Management of domestic violence
2769:Corporal punishment in the home
1452:
1434:
1422:
1404:
1311:
1277:
1206:
1121:
1088:
1070:
1044:
940:
913:
899:. Boydell Press. pp. 53–.
862:
829:
786:. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2011
717:Murdock, George Peter (1965) .
3080:National Fatherhood Initiative
2050:Genealogical numbering systems
1387:"1. The American family today"
1284:Gandotra MM, Pandey D (1982).
1241:European Journal of Population
1080:. July 3, 2007. Archived from
797:
784:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
739:
710:
689:
628:
612:10.1016/B0-12-657410-3/00412-8
595:
559:
308:In 2005, information from the
13:
1:
3085:National Parents Organization
2810:Adverse childhood experiences
2302:
2189:International Day of Families
1849:Australian Aboriginal kinship
1442:"History of Nuclear Families"
588:
257:Compared with extended family
81:
2850:Effects of domestic violence
2492:Social emotional development
874:Institute for Family Studies
838:The Family in the Modern Age
637:"The Modern American Family"
531:Kibbutz § Child rearing
274:, the President of Finland (
171:, itself originating in the
148:
7:
3335:Single-family detached home
2666:Identification (psychology)
1412:"Parenting Myths And Facts"
452:
332:Professor Wolfgang Haak of
310:United States Census Bureau
296:Changes to family formation
40:It has been suggested that
10:
3636:
3090:Parent–teacher association
2865:Parental abuse by children
2746:Positive Parenting Program
2696:Parent management training
2691:Normative social influence
1552:
1296:(1): 29–40. Archived from
1213:Warren, Elizabeth (2006).
371:
260:
226:
68:
3561:
3490:
3477:Townhouse (Great Britain)
3143:
3075:National Childbirth Trust
3052:
2961:
2878:
2870:Stress in early childhood
2802:
2754:
2613:
2590:Taking children seriously
2510:
2422:Applied behavior analysis
2405:
2310:
2214:
2150:National Grandparents Day
2115:
2074:
1942:
1834:
1794:
1737:
1702:
1667:
1603:
1560:
1290:Journal of Family Welfare
1253:10.1007/s10680-012-9277-y
1130:"Nuclear family nonsense"
926:. Greenwood. p. 42.
406:. These movements oppose
164:Oxford English Dictionary
121:. It is in contrast to a
57:Proposed since June 2024.
2731:The talk (sex education)
2442:Developmental psychology
725:. New York: Free Press.
552:
546:Structural functionalism
2938:Parental responsibility
2898:Cost of raising a child
2242:Sociology of the family
2092:Philia (brotherly love)
1668:Second-degree relatives
1506:A Date With Your Family
1181:10.1073/pnas.0807592105
1005:. Boston, MA: Pearson.
846:10.4324/9781315132006-3
541:Sociology of the family
251:proto-industrialization
2097:Storge (familial love)
1703:Third-degree relatives
1605:First-degree relatives
1337:10.1186/1742-4755-10-6
893:Cord Oestmann (1994).
383:
305:
279:
210:
176:
87:
3060:Families Need Fathers
2621:After-school activity
2545:Concerted cultivation
2540:Buddha-like parenting
2472:Nature versus nurture
2437:Cognitive development
2206:National Adoption Day
2082:Agape (parental love)
521:Intentional community
381:
372:Further information:
344:Effect on family size
303:
270:
205:
79:
3437:Recreational vehicle
3387:Manufactured housing
2918:Right to family life
2845:Dysfunctional family
2555:Free-range parenting
2530:Attachment parenting
2520:Achievement ideology
2262:Dysfunctional family
2247:Museum of Motherhood
2194:National Family Week
2060:Quarters of nobility
496:Family relationships
50:into this article. (
3620:Social conservatism
3615:Living arrangements
3579:Runaway (dependent)
3513:Housing cooperative
3166:Penthouse apartment
2933:Parental alienation
2860:Narcissistic parent
2784:Positive discipline
2605:Work at home parent
2585:Strict father model
2570:Nurturant parenting
2477:Parental investment
2312:Kinship terminology
2232:Wedding anniversary
2184:American Family Day
2140:Father–Daughter Day
2087:Eros (marital love)
1836:Kinship terminology
1324:Reproductive Health
1172:2008PNAS..10518226H
1166:(47): 18226–18231.
1057:Pew Research Center
679:First Known Use of
642:Pew Research Center
446:Urie Bronfenbrenner
388:social conservatism
334:Adelaide University
3467:Subsidized housing
3432:Railroad apartment
3417:Prefabricated home
3275:Back-to-back house
3265:Habitual residence
2979:T. Berry Brazelton
2716:Social integration
2452:Identity formation
1992:collateral descent
1448:. January 3, 2017.
1032:The New York Times
840:. pp. 69–98.
606:. pp. 11–22.
536:Origins of society
412:parental authority
408:alternative family
384:
306:
280:
94:(also known as an
88:
3597:
3596:
3330:Ranch-style house
3245:Experimental home
3225:Duplex (building)
3183:Ultimate bungalow
3151:Airplane Bungalow
3103:
3102:
2913:Family disruption
2835:Cinderella effect
2815:Child abandonment
2789:Tactical ignoring
2686:Moral development
2565:Helicopter parent
2560:Gatekeeper parent
2525:Atlas personality
2502:Social psychology
2447:Human development
2432:Child development
2417:Attachment theory
2270:
2269:
2070:
2069:
1987:Lineal descendant
1957:Bilateral descent
1710:Great-grandparent
1595:Matrifocal family
1461:Child Development
1012:978-0-205-36674-3
975:10.3982/ECTA12987
933:978-0-313-33199-2
906:978-0-85115-351-3
855:978-1-315-13200-6
765:978-0-495-60188-3
732:978-0-02-922290-4
621:978-0-12-657410-4
323:postmodern family
125:family, a larger
96:elementary family
64:
63:
59:
16:(Redirected from
3627:
3457:Split-level home
3372:Luxury apartment
3325:Low-energy house
3290:Gablefront house
3130:
3123:
3116:
3107:
3106:
2953:Shared parenting
2764:Blanket training
2756:Child discipline
2396:In loco parentis
2375:Shared parenting
2297:
2290:
2283:
2274:
2273:
2252:Astronaut family
2023:
2022:
1924:Iroquois kinship
1914:Sudanese kinship
1909:Hawaiian kinship
1884:Family of choice
1715:Great-grandchild
1590:Immediate family
1547:
1540:
1533:
1524:
1523:
1493:
1492:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1446:bebusinessed.com
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1383:
1368:
1367:
1357:
1339:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1264:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1222:Harvard Magazine
1219:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1193:
1183:
1151:
1142:
1141:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1084:on July 3, 2007.
1074:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1023:
1017:
1016:
998:
987:
986:
969:(5): 1917–1960.
958:
947:
944:
938:
937:
917:
911:
910:
890:
884:
883:
881:
880:
866:
860:
859:
833:
827:
826:
815:
809:
801:
795:
794:
792:
791:
780:"Nuclear family"
776:
770:
769:
753:
743:
737:
736:
724:
721:Social Structure
714:
708:
707:
705:
704:
693:
687:
686:
676:
674:
664:"nuclear family"
660:
651:
650:
632:
626:
625:
599:
582:
563:
516:Immediate family
476:Astronaut family
469:
464:
463:
350:fertility factor
272:P. E. Svinhufvud
217:same-sex parents
179:
136:immediate family
86:
83:
55:
35:
34:
27:
21:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3589:Street children
3557:
3533:Parasite single
3503:Extended family
3486:
3352:Holiday cottage
3255:Gated community
3215:Courtyard house
3139:
3134:
3104:
3099:
3048:
3029:Matthew Sanders
2984:Rudolf Dreikurs
2957:
2943:Parents' rights
2903:Deadbeat parent
2880:
2874:
2798:
2750:
2726:The talk (race)
2609:
2600:Tiger parenting
2506:
2401:
2350:Extended family
2306:
2301:
2271:
2266:
2210:
2111:
2066:
2055:Seize quartiers
2021:
1962:Common ancestor
1946:
1938:
1904:Chinese kinship
1899:Nurture kinship
1889:Fictive kinship
1830:
1790:
1779:daughter-in-law
1733:
1698:
1663:
1599:
1585:Conjugal family
1580:Extended family
1556:
1551:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1473:10.2307/1126730
1457:
1453:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1396:
1394:
1385:
1384:
1371:
1316:
1312:
1303:
1301:
1282:
1278:
1233:
1229:
1217:
1211:
1207:
1152:
1145:
1126:
1122:
1113:
1111:
1095:Brooks, David.
1093:
1089:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1061:
1059:
1049:
1045:
1036:
1034:
1024:
1020:
1013:
999:
990:
959:
950:
945:
941:
934:
918:
914:
907:
891:
887:
878:
876:
868:
867:
863:
856:
834:
830:
817:
816:
812:
804:
802:
798:
789:
787:
778:
777:
773:
766:
744:
740:
733:
715:
711:
702:
700:
695:
694:
690:
683:
672:
670:
668:Merriam-Webster
662:
661:
654:
633:
629:
622:
600:
596:
591:
586:
585:
575:nuclear fission
567:nuclear warfare
564:
560:
555:
550:
491:Extended family
465:
458:
455:
433:extended family
376:
370:
346:
298:
265:
263:Extended family
259:
240:Alan Macfarlane
229:
159:Merriam-Webster
151:
127:extended family
104:conjugal family
84:
74:
67:
60:
43:Conjugal family
36:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3633:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3574:No fixed abode
3571:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3523:Nuclear family
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3427:Public housing
3424:
3422:Private island
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3392:Microapartment
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3340:Terraced house
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3240:Executive home
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3210:Converted barn
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3190:Calendar house
3187:
3186:
3185:
3175:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3133:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3110:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3070:Mothers' Union
3067:
3062:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3044:Benjamin Spock
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3024:Penelope Leach
3021:
3019:Annette Lareau
3016:
3011:
3009:Alan E. Kazdin
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2969:Mary Ainsworth
2965:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2884:
2882:
2881:social aspects
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2646:Dishabituation
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2575:Slow parenting
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2406:Theories
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2392:
2387:
2385:Blended family
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2365:Nuclear family
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2316:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2300:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2277:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2160:Children's Day
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2042:
2037:
2035:Pedigree chart
2031:
2029:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
2002:Patrilineality
1999:
1997:Matrilineality
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1953:
1951:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1919:Eskimo kinship
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1840:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1800:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1771:
1769:Sibling-in-law
1766:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1743:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1717:
1712:
1706:
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1699:
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1644:
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1637:
1627:
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1625:
1620:
1609:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1575:Nuclear family
1572:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1550:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1514:
1509:
1501:
1500:External links
1498:
1495:
1494:
1467:(2): 319–333.
1451:
1433:
1421:
1403:
1369:
1310:
1276:
1227:
1205:
1143:
1120:
1087:
1069:
1043:
1018:
1011:
988:
948:
939:
932:
912:
905:
885:
861:
854:
828:
810:
796:
771:
764:
738:
731:
709:
688:
681:nuclear family
652:
627:
620:
593:
592:
590:
587:
584:
583:
557:
556:
554:
551:
549:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
486:Eskimo kinship
483:
478:
472:
471:
470:
467:Society portal
454:
451:
425:single parents
423:suggests that
369:
366:
345:
342:
297:
294:
284:extended group
261:Main article:
258:
255:
228:
225:
201:George Murdock
185:nuclear family
155:nuclear family
150:
147:
143:nuclear family
92:nuclear family
71:Nuclear Family
65:
62:
61:
39:
37:
30:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3632:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3518:Housing First
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3452:Semi-detached
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3280:Council house
3278:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3235:Estate (land)
3233:
3231:
3230:Earth shelter
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3137:Accommodation
3131:
3126:
3124:
3119:
3117:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:Organizations
3051:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3039:B. F. Skinner
3037:
3035:
3034:William Sears
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3004:Thomas Gordon
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2893:Child support
2891:
2889:
2888:Child custody
2886:
2885:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2830:Child neglect
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2661:Homeschooling
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2497:Socialization
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2482:Paternal bond
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2467:Maternal bond
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2380:Single parent
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2340:Alloparenting
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318:single-parent
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276:in the middle
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244:Peter Laslett
241:
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123:single-parent
120:
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100:atomic family
97:
93:
78:
72:
58:
53:
49:
45:
44:
38:
29:
28:
19:
18:Atomic family
3569:Homelessness
3528:Off-the-grid
3522:
3498:Cohabitation
3491:Arrangements
3250:Fab Tree Hab
2989:David Elkind
2840:Codependency
2825:Child labour
2681:Latchkey kid
2671:Introjection
2457:Introjection
2407:
2394:
2364:
2360:Noncustodial
2155:Parents' Day
2145:Siblings Day
2135:Father's Day
2123:Mother's Day
2107:Polyfidelity
2102:Filial piety
2027:Family trees
1929:Crow kinship
1879:Estrangement
1774:Child-in-law
1694:Niece/Nephew
1574:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1445:
1436:
1424:
1415:
1406:
1395:. Retrieved
1393:. 2015-12-17
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1327:
1323:
1313:
1302:. Retrieved
1298:the original
1293:
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1221:
1208:
1163:
1159:
1137:
1133:
1123:
1112:. Retrieved
1101:The Atlantic
1100:
1090:
1082:the original
1072:
1062:November 15,
1060:. Retrieved
1056:
1046:
1035:. Retrieved
1031:
1021:
1002:
966:
963:Econometrica
962:
942:
922:
915:
895:
888:
877:. Retrieved
873:
864:
837:
831:
823:ScienceDaily
822:
813:
799:
788:. Retrieved
783:
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741:
720:
712:
701:. Retrieved
691:
680:
678:
671:. Retrieved
667:
640:
630:
603:
597:
561:
526:Joint family
441:familialists
438:
430:
418:have become
385:
362:
347:
338:
331:
327:
322:
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289:grandparents
281:
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237:
230:
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195:, and their
184:
182:
168:
162:
154:
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103:
99:
95:
91:
89:
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3548:Roomsharing
3462:Stilt house
3447:Seattle box
3412:Plank house
3397:Mobile home
3377:Manor house
3345:Tower house
3260:Great house
3205:Condominium
3173:Beach house
3156:Alley house
2999:Haim Ginott
2974:John Bowlby
2820:Child abuse
2740:educational
2656:Habituation
2641:Co-sleeping
2427:Behaviorism
2355:Foster care
2345:Coparenting
1982:Inheritance
1967:Family name
1826:Stepsibling
1720:Great-uncle
1675:Grandparent
1247:(1): 1–38.
1140:(7): 25–28.
506:Hajnal line
400:traditional
374:Familialism
238:Historians
85: 1955
3604:Categories
3508:Group home
3442:Safe house
3407:Patio home
3300:Hall house
3295:Green home
3014:Truby King
2908:Disownment
2721:Television
2711:Role model
2636:Child care
2614:Techniques
2580:Soccer mom
2550:Enmeshment
2487:Pediatrics
2227:Only child
2172:Family Day
2045:Ahnentafel
2007:Progenitor
1869:Disownment
1814:stepmother
1809:stepfather
1804:Stepparent
1796:Stepfamily
1784:son-in-law
1724:Great-aunt
1680:Grandchild
1397:2018-04-10
1304:2016-02-27
1114:2020-10-02
1037:2008-03-05
879:2017-03-28
790:2011-07-24
703:2021-03-05
673:October 5,
589:References
579:Atomic Age
3584:Squatting
3472:Townhouse
3367:Log cabin
3357:Houseboat
3320:Longhouse
3315:Log house
3305:Housebarn
3200:Cohousing
3161:Apartment
2948:Paternity
2879:Legal and
2779:Grounding
2676:Kommune 1
2651:Education
2626:Allowance
2535:Baby talk
2390:Surrogacy
2304:Parenting
2237:Godparent
1944:Genealogy
1821:Stepchild
1570:Household
1346:1742-4755
1134:Third Way
1109:1072-7825
233:Stone Age
153:The term
149:Etymology
141:The term
119:residence
3553:Solitude
3543:Roommate
3285:Ecohouse
3178:Bungalow
2994:Jo Frost
2928:Marriage
2794:Time-out
2370:Orphaned
2335:Adoptive
2116:Holidays
2040:Genogram
1977:Heredity
1972:Heirloom
1894:Marriage
1859:Affinity
1854:Adoption
1640:daughter
1489:13957857
1364:23363875
1271:23440941
1200:19015520
983:27688430
647:Archived
453:See also
416:marriage
221:adoption
197:children
112:children
3562:Lacking
3538:Recluse
3382:Mansion
3362:Lodging
3310:I-house
3220:Cottage
2962:Experts
2738: (
2703: (
2631:Bedtime
2595:Theybie
2215:Related
1949:lineage
1874:Divorce
1844:Kinship
1757:husband
1652:brother
1647:Sibling
1565:History
1481:1126730
1416:NPR.org
1355:3563619
1262:3576563
1191:2587582
1168:Bibcode
390:in the
227:History
208:adults.
169:nucleus
131:married
106:) is a
52:Discuss
3610:Family
3402:Palace
3195:Castle
2855:Incest
2774:Curfew
2512:Styles
2330:Father
2325:Mother
2320:Parent
2257:Incest
2177:Canada
1747:Spouse
1729:Cousin
1657:sister
1623:father
1618:mother
1613:Parent
1554:Family
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189:father
108:family
48:merged
3482:Villa
3270:House
2803:Abuse
2410:Areas
2165:Japan
1685:Uncle
1630:Child
1477:JSTOR
1330:: 6.
1218:(PDF)
553:Notes
358:India
348:As a
173:Latin
102:, or
3144:Type
2705:date
2701:Play
2462:Love
2128:U.S.
2012:Clan
1947:and
1752:wife
1689:Aunt
1485:PMID
1428:see
1360:PMID
1342:ISSN
1267:PMID
1196:PMID
1105:ISSN
1064:2020
1007:ISBN
979:PMID
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760:ISBN
727:ISBN
675:2020
616:ISBN
481:Clan
394:and
386:For
356:and
242:and
191:, a
116:home
2736:Toy
1635:son
1469:doi
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282:An
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