Assyrian people - Knowledge

4548: 2506: 4799: 723: 2192: 3667: 4420: 4450: 4484: 2000:), the Assyrians suffered heavy losses due to deportations and mass killings organized by the Ottoman Turks. Several representatives of the Assyrian people participated in the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 after the war had ended. These representatives aimed to free Assyria and sought to influence the victorious powers to place it under one mandatory power. Although many felt sympathy for the Assyrians, none of their demands were implemented. The Assyrians failed in their efforts due to geographical and denominational differences among themselves, as well as the fact that the major powers, Britain and France, had their own plans for the territories where the Assyrians lived. 3437: 82: 2306: 2015: 1853: 2526: 1059: 15020: 2497:

approved by the Education Authority. Closure methods ranged from officially shutting down schools to having armed men enter the schools and shut them down forcefully. An Assyrian educator named Isa Rashid was later badly beaten outside of his home for rejecting the Kurdish self-administration's curriculum. The Assyrian Policy Institute claimed that an Assyrian reporter named Souleman Yusph was arrested by Kurdish forces for his reports on the Dawronoye-related school closures in Syria. Specifically, he had shared numerous photographs on Facebook detailing the closures.

1487: 3448: 1712: 4266: 507: 4519: 2750: 15009: 2086: 3016: 3107: 96: 1335:. Although her exact ethnic background is not definitively established, some sources suggest she was of Assyrian origin. She played a significant role in advocating for women's rights and social reforms. Theodora is particularly remembered for her efforts to improve the status of women, including legislation against forced prostitution and support for widows and orphans. She was a key supporter of her husband's efforts to restore and expand the Byzantine Empire from their capital, 2046:. Despite being heavily outnumbered and outgunned the Assyrians fought successfully, scoring a number of victories over the Turks and Kurds. This situation continued until their Russian allies left the war, and Armenian resistance broke, leaving the Assyrians surrounded, isolated and cut off from lines of supply. The sizable Assyrian presence in south eastern Anatolia which had endured for over four millennia was thus reduced significantly by the end of World War I. 1362: 1627: 17275: 3993: 1944: 1225: 1933: 794:), which was the oldest and largest city of the ancient Assyrian Empire, together with several other towns and cities, existed as early as the 25th century BC. They appear to have been Sumerian-ruled administrative centres at this time rather than independent states. The Sumerians were eventually absorbed into the Akkadian (Assyro-Babylonian) population. An Assyrian identity distinct from other neighboring groups appears to have formed during the 17285: 15031: 2252: 3939:, which means: "Peace be upon you" in Neo-Aramaic. Others are greeted with a handshake with the right hand only; according to Middle Eastern customs, the left hand is associated with evil. Similarly, shoes may not be left facing up, one may not have their feet facing anyone directly, whistling at night is thought to waken evil spirits, etc. A parent will often place an eye pendant on their baby to prevent "an evil eye being cast upon it". 4967:, researchers found that, "the Semitic populations (Assyrians and Syrians) are very distinct from each other according to both axes. This difference supported also by other methods of comparison points out the weak genetic affinity between the two populations with different historical destinies." A 2008 study on the genetics of "old ethnic groups in Mesopotamia", including 340 subjects from seven ethnic communities ("Assyrian, Jewish, 4697: 15933: 5120: 3904: 4871: 16155: 3458: 802: 4590: 17295: 3587:" religion. Thus Jacques de Vitry wrote of them in 1220/1 that "they denied that Mary was the Mother of God and claimed that Christ existed in two persons. They consecrated leavened bread and used the 'Chaldean' (Syriac) language". Until the second half of the 19th century, the term "Chaldean" continued in general use for East Syriac Christians, whether "Nestorian" or Catholic. In 1840, upon visiting Mesopotamia, 17305: 14865: 15921: 3008: 1884:, a member of the family that for centuries had provided the patriarchs of the legitimist "Eliya line", who had won over most of the followers of that line. Thus the patriarchal line of those who in 1553 entered communion with Rome are now patriarchs of the "traditionalist" wing of the Church of the East, that which in 1976 officially adopted the name " 4547: 4026:. After being conquered by the Assyrians, many people, including the Arameans, were deported to the Assyrian heartland and elsewhere. Due to a large number of Aramaic-speaking people, the Aramaization of Assyria began. The relationship between Arameans and Assyrians grew stronger, with Aramean scribes working with Assyrian ones. 4820:

Other Sharras (special festivals) include: Sharra d'Mart Shmuni, Sharra d'Mar Shimon Bar-Sabbaye, Sharra d'Mar Mari, and Shara d'Mar Zaia, Mar Bishu, Mar Sawa, Mar Sliwa, Mar Odisho, and many more. Each town or city also have their own Sharras based on the patron saints of the churches, monasteries,

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was started by the Assyrian community, to educate teachers in order to make Syriac an optional language of instruction in public schools, which then started with the 2016/17 academic year. With that academic year, states the Rojava Education Committee, "three curriculums have replaced the old one, to

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and other parts of Anatolia, by Sultan Abdul Hamid II. These attacks caused the death of over thousands of Assyrians and the forced "Ottomanisation" of the inhabitants of 245 villages. The Turkish troops looted the remains of the Assyrian settlements and these were later stolen and occupied by Kurds.

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and conversion to Islam were subject to severe religious, ethnic, and cultural discrimination and had certain restrictions imposed upon them. Assyrians were excluded from specific duties and occupations reserved for Muslims. They did not enjoy the same political rights as Muslims, and their word was

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Roman/Byzantine and Persian spheres of influence divided Syriac-speaking Christians into two groups: those who adhered to the Miaphysite Syriac Orthodox Church (the so-called Jacobite Church), or West Syrians, and those who adhered to the Church of the East, the so-called Nestorian Church. Following

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Underhill PA, Shen P, Lin AA, Jin L, Passarino G, Yang WH, Kauffman E, Bonné-Tamir B, Bertranpetit J, Francalacci P, Ibrahim M, Jenkins T, Kidd JR, Mehdi SQ, Seielstad MT, Wells RS, Piazza A, Davis RW, Feldman MW, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Oefner PJ (2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history

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is similar to other Middle Eastern cuisines, and is rich in grains, meat, potato, cheese, bread and tomatoes. Typically, rice is served with every meal, with a stew poured over it. Tea is a popular drink, and there are several dishes of desserts, snacks, and beverages. Alcoholic drinks such as wine

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of 1986–1989 in Iraq, which was intended to target Kurdish opposition, resulted in 2,000 Assyrians being murdered through its gas campaigns. Over 31 towns and villages, 25 Assyrian monasteries and churches were razed to the ground. Some Assyrians were murdered, others were deported to large cities,

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By tradition, a patriarch could be ordained only by someone of archiepiscopal (metropolitan) rank, a rank to which only members of that one family were promoted. For that reason, Sulaqa travelled to Rome, where, presented as the new Patriarch elect, he entered communion with the Catholic Church and

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was found to be high for this population through determination of the heterogeneity coefficient (+0,6867), Our study supports earlier findings indicating the relatively closed nature of the Assyrian community as a whole, which as a result of their religious and cultural traditions, have had little

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In the 19th cent. A. H. Layard, the excavator of Nineveh, first suggested that the local *Syriac Christian communities in the region were descended from the ancient Assyrians, and the idea was later popularized by W. A. Wigram, a member of the Abp. Of Canterbury's Mission to the Church of the East

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The Assyrians, although closely associated with their Christian religion, are divided among a number of Christian sects. The largest denominations are the Chaldean Catholic Church with about 45% of the Assyrian population, the Syriac Orthodox with 26%, the Assyrian Church of the East with 19%, the

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A 2018 report stated that Kurdish authorities in Syria, in conjunction with Dawronoye officials, had shut down several Assyrian schools in Northern Syria and fired their administration. This was said to be because these schooled failed to register for a license and for rejecting the new curriculum

1573:, the Ottomans started viewing Assyrians and other Christians on their eastern front as a potential threat. The Kurdish Emirs sought to consolidate their power by attacking Assyrian communities, which were already well-established there. Scholars estimate that tens of thousands of Assyrians in the 4999:

clustered together, but away from the other Northern Iraqi populations analyzed in the study, and largely in between the West Asian and Southeastern European populations. According to the study, "contemporary Assyrians and Yazidis from northern Iraq may in fact have a stronger continuity with the

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Around 700 B.C., the Aramaic alphabet replaced cuneiform and became the official writing system of the Assyrian empire. Aramaic was the language of commerce, trade, and communication and became the vernacular language of Assyria in classical antiquity. By the 1st century AD, Akkadian was extinct,

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Assyrian clothing varies from village to village. Clothing is usually blue, red, green, yellow, and purple; these colors are also used as embroidery on a white piece of clothing. Decoration is lavish in Assyrian costumes, and sometimes involves jewellery. The conical hats of traditional Assyrian

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They were banned from spreading their religion further or building new churches in Muslim-ruled lands, but were expected to adhere to the same laws of property, contract, and obligation as the Muslim Arabs. They could not seek the conversion of a Muslim, a non-Muslim man could not marry a Muslim

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returned to their ancestral land in Hakkari in 1922, shortly after World War I without permission from the Turkish government. This led to clashes between the Assyrians and the Turkish army with their Kurdish allies that grew into a rebellion in 1924, it ended with the Assyrians being forced to

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The 14th century massacres of Timur devastated the Assyrian people. Timur's massacres and pillages of all that was Christian drastically reduced their existence. At the end of the reign of Timur, the Assyrian population had almost been eradicated in many places. Toward the end of the thirteenth

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which originated from a geographical zone that includes northeastern Syria, northern Iraq and eastern Turkey from where it expanded to the rest of the Near East and North Africa has been measured at 55% among Assyrians of Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and diaspora; while it has been found at 11% among

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and Turkish being the greatest influences overall. Only Turkey is reported to be experiencing a population increase of Assyrians in the four countries constituting their historical homeland, largely consisting of Assyrian refugees from Syria and a smaller number of Assyrians returning from the

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equivalent of "Assyrians" appears in ancient Georgian, Armenian and Russian documents. This correlates with the theory of the nations to the East of Mesopotamia knew the group as Assyrians, while to the West, beginning with Greek influence, the group was known as Syrians. Syria being a Greek

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in 1963, introducing laws aimed at suppressing the Assyrian national identity via arabization policies. The giving of traditional Assyrian names was banned and Assyrian schools, political parties, churches and literature were repressed. Assyrians were heavily pressured into identifying as

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in particular saw the Assyrians accepted into mainstream society. Many urban Assyrians became successful businessmen, others were well represented in politics and the military, their towns and villages flourished undisturbed, and Assyrians came to excel, and be over represented in sports.

1557:. Assyrians were increasingly marginalized, persecuted and gradually became a minority in their homeland. Conversion to Islam was a result of heavy taxation, which also resulted in decreased revenue from their rulers. As a result, the new converts migrated to Muslim garrison towns nearby. 4947:

and that an individual Assyrian's genetic makeup is relatively close to that of the Assyrian population as a whole. "The genetic data are compatible with historical data that religion played a major role in maintaining the Assyrian population's separate identity during the

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Assyrians practice unique marriage ceremonies. The rituals performed during weddings are derived from many different elements from the past 3,000 years. An Assyrian wedding traditionally lasted a week. Today, weddings in the Assyrian homeland usually last 2–3 days. In the

4100:, Assyrians are typically multilingual, speaking both their native language and learning those of the societies they reside in. While many Assyrians have fled from their traditional homeland recently, a substantial number still reside in Arabic-speaking countries speaking 1813:

in Eastern Syria"; "Patriarch of the Church of the Chaldeans of Mosul"; "Patriarch of the Chaldeans"; "Patriarch of Mosul"; or "Patriarch of the Eastern Assyrians", this last being the version given by Pietro Strozzi on the second-last unnumbered page before page 1 of his

5886: 2152:, being revived for the first time in millennia for this force. The Assyrians were prized by the British rulers for their fighting qualities, loyalty, bravery and discipline, and were used to help the British put down insurrections among the Arabs and Kurds. During 1782:(still belonging to the Syriac Orthodox Church) and thus not far from the residence of the Eliya line of Patriarchs of the Church of the East. From 1533, the holder of the office was known as the Maphrian of Mosul, to distinguish him from the Maphrian of the 1589:, invaded their region. After a later massacre in 1846, western powers forced the Ottomans into intervening in the region, and the ensuing conflict destroyed the Kurdish emirates and reasserted the Ottoman power in the area. The Assyrians were subject to the 3583:, made in Aramaic, and which decreed that "nobody shall in future dare to call Chaldeans, Nestorians". Previously, when there were as yet no Catholic Aramaic speakers of Mesopotamian origin, the term "Chaldean" was applied with explicit reference to their " 2738:, where an estimated 300,000 Assyrians live. This is a decline from an estimate of 1,100,000 Assyrians in the 1980’s, following instability caused by the American invasion of Iraq in 2003. In Iran and Turkey, only small populations remain, with only 20,000 2199:

Levies, who volunteered in 1946 for service as ground crew with the Royal Air Force, look over the side of the ORBITA as it pulls into the docks at Liverpool. Left to right, they are: Sergeant Macko Shmos, Lance Corporal Adoniyo Odisho and Corporal Yoseph

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of unarmed men, women and children by Muslim Turks and Kurds in the late 19th century at the hands of the Ottoman Empire and its associated (largely Kurdish and Arab) militias, which further greatly reduced numbers, particularly in southeastern Turkey.

4770:, the Assyrian New Year, traditionally on April 1, though usually celebrated on January 1. Assyrians usually wear traditional costumes and hold social events including parades and parties, dancing, and listening to poets telling the story of creation. 1565:

conducted a religiously motivated massacre against Assyrians. After, no records of Assyrians remained in Assur according to the archaeological and numismatic record. From this point, the Assyrian population was dramatically reduced in their homeland.

4921:, with most dishes being similar to the cuisines of the area in which those Assyrians live/originate from. It is rich in grains such as barley, meat, tomato, herbs, spices, cheese, and potato as well as herbs, fermented dairy products, and pickles. 2348:". This process became an object of controversy, cited by some critics as the biggest American mistake made in the immediate aftermath of the Invasion of Iraq, and as one of the main causes in the deteriorating security situation throughout Iraq. 11952:

Banoei, M. M.; Chaleshtori, M. H.; Sanati, M. H.; Shariati, P; Houshmand, M; Majidizadeh, T; Soltani, N. J.; Golalipour, M (February 2008). "Variation of DAT1 VNTR alleles and genotypes among old ethnic groups in Mesopotamia to the Oxus region".

10236:, see "Eastern Syrians" and "Western Syrians" respectively. Modern terminology within the group is Western Assyrians and Eastern Assyrians respectively, while those who reject the Assyrian identity opt for Syriac or Aramean rather than Assyrian. 1973:

which occurred during the First World War. Between 275,000 and 300,000 Assyrians were estimated to have been slaughtered by the armies of the Ottoman Empire and their Kurdish allies, totalling up to two-thirds of the entire Assyrian population.

1274:. Those who for any reason refused to accept one or other of these councils were called Nestorians or Monophysites, while those who accepted both councils, held under the auspices of the Roman emperors, were called Melkites (derived from Syriac 12231:

Grugni, Viola; Battaglia, Vincenza; Hooshiar Kashani, Baharak; Parolo, Silvia; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Achilli, Alessandro; Olivieri, Anna; Gandini, Francesca; Houshmand, Massoud; Sanati, Mohammad Hossein; Torroni, Antonio; Semino, Ornella (2012).

6126: 2489:, an Assyrian militia operating in Syria, established in January 2013 to protect and stand up for the national rights of Assyrians in Syria as well as working together with the other communities in Syria to change the current government of 722: 1479:

woman, and the child of such a marriage would be considered a Muslim. They could not own an enslaved Muslim and had to wear different clothing from Muslims to be distinguishable. In addition to the jizya tax, they were required to pay the

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dress have changed little over millennia from those worn in ancient Mesopotamia, and until the 19th and early 20th centuries the ancient Mesopotamian tradition of braiding or platting of hair, beards and moustaches was still commonplace.

3840:), dating to the eighth century BC. In this monumental inscription, Urikki made reference to the relationship between his kingdom and his Assyrian overlords. The Luwian inscription reads "Sura/i" whereas the Phoenician translation reads 4710:

Assyrians have numerous traditional dances which are performed mostly for special occasions such as weddings. Assyrian dance is a blend of ancient indigenous and general Near Eastern elements. Assyrian folk dances are mainly made up of

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languages of Lishan Didan and Lishanid Noshan share a partial intelligibility with these varieties. The mutual intelligibility between Suret and Surayt/Turoyo is, depending on the dialect, limited to partial, and may be asymmetrical.

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Syriac Christians of the Middle East and diaspora employ different terms for self-identification based on conflicting beliefs in the origin and identity of their respective communities. During the 19th century, English archaeologist

969:, part of the Northwest Semitic languages. Around 700 BC, Aramaic slowly replaced Akkadian in Assyria, Babylonia and the Levant. Widespread bilingualism among Assyrian nationals was already present before the fall of the Empire. The 5878: 2644:) in Turkey, among others. Some of the cities are presently under Kurdish control and some still have an Assyrian presence, namely those in Iraq, as the Assyrian population in southeastern Turkey (such as those in Hakkari) was 3153:. As a result of this, the Assyrian population in the Middle East has decreased dramatically. As of today there are more Assyrians in the diaspora than in their homeland. The largest Assyrian diaspora communities are found in 2248:. Assyrians were not recognized as an ethnic group by the governments and they fostered divisions among Assyrians along religious lines (e.g. Assyrian Church of the East vs. Chaldean Catholic Church vs Syriac Orthodox Church). 4408:

During the "Seyfo" genocide, there were a number of Assyrians who were forced to convert to Islam. They reside in Turkey, and practice Islam but still retain their identity. A small number of Assyrian Jews exist as well.

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Assyrians remained dominant in Upper Mesopotamia as late as the 14th century, and the city of Assur was still occupied by Assyrians during the Islamic period until the mid-14th century when the Muslim Turco-Mongol ruler

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in the Ottoman Empire, resentment at the comparative wealth of the ancient indigenous Christian communities, and a fear that they would attempt to secede from the tottering Ottoman Empire. Assyrians were massacred in

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Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G, Lin AA, Al-Zahery N, Battaglia V, Maccioni L, Triantaphyllidis C, Shen P, Oefner PJ, Zhivotovsky LA, King R, Torroni A, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS:

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Grammar of the dialects of vernacular Syriac: as spoken by the Eastern Syrians of Kurdistan, north-west Persia, and the Plain of Mosul: with notices of the vernacular of the Jews of Azerbaijan and of Zakhu near

5703: 5384: 1797:, who were dissatisfied with reservation of patriarchal succession to members of a single family, even if the designated successor was little more than a child, elected as a rival patriarch the abbot of the 6661: 4449: 3752:, and this term was also applied to areas west of Euphrates which had been an Assyrian colony, and from this point the Greeks applied the term without distinction between the Assyrians of Mesopotamia and 4994:

shared by Marsh Arabs, Iraqis, and Assyrians, "supporting a common local background." In a 2017 study focusing on the genetics of Northern Iraqi populations, it was found that Iraqi Assyrians and Iraqi

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Worldwide population changes of the Assyrian population, showing a steep decline in areas where Assyrians lived historically, however a sharp increase in the overall population of the Assyrian diaspora.

8611: 5682: 10613: 6334: 5799: 4419: 6123:"According to the 1989 population census, there were 5,200 Assyrians in Georgia (0.1 percent); according to the 2002 census, their number dropped to 3,299, while their percentage remained the same" 6124: 2383:, the majority of its Assyrian population has either fled abroad or to northern Iraq, or has been murdered. Islamic resentment over the United States' occupation of Iraq, and incidents such as the 8644: 12013:"In the less frequent J1-M267* clade, only marginally affected by events of expansion, Marsh Arabs shared haplotypes with other Iraqi and Assyrian samples, supporting a common local background." 9015: 3911:

Assyrian culture is largely influenced by Christianity. There are many Assyrian customs that are common in other Middle Eastern cultures. Main festivals occur during religious holidays such as

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Members of the Syriac Orthodox Church and Ancient Church of the East celebrate Easter on a Sunday between April 4 and May 8 inclusively on the Gregorian calendar, March 22 and April 25 on the

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eventually drifted away from Rome and in 1662 adopted a profession of faith incompatible with that of Rome. Leadership of those who wished communion with Rome passed to the Archbishop of Amid

4939:, Paolo Menozzi and Alberto Piazza, "shows that Assyrians have a distinct genetic profile that distinguishes their population from any other population." Genetic analyses of the Assyrians of 2432:

which have large Assyrian populations. There have been reports of atrocities committed by ISIL terrorists since, including; beheadings, crucifixions, child murders, rape, forced conversions,

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Gansell, AR. FROM MESOPOTAMIA TO MODERN SYRIA: ETHNOARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON FEMALE ADORNMENT DURING RITES. Ancient Near Eastern Art in Context. 2007 – Brill Academic Publishers.

8945: 8723: 4719:, which is routinely danced as the bride and groom are welcomed into the wedding reception. Most of the circle dances allow unlimited number of participants, with the exception of the 1205:. Its head was declared to be the bishop of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, who in the acts of the council was referred to as the Grand or Major Metropolitan and who soon afterward was called the 8917: 937:

had a relatively low level of integration with the local population in Mesopotamia, which allowed their cultures to survive. Semi-independent kingdoms influenced by Assyrian culture (

6364: 6486: 4405:; after seven days another gathering commemorates their death. A close family member wears only black clothes for forty days and nights, or sometimes a year, as a sign of mourning. 12004:

Al-Zahery et al., BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011, 11:288, "In search of the genetic footprints of Sumerians: a survey of Y-chromosome and mtDNA variation in the Marsh Arabs of Iraq"

1739:. Syriac Christians, however, were often considered one millet alongside Armenians until the 19th century, when Nestorian, Syriac Orthodox and Chaldeans gained that right as well. 7932:, George V. Yana (Bebla) presented as a "correction" of Strozzi's statement a quotation from an unrelated source (cf. p. xxiv) that Sulaqa was called "Patriarch of the Chaldeans". 1981:, and Iraq (where they were to suffer further violent assaults at the hands of the Arabs and Kurds), as well as other neighbouring countries in and around the Middle East such as 11276: 8895: 5354: 4030:

although its influence on contemporary Eastern Neo-Aramaic languages spoken by Assyrians is significant and some loaned vocabulary still survives in these languages to this day.

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There are three main Assyrian subgroups: Eastern, Western, Chaldean. These subdivisions are only partially overlapping linguistically, historically, culturally, and religiously.

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Wigram, W.A., "The Ashiret Highlands of Hakkari (Mesopotamia)," Royal Central Asian Society Journal, 1916, Vol. III, pg. 40. – The Assyrians and their Neighbors (London, 1929)

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rather than of Assyria, but using both cuneiform and the dialect is the best indication of Assyrian presence. Over 20,000 cuneiform tablets have been recovered from the site.

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Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area.

8572: 8435: 495:), one of the oldest continuously spoken and written languages in the world. Aramaic has influenced Hebrew, Arabic, and some parts of Mongolian and Uighur. Aramaic was the 16537: 11146: 2208:. The tension reached its peak shortly after the formal declaration of independence when hundreds of Assyrian civilians were slaughtered during the Simele massacre by the 5856: 14516:

Comparative Etymological Studies in the Western Neo-Syriac (Ṭūrōyo) Lexicon: With Special Reference to Homonyms, Related Words and Borrowings with Cultural Signification

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The Assyrians initially experienced periods of religious and cultural freedom interspersed with periods of severe religious and ethnic persecution after the 7th century

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script. Although ʾEsṭrangēlā is no longer used as the main script for writing Syriac, it has received some revival since the 10th century, and it has been added to the

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in 2014, many Assyrian organizations also formed their own independent fighting forces to combat ISIL and potentially retake their "ancestral lands." These include the

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Lashgary Z, Khodadadi A, Singh Y, Houshmand SM, Mahjoubi F, Sharma P, Singh S, Seyedin M, Srivastava A, Ataee M, Mohammadi ZS, Rezaei N, Bamezai RN, Sanati MH (2011).

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form of the alphabet, which is often translated as "contemporary", reflecting its use in writing modern Neo-Aramaic. The West Syriac dialect is usually written in the

2436:, robbery, and extortion in the form of illegal taxes levied upon non-Muslims. Assyrians in Iraq have responded by forming armed militias to defend their territories. 6699: 6669: 3055:, there was indiscriminate slaughter of tens of thousands of Assyrians and destruction of the Assyrian population of northwestern Iran and central and northern Iran. 2505: 1281:

All three groups existed among the Syriac Christians, the East Syriacs being called Nestorians and the West Syriacs being divided between the Monophysites (today the

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withdrew from the short-lived province Assyria and its neighboring provinces in 118 AD. Following a successful campaign in 197–198, Severus converted the kingdom of

5376: 9291: 9253: 3771:. Meanwhile, some scholars has disclaimed the theory of Syrian being derived from Assyrian as "simply naive", and detracted its importance to the naming conflict. 6048: 5535: 5459: 1483:

tax on their land, which was heavier than the jizya. However, they were protected, given religious freedom, and to govern themselves according to their own laws.

13963: 11921:"Yepiskoposian et al., Iran and the Caucasus, Volume 10, Number 2, 2006, pp. 191–208(18), "Genetic Testing of Language Replacement Hypothesis in Southwest Asia"" 8835: 5518: 5561: 2761:, there are only 2,500 Assyrians left. Down from 50,000 in the 1960 census, but up from 1,000 in 1992. This sharp decline is due to an intense conflict between 8861: 8328: 7427: 5499:"The Assyrian population in Iraq, estimated at approximately 200,000, constitutes the largest remaining concentration of the ethnic group in the Middle East." 1961:

The Assyrians suffered a number of religiously and ethnically motivated massacres throughout the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, culminating in the large-scale

1876:, recognized first by the Turkish civil authorities (1677) and then by Rome itself (1681). A century and a half later, in 1830, headship of the Catholics (the 4518: 4104:

alongside the Neo-Aramaic languages and is also spoken by many Assyrians in the diaspora. The most commonly spoken languages by Assyrians in the diaspora are

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was ordained by the Pope and recognized as Patriarch. The title or description under which he was recognized as Patriarch is given variously as "Patriarch of

15841: 8603: 6227: 5674: 4339:. The group is traditionally characterized as adhering to various churches of Syriac Christianity and speaking Neo-Aramaic languages. It is subdivided into: 3473:

believed that the native Christian communities in the historical region of Assyria were descended from the ancient Assyrians, a view that was also shared by

1767: 12428:(1841). "An Account of a Visit to the Chaldeans, Inhabiting Central Kurdistán; And of an Ascent of the Peak of Rowándiz (Ṭúr Sheïkhíwá) in Summer in 1840". 11441:

Although there are some atheists among Assyrians, they are usually associated with specific communities based on the adherence to a concrete religious sect.

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J. Martin Bailey, Betty Jane Bailey, Who Are the Christians in the Middle East? p. 163: "more than two thirds" out of "nearly a million" Christians in Iraq.

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original genetic stock of the Mesopotamian people, which possibly provided the basis for the ethnogenesis of various subsequent Near Eastern populations".

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Many members of the following churches consider themselves Assyrian. Ethnic identities are often deeply intertwined with religion, a legacy of the Ottoman

16566: 14769: 8475: 5744: 13201:"Neither Syriac-speaking nor Syrian Orthodox Christians: Harput Assyrians in the United States as a Model for Ethnic Self-Categorization and Expression" 12087:"A glimpse at the intricate mosaic of ethnicities from Mesopotamia: Paternal lineages of the northern Iraqi Arabs, Kurds, Syriacs, Turkmens and Yazidis" 12025:"A glimpse at the intricate mosaic of ethnicities from Mesopotamia: Paternal lineages of the northern Iraqi Arabs, Kurds, Syriacs, Turkmens and Yazidis" 11718: 11176: 8634: 6586: 16836: 9659: 9619:"Sweden has also one of the largest exile communities of Assyrian and Syriac Christians (also known as Chaldeans) with a population of around 100,000." 3817:), dating to the 8th century BC. Originally published by Tekoglu and Lemaire (2000), it was more recently the subject of a 2006 paper published in the 2832:

The Chaldean subgroup is a subgroup of the Eastern one. The group is often equated with the adherents of the Chaldean Catholic Church, however not all

1805:. This was by no means the first schism in the Church of the East. An example is the attempt to replace Timothy I (779–823) with Ephrem of Gandīsābur. 622:

and the occupation of a significant portion of the Assyrian homeland resulted in another major wave of Assyrian displacement due to events such as the

9007: 8212:

Our Smallest Ally; Wigram, W[illiam] A[inger]; A Brief Account of the Assyrian Nation in the Great War. Introd. by General H.H. Austin

7313: 6203: 4739:

is the most prominent of the celebrations. Members of the Assyrian Church of the East, Chaldean Catholic Church and Syriac Catholic Church follow the

1243:. It is recognized as one of the oldest Christian monasteries in existence. It is famous for its magnificent library and a considerable collection of 3563:, and was still the normal terminology in the nineteenth century. Only in 1445 did it begin to be used to designate Aramaic speakers who had entered 2401:. As a result, Assyrians have taken up arms alongside other groups, such as the Kurds, Turcomans and Armenians, in response to unprovoked attacks by 686: 10483: 3850:

The modern terminological problem goes back to colonial times, but it became more acute in 1946, when with the independence of Syria, the adjective

2191: 16450: 14949: 14274: 12913:

The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the fall of the Persian Empire

11832:"Dr. Joel J. Elias, Emeritus, University of California, The Genetics of Modern Assyrians and their Relationship to Other People of the Middle East" 4798: 4332:

and other Protestant/Reform Orthodox Assyrian groups. While there are some atheist Assyrians, they tend to still associate with some denomination.

2394:, have resulted in Muslims attacking Assyrian communities. Since the start of the Iraq war, at least 46 churches and monasteries have been bombed. 11574: 2983:

were historically Assyrian cities with an Assyrian majority, this is no longer the case today. Outside of the area of core Assyrian settlement in

2493:. However, many Assyrians and the organizations that represent them, particularly those outside of Syria, are critical of the Dawronoye movement. 15970: 6970: 5613: 4401:

in Jewish communities. After a death, a gathering is held three days after burial to celebrate the ascension to heaven of the dead person, as of

2097:

The majority of Assyrians living in what is today modern Turkey were forced to flee to either Syria or Iraq after the Turkish victory during the

14900: 8753: 6920: 3537:, named after their ethnicity as the descendants of the ancient Assyrian people, is advocated by followers from within all Middle Eastern based 841:

does not directly mention it, and there is no mention in Assyrian records, which date as far back as the 25th century BC. What is known is that

14905: 11544: 10207: 9872: 9844: 7791: 14373: 8506: 6356: 3954:

marriages are not perceived as a taboo, unless the foreigner is of a different religious background, especially a Muslim. Throughout history,

3496:

Today, Assyrians and other minority ethnic groups in the Middle East, feel pressure to identify as "Arabs", "Turks" and "Kurds". In addition,

1829:

in the same year and fixed his seat in Amid. Before being imprisoned for four months and then in January 1555 put to death by the governor of

849:

c. 1365 BC and the Assyrians benefited from this development by taking control of the eastern portion of Mitanni territory and later annexing

8942: 8731: 7742: 6017: 3032:, Christians in Persia were viewed with suspicion as potential Roman subversives, resulting in persecutions while at the same time promoting 2384: 8921: 6463: 6172: 4983:") found that Assyrians were homogeneous with respect to all other ethnic groups sampled in the study, regardless of religious affiliation. 12639: 12006: 11243: 8813: 3858:

like English "Assyrian" vs. "Aramaean", but also applies to self-designation in Neo-Aramaic, the minority "Aramaean" faction endorses both

1604:—the Assyrians have endured much hardship throughout their recent history as a result of religious and ethnic persecution by these groups. 1252: 13787:

The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East: A History of Their Encounter with Western Christian Missions, Archaeologists, and Colonial Powers

9774: 1841:, he ordained two metropolitans and three other bishops, thus beginning a new ecclesiastical hierarchy: the patriarchal line known as the 1678:, the noted Assyrian scholar and hierarch, found "much quietness" in his diocese in Mesopotamia. Syria's diocese, he wrote, was "wasted." 13870: 3028:

Due to their Christian faith and ethnicity, the Assyrians have been persecuted since their adoption of Christianity. During the reign of

12998: 6738: 5429: 11268: 5651: 5501:

Assyrian Policy Institute's Erasing the Legacy of the Khabour: Destruction of Assyrian Cultural Heritage in the Khabour Region of Syria

5350: 4088:

between Suret dialects. Therefore, these "languages" would generally be considered to be dialects rather than separate languages. The

3962:, as both groups have practised Christianity since ancient times and have suffered through persecution under Muslim rulers. Therefore, 1845:. The area of influence of this patriarchate soon moved from Amid east, fixing the see, after many changes, in the isolated village of 11630: 8697: 7401: 17349: 16454: 15733: 14988: 14895: 11779: 8891: 8667: 6074: 5015:

Assyrians of Iran. the same haplogroup also have high prevalence among Iraqi Arabs which is "indicative of their indigenous nature".

4148: 1313:

the split, they developed distinct dialects, mainly based on the pronunciation and written symbolization of vowels. With the rise of

14890: 10406: 8972: 5929: 1317:, eastern Aramaic enjoyed a renaissance as a classical language in the 2nd to 8th centuries, and varieties of that form of Aramaic ( 673:. In northern Syria, Assyrian groups have been taking part both politically and militarily in the Kurdish-dominated but multiethnic 17359: 16826: 14885: 8388: 7208: 6095: 3821:, in which the author, Robert Rollinger, lends support to the age-old debate of the name "Syria" being derived from "Assyria" (see 2778: 13274: 10311: 9317: 9171: 6420: 5334: 3666: 615:

was triggered by genocidal events throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, as well as religious persecution by Islamic extremists.

15166: 12498: 8442: 5189: 3011:

With its many historic churches & monasteries, Tur Abdin is considered the spiritual centre of the Syriac Orthodox Assyrians.

2547: 2473: 13487: 12598:

Hostages in the Homeland, Orphans in the Diaspora: Identity Discourses Among the Assyrian/Syriac Elites in the European Diaspora

11138: 9932: 9762:

Deniz, F. 2000, 'Maintenance and Transformation of Ethnic Identity: the Assyrian Case', The Assyrian Australian Academic Journal

9405: 15481: 15475: 11694: 9119: 8273: 8073: 6639: 5848: 2877: 14918: 12535:

Andrade, Nathanael J. (2014). "Assyrians, Syrians and the Greek Language in the late Hellenistic and Roman Imperial Periods".

9825: 9503: 9451: 8009: 5958: 5480:"Prior to the start of the war in Syria, it is estimated that the country was home to approximately 200,000 ethnic Assyrians" 17379: 16142: 14846: 14822: 14685: 14664: 14640: 14617: 14580: 14559: 14524: 14435: 14412: 14260: 14237: 14188: 14128: 14048: 14012: 13989: 13949: 13928: 13864: 13841: 13818: 13699: 13666: 13643: 13617: 13593: 13570: 13547: 13524: 13458: 13437: 13387: 13366: 13212: 13189: 13133: 13112: 13075: 12967: 12921: 12897: 12848: 12825: 12804: 12773: 12715: 12694: 12606: 12585: 12525: 12390: 12366: 11904: 11812: 11655: 11524: 11499: 11474: 11434: 10971: 10920: 10700: 10549: 10477: 10183: 10126: 10032: 9902: 9702: 9476:

The Middle East, abstracts and index, Part 1. Library Information and Research Service. Northumberland Press, 2002. Page 491.

9379: 9148: 9057: 8419: 7695: 7668: 7566: 7475: 7346: 7172: 7053: 6886: 6817: 6778: 6561: 5313: 5303: 2719:

in Syria, occurred in the early 1930s, when they fled from northern Iraq after they were targeted and slaughtered during the

2696: 1728: 1658:

in 1258. The Mongol khans were sympathetic with Christians and did not harm them. The most prominent among them was probably

16120: 14134: 14018: 13755: 13725: 13705: 13672: 13393: 12854: 12396: 11927: 11831: 11030: 9093:

Dodge, Bayard, "The Settlement of the Assyrians on the Khabur," Royal Central Asian Society Journal, July 1940, pp. 301–320.

6784: 5253: 3500:

often makes no mention of any ethnic identity of the Christians in the region, and simply call refer to them as Christians,

2236: 1689:. Subsequently, all Assyrians, like with the rest of the ethnicities living in the former Aq Qoyunlu territories, fell into 1471:

not equal to that of a Muslim in legal and civil matters. As Christians, they were subject to payment of a special tax, the

17374: 16578: 16485: 14942: 12196:

Yepiskoposian L, Khudoyan A, Harutyunian A (2006). "Genetic Testing of Language Replacement Hypothesis in Southwest Asia".

9485:

Central Asia and the Caucasus: transnationalism and diaspora. Touraj Atabaki, Sanjyot Mehendale. Routledge, 2005. Page 228.

9231: 8306: 6691: 3763:. The question has a long history of academic controversy, but majority mainstream opinion currently strongly favours that 2774: 2406: 13159: 10582: 7105: 4788:

Kalu d'Sulaqa, feast of the Bride of the Ascension, celebrates Assyrian resistance to the invasion of Assyria by Tamerlane

473: 17369: 17364: 16480: 15963: 15816: 14813:

Gaunt, David; Atto, Naures; Barthoma, Soner O. (2017). "Introduction: Contextualizing the Sayfo in the First World War".

11673: 8546: 7002: 5591: 3625:. To note, ancient Arameans were a separate ethnic group that lived concurrently with the Assyrian empire in what is now 2440: 2391: 2300: 465: 10223: 6106:

Iraqi Assyrians in London: Beyond the 'Immigrant/Refugee' Divide; Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford, 1995

4794:

Sharra d'Mart Maryam, usually on August 15, a festival and feast celebrating St. Mary with games, food, and celebration.

2275:, and then joined up with the Iraqi-Kurdistan Front in the early 1990s. Yonadam Kanna in particular was a target of the 16831: 16747: 16470: 16435: 15493: 13415:

A Hebrew & Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament: With an Introduction Giving a Short History of Hebrew Lexicography

12741: 11199:"Understanding recent movements of Christians from Syria and Iraq to other countries across the Middle East and Europe" 9204: 7295:

Theodora the "Believing Queen:" A Study in Syriac Historiographical Tradition, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, p. 216, 217, 218.

7233: 6040: 5723: 5531: 5451: 4930: 1956: 639: 17: 13967: 13324: 13294: 13048: 13023: 11604: 11209: 10895: 9753:

Kinarah: Twentieth Anniversary of Assyrian Australian Association 1989, Assyrian Australian Association, Edensor Park.

8839: 6303: 16875: 14815:

Let Them Not Return: Sayfo – The Genocide Against the Assyrian, Syriac, and Chaldean Christians in the Ottoman Empire

14353: 13795: 11492:

Let Them Not Return: Sayfo – The Genocide Against the Assyrian, Syriac, and Chaldean Christians in the Ottoman Empire

11346: 10152: 9047: 8256: 7712: 7502: 7037: 6395: 5557: 4715:

that are performed in a line, which may be straight, curved, or both. The most common form of Assyrian folk dance is

15019: 11384: 9680:

Assyrian Australian Association & Ettinger House 1997, Settlement Issues of the Assyrian Community, AAA, Sydney.

8869: 7925: 7435: 5825: 5073:

and assimilation/integration of different peoples carrying haplogroup R, while explain its frequency as a result of

3710:

considered "Syria" west of the Euphrates. Starting from the 2nd century BC onwards, ancient writers referred to the

3402:

speakers, who also originate from Iraq. Assyrians in such European countries as Sweden and Germany would usually be

3063: 1596:

Being culturally, ethnically, and linguistically distinct from their Muslim neighbors in the Middle East—the Arabs,

1590: 17354: 16963: 16948: 16544: 16532: 15875: 14869: 9629: 6569:

free Orthodox Church of Antioch or Syriac Catholic Church with 4%, and various Protestant sects with a combined 6%.

4785:

Somikka, All Saints Day, is celebrated to motivate children to fast during Lent through use of frightening costumes

4524: 4240:

form of the alphabet. Most of the letters are clearly derived from ʾEsṭrangēlā, but are simplified, flowing lines.

3209: 13914: 9608: 7023:

Parpola, Simo, National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times.

6224: 5484: 1727:

The Ottomans secured their control over Mesopotamia and Syria in the first half of the 17th century following the

17344: 16821: 16807: 16559: 16209: 15161: 14935: 11681: 7603: 7065: 6853: 5987: 4321: 3955: 3818: 3181: 3149:, many Assyrians have left the Middle East entirely for a more safe and comfortable life in the countries of the 2943:. Historic Assyrian villages, some of which are still inhabited by Assyrians in Turabdin, include the following: 2397:

In recent years, the Assyrians in northern Iraq and northeast Syria have become the target of extreme unprovoked

2333: 2329: 1075: 631: 10100: 9366:

Christian mission to Muslims: the record: Anglican and Reformed approaches in India and the Near East, 1800–1938

6146: 17339: 17334: 16425: 15956: 15556: 15541: 15523: 15499: 15404: 15229: 14797: 14737: 14708: 12664: 10749: 9962: 8467: 5414: 5154: 4656: 3101: 2656:. Those who survived fled to unaffected areas of Assyrian settlement in northern Iraq, with others settling in 2444: 1706: 1324: 698: 662: 14881:

YouTube-Video: Associate professor Svante Lundgren elaborates on the history and origin of the Assyrian people

14754: 14200:"A Struggle for Genocide Recognition: How the Aramean, Assyrian, and Chaldean Diasporas Link Past and Present" 14159: 12959:

The Church of the East and the Church of England: A History of the Archbishop of Canterbury's Assyrian Mission

12940: 2927:. Today there are also evangelical groups that have founded their own churches in the diaspora. Historically, 918:

are the primary source of information about that battle, makes no mention of Assyrians in connection with it.

15410: 15371: 15285: 15156: 14199: 11966: 11722: 10539: 8775: 6583: 5503: 3737:

This version of the name took hold in the Hellenic lands to the west of the old Assyrian Empire, thus during

3265: 2223:

The period from the 1940s through to 1963 saw a period of respite for the Assyrians. The regime of President

1895:

in the south eastern corner of the Ottoman Empire were massacred by the Kurdish emirs of Hakkari and Bohtan.

1873: 1194: 9804: 7558:

Hidden Treasures And Intercultural Encounters: Studies On East Syriac Christianity In China And Central Asia

5777: 4757:

Assyrians celebrate a number of festivals unique to their culture and traditions as well as religious ones:

2529:

The Assyro-Chaldean Delegation's map of an independent Assyria, presented at the Paris Peace Conference 1919

2240: 16571: 15895: 15870: 15806: 15570: 14401:"The Memory of Sayfo and Its Relation to the Identity of Contemporary Assyrian/Aramean Christians in Syria" 12234:"Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians" 9723: 7305: 6195: 5436:"Erasing the Legacy of Khabour: Destruction of Assyrian Cultural Heritage in the Khabour Region of Syria". 3759:

The question of ethnic identity and self-designation is sometimes connected to the scholarly debate on the

3695: 3344: 3205: 3158: 3097: 2268: 837:, progenitor of the ancient Assyrians. However, there is no other historical basis for this assertion. The 665:

was formed and many Assyrians joined the force to defend themselves. The organization later became part of

12793:"The Ancient Near East in the Late Antique Near East: Syriac Christian Appropriation of the Biblical East" 8104: 6584:

Joel J. Elias, The Genetics of Modern Assyrians and their Relationship to Other People of the Middle East

6108: 642:, nearly 40% were indigenous Assyrians, even though Assyrians accounted for only around 3% of the pre-war 17120: 16885: 16848: 16780: 16549: 15880: 15826: 15689: 15387: 15106: 15081: 15075: 14998: 14836: 14494: 10457: 8639: 7371:"A Bestiary Tale: Text and Image of the Unicorn in the Kitāb naʿt al-hayawān (British Library, or. 2784)" 6806:

Michel, Cécile (2017). "Economy, Society, and Daily Life in the Old Assyrian Period". In E. Frahm (ed.).

6542:

Khan, Geoffrey (2012), The Language of the Modern Assyrians: The North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic dialect group.

5159: 4723:, which require three at most. Assyrian dances would vary from weak to strong, depending on the mood and 4344: 4329: 4325: 4298: 4286: 4008: 3154: 2794: 2593: 2217: 2204:

However, this cooperation with the British was viewed with suspicion by some leaders of the newly formed

2098: 2065: 1892: 1885: 1802: 1574: 1366: 1050:, the language was largely confined to scholars and priests working in temples in Assyria and Babylonia. 921:

Despite the influx of foreign elements, the presence of Assyrians is confirmed by the worship of the god

822: 670: 14289: 12817:

Revival and Awakening: American Evangelical Missionaries in Iran and the Origins of Assyrian Nationalism

8145:

The Plight of Religious Minorities: Can Religious Pluralism Survive? – Page 51 by United States Congress

17298: 16973: 16953: 16795: 16785: 16775: 16475: 16465: 16244: 15890: 15112: 13085: 11334: 6848: 4580: 4348: 4302: 4290: 3525: 3249: 3197: 2469: 15535: 11566: 8336: 7468:

The Legend of the Middle Ages: Philosophical Explorations of Medieval Christianity, Judaism, and Islam

6977: 3036:

Christianity as a buffer between the Churches of Rome and Persia. Persecutions and attempts to impose

16925: 16770: 16340: 16135: 14832: 14112: 13472: 12471: 12457: 12425: 11890: 11411: 6912: 6515:

Naby, Eden (2016), The Assyrians and Aramaic: Speaking the Oldest Living Language of the Middle East.

5204: 5069:

in Iranian Assyrians as well as in other Assyrian communities (~23%) as a consequence of mixing with

4936: 4754:, Assyrians are encouraged to fast for 50 days from meat and any other foods which are animal based. 4455: 4170:

Assyrians predominantly use the Syriac script, which is written from right to left. It is one of the

2765:

in the 1980s. However, there are an estimated 25,000 Assyrians in all of Turkey, with most living in

2296: 1382: 1356: 1187: 1152: 728: 14275:"National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times" 13450:

Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia During World War I

11540: 11310: 10511: 9868: 7784: 6971:"National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times" 4197:

used to indicate vowels. The vowel sounds are supplied either by the reader's memory or by optional

2018:

Assyrian troops led by Agha Petros (saluting) with a captured Turkish banner in the foreground, 1918

1902:

occurred between 1894 and 1897 by Turkish troops and their Kurdish allies during the rule of Sultan

17329: 17012: 16983: 16627: 15811: 15349: 15100: 14875: 14405:

Sayfo 1915: An Anthology of Essays on the Genocide of Assyrians/Arameans during the First World War

13540:

Sayfo 1915: An Anthology of Essays on the Genocide of Assyrians/Arameans during the First World War

12727:"Assyrians in Middle America: A Historical and Demographic Study of the Chicago Assyrian Community" 12680: 12578:

Sayfo 1915: An Anthology of Essays on the Genocide of Assyrians/Arameans during the First World War

9616: 8436:"Coaliton [sic] Provisional Authority Order Number 1 – De-Ba'Athification Of Iraqi Society" 8366: 8199:

Lundgren, Svante (2020), THE FAILURE OF THE ASSYRIAN LOBBIES AT THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE IN 1919.

7263: 6760: 4497: 4489: 4362: 4294: 4282: 3788: 3304: 3253: 2837: 2818: 2485:

include teaching in three languages: Kurdish, Arabic and Assyrian." Associated with the SUP is the

1977:

This led to a large-scale migration of Turkish-based Assyrian people into countries such as Syria,

1877: 1798: 1394: 1093: 674: 510: 15008: 7066:"Woods C. 2006 "Bilingualism, Scribal Learning, and the Death of Sumerian." In S. L. Sanders (ed) 6009: 2840:

dialects, however there are some Turoyo speakers. In Iraq, Chaldean Catholics inhabit the western

2014: 1321:) are still spoken by a few small groups of Jacobite and Nestorian Christians in the Middle East. 17240: 16988: 16652: 16385: 15900: 15434: 15422: 15295: 15194: 14005:

The Slow Disappearance of the Syriacs from Turkey and of the Grounds of the Mor Gabriel Monastery

13781: 13751: 13721: 12841:

The Slow Disappearance of the Syriacs from Turkey and of the Grounds of the Mor Gabriel Monastery

6770: 6455: 5800:"2071.0 – Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia – Stories from the Census, 2016" 4336: 4274: 3715: 3387: 2543: 2486: 2305: 1779: 1736: 1655: 1539: 1414: 1290: 1214: 985: 12617: 12003: 11341:. Boston: The American Academy of Arts and Sciences, reprinted in 2002 by Gorgias Press. p. 24. 11235: 9371: 8805: 8756:. Syriac International News Agency. 7 January 2015. Archived from the original on 16 August 2018 6168: 5062: 16943: 16802: 16672: 16647: 16517: 16269: 15655: 15267: 15069: 15063: 14971:

with various additional/alternate self-identifications, such as Syriacs, Arameans, or Chaldeans

10506: 9880: 9771: 7306:"Theodora | Empress, Biography, Accomplishments, Justinian, & Facts | Britannica" 6070: 4894: 4679: 4617: 4553: 4459: 4429: 4386: 4372: 4310: 4306: 4278: 3702:. The Greeks used the terms "Syrian" and "Assyrian" interchangeably to indicate the indigenous 3513: 3217: 3059: 2924: 2920: 2873: 2716: 2657: 2417: 1783: 1751: 1702: 1578: 1282: 1116:

in 363, who abandoned the region after concluding a hasty peace agreement with the Sassanians.

1085: 866: 15171: 14628: 13852: 13558: 12792: 12382:

Assyrians, Kurds, and Ottomans: Intercommunal Relations on the Periphery of the Ottoman Empire

11752: 11645: 10690: 9581: 8954: 7685: 7556: 7336: 3774:

Rudolf Macuch points out that the Eastern Neo-Aramaic press initially used the term "Syrian" (

3436: 2351:

Social unrest and chaos resulted in the unprovoked persecution of Assyrians in Iraq mostly by

1343:, although full reconciliation with this Christian sect was not achieved during her lifetime. 1023: 81: 17308: 17047: 16915: 16527: 16400: 16379: 16299: 16259: 16150: 16032: 15979: 15279: 15255: 14590: 13806: 12978: 12870: 12151:"Y chromosome diversity among the Iranian religious groups: a reservoir of genetic variation" 11804:

Food, Cuisine, and Cultural Competency for Culinary, Hospitality, and Nutrition Professionals

11426: 10961: 10744: 10232: 9566: 9552: 7658: 6734: 5184: 4675:

performs its songs in the Assyrian language whilst using a western style of instrumentation.

4425: 4085: 3997: 3987: 3806: 3675: 3555:

is a term that was used for centuries by western writers and scholars as designation for the

3509: 3482: 3474: 3225: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2936: 2525: 2321: 2165: 2068:

that began on the 3rd of September 1924 and ended on the 28th of September. The Assyrians of

1881: 1318: 914: 889: 881: 623: 453: 370: 14388: 9744:

Fairfield City Council 2003, State of the Community Report, Fairfield City Council, Wakeley.

5643: 3382:

are growing in size in Sydney after a huge influx of new arrivals in 2016, who were granted

1852: 1742:

The Aramaic-speaking Mesopotamian Christians had long been divided between followers of the

1258:

Soon afterward, Christians in the Roman Empire were divided by their attitude regarding the

17142: 17024: 16958: 16920: 16816: 16742: 16737: 16662: 16510: 16128: 15996: 15862: 15848: 15796: 15771: 15761: 15751: 15746: 15741: 15505: 15199: 13906:

Nineveh and its Remains: With an Account of a Visit to the Chaldean Christians of Kurdistan

13892:

Nineveh and its Remains: With an Account of a Visit to the Chaldean Christians of Kurdistan

12245: 12098: 12036: 11626: 11054:

Kaufman, Stephen A. (1974), The Akkadian influences on Aramaic. University of Chicago Press

9855: 7882:

De dogmatibus chaldaeorum disputatio ad Patrem ... Adam Camerae Patriarchalis Babylonis ...

7370: 7138: 5054: 5022: 5011: 4593: 4293:, with some 100,000 members. The churches that constitute the East Syriac rite include the 4125: 4012: 3963: 3621:

Churches. Furthermore, Assyrians identifying as Aramean have obtained recognition from the

3505: 3501: 3419: 3399: 3395: 2944: 2452: 1418: 1267: 1228: 1175: 1058: 643: 15030: 9102:

Rowlands, J., "The Khabur Valley," Royal Central Asian Society Journal, 1947, pp. 144–149.

6631: 2952: 669:

and played a key role in liberating areas previously held by the Islamic State during the

8: 17084: 17042: 16968: 16843: 16765: 16294: 16264: 16249: 16086: 15937: 15821: 15791: 15786: 15781: 15766: 15684: 15446: 15355: 15273: 15261: 15209: 15204: 15044: 15024: 14983: 13900: 13886: 11848: 11095: 9292:"Cumhuriyetin ilk kilisesi açılıyor… Süryani Ruhani Lideri'nin ilk röportajı CNN Türk'te" 9254:"Cumhuriyetin ilk kilisesi açılıyor… Süryani Ruhani Lideri'nin ilk röportajı CNN Türk'te" 7196: 5921: 5194: 5125: 5101: 5026: 4691: 4597: 4584: 4398: 4260: 4182: 3847:

or "Ashur" which, according to Rollinger (2006), "settles the problem once and for all".

3803: 3799: 3722:

explicitly as Syria and ruled the Syrians as indigenous populations residing west of the

3576: 3572: 3546: 3470: 3383: 3352: 3336: 3269: 3261: 3193: 2956: 2904: 2743: 2680: 2509:

Maunsell's map, a Pre-World War I British Ethnographical Map of the Middle East showing "

2364: 2039: 2026:

and lured by British and Russian promises of an independent nation, the Assyrians led by

2009: 1631: 1314: 1244: 1218: 1071: 1043: 1035: 877: 806: 795: 717: 449: 409: 14534: 13691:

Ostsyrische Christen und Kurden im Osmanischen Reich des 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhunderts

13563:

Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues

12249: 12102: 12040: 8396: 7032:

E. Bilgic and S Bayram, Ankara Kultepe Tabletleri II, Turk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, 1995,

6295: 4743:

and as a result celebrate Easter on a Sunday between March 22 and April 25 inclusively.

4205:

script where some, but not all, letters connect within a word. It was used to write the

2105:

and instead demanded their recognition as a nation within a nation. The Assyrian leader

587:. A majority of modern Assyrians have migrated to other regions of the world, including 17215: 17210: 17195: 17157: 17132: 17069: 16930: 16865: 16500: 16309: 16224: 15836: 15756: 15677: 15650: 15367: 14993: 14594: 14345: 14309: 14102: 14086: 14078: 13959: 13627: 13603: 13423: 13266: 13246: 12765: 12560: 12552: 12445: 12317: 12268: 12233: 12213: 12178: 12121: 12086: 12059: 12024: 11978: 11867: 11850: 10606:"Neither Arab nor Jew: Israel's Unheard Minorities Speak Up After the Nation-state Law" 10307: 10201: 9370:. The William Carey Library series on Islamic studies. William Carey Library. pp. 9364: 9325: 7660:

The fire, the star, and the cross: minority religions in medieval and early modern Iran

7393: 6502: 6225:

State statistics committee of Ukraine – National composition of population, 2001 census

5452:"Syria's Assyrians threatened by extremists – Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East" 5331: 5295: 5164: 5065:, were also frequent at 29.2% each. Lashgary et al. explain the presence of haplogroup 4773: 4740: 4557: 4501: 4015:, the lingua franca in the later phase of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, which displaced the 3926:

People often greet and bid relatives farewell with a kiss on each cheek and by saying "

3822: 3787:

corruption of Assyria. The debate appears to have been settled by the discovery of the

3622: 3292: 3229: 3162: 2833: 2731: 2724: 2676: 2645: 2465: 2420:

groups. In 2014 Islamic terrorists of ISIL attacked Assyrian towns and villages in the

2224: 2157: 2134: 2090: 2061: 2055: 1962: 1743: 1527: 1486: 1259: 1202: 1047: 1008: 901: 739:

is the homeland of the Assyrian people, located in the ancient Near East. The earliest

666: 650: 469: 434: 17057: 14464:"Report of a Visit of the Rev. H. Southgate to the Syrian Church of Mesopotamia, 1841" 12486: 7896: 7765: 4735:

Assyrian festivals tend to be closely associated with their Christian faith, of which

4324:

in the 20th century, possibly due to British influences, and are now organised in the

2948: 2660:

to the south. Though many also immigrated to neighbouring countries in and around the

1327:, who lived from April 1, 527 A.D. to June 28, 548 A.D., was a notable empress of the 638:, which began in 2011. Of the one million or more Iraqis who have fled Iraq since the 17284: 17235: 17200: 17037: 16978: 16880: 16790: 16760: 16755: 16622: 16617: 16601: 16490: 16430: 16350: 16345: 16254: 16079: 16072: 16065: 16058: 15831: 15801: 15628: 15579: 15565: 15416: 15219: 14842: 14818: 14681: 14660: 14636: 14613: 14576: 14555: 14520: 14479: 14459: 14445: 14431: 14408: 14349: 14256: 14233: 14184: 14124: 14090: 14044: 14008: 13985: 13945: 13924: 13860: 13837: 13814: 13791: 13695: 13662: 13639: 13613: 13589: 13566: 13543: 13520: 13502: 13454: 13433: 13383: 13362: 13270: 13222: 13208: 13185: 13129: 13108: 13071: 12963: 12917: 12893: 12844: 12821: 12800: 12779: 12769: 12711: 12690: 12602: 12581: 12564: 12521: 12386: 12362: 12309: 12273: 12182: 12170: 12126: 12064: 11970: 11900: 11872: 11808: 11651: 11520: 11495: 11470: 11430: 11342: 10967: 10696: 10545: 10473: 10189: 10179: 10028: 9928: 9698: 9395: 9375: 9053: 8865: 8769: 8415: 8269: 7691: 7664: 7562: 7498: 7471: 7342: 7168: 7049: 7033: 6882: 6813: 6774: 6557: 6401: 6391: 5309: 5169: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5081: 5058: 5046: 5018: 4902: 4850: 4838: 4829: 4528: 4462: 4171: 4152: 4121: 4070: 4023: 4019: 4004: 3783: 3760: 3727: 3588: 3478: 3407: 3371: 3300: 3201: 3146: 3091: 3079: 3071: 2746:, where 25,000 Assyrians live, mostly in the cities and not the ancient settlements. 2739: 2735: 2672: 2649: 2553: 2539: 2421: 2398: 2352: 2345: 2149: 2144:

were founded by the British in 1928, with ancient Assyrian military rankings such as

2114: 2110: 2043: 2023: 1986: 1970: 1952: 1759: 1390: 1386: 1255:

was independent of "Western" ecclesiastical authorities (those of the Roman Empire).

1183: 1015: 996: 970: 870: 736: 568: 564: 480: 457: 395: 391: 177: 128: 12412:

Abramtsov, David (1960). "The Assyrians of Persia and the Russian Orthodox Church".

12321: 12150: 11982: 11701: 8573:"Christians in Iraq Forming Militia to Defend, and Possibly Retake, Ancestral Lands" 8248: 8081: 7735:

Fortescue, Adrian Henry Timothy Knottesford. "4. The Nestorian Church in the Past".

7278: 4628:, but has expanded to include guitars, pianos, violins, synthesizers (keyboards and 3447: 2601: 2271:

took up armed struggle against the Iraqi government in 1982 under the leadership of

1530:

was considered to be one of the major Christian powerhouses in the world, alongside

17127: 17062: 17052: 16726: 16707: 16702: 16697: 16637: 16612: 15776: 15361: 15214: 15186: 15092: 15055: 14915: 14337: 14214: 14070: 13468: 13258: 12990: 12629: 12544: 12437: 12301: 12263: 12253: 12205: 12162: 12116: 12106: 12054: 12044: 11962: 11862: 11419:

Beyond Globalisation: Exploring the Limits of Globalisation in the Regional Context

10465: 9719:"Fairfield's Assyrian Resource Centre has secured $ 40,000 to fund its renovations" 9495: 8511: 8305:. Committee of the 50th Anniversary of the Patriarchate of Mar Eshai Shimun XXIII. 8265: 8002: 7736: 7385: 7258: 7195:, Turkey) within the Roman Empire, where, at the request of the Roman emperor, the 7188: 7164: 6995:"The Assyrians and Aramaic: Speaking the Oldest Living Language of the Middle East" 6498: 5951: 5246:"Refworld – World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Turkey: Syriacs" 5085: 5008: 4918: 4881: 4875: 4865: 4636: 4376: 4352: 4178: 4133: 4129: 4117: 4113: 4105: 4097: 4058: 3898: 3618: 3556: 3542: 3538: 3379: 3308: 3257: 3241: 3177: 2928: 2916: 2822: 2798: 2758: 2433: 2368: 2213: 2122: 2106: 1789:

In 1552, a group of bishops of the Church of the East from the northern regions of

1535: 1328: 1306: 1113: 1112:, into a frontier Roman province. Roman influence in the area came to an end under 981: 905: 771: 635: 533: 529: 506: 387: 152: 15714: 13975: 10924: 10122: 9906: 9008:"Kurdish Self-Administration in Syria: Release Assyrian Journalist Souleman Yusph" 6327:"Assyrer: At vi har vores eget sted, styrker min følelse af at høre til i Danmark" 5675:"Statministerns folkmordsbesked kan avgöra kommunvalet: "Underskatta inte frågan"" 3978:, and as well as in the diaspora with adjacent Armenian and Assyrian communities. 1711: 1681:

The region was later controlled by the in Iran-based Turkic confederations of the

1151:, ceased to be ethnically distinct in Sasanian times. Most of the population were 988:, dated to the 20th century BC. Most of the archaeological evidence is typical of 17225: 17190: 17074: 16993: 16904: 16642: 16495: 16407: 16395: 16319: 16314: 16304: 16239: 16214: 16199: 16186: 16174: 16038: 15704: 15529: 15319: 15313: 15176: 15151: 15131: 14922: 14675: 14654: 14605: 14570: 14538: 14514: 14483: 14463: 14449: 14423: 14400: 14248: 14227: 14176: 14116: 14058: 14038: 14000: 13979: 13939: 13918: 13904: 13890: 13829: 13785: 13770: 13740: 13689: 13654: 13631: 13607: 13581: 13535: 13514: 13476: 13448: 13427: 13413: 13377: 13354: 13350: 13320: 13290: 13242: 13226: 13200: 13179: 13123: 13100: 13089: 13065: 12957: 12911: 12907: 12885: 12874: 12836: 12815: 12705: 12684: 12596: 12573: 12515: 12475: 12461: 12380: 12354: 12258: 12166: 12111: 12049: 12010: 11987:

The relationship probability was lowest between Assyrians and other communities.

11894: 11835: 11802: 11677: 11358: 11023: 10227: 9851: 9832: 9778: 9612: 9144: 8949: 8299:"Biography of His Holiness, The Assyrian Martyr, The Late Mar Eshai Shimun XXIII" 8210: 7929: 7880: 7795: 7716: 7492: 6876: 6807: 6764: 6590: 6231: 6130: 6112: 6101: 5731: 5727: 5507: 5488: 5338: 5199: 5105: 5030: 4960: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4825: 4747: 4629: 4265: 4206: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4165: 4109: 4101: 4066: 4054: 4050: 3711: 3568: 3375: 3237: 3173: 3075: 2908: 2893: 2889: 2720: 2653: 2557: 2490: 2232: 2205: 2141: 2130: 2126: 1755: 1732: 1690: 1550: 1454: 1442: 1434: 1352: 1302: 1286: 1198: 1148: 1128: 1004: 954: 930: 842: 810: 783: 767: 752: 541: 13409: 8298: 6357:"Assyrian Community in Kazakhstan Survived Dark Times, Now Focuses on Education" 5245: 4943:

demonstrated that they were "closed" with little "intermixture" with the Muslim

3828:

The object on which the inscription is found is a monument belonging to Urikki,

1969:

The most significant recent persecution against the Assyrian population was the

17205: 17180: 16460: 16390: 15925: 15584: 15511: 15487: 15375: 15146: 15141: 13144: 12209: 10469: 9877:

From a Child's Perspective: Detroit Metropolitan Census 2000 Fact Sheets Series

9869:

Arab, Chaldean, and Middle Eastern Children and Families in the Tri-County Area

9530: 9227: 8918:"Rojava administration launches new curriculum in Kurdish, Arabic and Assyrian" 8635:"Iraqi Assyrian Christians Form Anti-ISIS Militia, and You Can Legally Chip In" 7101: 6533:

Barr, James, WHICH LANGUAGE DID JESUS SPEAK? SOME REMARKS OF A SEMITIST, p. 29.

5328: 5066: 4972: 4889:

are organically produced and drunk. Assyrian cuisine is primarily identical to

4640: 4244: 4224:

Standard in September, 1999. The East Syriac dialect is usually written in the

4089: 4062: 3810: 3718:

or King of the Syrians. The Seleucids designated the districts of Seleucis and

3564: 3356: 3221: 3185: 3172:

By ethnic percentage, the largest Assyrian diaspora communities are located in

3067: 3037: 2841: 2762: 2341: 2283: 2276: 2118: 2031: 1903: 1899: 1857: 1613: 1601: 1597: 1554: 1336: 1298: 1294: 1236: 1089: 1079: 1063: 885: 678: 658: 14880: 13582:"The Church Across the Border: The Church of the East and its Chaldean Branch" 13181:

Reforging a Forgotten History: Iraq and the Assyrians in the Twentieth Century

12556: 11670: 10572: 10148: 9219: 8538: 7389: 6994: 5583: 5532:"2018 U.S. Department of State International Religious Freedom Report: Turkey" 5521:"An estimated 25,000 Syriacs live in Turkey, while Syria boasts some 877,000." 4824:

Yoma d'Sah'deh (Day of Martyrs), commemorating the thousands massacred in the

869:(14th to 10th century BC) spread Assyrian culture, people and identity across 17323: 17278: 17230: 17220: 17185: 17137: 17114: 17089: 16853: 16682: 16677: 16554: 16355: 16204: 16105: 16100: 16051: 16042: 16026: 16002: 15428: 15035: 15013: 14650: 14034: 13536:"The Targeting of Assyrians during the Christian Holocaust in Ottoman Turkey" 12783: 12376: 11388: 11079: 10220: 10193: 9648: 9225: 5074: 5038: 4964: 4949: 4898: 4890: 4652: 4078: 3778:) and only much later, with the rise of nationalism, switched to "Assyrian" ( 3497: 3461: 3440: 3431: 3427: 3150: 2940: 2826: 2773:

due to the centuries of persecution by the neighboring Muslims. Prior to the

2770: 2700: 2679:, Israel and Lebanon, among other modern countries, due to the sprawl of the 2376: 2325: 2272: 2085: 1936: 1659: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1582: 1499: 1271: 1124: 1027: 830: 627: 619: 588: 544:

as their liturgical language. The Assyrians were among the early converts to

518: 496: 414: 86: 15694: 14838:

The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913–1950

12726: 12634: 11597:"שואת אחינו האשוריים | הדרך המהירה שבין תרבות ישראל לתרבות אשור | יעקב מעוז" 10852: 9892:

B. Furze, P. Savy, R. Brym, J. Lie, Sociology in Today's World, 2008, p. 349

9633: 9196: 7225: 6405: 6071:"Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации" 5720: 5558:"2018 U.S. Department of State International Religious Freedom Report: Iran" 4791:

Nusardyl, commemorating the baptism of the Assyrians of Urmia by St. Thomas.

4053:. All are classified as Neo-Aramaic languages and are usually written using 3106: 2988: 2749: 2629: 1766:", holding the highest rank in the Syriac Orthodox Church after that of the 1201:, organised the Christians within that Empire into what became known as the 953:) sprung up in the east under Parthian rule, lasting until conquests by the 95: 17104: 16870: 16667: 16375: 16370: 16360: 16194: 16093: 16014: 15452: 14502:

Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres

14270: 14098: 14001:"Living Between the Fronts: The Turkish-Kurdish Conflict and the Assyrians" 13339: 13309: 13040: 13015: 12797:

Antiquity in Antiquity: Jewish and Christian Pasts in the Greco-Roman World

12313: 12277: 12174: 12130: 12068: 11974: 11596: 11467:

Genocide in the Ottoman Empire: Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks, 1913–1923

11198: 10884: 10578: 9883:. Volume 4, Issue 2, February 2004. p. 2/32. Retrieved on November 8, 2013. 7452:

Indianapolis, 1973, p. 204' Meri, Josef W. and Jere L. Bacharach, Editors,

5034: 4956: 4712: 4248: 4074: 4016: 3584: 3391: 3048: 3041: 3033: 3015: 2861: 2806: 2704: 2448: 2153: 1907: 1747: 1686: 1675: 1663: 1621: 1545:

From the 7th century AD onwards, Mesopotamia saw a steady influx of Arabs,

1531: 1511: 1263: 1171: 934: 838: 748: 545: 537: 514: 500: 437: 14322: 13091:

A Compendious and Complete Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament

11876: 11807:. Boston, Massachusetts: Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 545–552. 11627:"Qenshrin.com: Guide to the Christian congregations in Aleppo (in Arabic)" 10937:

Chamberlain, AF. "Notes on Some Aspects of the Folk-Psychology of Night".

8003:"Fred Aprim, "Assyria and Assyrians Since the 2003 US Occupation of Iraq"" 7710: 6094:"This figure is an estimate from the Assyrian Cultural and Advice Centre" 2597: 2089:

Assyrian refugees on a wagon moving to a newly constructed village on the

17288: 17250: 17099: 16935: 16860: 16657: 16219: 15699: 15337: 15331: 14968: 14218: 13964:"Socialization for Ingroup Identity among Assyrians in the United States" 13516:

A Cultural History of Aramaic: From the Beginnings to the Advent of Islam

12994: 10123:"Arab American Institute Still Deliberately Claiming Assyrians Are Arabs" 9782: 8604:"Militias of Iraqi Christians resist Islamic State amid sectarian strife" 6766:

Syntactic Change in Akkadian: The Evolution of Sentential Complementation

6487:"The Chaldean Assyrian Syriac people of Iraq: an ethnic identity problem" 5817: 5243: 4987: 4976: 4968: 4761: 4668: 4644: 4317: 3920: 3731: 3719: 3671: 3486: 3451: 3423: 3029: 2814: 2665: 2410: 2113:

to recognize the right of the Assyrians to govern the area known as the "

2101:. In 1932, Assyrians refused to become part of the newly formed state of 2027: 1826: 1507: 1467: 1340: 1332: 1120: 1039: 922: 779: 709: 441: 15948: 14313: 14255:. Vol. 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 511–536. 14229:

Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression

14181:

Syriac Encounters: Papers from the Sixth North American Syriac Symposium

11849:

Akbari M.T.; Papiha Sunder S.; Roberts D.F.; Farhud Daryoush D. (1986).

9845:

Fairfield struggles to cope after threefold increase in refugee arrivals

7764:

Baumstark, Anton, ed. (2004). "Patriarcha de Mozal in Syria orientali".

6902:"Artifacts show rivals Athens and Sparta," Yahoo News, December 5, 2006. 5377:"Assyrians: "3,000 Years of History, Yet the Internet is Our Only Home"" 4682:

was held in Lebanon in August 2008 for Assyrian people internationally.

4269:

Historical divisions within Syriac Christian Churches in the Middle East

4045:

or a similar regional variant. A wide variety of dialects exist, mainly

2609: 2340:

military, security, and intelligence infrastructure of former President

1361: 16365: 15665: 15660: 15458: 14177:"Classical Syriac and the Syriac Churches: A Twentieth-Century History" 14117:"Chaldeans and Assyrians: The Church of the East in the Ottoman Period" 14104:

The History of the Assyrian Church of the East in the Twentieth Century

14082: 12707:

The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity

12618:"Aramaic as a Lingua Franca During the Persian Empire (538-333 B.C.E.)" 12449: 12217: 10407:"Histoire critique de la creance et des coûtumes des nations du Levant" 10251: 9605: 8973:"Closure of Syrian Schools: Another Bleak Sign for Christians in Syria" 8671: 8157:

The Armenian Genocide: Wartime Radicalization Or Premeditated Continuum

7397: 6692:"Video: Iraqi troops liberate Christian town of Bartella from IS group" 5519:

Turkey-Syria deal allows Syriacs to cross border for religious holidays

5481: 4886: 4700: 4648: 4605: 4394: 3950:, meaning they generally marry within their own ethnic group, although 3854:

referred to an independent state. The controversy is not restricted to

3642: 3367: 3348: 3280: 2885: 2692: 2209: 2185: 2145: 2038:

tribe, fought alongside the Allies against Ottoman forces known as the

1943: 1924:

Unarmed Assyrian women and children were raped, tortured and murdered.

1916: 1912: 1682: 1634:

in the Middle East and Central Asia until being largely annihilated by

1617: 1402: 1339:. Additionally, Theodora worked towards alleviating the persecution of 1206: 1167: 1100:. Still, after a Parthian-inspired Assyrian rebellion, the new emperor 980:, which were written in Old Assyrian, preserve some loanwords from the 893: 814: 763: 654: 612: 557: 525: 14451:

Narrative of a Tour Through Armenia, Kurdistan, Persia and Mesopotamia

12477:

Travels and Researches in Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Chaldea and Armenia

12463:

Travels and Researches in Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Chaldea and Armenia

11169:"The inside story of how 226 Assyrian Christians were freed from ISIS" 10986:

The Ethnic Minorities of Armenia, Garnik Asatryan, Victoria Arakelova.

9172:"Assyrians Continue to Struggle to Survive Post-U.S. Invasion of Iraq" 7076: 6843: 5983: 5053:

comprising 48 Assyrian male subjects from Iran, the Y-DNA haplogroups

4659:. Assyrian artists that traditionally sing in other languages include 4243:

Furthermore, for practical reasons, Assyrian people sometimes use the

2605: 2287:

and their lands and homes then being appropriated by Arabs and Kurds.

1626: 1449:

of the Abbasid Caliphs were often Assyrians, such as the long-serving

1224: 977: 17175: 17147: 17094: 16632: 16324: 16284: 15885: 15719: 15599: 15440: 15381: 14300:

Rollinger, Robert (2006a). "Assyrios, Syrios, Syros und Leukosyros".

13478:

Gesenius's Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures

13145:"Ethno-cultural and Religious Identity of Syrian Orthodox Christians" 12230: 11748: 11291: 10739: 10092: 9982: 9980: 7918: 7048:

K. R. Veenhof, Ankara Kultepe Tabletleri V, Turk Tarih Kurumu, 2010,

6662:"U.S. Gov't Watchdog Urges Protection for Iraq's Assyrian Christians" 6143:"Georgia – ecoi.net – European Country of Origin Information Network" 5174: 5077:

due to small population size and endogamy due to religious barriers.

5070: 4991: 4660: 4613: 4609: 4531: 4493: 4466: 4436: 4432: 4393:

Baptism and First Communion are celebrated extensively, similar to a

4198: 4141: 3992: 3967: 3916: 3723: 3707: 3638: 3340: 3328: 3320: 3316: 3276: 3213: 3166: 2984: 2900: 2853: 2712: 2633: 2460: 2414: 2251: 1716: 1667: 1635: 1450: 1446: 1438: 1430: 1410: 1210: 1159: 1132: 1031: 1000: 909: 854: 740: 596: 549: 461: 445: 14789: 14725: 14696: 14074: 13429:

Hebrew Scripture in Patristic Biblical Theory: Canon, Language, Text

12656: 12441: 9954: 8329:"Iraq: Information on treatment of Assyrian and Chaldean Christians" 6614: 6612: 5984:"Assyrians in Armenia wish to have own representative in Parliament" 5406: 4696: 3903: 2781:

official, it was estimated that 300,000 Assyrians remained in Iraq.

1932: 1119:

The Assyrians were Christianized in the first to third centuries in

16692: 16522: 16505: 16279: 16274: 15990: 15670: 15643: 15616: 15604: 15589: 15343: 15290: 14485:

Narrative of a Visit to the Syrian (Jacobite) Church of Mesopotamia

14341: 14151: 13262: 13101:"The Atrocities against the Assyrians in 1915: A Legal Perspective" 12932: 12548: 11988: 11139:"Australia's only Assyrian school is giving refugees a fresh start" 10458:"11. Other branches of Syriac Christianity: Melkites and Maronites" 9788: 9400: 7626: 5179: 5093: 5089: 5050: 4944: 4672: 4193:. It has 22 letters representing consonants, three of which can be 4137: 3959: 3947: 3940: 3753: 3741: 3703: 3687: 3614: 3490: 3000: 2971:, Hah, Marbobo, Salah, Sare and Hapsis. In addition, the cities of 2881: 2766: 2688: 2684: 2668:

like Armenia, Syria, Georgia, southern Russia, Lebanon and Jordan.

2661: 2481: 2402: 1846: 1763: 1519: 1422: 1240: 1232: 1179: 1140: 1136: 1084:

From the 1st century BC, Assyria was the theatre of the protracted

989: 942: 897: 862: 858: 850: 649:

The Islamic State was driven out from the Assyrian villages in the

608: 14927: 14493:

Tekoğlu, Recai; Lemaire, André; İpek, İsmet; Tosun, Kazım (2000).

13379:

Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453-1923

12305: 9977: 9197:"Ishtar: Documenting The Crisis In The Assyrian Iranian Community" 9084:

Betts, Robert Brenton, Christians in the Arab East (Atlanta, 1978)

8892:"Hassakeh: Syriac Language to Be Taught in PYD-controlled Schools" 6456:"ASSYRIAN CHRISTIANS, CHALDEANS AND JACOBITES | Facts and Details" 5745:"Assyrian and Chaldean Christians Flee Iraq to Neighboring Jordan" 5049:, making it major haplogroup among Iranian Assyrians. Yet another 4870: 3617:, is advocated by some followers from within Middle Eastern based 2683:

in the region. Though recent settlement of Christian Assyrians in

571:

and the Zab rivers, a region currently divided between modern-day

17152: 17109: 16289: 16234: 15932: 15325: 15247: 15127: 14910: 14635:. Vol. 1. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. pp. 107–109. 14554:. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press. pp. 237–77, 293–294. 11422: 9992: 9796: 9226:

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (13 October 2010).

8791:

Contested Control: The Future of Security in Iraq's Nineveh Plain

7770:. Vol. IV:1. Rome and Leipzig: O. Harrassowitz. p. 277. 7192: 6609: 6244: 5769: 5500: 5283: 5134: 5119: 4996: 4704: 4589: 4535: 4221: 4202: 3951: 3855: 3837: 3814: 3630: 3288: 3245: 3233: 2857: 2849: 2613: 2581: 2577: 2569: 2380: 2372: 2314: 2310: 2169: 1982: 1830: 1818:, of which an English translation is given in Adrian Fortescue's 1696: 1570: 1491: 1406: 1105: 1101: 1019: 966: 946: 846: 834: 826: 801: 787: 713: 484: 422: 31: 14552:

Genocide in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire, Iraq, and Sudan

12195: 10655: 10338: 7494:

Muslims and Modernity: An Introduction to the Issues and Debates

5332:

estimate for the "ethnic population" associated with Neo-Aramaic

4782:, the Nineveh fast, is a three-day period of fasting and prayer. 3833: 3457: 2976: 1762:(565–649) as 17 dioceses under a "Metropolitan of the East" or " 758:

The history of Assyria begins with the formation of the city of

17032: 16687: 16008: 15905: 15709: 15638: 15611: 15594: 14864: 14790:"The Assyrian Linguistic Heritage and its Survival in Diaspora" 14572:

The lure of anti-Semitism: hatred of Jews in present-day France

12148: 11951: 10827: 9116:"Al-Monitor: Ethnic dimension of Iraqi Assyrians often ignored" 8335:. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Archived from 8112: 7497:. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 162, 163. 6105: 4980: 4940: 4736: 4716: 4505: 4470: 4440: 4136:

and a smaller number of Assyrians that remain in Iran, Turkey (

3934: 3912: 3829: 3738: 3683: 3654: 3646: 3634: 3580: 3560: 3406:-speakers or Western Assyrians, and tend to be originally from 3403: 3360: 3324: 3312: 3296: 3284: 3189: 2996: 2972: 2932: 2912: 2869: 2845: 2802: 2675:-speaking Assyrians have existed in what is now Syria, Jordan, 2637: 2625: 2617: 2573: 2429: 2196: 2177: 2161: 2073: 1990: 1834: 1794: 1771: 1662:, a diplomat, astrologer, and head of the Christian affairs in 1586: 1503: 1480: 1462: 1426: 1398: 1163: 1144: 1109: 1097: 926: 682: 604: 600: 592: 576: 553: 492: 380: 13067:

The Forgotten Genocide: Eastern Christians, the Last Aramaeans

11269:"Assyrians return to Turkey from Europe to save their culture" 10864: 10803: 9658:. Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). Archived from 5351:"Assyrians return to Turkey from Europe to save their culture" 3599:, and in some later works also noted the same origin of local 3530:

Below are terms commonly used by Assyrians to self-identify:.

2455:. The latter two of these militias were eventually disbanded. 2180:. The Assyrian Levies played a major role in subduing the pro- 1906:. The motives for these massacres were an attempt to reassert 1891:

In the 1840s many of the Assyrians living in the mountains of

925:. References to the name survive into the 3rd century AD. The 17245: 16229: 15633: 15621: 15517: 14656:

Year of the Sword: The Assyrian Christian Genocide: A History

13859:. Vol. 1. New York-London: Routledge. pp. 149–150. 13659:

Eastern Christianity and Politics in the Twenty-First Century

11851:"Genetic Differentiation among Iranian Christian Communities" 10815: 10239: 9145:"مسؤول مسيحي: عدد المسيحيين في العراق تراجع الى ثلاثمائة الف" 8032: 8030: 5704:"Diskussion zum Thema 'Aaramäische Christen' im Kapitelshaus" 5097: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4724: 4625: 4621: 4561: 4474: 4402: 4174: 4046: 3626: 3332: 3311:, pocket-sized Assyrian communities are scattered throughout 3052: 2959:, Beth Sbirino, Dayro da-Slibo, Hrabemishka, Qartmin, Arkah, 2810: 2708: 2641: 2589: 2585: 2565: 2561: 2425: 2360: 2264: 2256: 2173: 2069: 2035: 1997: 1920: 1861: 1810: 1775: 1720: 1562: 1546: 1523: 1515: 1472: 1370: 950: 938: 791: 775: 759: 744: 584: 488: 418: 376: 14158:. Vol. 4. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 2304–2309. 13811:

Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia

12759: 11742: 11740: 11363:

Syrische Grammatik mit Litteratur, Chrestomathie und Glossar

11273:

Assyrians return to Turkey from Europe to save their culture

10791: 10538:

Castellino, Joshua; Cavanaugh, Kathleen A. (25 April 2013).

10149:"In Court, Saddam Criticizes Kurdish Treatment of Assyrians" 10062: 10060: 8724:"Inside the Christian Militias Defending the Nineveh Plains" 8042: 3196:, where they are the leading ethnic group in the suburbs of 3058:

More recent persecutions since the 19th century include the

3007: 2220:

to the United States where resided until his death in 1975.

1569:

From the 19th century, after the rise of nationalism in the

1385:. Assyrians contributed to Islamic civilizations during the 973:

has influenced the Aramaic that the modern Assyrians speak.

762:, perhaps as early as the 25th century BC. During the early 16440: 16417: 16160: 16154: 16020: 14755:"Los Asirio-Caldeos, Cristianos orientales arameoparlantes" 14253:

The Cambridge History of Christianity: Eastern Christianity

11889: 10721: 10326: 7947: 5084:

has been measured at 13.4%, which is commonly found in the

4815: 4751: 4664: 4565: 4539: 4509: 3975: 3971: 3650: 3347:

mainly live in the east of the country, in the province of

2992: 2865: 2621: 2356: 2337: 2181: 2102: 1978: 1898:

Another major massacre of Assyrians (and Armenians) in the

1790: 1374: 580: 572: 14794:

The Assyrian Heritage: Threads of Continuity and Influence

13467: 11826: 11824: 11446: 11084:

A Grammar of Neo-Aramaic: the dialect of the Jews of Arbel

10959: 10519: 10374: 10350: 10257: 8862:"The Syriacs are taught their language for the first time" 8412:

The Assyrian Heritage: Threads of Continuity and Influence

8027: 6878:

The Imperialisation of Assyria: An Archaeological Approach

6632:"Assyrian Christians 'Most Vulnerable Population' in Iraq" 6524:

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, Aramaic language.

4620:. Instruments traditionally used by Assyrians include the 2727:

and title to their established land until late the 1940s.

2263:

In response to Baathist persecution, the Assyrians of the

1289:) and those who accepted both councils, primarily today's 1170:, the Assyrians were among the first people to convert to 14545:. Vol. 11. Paris: Letouzey et Ané. pp. 157–323. 13756:"The Bible and the Assyrians: It Kept their Memory Alive" 13655:"The Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East" 11997: 11737: 10425: 10057: 8054: 7971: 7800: 5042: 4281:, which has over 1 million members around the world, the 3943:

on anyone or their belongings is seen as a grave insult.

3661: 2836:

identify as Chaldean. They are traditionally speakers of

14197: 13636:

Semitica: Serta philologica Constantino Tsereteli dicata

11967:

10.3378/1534-6617(2008)80[73:VODVAA]2.0.CO;2

10994: 10992: 10767: 10755: 10645: 10643: 10628: 10437: 10362: 9345: 9343: 8358: 5305:

Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: yearbook

2464:

modernization movement has influenced Assyrian identity

30:"Syriac people" redirects here. Not to be confused with 14492: 13920:

The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion

12430:

The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London

11821: 10858: 10386: 10287: 10214: 10072: 10045: 10004: 9599: 8836:"Syriac Christians revive ancient language despite war" 8111:. Assyrian American National Federation. Archived from 7860: 7536: 5584:"Assyrian Genocide Resolution Read in Arizona Assembly" 4305:, whereas the churches of the West Syriac rite are the 3690:

subject rulers referred to their Assyrian overlords as

3575:, which accepted the profession of faith that Timothy, 3374:, whilst those in Chicago and Sydney are predominantly 3019:

A map depicting Assyrian relocation after Seyfo in 1914

14430:. London: Sheffield Academic Press. pp. 276–287. 13105:

The Assyrian Genocide: Cultural and Political Legacies

13045:

Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage

13020:

Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage

12359:

The Assyrian Genocide: Cultural and Political Legacies

11913: 11106: 11062: 11060: 10779: 10709: 10672: 10670: 9432: 8698:"Westerners join Iraqi Christian militia to 'crusade'" 7812: 7724:

Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage

7638: 5922:"Iraq's Forgotten Christians Face Exclusion in Greece" 4963:

populations, including, for comparison, Assyrians and

4234: 4226: 4214: 4033:

To the native speaker, the language is usually called

3489:

that the Syriac Christians are the descendants of the

2987:, there were also sizable populations in the towns of 2821:

dialects and are religiously diverse, adhering to the

1650:, the region eventually came under the control of the 1466:) in a greater Arab Islamic state. Those who resisted 984:. Those loanwords are the earliest attestation of any 949:) and perhaps semi-autonomous Assyrian vassal states ( 476:

for religious, geographic, and tribal identification.

14107:. Kottayam: St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute. 13152:

Chronos: Revue d'Histoire de l'Université de Balamand

10989: 10640: 9340: 9066: 8460: 7983: 7935: 7848: 7836: 7824: 7428:"Assyrians Contributions To The Islamic Civilization" 7120: 6597: 4635:

Some well known Assyrian singers in modern times are

4212:

The oldest and classical form of the alphabet is the

1825:

Mar Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa returned to northern

1768:

Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East

14374:"Российская православная миссия в Урмии (1898–1918)" 13447:

Gaunt, David; Beṯ-Şawoce, Jan; Donef, Racho (2006).

13446: 13107:. Vol. 1. London: Routledge. pp. 106–136. 12663:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 268–274. 11517:

The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies

11070:. The Israel academy of Science and Humanities 1988. 11004: 9765: 9518: 8490: 7959: 7632: 7575: 5885:. Statistics Canada Statistique Canada. 7 May 2021. 5273: 5271: 5115: 3767:

is indeed ultimately derived from the Assyrian term

3706:, Assyrians and other inhabitants of the Near East, 2596:(a large region which comprises the modern towns of 2212:

in August 1933. The events lead to the expulsion of

1309:

and was not as closely aligned with Constantinople.

774:-speaking peoples, including the Assyrians, and the 70: 62: 54: 46: 14677:

Ancient and Modern Assyrians: A Scientific Analysis

14495:"La bilingue royale louvito-phénicienne de Çineköy" 14428:

Mesopotamia and the Bible: Comparative Explorations

14407:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 305–326. 14198:Mutlu-Numansen, Sofia; Ossewaarde, Marinus (2019). 12939:. Malden: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 599–612. 12580:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 215–232. 12361:. Vol. 1. London: Routledge. pp. 92–105. 12290: 11772:"An Ancient Empire Gets New Life — on a Food Truck" 11057: 10667: 10537: 10275: 10090: 9420: 9272: 8668:"Iraq's Christian paramilitaries split in IS fight" 8409: 8219: 8127: 6169:"Syriacs still going strong – Syriacs in Palestine" 1460:

Indigenous Assyrians became second-class citizens (

464:. Modern Assyrians may culturally self-identify as 14891:A virtual Assyria: Christians from the Middle East 14796:. Uppsala: Uppsala Universitet. pp. 201–220. 14174: 14149: 14111: 12837:"Minority Rights in Turkey: Quo Vadis, Assyrians?" 11118: 10963:Pre-marital Counselling In a Multicultural Society 10263: 9986: 9363: 7338:Arabic literature to the end of the Umayyad period 7253: 7251: 6935: 6545: 5399: 5289: 1778:for half a century, before settling in the nearby 14697:"The Assyrians: A Historical and Current Reality" 14568: 14183:. Louvain: Peeters Publishers. pp. 119–148. 13542:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 41–60. 13361:. Milano: Università di Bologna. pp. 75–78. 12883: 11412:"Assyrian Ethnic Identity in a Globalizing World" 11297: 10404: 9688: 9686: 8754:"The establishment of Nineveh Plain Forces – NPF" 8468:"Mullen's Plain Talk About U.S. Mistakes in Iraq" 7897:"A Chronicle Of The Carmelites In Persia (vol I)" 7523: 7521: 7328: 5907: 5512: 5268: 3876:, while the majority "Assyrian" faction endorses 3595:consider themselves to be descended from ancient 2734:, where an estimated 400,000 Assyrians live, and 1096:from 116 AD to 118 AD following the conquests of 1038:around the 8th century BC, being marginalized by 1011:for religious, artistic, and scholarly purposes. 687:Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria 17321: 13958: 13661:. London-New York: Routledge. pp. 601–620. 13207:. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. pp. 359–369. 11263: 11261: 10960:Dr. Joseph Adebayo Awoyemi (14 September 2014). 10882: 9310: 9139: 9137: 8793:, Assyrian Policy Institute, p. 38 & 39 6418: 5041:. According to a 2011 study by Lashgary et al., 4821:or other holy sites in the settlement or nearby. 3907:An Assyrian child dressed in traditional clothes 3212:. There is also a sizable Assyrian community in 2472:(SUP) has become a major political actor in the 1642:After initially coming under the control of the 14249:"Syriac Christianity in the modern Middle East" 14123:. Piscataway: Gorgias Press. pp. 146–164. 13981:Geschichte der spät- und neusyrischen Literatur 11601:JOKOPOST | עיתון המאמרים והבלוגים המוביל בישראל 11016: 10308:"Council of Basel 1431–45 A.D. Council Fathers" 9318:"Statement on Assyrians/Syriacs in Turkey/Iraq" 8884: 7687:The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity 7248: 6913:"The Persian Wars by Herodotus: Book 6 – ERATO" 6324: 5244:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 4828:and the hundreds of thousands massacred in the 4604:Assyrian music is a combination of traditional 3791:in favour of Syria being derived from Assyria. 2424:of northern Iraq, together with cities such as 1147:element in the cities, still strong during the 14606:"The Syriac Church Denominations: An Overview" 14569:Wieviorka, Michel; Bataille, Philippe (2007). 13850: 13836:. London-New York: Routledge. pp. 78–88. 13588:. London-New York: Routledge. pp. 41–55. 13586:Eastern Christianity in the Modern Middle East 13121: 12886:"Writing Syriac: Manuscripts and Inscriptions" 11514: 11417:. In Mácha, Přemysl; Kopeček, Vincenc (eds.). 9683: 9110: 9108: 8187:The Political Dictionary of Modern Middle East 7878: 7518: 7187:Seleucia-Ctesiphon is not to be confused with 6759: 6618: 5444: 4608:and western contemporary music genres, namely 4365:following the East Syriac Rite, also known as 3726:in contrast to Assyrians who had their native 2255:Celebration at a Syriac Orthodox monastery in 1697:From Iranian Safavid to confirmed Ottoman rule 1526:where they established numerous churches. The 1506:, the Assyrians were forced into preaching in 1251:Another council held in 424 declared that the 1139:in the far south and the western deserts, and 16136: 15964: 14943: 14726:"The Aramaic Language and Its Classification" 14063:Iraq: British Institute for the Study of Iraq 13047:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. p. 93. 13022:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. p. 45. 12574:"Assyrian Genocide from a Gender Perspective" 11365:. Berlin: H. Reuther's Verlagsbuchhandlung. . 11258: 10025:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 9826:The facts about Syrian refugees and Fairfield 9134: 6270:"2013 Census ethnic group profiles: Assyrian" 5057:, found in its greatest concentration in the 4990:of Iraq, researchers identified Y chromosome 4802:Assyrians celebrating Mesopotamian New Year ( 4289:, with an estimated 400,000 members, and the 4151:exist in the Neo-Aramaic languages, with the 3956:relations between the Assyrians and Armenians 3355:, small groups of Assyrians mostly reside in 2899:The Western subgroup, historically inhabited 2468:. The largest proponent of the movement, the 1833:at the instigation of the rival Patriarch of 1217:, each of which was under the authority of a 653:Valley and the areas surrounding the city of 563:The ancestral indigenous lands that form the 14967:Ethno-linguistic group(s) indigenous to the 14812: 14633:Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society 14421: 14246: 12799:. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. pp. 394–415. 12657:"Assyria and the West: Syria and the Levant" 11464: 10953: 10688: 10661: 10344: 9536: 9361: 8507:"Exodus of Christians hits Baghdad district" 7470:. University of Chicago Press. p. 164. 7145:6.7 p. 303, Penguin Classics, Translated by 5901: 4986:In a 2011 study focusing on the genetics of 4935:Late-20th-century DNA analysis conducted by 4003:The Neo-Aramaic languages, which are in the 3927: 3880: 3871: 3862: 3413: 2793:The Eastern subgroup historically inhabited 2730:Sizable Assyrian populations only remain in 2164:. The Parachute Company was attached to the 1927: 1607: 1213:was also used. Dioceses were organised into 13813:. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio. pp. 30–33. 13565:. London-New York: Routledge. p. 517. 13143:Donabed, Sargon G.; Mako, Shamiran (2009). 13142: 13122:Donabed, Sargon G.; Donabed, Ninos (2006). 12679: 12189: 11945: 11899:. Princeton University Press. p. 243. 11746: 11643: 11489: 10525: 10356: 10332: 10016: 9622: 9105: 8966: 8964: 8943:Syriacs establish military council in Syria 8566: 8564: 8249:"Contested nations: Iraq and the Assyrians" 7977: 7677: 7341:. Cambridge University Press. p. 501. 6556:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 206. 6296:"The ethnic origin of Christians in Israel" 4316:A small minority of Assyrians accepted the 4149:loanwords from the aforementioned languages 876:The Assyrian people, after the fall of the 100:World distribution of the Assyrian diaspora 16143: 16129: 15971: 15957: 14950: 14936: 14320: 14299: 14232:(2nd ed.). Jefferson, NC: McFarland. 14156:The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization 12724: 12470: 12456: 12355:"The Term Seyfo in Historical Perspective" 11893:; Menozzi, Paolo; Piazza, Alberto (1994). 11721:. syrianorthodoxchurch.org. Archived from 11233: 10870: 10809: 10797: 10462:Introduction to Aramean and Syriac Studies 10405:Simon (oratorien), Richard (3 July 1684). 10380: 10206:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9794: 9002: 9000: 8998: 8920:. ARA News. 7 October 2016. Archived from 8838:. ARA News. 19 August 2016. Archived from 8797: 8291: 7787:Bibliotheca Orientalis Clementino-Vaticana 7593:According to Georges Roux and Simo Parpola 6554:Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: A-C 5919: 5913: 5818:"Lebanon | Assyrian Policy Institute" 4832:. It is commemorated annually on August 7. 3919:. There are also secular holidays such as 2156:, eleven Assyrian companies saw action in 2133:, established numerous villages along the 1182:despite becoming, from the 8th century, a 94: 80: 16451:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region 15978: 14533: 14478: 14458: 14444: 13941:The Assyrians: From Nineveh to Södertälje 13804: 13626: 13602: 13422: 13382:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 13184:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 12686:The Church of the East: A Concise History 12633: 12520:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 12424: 12411: 12267: 12257: 12120: 12110: 12058: 12048: 11866: 11800: 11112: 10821: 10510: 10443: 10431: 10368: 10245: 10093:"Iraqi Assyrians: Barometer of Pluralism" 10066: 9189: 8665: 8215:. Soc. for Promoting Christian Knowledge. 7806: 7763: 7656: 7368: 7158: 6881:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6753: 6580:For Assyrians as a Christian people, see 6390:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. 6325:Fenger-Grøndahl, Af Malene (1 May 2017). 4893:, as well as being very similar to other 4777: 4765: 4116:. Historically many Assyrians also spoke 1774:until 1089, when he moved to the city of 1666:. He spent some time in Persia under the 1221:. Six such areas were instituted in 410. 1053: 880:in 609 BC, were under the control of the 16275:Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire 13937: 13913: 13632:"The Modern Assyrians - Name and Nation" 13485: 13063: 13038: 13013: 12983:The Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 12843:. Münster: LIT Verlag. pp. 99–120. 12820:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 12517:Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World 12491:The Assyrian Australian Academic Journal 12484: 12144: 12142: 12140: 11896:The History and Geography of Human Genes 11711: 11068:The Aramaic Dialect of the Jews of Zakho 11048: 10649: 10293: 10051: 10027:. Oxford University Press. p. 119. 9692: 8961: 8561: 8414:. Uppsala University. pp. 288–289. 8066: 8048: 6272:. Statistics New Zealand. Archived from 4869: 4797: 4695: 4588: 4264: 3991: 3902: 3665: 3456: 3446: 3435: 3275:Small Assyrian communities are found in 3105: 3014: 3006: 2779:Chaldean Syriac Assyrian Popular Council 2748: 2524: 2504: 2304: 2250: 2190: 2084: 2013: 1942: 1931: 1851: 1710: 1625: 1485: 1360: 1223: 1135:was a mixed one, composed of Assyrians, 1057: 800: 786:(2335–2154 BC). The cities of Assur and 721: 703: 505: 14876:BetNahrain – Assyrian Center in Armenia 14752: 14723: 14612:. London: Routledge. pp. 119–133. 14603: 14519:. Uppsala: Uppsala University Library. 14269: 14057: 14007:. Münster: LIT Verlag. pp. 63–71. 13899: 13885: 13827: 13198: 13177: 12976: 12955: 12892:. London: Routledge. pp. 243–265. 12879:. London-New York: Ward, Lock & Co. 12869: 12834: 12534: 12513: 12352: 12224: 11757:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IX, Fasc. 6 11519:. Transaction Publishers. p. 268. 11452: 11191: 11136: 10998: 10727: 10715: 10455: 10392: 10305: 10078: 10010: 9998: 9861: 9349: 9169: 9045: 8995: 8894:. The Syrian Observer. 3 October 2016. 8601: 8321: 8246: 8154: 7953: 7866: 7554: 7532:. Oxford University Press. p. 219. 7490: 7334: 6965: 6963: 6551: 6388:In the world of Sumer: an autobiography 6196:"Learning the language of Jesus Christ" 5672: 5301: 5190:Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq 4844: 3674:and Mesopotamia in the 1st century AD, 2548:Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq 2474:Democratic Federation of Northern Syria 1947:The burning of bodies of Assyrian women 1457:were of Assyrian Christian background. 14: 17322: 14787: 14694: 14649: 14589: 14549: 14454:. Vol. 2. London: Tilt and Bogue. 14097: 14033: 13984:. Berlin-New York: Walter de Gruyter. 13974: 13857:Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities 13780: 13750: 13720: 13652: 13579: 13556: 13512: 13375: 13084: 12813: 12790: 12703: 12480:. Vol. 2. London: John W. Parker. 12466:. Vol. 1. London: John W. 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Much of the region would become the 896:soldiers for the Persian Empire under 865:territories. The rise and rule of the 27:Ethnic group indigenous to Mesopotamia 17010: 16902: 16724: 16599: 16172: 16124: 15952: 14931: 14831: 14740:from the original on 5 September 2022 14711:from the original on 27 February 2022 14680:. Philadelphia: Xlibris Corporation. 14659:. New York: Oxford University Press. 14512: 14225: 13998: 13687: 13638:. Torino: Zamorani. pp. 99–114. 13408: 13359:Ideologies as Intercultural Phenomena 13098: 12930: 12906: 12884:Briquel-Chatonnet, Françoise (2019). 12760:BetGivargis-McDaniel, Maegan (2007). 12747:from the original on 27 February 2008 12689:. London-New York: Routledge-Curzon. 12571: 12137: 12084: 12022: 11409: 11149:from the original on 20 December 2019 11124: 11103:. Cambridge University Press, London. 10413:from the original on 17 November 2020 10314:from the original on 17 November 2020 10306:Fathers, Council (14 December 1431). 10269: 10173: 10022: 9935:from the original on 10 November 2001 9695:The Assyrians: Fifty Years in Swedenq 9568:A Short World History of Christianity 9524: 9426: 9408:from the original on 28 November 2020 9234:from the original on 21 December 2019 9207:from the original on 21 December 2019 9072: 8803: 8788: 8369:from the original on 3 September 2016 8279:from the original on 19 February 2018 8096: 8060: 7989: 7885:ex typographia Bartholomaei Zannetti. 7734: 7683: 7527: 7407:from the original on 24 November 2020 7335:Beeston, Alfred Felix Landon (1983). 7215:(New York: Carroll & Graf, 2005). 7058: 6741:from the original on 17 November 2020 6702:from the original on 16 February 2022 6536: 6193: 6038: 5859:from the original on 14 December 2022 5713: 5564:from the original on 18 December 2019 3485:claimed during their travels through 3047:During the eras of Mongol rule under 2784: 2769:. Most Assyrians currently reside in 2049: 965:Modern Assyrian derives from ancient 957:in the region in the 3rd century AD. 17304: 17246:Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu) 14730:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 14701:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 14673: 14626: 14543:Dictionnaire de théologie catholique 14398: 14371: 14359:from the original on 10 October 2017 14282:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 14150:Murre van den Berg, Heleen (2011) . 14137:from the original on 15 January 2023 14021:from the original on 15 January 2023 13873:from the original on 15 January 2023 13763:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 13733:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 13708:from the original on 15 January 2023 13675:from the original on 15 January 2023 13533: 13495:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 13396:from the original on 15 January 2023 13349: 13332:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 13319: 13302:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 13289: 13277:from the original on 5 February 2021 13241: 13221: 13205:Syriac in its Multi-Cultural Context 13165:from the original on 27 January 2021 12857:from the original on 15 January 2023 12734:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 12654: 12594: 12399:from the original on 15 January 2023 11992:intermixture with other populations. 11644:Leroy, Jules; Collin, Peter (2004). 11339:An album of dated Syriac manuscripts 11279:from the original on 11 January 2020 11215:from the original on 10 October 2017 10901:from the original on 10 October 2017 10785: 10773: 10634: 10616:from the original on 18 October 2019 10585:from the original on 19 October 2019 10155:from the original on 14 October 2007 10129:from the original on 26 January 2021 9807:from the original on 17 October 2013 9506:from the original on 20 January 2023 9388: 9278: 9151:from the original on 8 February 2020 8983:from the original on 29 October 2019 8970: 8700:. World Bulletin. 18 February 2015. 8666:Henderson, Peter (30 October 2014). 8549:from the original on 16 January 2008 8539:"Church Bombings in Iraq Since 2004" 7789:(Rome 1725), vol. 3, part 1, p. 661) 7614:from the original on 10 October 2017 7236:from the original on 7 December 2018 7143:A shameful peace concluded by Jovian 6960: 6941: 6642:from the original on 8 December 2012 6435:from the original on 10 October 2017 6337:from the original on 16 October 2021 6306:from the original on 22 January 2019 6175:from the original on 7 November 2022 6020:from the original on 16 October 2021 5964:from the original on 10 October 2017 5846: 5828:from the original on 16 October 2021 5780:from the original on 17 October 2013 5462:from the original on 15 January 2020 5387:from the original on 20 January 2017 5357:from the original on 11 January 2020 3928: 3881: 3872: 3863: 2931:was centred in two monasteries near 2775:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 2064:was an uprising by the Assyrians in 900:, playing a significant role in the 122:Regions with significant populations 17294: 14957: 14323:"The Terms Assyria and Syria Again" 14175:Murre van den Berg, Heleen (2015). 14040:The Roman Empire and Its Neighbours 13909:. Vol. 2. London: John Murray. 13895:. Vol. 1. London: John Murray. 12979:"The Church of the East since 1914" 12615: 12601:. Leiden: Leiden University Press. 12075: 11794: 11650:. Gorgias Press. pp. 166–167. 11236:"The Revolutionaries of Bethnahrin" 11024:"Akkadian Words in Modern Assyrian" 11010: 10505:"Syriac Universal Alliance". 2003. 9170:McBride, Julian (4 February 2023). 9018:from the original on 14 August 2020 8868:. 24 September 2016. Archived from 8806:"The Revolutionaries of Bethnahrin" 8614:from the original on 10 August 2020 8478:from the original on 8 January 2009 8184: 7785:Giuseppe Simone Assemani (editor), 6466:from the original on 4 October 2022 6428:. The University of Chicago Press. 5889:from the original on 3 January 2023 4897:and Caucasian cuisines, as well as 3519: 3366:To note, the Assyrians residing in 2439:In response to the Islamic State's 2392:Pope Benedict XVI Islam controversy 2301:2008 attacks on Christians in Mosul 1858:massacre of Armenians and Assyrians 890:Neo-Babylonian or "Chaldean" Empire 24: 14800:from the original on 25 April 2022 14775:from the original on 23 April 2021 14596:The Assyrians and Their Neighbours 14162:from the original on 26 March 2023 14061:(1983). "Assyrians and Arameans". 13832:. In Casiday, Augustine M. (ed.). 13128:. Charleston: Arcadia Publishing. 13125:Assyrians of Eastern Massachusetts 13051:from the original on 1 August 2021 13026:from the original on 17 April 2022 12667:from the original on 17 April 2022 12642:from the original on 26 March 2021 12501:from the original on 30 April 2015 12339:Am J Hum Genet 2004, 74:1023–1034. 11855:American Journal of Human Genetics 11633:from the original on 1 March 2011. 11547:from the original on 1 August 2019 10541:Minority Rights in the Middle East 10486:from the original on 23 April 2021 9835:by SSI News Blog, 23 February 2017 9554:This History of the Medieval World 9396:"Who are the Chaldean Christians?" 8704:from the original on 14 April 2019 8633:Nelson, Steven (6 February 2015). 8015:from the original on 7 August 2017 7745:from the original on 21 April 2023 7633:Gaunt, Beṯ-Şawoce & Donef 2006 7425: 7316:from the original on 15 April 2023 7152: 7005:from the original on 18 April 2023 6923:from the original on 13 April 2018 6856:from the original on 16 April 2021 6812:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 6787:from the original on 18 April 2023 6503:10.1111/j.1949-3606.2008.tb00145.x 6367:from the original on 30 March 2021 6041:"Die christlichen Assyrer zu Wien" 5932:from the original on 30 March 2019 5538:from the original on 25 April 2020 5417:from the original on 23 April 2023 5021:has been measured at 15.09% among 4931:Genetic history of the Middle East 4285:, with about 600,000 members, the 4084:There is a considerable amount of 2279:Ba'ath government for many years. 1957:Assyrian struggle for independence 1735:. Non-Muslims were organised into 1723:plain village of Geogtapa, c. 1831 1630:A map of the Aramaic language and 798:, in the 21st or 20th century BC. 87:Ethnic flag used by most Assyrians 25: 17391: 14989:Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora 14857: 14817:. Berghahn Books. pp. 1–32. 14422:Schniedewind, William M. (2002). 13830:"The Assyrian Church of the East" 13453:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. 13418:. London: Williams & Norgate. 13070:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. 13001:from the original on 7 March 2021 12943:from the original on 8 April 2022 12085:Dogan, Serkan (3 November 2017). 12023:Dogan, Serkan (3 November 2017). 11607:from the original on 22 July 2019 11567:"Crypto-Assyrians: Who are they?" 11541:"Muslim Assyrians? Who are they?" 11246:from the original on 10 July 2019 10604:Aderet, Ofer (9 September 2018). 10091:Jonathan Eric Lewis (June 2003). 9965:from the original on 29 July 2019 9571:by Robert Bruce Mullin, pp. 82–85 9118:. 10 October 2014. Archived from 8971:Safi, Marlo (25 September 2018). 8816:from the original on 10 July 2019 8678:from the original on 4 March 2016 8647:from the original on 24 July 2022 8583:from the original on 1 April 2015 7141:The Later Roman Empire (354–378) 6206:from the original on 23 July 2019 6051:from the original on 24 June 2019 6010:"Assyrische Bevölkerung weltweit" 5990:from the original on 4 March 2016 5920:Tzilivakis, Kathy (10 May 2003). 5654:from the original on 4 March 2020 5624:from the original on 23 July 2020 5594:from the original on 7 March 2020 4181:and shares similarities with the 3970:is quite common, most notably in 3516:, a label rejected by Assyrians. 3343:has a small number of Assyrians. 2921:Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch 2441:invasion of the Assyrian homeland 2379:, a neighborhood in southwestern 2168:and were involved in fighting in 2080: 1285:, also known as Jacobites, after 1209:of the East. Later, the title of 743:sites in Assyria belonged to the 524:Assyrians are almost exclusively 17350:Ethnic groups in the Middle East 17303: 17293: 17283: 17274: 17273: 16579:2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis 16153: 15931: 15919: 15876:Assyrian Democratic Organisation 15029: 15018: 15007: 14901:Assyrian Iraqi Document Projects 14863: 14424:"The Rise of the Aramean States" 13657:. In Leustean, Lucian N. (ed.). 12328: 12284: 12016: 11883: 11842: 11763: 11687: 11664: 11637: 11619: 11589: 11577:from the original on 3 July 2019 11559: 11533: 11515:G. Hovannisian, Richard (2011). 11508: 11483: 11458: 11403: 11377: 11368: 11352: 11328: 11303: 11227: 11161: 11130: 11089: 11073: 10980: 10944: 10931: 10913: 10876: 10839: 10733: 10689:Nigel Wilson (31 October 2013). 10682: 10597: 10565: 10531: 10498: 10449: 10398: 10299: 10167: 10141: 10115: 10103:from the original on 4 July 2008 10084: 9947: 9921: 9895: 9886: 9838: 9819: 9756: 9747: 9738: 9711: 9693:Lundgren, Svante (15 May 2019). 9674: 9574: 9560: 9546: 9488: 9479: 9470: 9458:from the original on 11 May 2023 9444: 9355: 9284: 9246: 9163: 9096: 9087: 9078: 9052:. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. 9039: 9030: 8936: 8910: 8898:from the original on 14 May 2021 8854: 8828: 8782: 8746: 8716: 8690: 8659: 8626: 8595: 8571:Burger, John (4 December 2014). 8531: 8499: 8428: 8410:Certrez; Donabed; Makko (2012). 8403: 8381: 8351: 8270:10.1111/j.1354-5078.2000.00363.x 8240: 8228: 8202: 8193: 8178: 8169: 8163: 8148: 8139: 8102: 7995: 7911: 7889: 7872: 7774: 7757: 7728: 7720:"Maphrian Catholicos [Syr. Orth. 7704: 7684:Parry, Kenneth (15 April 2008). 7650: 7596: 7587: 7456:Vol.1, A-K, Index, 2006, p. 304. 6453: 6075:Federal State Statistics Service 5482:Syria: Assyrian Policy Institute 5118: 5025:. The haplogroup is frequent in 4546: 4525:Cathedral of Our Lady of Sorrows 4517: 4482: 4448: 4418: 4081:, are spoken by Assyrian Jews. 3698:corruption of the original term 3232:, Assyrians are mostly found in 2216:the Catholicos Patriarch of the 2121:period, some Assyrians, fleeing 1346: 1186:in their homeland following the 17360:Indigenous peoples of West Asia 17058:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects 16481:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq 16471:1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes 16210:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period 14330:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 13851:Laing-Marshall, Andrea (2005). 13805:Kalpakian, Jack Vahram (2011). 13486:Gewargis, Odisho Malko (2002). 13251:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 13064:Courtois, Sebastien de (2004). 12537:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 11770:Mandel, Pam (5 December 2017). 11682:United States Naval Observatory 11469:. Berghahn Books. p. 109. 11387:. Adherents.com. Archived from 10885:"The Assyrian Academic Society" 9955:"CHALDEAN FLAG ... from A to Z" 9929:"Syriac-Aramaic People (Syria)" 9656:"American FactFinder – Results" 9452:"FACTBOX: Christians in Turkey" 8602:Jeffrey, Paul (29 April 2016). 8209:Wigram, William Ainger (1920). 7548: 7484: 7459: 7442: 7419: 7362: 7298: 7289: 7271: 7218: 7202: 7181: 7132: 7094: 7042: 7026: 7017: 6987: 6947: 6905: 6896: 6868: 6836: 6827: 6799: 6727: 6714: 6684: 6654: 6624: 6574: 6527: 6518: 6509: 6478: 6447: 6412: 6379: 6349: 6318: 6288: 6237: 6218: 6194:Shams, Alex (2 November 2015). 6187: 6161: 6135: 6117: 6088: 6063: 6032: 6002: 5976: 5871: 5847:Miri, Adhid (27 January 2021). 5840: 5810: 5792: 5762: 5737: 5710:(archived link, 8 October 2011) 5685:from the original on 9 May 2018 5666: 5636: 5606: 5576: 5550: 5524: 5493: 5474: 5308:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 5256:from the original on 3 May 2019 5218: 5045:has been measured at 40% among 3819:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 3682:As early as the 8th century BC 3003:as well as some other villages. 2813:, and parts of the Nineveh and 2715:and a few other small towns in 2500: 2334:Coalition Provisional Authority 2290: 2117:" in northern Iraq. During the 1758:. The latter were organised by 1076:History of Eastern Christianity 657:in Syria by 2015, and from the 16341:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia 15542:Genocide of Christians by ISIL 15405:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia 14207:Holocaust and Genocide Studies 14121:The Christian Heritage of Iraq 13923:. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. 13726:"Assyria and Syria: Synonyms?" 12916:. London-New York: Routledge. 12683:; Winkler, Dietmar W. (2003). 12514:Andrade, Nathanael J. (2013). 11315:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 10939:American Journal of Psychology 10692:Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece 9905:. Crwflags.com. Archived from 9557:by Susan Wise Bauer, pg. 85–87 9362:Vander Werff, Lyle L. (1977). 8730:. 7 March 2015. Archived from 8496:Henderson & Tucker, p. 19. 8172:Not Even My Name: A True Story 6485:Hanish, Shak (22 March 2008). 6039:Özkan, Duygu (31 March 2012). 5369: 5343: 5322: 5237: 5155:Assyrian independence movement 5003: 4810:, April 1st 2019) in Nohadra ( 4389:following the West Syriac Rite 4144:) and Armenia still do today. 4057:, a derivative of the ancient 3102:Assyrian population by country 3064:massacres of Diyarbakır (1895) 3040:continued during the reign of 3023: 2445:Nineveh Plain Protection Units 2309:Assyrian Genocide Memorial in 2184:Iraqi forces at the battle of 1707:Massacres of Diyarbakir (1895) 1502:was punishable by death under 1453:dynasty. Many scholars of the 1034:, began to decline during the 699:History of the Assyrian people 663:Nineveh Plain Protection Units 661:in Iraq by 2017. In 2014, the 499:of West Asia and the language 13: 1: 16600: 15286:Ancient Mesopotamian religion 14896:Traditional Assyrian Costumes 14599:. London: G. Bell & Sons. 14043:. New York: Delacorte Press. 13295:"Assyria and Syria: Synonyms" 13247:"Assyria and Syria: Synonyms" 12622:Journal of Universal Language 11801:Edelstein, Sari, ed. (2011). 11494:. Berghahn Books. p. 2. 11465:N. Shirinian, George (2017). 11385:"Assyrian Church of the East" 10847:Sovremennyj assirijskij jazyk 10750:s:History of Herodotus/Book 7 9697:. Nineveh Press. p. 14. 9228:"Iran: Last of the Assyrians" 9046:Sherman (13 September 2013). 7923:, Vol. XIV, No. 1, 2000 p. 80 7907:– via Internet Archive. 7530:Legal Traditions of the World 7454:Medieval Islamic Civilization 7450:Philosophy in the Middle Ages 6955:History of the Persian Empire 6491:Digest of Middle East Studies 5908:Wieviorka & Bataille 2007 5614:"Arizona HCR2006 – TrackBill" 5231: 4411: 4177:directly descending from the 3981: 2744:Assyrian population in Turkey 1729:Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–39) 1195:Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon 999:was preserved by the ancient 995:From 1700 BC and onward, the 548:, along with Jews, Arameans, 17380:Oriental Orthodoxy in Turkey 16837:in ISIL-controlled territory 16725: 15896:Syriac Union Party (Lebanon) 15871:Assyrian Democratic Movement 14886:A virtual Assyria: Cyberland 14604:Winkler, Dietmar W. (2019). 14474:: 163–174, 246–251, 276–280. 13944:. Södertälje: Tigris Press. 13834:The Orthodox Christian World 13653:Hunter, Erica C. D. (2014). 13376:Frazee, Charles A. (2006) . 12259:10.1371/journal.pone.0041252 12167:10.3109/03014460.2010.535562 12112:10.1371/journal.pone.0187408 12050:10.1371/journal.pone.0187408 11695:"AUA Release March 26, 2006" 10574:אנחנו לא ערבים - אנחנו ארמים 10023:Cross, Frank Leslie (2005). 9797:"Brief History of Assyrians" 9582:"Nestorian (Christian sect)" 9466:– via www.reuters.com. 9298:(in Turkish). 6 October 2023 9260:(in Turkish). 6 October 2023 8789:Hanna, Reine (1 June 2020), 8640:U.S. News & World Report 8155:Hovannisian, Richard (ed.). 6386:Kramer, Samuel Noah (1988). 6245:"Brief History of Assyrians" 5879:"Canada Census Profile 2021" 5849:"Chaldeans in Europe Part V" 5770:"Brief History of Assyrians" 4730: 4273:Assyrians belong to various 4235: 4227: 4215: 4020:Assyrian dialect of Akkadian 3477:. Although at the same time 3345:Assyrians in the Netherlands 3098:List of Assyrian settlements 2269:Assyrian Democratic Movement 1864:, Ottoman Empire, April 1909 1278:, king), meaning royalists. 892:in 539 BC. Assyrians became 888:, which consumed the entire 528:, with most adhering to the 71: 63: 55: 47: 7: 17375:Oriental Orthodoxy in Syria 17011: 16903: 16748:Council of Representatives 16486:Weapons of mass destruction 16173: 15881:Assyrian Universal Alliance 15107:Assyrian Church of the East 15082:Assyrian Pentecostal Church 15076:Assyrian Evangelical Church 14999:Terms for Syriac Christians 14841:. Oxford University Press. 14321:Rollinger, Robert (2006b). 13828:Kitchen, Robert A. (2012). 13612:. Atlanta: Scholars Press. 13199:Donabed, Sargon G. (2017). 13178:Donabed, Sargon G. (2015). 13039:Coakley, James F. (2011b). 13014:Coakley, James F. (2011a). 12962:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 12710:. London-New York: Tauris. 12485:Al-Jeloo, Nicholas (1999). 11719:"Three Day Fast of Nineveh" 11603:(in Hebrew). 18 July 2019. 11490:O. Barthoma, Soner (2017). 8804:Drott, Carl (25 May 2015). 7738:The Lesser Eastern Churches 5883:Census Profile, 2021 Census 5673:Nyheter, SVT (9 May 2018). 5302:Simmons, Mary Kate (1998). 5160:Assyrian Universal Alliance 5111: 4924: 4671:. Assyrian-Australian band 4345:Assyrian Church of the East 4330:Assyrian Pentecostal Church 4326:Assyrian Evangelical Church 4299:Assyrian Church of the East 4287:Assyrian Church of the East 4254: 4009:Afroasiatic language family 3579:of the Aramaic speakers in 3370:and Russia tend to be from 3085: 2955:, Miden, Arnas, Beth Debe, 2533: 2218:Assyrian Church of the East 2160:and another four served in 2099:Turkish War of Independence 1886:Assyrian Church of the East 1746:, commonly referred to as " 1397:to Syriac and afterward to 960: 823:Assyrian Church of the East 444:, a geographical region in 10: 17396: 17370:Oriental Orthodoxy in Iraq 17365:Oriental Orthodoxy in Iran 16476:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq 15891:Syriac Union Party (Syria) 15113:Ancient Church of the East 14550:Travis, Hannibal (2010) . 14247:O'Mahony, Anthony (2006). 14113:Murre van den Berg, Heleen 13966:(Abstract). Archived from 13769:(1): 70–76. Archived from 13739:(2): 37–43. Archived from 13501:(1): 77–95. Archived from 13473:Prideaux-Tregelles, Samuel 13338:(1): 69–70. Archived from 13308:(2): 30–36. Archived from 12977:Coakley, James F. (1996). 12956:Coakley, James F. (1992). 12704:Baumer, Christoph (2006). 12385:. Amherst: Cambria Press. 12345: 12210:10.1163/157338406780345899 11891:Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca 11776:Jewish in Seattle Magazine 11234:Carl Drott (25 May 2015). 10966:. Lulu.com. pp. 75–. 10695:. Routledge. p. 652. 10470:10.31826/9781463238933-014 7528:Glenn, H. Patrick (2007). 7213:Ahmad's War, Ahmad's Peace 6849:World History Encyclopedia 6771:Oxford University Press US 4928: 4891:Iraqi/Mesopotamian cuisine 4863: 4859: 4848: 4689: 4632:), and other instruments. 4581:Assyrian/Syriac folk music 4578: 4349:Ancient Church of the East 4303:Ancient Church of the East 4291:Ancient Church of the East 4258: 4163: 4011:, ultimately descend from 3985: 3896: 3892: 3809:, uncovered from Çineköy, 3744:rule from 323 BC the name 3613:, named after the ancient 3526:Names of Syriac Christians 3523: 3417: 3095: 3089: 2742:, and a small but growing 2537: 2294: 2053: 2007: 1950: 1770:. The Maphrian resided at 1700: 1611: 1350: 1069: 825:, they are descended from 707: 696: 692: 29: 17269: 17168: 17023: 17019: 17006: 16911: 16898: 16733: 16720: 16608: 16595: 16416: 16333: 16185: 16181: 16168: 15986: 15914: 15861: 15732: 15564: 15555: 15468: 15397: 15304: 15245: 15228: 15185: 15126: 15091: 15054: 15043: 15005: 14976: 14965: 14288:(2): 5–22. Archived from 14226:Nisan, Mordechai (2002). 13938:Lundgren, Svante (2016). 12353:Abdalla, Michael (2017). 10561:– via Google Books. 10421:– via Google Books. 9012:Assyrian Policy Institute 8774:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 7700:– via Google Books. 7657:Khanbaghi, Aptin (2006). 7555:Winkler, Dietmar (2009). 7491:Bennett, Clinton (2005). 7390:10.1163/22118993-90000037 7159:Etheredge, Laura (2011). 6875:Düring, Bleda S. (2020). 6419:A. Leo Oppenheim (1964). 5438:Assyrian Policy Institute 5205:World Council of Arameans 4456:Mar Assia al-Hakim Church 4209:from the 1st century AD. 4159: 3414:Identity and subdivisions 3394:intake. The Assyrians in 3110:Assyrian world population 2880:, they live scattered in 2371:aimed at Assyrians & 2297:Assyrian exodus from Iraq 1928:World War I and aftermath 1816:De Dogmatibus Chaldaeorum 1608:Mongolian and Turkic rule 1383:Muslim conquest of Persia 1357:Muslim conquest of Persia 1231:(Dayro d-Mor Mattai) in, 1188:Muslim conquest of Persia 1158:Along with the Arameans, 821:In the traditions of the 729:Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal 407: 402: 369: 364: 356: 348: 340: 332: 324: 316: 308: 300: 292: 284: 276: 268: 260: 252: 244: 236: 228: 220: 212: 204: 196: 188: 175: 167: 159: 147: 139: 126: 121: 110: 105: 93: 79: 16827:in Saddam Hussein's Iraq 16738:Administrative divisions 15411:Muslim conquest of Syria 15101:Chaldean Catholic Church 14674:Yana, George V. (2008). 14627:Wolk, Daniel P. (2008). 14387:: 73–112. Archived from 14152:"Syriac Orthodox Church" 13580:Healey, John F. (2010). 13519:. Leiden-Boston: Brill. 13432:. Leiden-Boston: Brill. 13227:"Assyriens ou Araméens?" 12931:Butts, Aaron M. (2017). 12835:Beitrag, Onders (2012). 12814:Becker, Adam H. (2015). 12791:Becker, Adam H. (2008). 12762:Assyrians of New Britain 12487:"Who are the Assyrians?" 11753:"FESTIVALS ix. Assyrian" 10573: 10409:. Chez Frederic Arnaud. 10001:, p. IX-X, 38, 241. 9617:Swedish Language Council 8247:Zubaida, S (July 2000). 7794:19 December 2019 at the 7369:Contadini, Anna (2003). 7283:Encyclopaedia Britannica 7264:Encyclopaedia Britannica 5644:"HCR2006 – 542R – I Ver" 5381:www.culturalsurvival.org 5211: 4703:in an Assyrian party in 4685: 4678:The first international 4574: 4498:Chaldean Catholic Church 4490:Rabban Hormizd Monastery 4363:Chaldean Catholic Church 4295:Chaldean Catholic Church 4283:Chaldean Catholic Church 4013:Late Old Eastern Aramaic 3305:London Borough of Ealing 3254:West Bloomfield Township 2903:. They mainly speak the 2868:. In Syria they live in 2838:Northeastern Neo-Aramaic 2819:Northeastern Neo-Aramaic 2777:, in a 2013 report by a 2344:and began a process of " 1878:Chaldean Catholic Church 1799:Rabban Hormizd Monastery 1750:", and followers of the 1693:hands from 1501 and on. 1401:. They also excelled in 1393:by translating works of 1331:and the wife of Emperor 1293:, which has adopted the 1127:. The population of the 1003:and Assyrians only as a 675:Syrian Democratic Forces 17355:Ethnic groups in Turkey 16386:Mandate for Mesopotamia 16260:First Babylonian Empire 15938:Christianity portal 15901:Syriac Military Council 15500:Massacres of Diyarbekir 15435:Principality of Antioch 15388:Byzantine–Sasanian wars 15195:Assyrian folk/pop music 14753:Yildiz, Efrem (2000b). 14724:Yildiz, Efrem (2000a). 13694:. Münster: LIT Verlag. 13688:Jakob, Joachim (2014). 13513:Gzella, Holger (2015). 12876:The World's Inhabitants 12655:Bagg, Ariel M. (2017). 12635:10.22425/jul.2004.5.1.1 12616:Bae, Chul-hyun (2004). 12292:of human populations". 12009:5 November 2015 at the 10921:"The Assyrian New Year" 10836:, p. 89, 206, 233. 10526:Donabed & Mako 2009 10456:Akopian, Arman (2017). 10357:Baum & Winkler 2003 10333:Baum & Winkler 2003 9987:Murre van den Berg 2015 9785:, The America Spectator 8257:Nations and Nationalism 8074:"The Old Assyrian Flag" 7978:Baum & Winkler 2003 7879:Pietro Strozzi (1617). 7753:– via Wikisource. 7715:22 October 2020 at the 7226:"Definition of melkite" 6552:Minahan, James (2002). 6230:24 October 2019 at the 6111:28 October 2020 at the 6100:1 November 2020 at the 5506:28 October 2020 at the 5487:31 October 2020 at the 5290:Murre van den Berg 2011 5224:(ܣܘܪ̈ܝܐ, Sūrāyē/Sūrōyē) 4955:In a 2006 study of the 4560:located in the city of 4275:Christian denominations 3734:east of the Euphrates. 3571:. This happened at the 3116: more than 500,000 2929:Syriac Orthodox culture 2544:List of Assyrian tribes 2487:Syriac Military Council 2246:Iraqi/Syrian Christians 1820:Lesser Eastern Churches 1780:Monastery of Mar Mattai 1715:Mar Elias (Eliya), the 1591:massacres of Diyarbakır 1415:Eutychius of Alexandria 1291:Eastern Orthodox Church 1270:(451), which condemned 1262:(431), which condemned 1024:Assyrian and Babylonian 747:culture c. 7100 BC and 17345:Ethnic groups in Syria 16545:Insurgency (2011–2013) 16466:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 16270:Middle Assyrian Empire 15656:Al-Hasakah Governorate 15494:Massacres of Badr Khan 15268:Middle Assyrian Empire 15070:Syriac Catholic Church 15064:Syriac Orthodox Church 14788:Yildiz, Efrem (2012). 14695:Yildiz, Efrem (1999). 14591:Wigram, William Ainger 14539:"L'Église nestorienne" 14468:The Spirit of Missions 13609:Studies in Neo-Aramaic 13325:"Reply to John Joseph" 12937:A Companion to Assyria 12661:A Companion to Assyria 11298:Briquel-Chatonnet 2019 10883:ASSYRIANS OF CHICAGO. 10849:, Moscow: Nauka, 1964. 10176:A companion to Assyria 10174:Frahm, Eckart (2017). 9881:Wayne State University 9606:Demographics of Sweden 8948:6 October 2014 at the 8389:"The Anfal Offensives" 7919:"Myth vs. Reality" to 7561:. LIT Verlag Münster. 6809:A Companion to Assyria 5952:"2011 Armenian Census" 5749:ChristianHeadlines.com 5337:2 January 2012 at the 4878: 4818: 4707: 4680:Aramaic Music Festival 4618:electronic dance music 4601: 4387:Syriac Catholic Church 4373:Syriac Orthodox Church 4318:Protestant Reformation 4311:Syriac Catholic Church 4307:Syriac Orthodox Church 4279:Syriac Orthodox Church 4270: 4086:mutual intelligibility 4000: 3966:between Assyrians and 3908: 3679: 3670:The proximity between 3465: 3454: 3444: 3287:in the United States, 3142: 3140: less than 10,000 3060:massacres of Badr Khan 3020: 3012: 2925:Syriac Catholic Church 2919:churches, such as the 2915:). Most adhere to the 2874:Al-Hasakah Governorate 2754: 2717:Al-Hasakah Governorate 2530: 2522: 2476:. In August 2016, the 2418:Islamic Fundamentalist 2317: 2260: 2201: 2094: 2019: 1948: 1940: 1865: 1784:Patriarch of Tur Abdin 1752:Syriac Orthodox Church 1724: 1703:Massacres of Badr Khan 1639: 1495: 1378: 1283:Syriac Orthodox Church 1253:Catholicos of the East 1248: 1067: 1054:Early Christian period 986:Indo-European language 867:Middle Assyrian Empire 818: 770:united all the native 733: 521: 17340:Ethnic groups in Iraq 17335:Ethnic groups in Iran 16832:in post-invasion Iraq 16538:U.S. troop withdrawal 16300:Neo-Babylonian Empire 15980:Ethnic groups in Iran 15524:Independence movement 15280:Post-imperial Assyria 15256:Early Assyrian period 14488:. New York: Appleton. 14399:Sato, Noriko (2018). 14372:Садо, Стефан (1996). 13557:Hanish, Shak (2015). 12933:"Assyrian Christians" 12595:Atto, Naures (2011). 12572:Atman, Sabri (2018). 12472:Ainsworth, William F. 12458:Ainsworth, William F. 12426:Ainsworth, William F. 12198:Iran and the Caucasus 11427:University of Ostrava 11410:Boháč, Artur (2010). 10233:Catholic Encyclopedia 9850:6 August 2018 at the 9049:The West in the World 9014:. 30 September 2018. 8472:National Public Radio 8399:on 28 September 2011. 8236:Blood Sweat and Tears 7466:Brague, Rémi (2009). 7438:on 27 September 2013. 6589:13 March 2018 at the 5185:Neo-Aramaic languages 4929:Further information: 4873: 4801: 4699: 4592: 4426:Mor Hananyo Monastery 4414:Assyrian Christianity 4268: 3995: 3988:Neo-Aramaic languages 3906: 3676:Alain Manesson Mallet 3669: 3483:George Thomas Bettany 3475:William Ainger Wigram 3460: 3450: 3439: 3418:Further information: 3122: 100,000–500,000 3109: 3018: 3010: 2935:(west of Tur Abdin), 2752: 2528: 2508: 2375:). In places such as 2322:2003 Invasion of Iraq 2308: 2254: 2194: 2166:Royal Marine Commando 2088: 2017: 1946: 1935: 1855: 1714: 1629: 1612:Further information: 1489: 1364: 1351:Further information: 1319:Neo-Aramaic languages 1227: 1197:, the capital of the 1070:Further information: 1061: 882:Neo-Babylonian Empire 804: 725: 704:Pre-Christian history 624:2003 invasion of Iraq 618:The emergence of the 567:are those of ancient 509: 454:Ancient Mesopotamians 371:Neo-Aramaic languages 151:200,000–877,000 (pre- 16781:Council of Ministers 16663:Mesopotamian Marshes 15200:Music of Mesopotamia 15147:Chaldean Neo-Aramaic 15142:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic 14872:at Wikimedia Commons 14629:"Assyrian Americans" 14513:Tezel, Aziz (2003). 14302:Die Welt des Orients 14295:on 28 November 2007. 13999:Makko, Aryo (2012). 13099:Demir, Sara (2017). 12995:10.7227/BJRL.78.3.14 11707:on 19 November 2011. 11573:. 28 November 2016. 11543:. 23 November 2016. 11096:Maclean, Arthur John 10464:. pp. 217–222. 10226:17 July 2018 at the 9854:by Penny Timms from 9831:21 July 2018 at the 8872:on 24 September 2016 7917:In his contribution 7432:christiansofiraq.com 7139:Ammianus Marcellinus 6983:on 19 November 2020. 6363:. 19 December 2014. 6200:Roads & Kingdoms 5726:25 June 2008 at the 5407:"Population Project" 5023:Assyrians in Armenia 4959:DNA of six regional 4845:Traditional clothing 4841:they last 1–2 days. 4594:Traditional clothing 4156:diaspora in Europe. 3761:etymology of "Syria" 3591:reported that local 3559:. It was so used by 3420:Assyrian nationalism 3128: 50,000–100,000 2453:Nineveh Plain Forces 2365:Kurdish nationalists 2267:movement within the 2259:, early 20th century 1996:During World War I ( 1419:Jabril ibn Bukhtishu 1268:Council of Chalcedon 1229:Mor Mattai Monastery 1176:Eastern Christianity 1042:during the reign of 908:in 490 BC. However, 871:northern Mesopotamia 751:, the centre of the 536:liturgical rites of 17043:Mesopotamian Arabic 16849:Freedom of religion 16295:Neo-Assyrian Empire 16265:Old Assyrian Period 16250:Neo-Sumerian Empire 15506:Rise of nationalism 15447:Jalayirid Sultanate 15274:Neo-Assyrian Empire 15262:Old Assyrian period 15205:Syriac sacral music 15025:Aramean-Syriac flag 14984:Assyrian continuity 14394:on 10 October 2017. 14381:Христианское чтение 13628:Heinrichs, Wolfhart 13604:Heinrichs, Wolfhart 13534:Halo, Thea (2018). 13424:Gallagher, Edmon L. 12250:2012PLoSO...741252G 12103:2017PLoSO..1287408D 12041:2017PLoSO..1287408D 11759:. pp. 561–563. 11571:The Armenian Weekly 11086:. Leiden: EJ Brill. 10861:, p. 961-1007. 10859:Tekoğlu et al. 2000 9772:Thrown to the Lions 9724:The Daily Telegraph 9662:on 12 February 2020 9500:textbook.surayt.com 9454:. 22 January 2009. 9328:on 20 November 2008 9296:www.hurriyet.com.tr 9258:www.hurriyet.com.tr 8955:Hürriyet Daily News 8734:on 7 September 2016 7197:Council of Seleucia 7104:. G. W. Bowersock. 6698:. 23 October 2016. 6672:on 11 December 2007 6619:Laing-Marshall 2005 6460:factsanddetails.com 6422:Ancient Mesopotamia 6276:on 24 December 2018 5195:Syriac Christianity 5126:Christianity portal 5061:, and the northern 5027:Middle Eastern Jews 4979:in Iran, Iraq, and 4692:Assyrian folk dance 4598:Assyrian folk dance 4585:Syriac sacral music 4261:Syriac Christianity 4201:marks. Syriac is a 3800:Hieroglyphic Luwian 3796:Çineköy inscription 3789:Çineköy inscription 3573:Council of Florence 3547:Syriac Christianity 3510:Christians in Syria 3471:Austen Henry Layard 3464:, published in 1999 3452:Syriac-Aramean flag 3134: 10,000–50,000 2905:Central Neo-Aramaic 2681:Neo-Assyrian empire 2646:ethnically cleansed 2560:cities of Nineveh ( 2369:Dohuk Riots of 2011 2040:Assyrian volunteers 2022:In reaction to the 2010:Assyrian volunteers 2004:Assyrian volunteers 1880:) was conferred on 1638:in the 14th century 1632:Syriac Christianity 1445:) and the personal 1315:Syriac Christianity 1219:metropolitan bishop 1072:Syriac Christianity 1044:Tiglath-Pileser III 1036:Neo-Assyrian Empire 878:Neo-Assyrian Empire 807:Neo-Assyrian Empire 796:Old Assyrian period 718:Neo-Assyrian Empire 583:, and northeastern 448:. Modern Assyrians 410:Syriac Christianity 76: 16974:Telecommunications 16949:Foreign Investment 16886:Wars and conflicts 16822:in pre-Saddam Iraq 16786:Presidency Council 16572:2019–2021 protests 16501:Invasion of Kuwait 16325:Sassanid Asorestan 16320:Parthian Babylonia 16315:Seleucid Babylonia 16310:Achaemenid Assyria 16225:Jemdet Nasr period 15926:History portal 15368:Church of the East 15157:Bohtan Neo-Aramaic 14994:Chaldean Catholics 14921:2018-03-18 at the 14906:Who Are Assyrians? 14480:Southgate, Horatio 14460:Southgate, Horatio 14446:Southgate, Horatio 14219:10.1093/hgs/dcz045 13488:"We Are Assyrians" 13481:. London: Bagster. 13223:Fiey, Jean Maurice 12871:Bettany, George T. 12766:Arcadia Publishing 11933:on 17 October 2015 11838:on 16 August 2000. 11747:Piroyan, William; 11725:on 25 October 2012 11676:2011-08-14 at the 11671:The Date of Easter 11300:, p. 243–265. 10873:, p. 283–287. 10824:, p. 106–107. 10812:, p. 283-287. 10776:, p. 281–285. 10730:, p. 299–317. 10664:, p. 276-287. 10637:, p. 141–160. 10347:, p. 526-527. 10248:, p. 123-141. 10221:"Eastern Churches" 9909:on 12 October 2008 9777:2013-08-08 at the 9611:2 May 2019 at the 9122:on 17 October 2015 8608:CatholicPhilly.com 8339:on 19 October 2012 8185:Korbani, Agnes G. 8115:on 7 February 2005 8063:, p. 215-232. 8051:, p. 105-107. 8039:, p. 218-219. 7956:, p. 126-127. 7928:2020-07-13 at the 7767:Oriens Christianus 7604:"History of Ashur" 7310:www.britannica.com 7279:"Aramaic language" 7267:. 29 January 2024. 6773:. pp. 20–21. 6666:The Christian Post 6636:The Christian Post 6621:, p. 149-150. 6331:Kristeligt Dagblad 6149:on 5 November 2014 6129:2021-10-25 at the 5165:The Last Assyrians 4945:Persian population 4879: 4819: 4741:Gregorian calendar 4708: 4602: 4502:Church of the East 4492:: is an important 4428:: is an important 4271: 4065:varieties such as 4001: 3958:have tended to be 3923:(vernal equinox). 3909: 3823:Etymology of Syria 3813:, Turkey (ancient 3680: 3623:Israeli government 3514:Turkish Christians 3506:Iranian Christians 3466: 3455: 3445: 3388:Federal Government 3143: 3021: 3013: 2834:Chaldean Catholics 2785:Assyrian subgroups 2763:Turkey and the PKK 2755: 2725:Syrian citizenship 2671:In ancient times, 2531: 2523: 2470:Syriac Union Party 2353:Islamic extremists 2318: 2261: 2225:Abd al-Karim Qasim 2202: 2137:during the 1930s. 2095: 2062:Assyrian rebellion 2056:Assyrian rebellion 2050:Assyrian rebellion 2020: 1963:Hamidian massacres 1949: 1941: 1866: 1754:, commonly called 1744:Church of the East 1731:and the resulting 1725: 1640: 1534:in Europe and the 1532:Latin Christianity 1528:Church of the East 1496: 1395:Greek philosophers 1391:Abbasid Caliphates 1379: 1260:Council of Ephesus 1249: 1203:Church of the East 1086:Roman–Persian Wars 1068: 1048:Hellenistic period 1009:classical language 902:Battle of Marathon 819: 734: 667:Iraqi Armed forces 522: 511:Chaldean Catholics 224:61,000 (2020 est.) 42: 18:Assyrian Christian 17317: 17316: 17265: 17264: 17261: 17260: 17251:Mandaean New Year 17002: 17001: 16894: 16893: 16876:Political parties 16771:Foreign relations 16716: 16715: 16623:Lower Mesopotamia 16618:Upper Mesopotamia 16591: 16590: 16587: 16586: 16351:Abbasid Caliphate 16346:Umayyad Caliphate 16255:Isin-Larsa period 16118: 16117: 15946: 15945: 15857: 15856: 15573: 15551: 15550: 15518:Assyrian genocide 15417:Abbasid Caliphate 15239: 15122: 15121: 14868:Media related to 14848:978-0-19-965522-9 14824:978-1-78533-499-3 14762:Dialogo Ecumenico 14687:978-1-4653-1629-5 14666:978-0-19-063346-2 14642:978-1-4129-2694-2 14619:978-1-138-89901-8 14582:978-90-04-16337-9 14561:978-1-59460-436-2 14535:Tisserant, Eugène 14526:978-91-554-5555-2 14437:978-0-567-08231-2 14414:978-1-4632-0730-4 14262:978-0-521-81113-2 14239:978-0-7864-5133-3 14190:978-90-429-3046-9 14130:978-1-60724-111-9 14050:978-0-440-01769-1 14014:978-3-643-90268-9 13991:978-3-11-005959-5 13951:978-91-983441-2-7 13930:978-90-429-0859-8 13901:Layard, Austen H. 13887:Layard, Austen H. 13866:978-1-135-19388-1 13843:978-0-415-45516-9 13820:978-1-59884-362-0 13790:. Leiden: Brill. 13701:978-3-643-50616-0 13668:978-1-317-81866-3 13645:978-88-7158-024-1 13619:978-1-55540-430-7 13595:978-1-135-19371-3 13572:978-1-317-46400-6 13549:978-1-4632-0730-4 13526:978-90-04-28510-1 13508:on 21 April 2003. 13469:Gesenius, Wilhelm 13460:978-1-59333-301-0 13439:978-90-04-22802-3 13389:978-0-521-02700-7 13368:978-88-8483-107-1 13355:"Mapping Assyria" 13214:978-90-429-3164-0 13191:978-0-7486-8605-6 13135:978-0-7385-4480-9 13114:978-1-138-28405-0 13077:978-1-59333-077-4 12969:978-0-19-826744-7 12923:978-1-134-15907-9 12899:978-1-138-89901-8 12850:978-3-643-90268-9 12827:978-0-226-14531-0 12806:978-3-16-149411-6 12775:978-0-7385-5012-1 12717:978-1-84511-115-1 12696:978-1-134-43019-2 12608:978-90-8728-148-9 12587:978-1-4632-0730-4 12527:978-1-107-24456-6 12392:978-1-60497-583-3 12368:978-1-138-28405-0 11906:978-0-691-08750-4 11814:978-0-7637-5965-0 11684:(March 27, 2007). 11657:978-1-59333-276-1 11526:978-1-4128-3592-3 11501:978-1-78533-499-3 11476:978-1-78533-433-7 11455:, p. 92-105. 11436:978-80-7368-717-5 11391:on 1 October 2003 11311:"Syriac alphabet" 10973:978-1-291-83577-9 10702:978-1-136-78800-0 10662:Schniedewind 2002 10581:. 9 August 2013. 10551:978-0-19-967949-2 10479:978-1-4632-3893-3 10185:978-1-118-32524-7 10097:Middle East Forum 10034:978-0-19-280290-3 9704:978-91-984101-7-4 9404:. 13 March 2008. 9381:978-0-87808-320-6 9059:978-1-259-15705-9 8958:, 2 February 2013 8924:on 7 October 2016 8866:Hawar News Agency 8842:on 18 August 2016 8474:. 1 August 2007. 8421:978-91-554-8303-6 8084:on 5 January 2006 8078:Chaldeans On Line 7697:978-0-470-76639-2 7670:978-1-84511-056-7 7568:978-3-643-50045-8 7477:978-0-226-07080-3 7348:978-0-521-24015-4 7259:"Syriac language" 7174:978-1-61530-304-5 7070:: 91–120 Chicago" 7054:978-975-16-2235-8 6888:978-1-108-47874-8 6819:978-1-118-32524-7 6780:978-0-19-953222-3 6563:978-0-313-32109-2 6171:. 28 March 2017. 5730:(of which 55,000 5706:Borkener Zeitung 5458:. 28 April 2014. 5411:Shlama Foundation 5383:. 25 March 2010. 5315:978-90-411-0223-2 5170:List of Assyrians 5150:Assyrian homeland 5145:Assyrian genocide 5140:Assyrian diaspora 5059:Arabian peninsula 5047:Assyrians in Iran 5019:Haplogroup T-M184 4903:Levantine cuisine 4851:Assyrian clothing 4839:Assyrian diaspora 4830:Assyrian genocide 4554:Saint Mary Church 4529:Chaldean Catholic 4467:Al-Jdayde quarter 4385:adherents of the 4371:adherents of the 4361:adherents of the 4343:adherents of the 4153:Iranian languages 4077:, written in the 3998:Assyrian dialects 3589:Horatio Southgate 3479:Horatio Southgate 3443:, adopted in 1968 3378:. More recently, 3339:, the commune of 3266:Stanislaus County 3202:Fairfield Heights 3165:(80,000), and in 3147:Assyrian genocide 3092:Assyrian Diaspora 3080:al-Anfal campaign 3072:Assyrian genocide 2860:, as well as the 2740:Assyrians in Iran 2650:Assyrian genocide 2588:(Erbil) in Iraq, 2554:Assyrian homeland 2540:Assyrian homeland 2422:Assyrian Homeland 2399:Islamic terrorism 2388:Muhammad cartoons 2346:de-Baathification 2123:ethnic cleansings 2115:Assyrian triangle 2111:League of Nations 2077:retreat to Iraq. 2044:Our Smallest Ally 2024:Assyrian Genocide 1971:Assyrian genocide 1953:Assyrian genocide 1760:Marutha of Tikrit 1579:massacred in 1843 1305:, which kept its 1184:minority religion 1129:Sasanian province 1016:Akkadian language 997:Sumerian language 971:Akkadian language 813:(dark green) and 565:Assyrian homeland 540:. Both rites use 458:ancient Assyrians 428: 427: 178:Assyrian diaspora 129:Assyrian homeland 16:(Redirected from 17387: 17307: 17306: 17297: 17296: 17287: 17277: 17276: 17021: 17020: 17008: 17007: 16939: 16900: 16899: 16751: 16722: 16721: 16708:Sinjar Mountains 16698:Zagros Mountains 16638:Hamrin Mountains 16597: 16596: 16560:Mosul liberation 16533:Iraqi insurgency 16455:National Command 16444: 16280:Simurrum culture 16183: 16182: 16170: 16169: 16159: 16158: 16157: 16145: 16138: 16131: 16122: 16121: 16108: 16096: 16089: 16082: 16075: 16068: 16061: 16054: 15973: 15966: 15959: 15950: 15949: 15936: 15935: 15924: 15923: 15922: 15569: 15562: 15561: 15536:Post-Saddam Iraq 15362:Nestorian schism 15356:Christianization 15328:(132 BCE–244 CE) 15322:(247 BCE–224 CE) 15282:(609 BCE–240 CE) 15243: 15242: 15233: 15093:East Syriac Rite 15056:West Syriac Rite 15052: 15051: 15033: 15022: 15011: 14952: 14945: 14938: 14929: 14928: 14911:Assyrian History 14867: 14852: 14833:Üngör, Uğur Ümit 14828: 14809: 14807: 14805: 14784: 14782: 14780: 14774: 14768:(112): 263–282. 14759: 14749: 14747: 14745: 14720: 14718: 14716: 14691: 14670: 14646: 14623: 14610:The Syriac World 14600: 14586: 14565: 14546: 14530: 14509: 14499: 14489: 14475: 14455: 14441: 14418: 14395: 14393: 14378: 14368: 14366: 14364: 14358: 14327: 14317: 14296: 14294: 14279: 14266: 14243: 14222: 14204: 14194: 14171: 14169: 14167: 14146: 14144: 14142: 14108: 14094: 14059:Millard, Alan R. 14054: 14030: 14028: 14026: 13995: 13971: 13970:on 10 June 2007. 13962:(29 July 2004). 13960:MacDonald, Kevin 13955: 13934: 13915:Lipiński, Edward 13910: 13896: 13882: 13880: 13878: 13847: 13824: 13801: 13777: 13776:on 15 July 2020. 13775: 13760: 13747: 13746:on 15 July 2020. 13745: 13730: 13717: 13715: 13713: 13684: 13682: 13680: 13649: 13623: 13599: 13576: 13553: 13530: 13509: 13507: 13492: 13482: 13464: 13443: 13419: 13405: 13403: 13401: 13372: 13351:Frye, Richard N. 13346: 13345:on 11 July 2020. 13344: 13329: 13321:Frye, Richard N. 13316: 13315:on 13 July 2020. 13314: 13299: 13291:Frye, Richard N. 13286: 13284: 13282: 13243:Frye, Richard N. 13238: 13218: 13195: 13174: 13172: 13170: 13164: 13149: 13139: 13118: 13095: 13094:. London: Asher. 13086:Davies, Benjamin 13081: 13060: 13058: 13056: 13035: 13033: 13031: 13010: 13008: 13006: 12973: 12952: 12950: 12948: 12927: 12908:Bryce, Trevor R. 12903: 12890:The Syriac World 12880: 12866: 12864: 12862: 12831: 12810: 12787: 12756: 12754: 12752: 12746: 12731: 12725:Benjamin, Yoab. 12721: 12700: 12676: 12674: 12672: 12651: 12649: 12647: 12637: 12612: 12591: 12568: 12531: 12510: 12508: 12506: 12481: 12467: 12453: 12421: 12408: 12406: 12404: 12372: 12340: 12332: 12326: 12325: 12288: 12282: 12281: 12271: 12261: 12228: 12222: 12221: 12193: 12187: 12186: 12146: 12135: 12134: 12124: 12114: 12097:(11): e0187408. 12082: 12073: 12072: 12062: 12052: 12035:(11): e0187408. 12020: 12014: 12001: 11995: 11994: 11949: 11943: 11942: 11940: 11938: 11932: 11926:. Archived from 11925: 11917: 11911: 11910: 11887: 11881: 11880: 11870: 11846: 11840: 11839: 11834:. Archived from 11828: 11819: 11818: 11798: 11792: 11791: 11789: 11787: 11778:. Archived from 11767: 11761: 11760: 11744: 11735: 11734: 11732: 11730: 11715: 11709: 11708: 11706: 11700:. Archived from 11699: 11691: 11685: 11668: 11662: 11661: 11641: 11635: 11634: 11623: 11617: 11616: 11614: 11612: 11593: 11587: 11586: 11584: 11582: 11563: 11557: 11556: 11554: 11552: 11537: 11531: 11530: 11512: 11506: 11505: 11487: 11481: 11480: 11462: 11456: 11450: 11444: 11443: 11416: 11407: 11401: 11400: 11398: 11396: 11381: 11375: 11372: 11366: 11359:Nestle, Eberhard 11356: 11350: 11332: 11326: 11325: 11323: 11321: 11307: 11301: 11295: 11289: 11288: 11286: 11284: 11265: 11256: 11255: 11253: 11251: 11231: 11225: 11224: 11222: 11220: 11214: 11203: 11195: 11189: 11188: 11186: 11184: 11179:on 29 March 2019 11175:. Archived from 11165: 11159: 11158: 11156: 11154: 11137:O'Brien, Abbie. 11134: 11128: 11122: 11116: 11110: 11104: 11093: 11087: 11077: 11071: 11064: 11055: 11052: 11046: 11045: 11043: 11041: 11035: 11028: 11020: 11014: 11008: 11002: 10996: 10987: 10984: 10978: 10977: 10957: 10951: 10948: 10942: 10935: 10929: 10928: 10923:. Archived from 10917: 10911: 10910: 10908: 10906: 10900: 10889: 10880: 10874: 10868: 10862: 10856: 10850: 10843: 10837: 10831: 10825: 10819: 10813: 10807: 10801: 10800:, p. 72-82. 10795: 10789: 10788:, p. 30–36. 10783: 10777: 10771: 10765: 10764:, p. 37-43. 10759: 10753: 10737: 10731: 10725: 10719: 10713: 10707: 10706: 10686: 10680: 10674: 10665: 10659: 10653: 10647: 10638: 10632: 10626: 10625: 10623: 10621: 10601: 10595: 10594: 10592: 10590: 10569: 10563: 10562: 10560: 10558: 10535: 10529: 10523: 10517: 10516: 10514: 10502: 10496: 10495: 10493: 10491: 10453: 10447: 10441: 10435: 10429: 10423: 10422: 10420: 10418: 10402: 10396: 10390: 10384: 10378: 10372: 10366: 10360: 10354: 10348: 10342: 10336: 10330: 10324: 10323: 10321: 10319: 10303: 10297: 10291: 10285: 10279: 10273: 10267: 10261: 10255: 10249: 10243: 10237: 10218: 10212: 10211: 10205: 10197: 10171: 10165: 10164: 10162: 10160: 10145: 10139: 10138: 10136: 10134: 10119: 10113: 10112: 10110: 10108: 10088: 10082: 10076: 10070: 10064: 10055: 10049: 10043: 10042: 10020: 10014: 10008: 10002: 9996: 9990: 9984: 9975: 9974: 9972: 9970: 9951: 9945: 9944: 9942: 9940: 9931:. Crwflags.com. 9925: 9919: 9918: 9916: 9914: 9899: 9893: 9890: 9884: 9865: 9859: 9858:, 3 January 2017 9842: 9836: 9823: 9817: 9816: 9814: 9812: 9795:Peter BetBasoo. 9792: 9786: 9769: 9763: 9760: 9754: 9751: 9745: 9742: 9736: 9735: 9733: 9731: 9715: 9709: 9708: 9690: 9681: 9678: 9672: 9671: 9669: 9667: 9652: 9646: 9645: 9643: 9641: 9632:. Archived from 9626: 9620: 9603: 9597: 9596: 9594: 9592: 9578: 9572: 9564: 9558: 9550: 9544: 9534: 9528: 9522: 9516: 9515: 9513: 9511: 9492: 9486: 9483: 9477: 9474: 9468: 9467: 9465: 9463: 9448: 9442: 9436: 9430: 9424: 9418: 9417: 9415: 9413: 9392: 9386: 9385: 9369: 9359: 9353: 9347: 9338: 9337: 9335: 9333: 9324:. Archived from 9314: 9308: 9307: 9305: 9303: 9288: 9282: 9276: 9270: 9269: 9267: 9265: 9250: 9244: 9243: 9241: 9239: 9223: 9217: 9216: 9214: 9212: 9193: 9187: 9186: 9184: 9182: 9167: 9161: 9160: 9158: 9156: 9141: 9132: 9131: 9129: 9127: 9112: 9103: 9100: 9094: 9091: 9085: 9082: 9076: 9070: 9064: 9063: 9043: 9037: 9034: 9028: 9027: 9025: 9023: 9004: 8993: 8992: 8990: 8988: 8968: 8959: 8940: 8934: 8933: 8931: 8929: 8914: 8908: 8907: 8905: 8903: 8888: 8882: 8881: 8879: 8877: 8858: 8852: 8851: 8849: 8847: 8832: 8826: 8825: 8823: 8821: 8801: 8795: 8794: 8786: 8780: 8779: 8773: 8765: 8763: 8761: 8750: 8744: 8743: 8741: 8739: 8720: 8714: 8713: 8711: 8709: 8694: 8688: 8687: 8685: 8683: 8663: 8657: 8656: 8654: 8652: 8630: 8624: 8623: 8621: 8619: 8599: 8593: 8592: 8590: 8588: 8568: 8559: 8558: 8556: 8554: 8535: 8529: 8528: 8526: 8524: 8512:The Boston Globe 8503: 8497: 8494: 8488: 8487: 8485: 8483: 8464: 8458: 8457: 8455: 8453: 8447: 8441:. Archived from 8440: 8432: 8426: 8425: 8407: 8401: 8400: 8395:. Archived from 8385: 8379: 8378: 8376: 8374: 8355: 8349: 8348: 8346: 8344: 8325: 8319: 8318: 8316: 8314: 8295: 8289: 8288: 8286: 8284: 8278: 8253: 8244: 8238: 8232: 8226: 8223: 8217: 8216: 8206: 8200: 8197: 8191: 8190: 8182: 8176: 8175: 8167: 8161: 8160: 8152: 8146: 8143: 8137: 8131: 8125: 8124: 8122: 8120: 8100: 8094: 8093: 8091: 8089: 8080:. Archived from 8070: 8064: 8058: 8052: 8046: 8040: 8034: 8025: 8024: 8022: 8020: 8014: 8007: 7999: 7993: 7987: 7981: 7975: 7969: 7963: 7957: 7951: 7945: 7939: 7933: 7915: 7909: 7908: 7906: 7904: 7893: 7887: 7886: 7876: 7870: 7864: 7858: 7852: 7846: 7840: 7834: 7828: 7822: 7816: 7810: 7804: 7798: 7778: 7772: 7771: 7761: 7755: 7754: 7752: 7750: 7732: 7726: 7721: 7708: 7702: 7701: 7681: 7675: 7674: 7654: 7648: 7642: 7636: 7630: 7624: 7623: 7621: 7619: 7600: 7594: 7591: 7585: 7579: 7573: 7572: 7552: 7546: 7545:, p. 48-49. 7540: 7534: 7533: 7525: 7516: 7515: 7513: 7511: 7488: 7482: 7481: 7463: 7457: 7448:Hyman and Walsh 7446: 7440: 7439: 7434:. Archived from 7423: 7417: 7416: 7414: 7412: 7406: 7375: 7366: 7360: 7359: 7357: 7355: 7332: 7326: 7325: 7323: 7321: 7302: 7296: 7293: 7287: 7286: 7275: 7269: 7268: 7255: 7246: 7245: 7243: 7241: 7222: 7216: 7209:Michael Goldfarb 7206: 7200: 7199:was held in 359. 7189:Seleucia Isauria 7185: 7179: 7178: 7165:Rosen Publishing 7156: 7150: 7136: 7130: 7124: 7118: 7117: 7115: 7113: 7098: 7092: 7091: 7089: 7087: 7082:on 29 April 2013 7081: 7075:. Archived from 7074: 7062: 7056: 7046: 7040: 7030: 7024: 7021: 7015: 7014: 7012: 7010: 6991: 6985: 6984: 6982: 6976:. Archived from 6975: 6967: 6958: 6951: 6945: 6939: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6928: 6909: 6903: 6900: 6894: 6892: 6872: 6866: 6865: 6863: 6861: 6840: 6834: 6831: 6825: 6823: 6803: 6797: 6796: 6794: 6792: 6757: 6751: 6750: 6748: 6746: 6737:. Max Mallowan. 6731: 6725: 6718: 6712: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6688: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6668:. Archived from 6658: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6628: 6622: 6616: 6607: 6601: 6595: 6578: 6572: 6571: 6549: 6543: 6540: 6534: 6531: 6525: 6522: 6516: 6513: 6507: 6506: 6482: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6451: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6434: 6427: 6416: 6410: 6409: 6383: 6377: 6376: 6374: 6372: 6361:The Astana Times 6353: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6322: 6316: 6315: 6313: 6311: 6292: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6266: 6260: 6259: 6257: 6255: 6241: 6235: 6222: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6191: 6185: 6184: 6182: 6180: 6165: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6154: 6145:. Archived from 6139: 6133: 6121: 6115: 6092: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6067: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6036: 6030: 6029: 6027: 6025: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5980: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5963: 5956: 5948: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5917: 5911: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5875: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5844: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5814: 5808: 5807: 5802:. Archived from 5796: 5790: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5766: 5760: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5741: 5735: 5717: 5711: 5709: 5701: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5670: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5640: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5629: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5580: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5528: 5522: 5516: 5510: 5497: 5491: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5448: 5442: 5441: 5433: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5403: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5373: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5347: 5341: 5326: 5320: 5319: 5299: 5293: 5287: 5281: 5275: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5241: 5225: 5222: 5128: 5123: 5122: 5086:Fertile Crescent 5009:Y-DNA haplogroup 4919:Armenian cuisine 4882:Assyrian cuisine 4876:Assyrian cuisine 4866:Assyrian cuisine 4779: 4767: 4637:Ashur Bet Sargis 4630:electronic drums 4596:may be worn for 4556:: is an ancient 4550: 4521: 4486: 4452: 4422: 4379:, also known as 4377:West Syriac Rite 4355:, also known as 4353:East Syriac Rite 4247:, especially in 4238: 4230: 4218: 4191:Arabic alphabets 4179:Aramaic alphabet 3931: 3930: 3899:Assyrian culture 3884: 3883: 3875: 3874: 3866: 3865: 3844: 3756:of the Levant. 3619:West Syriac Rite 3609:, also known as 3557:Aramaic language 3543:West Syriac Rite 3520:Self-designation 3502:Iraqi Christians 3380:Syrian Assyrians 3250:Sterling Heights 3178:Stockholm County 3139: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3115: 2799:Zagros Mountains 2797:in the northern 2759:Assyrian culture 2434:ethnic cleansing 2235:seized power in 2214:Shimun XXI Eshai 2148:, Rab-talia and 2107:Shimun XXI Eshai 1882:Yohannan Hormizd 1536:Byzantine Empire 1329:Byzantine Empire 1307:West Syriac Rite 1245:Syriac Christian 1018:, with its main 982:Hittite language 644:Iraqi population 636:Syrian civil war 542:Classical Syriac 479:Assyrians speak 394:(in antiquity), 388:Classical Syriac 384: 184:Numbers can vary 153:Syrian civil war 135:Numbers can vary 106:Total population 98: 84: 77: 74: 66: 58: 50: 41: 21: 17395: 17394: 17390: 17389: 17388: 17386: 17385: 17384: 17330:Assyrian people 17320: 17319: 17318: 17313: 17257: 17241:Public holidays 17164: 17015: 16998: 16937: 16907: 16890: 16749: 16729: 16712: 16643:Iraqi Kurdistan 16633:Euphrates river 16604: 16583: 16550:War (2014–2017) 16496:Operation Opera 16442: 16412: 16408:Arab Federation 16396:Kingdom of Iraq 16329: 16305:Fall of Babylon 16240:Akkadian Empire 16215:Samarra culture 16200:Hassuna culture 16177: 16164: 16152: 16151: 16149: 16119: 16114: 16106: 16094: 16087: 16080: 16073: 16066: 16059: 16052: 15982: 15977: 15947: 15942: 15930: 15920: 15918: 15910: 15853: 15728: 15705:Mardin Province 15568: 15547: 15530:Simele massacre 15464: 15393: 15358:(1st to 3rd c.) 15340:(64 BCE–637 CE) 15334:(66 BCE–217 CE) 15320:Parthian Empire 15314:Seleucid Empire 15306: 15300: 15296:Assyrian tribes 15264:(2025–1364 BCE) 15258:(2600–2025 BCE) 15237: 15235: 15232: 15224: 15181: 15134: 15118: 15087: 15046: 15039: 15038: 15034: 15028: 15027: 15023: 15017: 15016: 15012: 15003: 14972: 14961: 14959:Assyrian people 14956: 14923:Wayback Machine 14916:Aramean History 14870:Assyrian people 14860: 14855: 14849: 14825: 14803: 14801: 14778: 14776: 14772: 14757: 14743: 14741: 14714: 14712: 14688: 14667: 14643: 14620: 14583: 14562: 14527: 14497: 14438: 14415: 14391: 14376: 14362: 14360: 14356: 14325: 14292: 14277: 14263: 14240: 14202: 14191: 14165: 14163: 14140: 14138: 14131: 14075:10.2307/4200184 14051: 14024: 14022: 14015: 13992: 13952: 13931: 13876: 13874: 13867: 13844: 13821: 13798: 13782:Joseph, John B. 13773: 13758: 13752:Joseph, John B. 13743: 13728: 13722:Joseph, John B. 13711: 13709: 13702: 13678: 13676: 13669: 13646: 13620: 13596: 13573: 13550: 13527: 13505: 13490: 13461: 13440: 13399: 13397: 13390: 13369: 13342: 13327: 13312: 13297: 13280: 13278: 13231:L'Orient Syrien 13215: 13192: 13168: 13166: 13162: 13147: 13136: 13115: 13078: 13054: 13052: 13029: 13027: 13004: 13002: 12970: 12946: 12944: 12924: 12900: 12860: 12858: 12851: 12828: 12807: 12776: 12750: 12748: 12744: 12729: 12718: 12697: 12670: 12668: 12645: 12643: 12609: 12588: 12528: 12504: 12502: 12442:10.2307/1797632 12402: 12400: 12393: 12369: 12348: 12343: 12333: 12329: 12294:Nature Genetics 12289: 12285: 12229: 12225: 12194: 12190: 12147: 12138: 12083: 12076: 12021: 12017: 12011:Wayback Machine 12002: 11998: 11950: 11946: 11936: 11934: 11930: 11923: 11919: 11918: 11914: 11907: 11888: 11884: 11847: 11843: 11830: 11829: 11822: 11815: 11799: 11795: 11785: 11783: 11768: 11764: 11745: 11738: 11728: 11726: 11717: 11716: 11712: 11704: 11697: 11693: 11692: 11688: 11680:. Article from 11678:Wayback Machine 11669: 11665: 11658: 11642: 11638: 11625: 11624: 11620: 11610: 11608: 11595: 11594: 11590: 11580: 11578: 11565: 11564: 11560: 11550: 11548: 11539: 11538: 11534: 11527: 11513: 11509: 11502: 11488: 11484: 11477: 11463: 11459: 11451: 11447: 11437: 11414: 11408: 11404: 11394: 11392: 11383: 11382: 11378: 11373: 11369: 11357: 11353: 11333: 11329: 11319: 11317: 11309: 11308: 11304: 11296: 11292: 11282: 11280: 11267: 11266: 11259: 11249: 11247: 11232: 11228: 11218: 11216: 11212: 11201: 11197: 11196: 11192: 11182: 11180: 11173:Catholic Herald 11167: 11166: 11162: 11152: 11150: 11135: 11131: 11123: 11119: 11111: 11107: 11094: 11090: 11078: 11074: 11066:Avenery, Iddo, 11065: 11058: 11053: 11049: 11039: 11037: 11033: 11026: 11022: 11021: 11017: 11013:, p. 1–20. 11009: 11005: 10997: 10990: 10985: 10981: 10974: 10958: 10954: 10949: 10945: 10941:, 1908 – JSTOR. 10936: 10932: 10919: 10918: 10914: 10904: 10902: 10898: 10887: 10881: 10877: 10871:Rollinger 2006b 10869: 10865: 10857: 10853: 10844: 10840: 10832: 10828: 10820: 10816: 10810:Rollinger 2006b 10808: 10804: 10798:Rollinger 2006a 10796: 10792: 10784: 10780: 10772: 10768: 10760: 10756: 10738: 10734: 10726: 10722: 10714: 10710: 10703: 10687: 10683: 10675: 10668: 10660: 10656: 10648: 10641: 10633: 10629: 10619: 10617: 10602: 10598: 10588: 10586: 10575: 10571: 10570: 10566: 10556: 10554: 10552: 10536: 10532: 10524: 10520: 10512:10.1.1.694.4099 10504: 10503: 10499: 10489: 10487: 10480: 10454: 10450: 10442: 10438: 10430: 10426: 10416: 10414: 10403: 10399: 10391: 10387: 10381:Ainsworth 1842b 10379: 10375: 10367: 10363: 10355: 10351: 10343: 10339: 10331: 10327: 10317: 10315: 10304: 10300: 10292: 10288: 10280: 10276: 10268: 10264: 10256: 10252: 10244: 10240: 10228:Wayback Machine 10219: 10215: 10199: 10198: 10186: 10178:. Hoboken, NJ. 10172: 10168: 10158: 10156: 10147: 10146: 10142: 10132: 10130: 10121: 10120: 10116: 10106: 10104: 10089: 10085: 10077: 10073: 10065: 10058: 10050: 10046: 10035: 10021: 10017: 10009: 10005: 9997: 9993: 9985: 9978: 9968: 9966: 9953: 9952: 9948: 9938: 9936: 9927: 9926: 9922: 9912: 9910: 9901: 9900: 9896: 9891: 9887: 9866: 9862: 9852:Wayback Machine 9843: 9839: 9833:Wayback Machine 9824: 9820: 9810: 9808: 9793: 9789: 9779:Wayback Machine 9770: 9766: 9761: 9757: 9752: 9748: 9743: 9739: 9729: 9727: 9717: 9716: 9712: 9705: 9691: 9684: 9679: 9675: 9665: 9663: 9654: 9653: 9649: 9639: 9637: 9636:on 5 March 2015 9628: 9627: 9623: 9613:Wayback Machine 9604: 9600: 9590: 9588: 9580: 9579: 9575: 9565: 9561: 9551: 9547: 9535: 9531: 9523: 9519: 9509: 9507: 9494: 9493: 9489: 9484: 9480: 9475: 9471: 9461: 9459: 9450: 9449: 9445: 9437: 9433: 9425: 9421: 9411: 9409: 9394: 9393: 9389: 9382: 9360: 9356: 9348: 9341: 9331: 9329: 9316: 9315: 9311: 9301: 9299: 9290: 9289: 9285: 9277: 9273: 9263: 9261: 9252: 9251: 9247: 9237: 9235: 9224: 9220: 9210: 9208: 9195: 9194: 9190: 9180: 9178: 9176:Geopolitics.com 9168: 9164: 9154: 9152: 9143: 9142: 9135: 9125: 9123: 9114: 9113: 9106: 9101: 9097: 9092: 9088: 9083: 9079: 9071: 9067: 9060: 9044: 9040: 9035: 9031: 9021: 9019: 9006: 9005: 8996: 8986: 8984: 8977:National Review 8969: 8962: 8950:Wayback Machine 8941: 8937: 8927: 8925: 8916: 8915: 8911: 8901: 8899: 8890: 8889: 8885: 8875: 8873: 8860: 8859: 8855: 8845: 8843: 8834: 8833: 8829: 8819: 8817: 8802: 8798: 8787: 8783: 8767: 8766: 8759: 8757: 8752: 8751: 8747: 8737: 8735: 8728:Warisboring.com 8722: 8721: 8717: 8707: 8705: 8696: 8695: 8691: 8681: 8679: 8664: 8660: 8650: 8648: 8631: 8627: 8617: 8615: 8600: 8596: 8586: 8584: 8569: 8562: 8552: 8550: 8537: 8536: 8532: 8522: 8520: 8505: 8504: 8500: 8495: 8491: 8481: 8479: 8466: 8465: 8461: 8451: 8449: 8445: 8438: 8434: 8433: 8429: 8422: 8408: 8404: 8387: 8386: 8382: 8372: 8370: 8357: 8356: 8352: 8342: 8340: 8327: 8326: 8322: 8312: 8310: 8297: 8296: 8292: 8282: 8280: 8276: 8251: 8245: 8241: 8233: 8229: 8224: 8220: 8207: 8203: 8198: 8194: 8183: 8179: 8168: 8164: 8153: 8149: 8144: 8140: 8132: 8128: 8118: 8116: 8101: 8097: 8087: 8085: 8072: 8071: 8067: 8059: 8055: 8047: 8043: 8035: 8028: 8018: 8016: 8012: 8005: 8001: 8000: 7996: 7988: 7984: 7976: 7972: 7964: 7960: 7952: 7948: 7940: 7936: 7930:Wayback Machine 7916: 7912: 7902: 7900: 7895: 7894: 7890: 7877: 7873: 7865: 7861: 7853: 7849: 7841: 7837: 7829: 7825: 7817: 7813: 7805: 7801: 7796:Wayback Machine 7779: 7775: 7762: 7758: 7748: 7746: 7733: 7729: 7719: 7717:Wayback Machine 7709: 7705: 7698: 7682: 7678: 7671: 7655: 7651: 7643: 7639: 7631: 7627: 7617: 7615: 7602: 7601: 7597: 7592: 7588: 7580: 7576: 7569: 7553: 7549: 7541: 7537: 7526: 7519: 7509: 7507: 7505: 7489: 7485: 7478: 7464: 7460: 7447: 7443: 7424: 7420: 7410: 7408: 7404: 7373: 7367: 7363: 7353: 7351: 7349: 7333: 7329: 7319: 7317: 7304: 7303: 7299: 7294: 7290: 7277: 7276: 7272: 7257: 7256: 7249: 7239: 7237: 7224: 7223: 7219: 7207: 7203: 7186: 7182: 7175: 7157: 7153: 7147:Walter Hamilton 7137: 7133: 7125: 7121: 7111: 7109: 7100: 7099: 7095: 7085: 7083: 7079: 7072: 7064: 7063: 7059: 7047: 7043: 7031: 7027: 7022: 7018: 7008: 7006: 6993: 6992: 6988: 6980: 6973: 6969: 6968: 6961: 6952: 6948: 6940: 6936: 6926: 6924: 6911: 6910: 6906: 6901: 6897: 6889: 6873: 6869: 6859: 6857: 6842: 6841: 6837: 6832: 6828: 6820: 6804: 6800: 6790: 6788: 6781: 6758: 6754: 6744: 6742: 6733: 6732: 6728: 6719: 6715: 6705: 6703: 6690: 6689: 6685: 6675: 6673: 6660: 6659: 6655: 6645: 6643: 6630: 6629: 6625: 6617: 6610: 6602: 6598: 6591:Wayback Machine 6579: 6575: 6564: 6550: 6546: 6541: 6537: 6532: 6528: 6523: 6519: 6514: 6510: 6483: 6479: 6469: 6467: 6454:Hays, Jeffrey. 6452: 6448: 6438: 6436: 6432: 6425: 6417: 6413: 6398: 6384: 6380: 6370: 6368: 6355: 6354: 6350: 6340: 6338: 6323: 6319: 6309: 6307: 6294: 6293: 6289: 6279: 6277: 6268: 6267: 6263: 6253: 6251: 6243: 6242: 6238: 6232:Wayback Machine 6223: 6219: 6209: 6207: 6192: 6188: 6178: 6176: 6167: 6166: 6162: 6152: 6150: 6141: 6140: 6136: 6131:Wayback Machine 6122: 6118: 6113:Wayback Machine 6102:Wayback Machine 6093: 6089: 6079: 6077: 6069: 6068: 6064: 6054: 6052: 6037: 6033: 6023: 6021: 6008: 6007: 6003: 5993: 5991: 5982: 5981: 5977: 5967: 5965: 5961: 5954: 5950: 5949: 5945: 5935: 5933: 5918: 5914: 5906: 5902: 5892: 5890: 5877: 5876: 5872: 5862: 5860: 5845: 5841: 5831: 5829: 5822:Assyrian Policy 5816: 5815: 5811: 5806:on 9 July 2017. 5798: 5797: 5793: 5783: 5781: 5768: 5767: 5763: 5753: 5751: 5743: 5742: 5738: 5732:Syriac Orthodox 5728:Wayback Machine 5718: 5714: 5707: 5702: 5698: 5688: 5686: 5671: 5667: 5657: 5655: 5642: 5641: 5637: 5627: 5625: 5612: 5611: 5607: 5597: 5595: 5582: 5581: 5577: 5567: 5565: 5556: 5555: 5551: 5541: 5539: 5530: 5529: 5525: 5517: 5513: 5508:Wayback Machine 5498: 5494: 5489:Wayback Machine 5479: 5475: 5465: 5463: 5450: 5449: 5445: 5435: 5434: 5430: 5420: 5418: 5405: 5404: 5400: 5390: 5388: 5375: 5374: 5370: 5360: 5358: 5349: 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(see 3528: 3522: 3434: 3416: 3376:Iraqi Assyrians 3210:Greenfield Park 3161:(100,000), the 3141: 3137: 3135: 3131: 3129: 3125: 3123: 3119: 3117: 3113: 3111: 3104: 3094: 3088: 3076:Simele massacre 3026: 2911:(also known as 2894:Mardin Province 2890:Sirnak Province 2787: 2721:Simele massacre 2654:First World War 2550: 2538:Main articles: 2536: 2503: 2491:Bashar al-Assad 2480:in the city of 2386:Jyllands-Posten 2303: 2295:Main articles: 2293: 2206:Kingdom of Iraq 2195:Three Assyrian 2142:Assyrian Levies 2131:Simele massacre 2083: 2058: 2052: 2012: 2006: 1959: 1951:Main articles: 1930: 1860:in the city of 1803:Yohannan Sulaqa 1733:Treaty of Zuhab 1709: 1699: 1656:fall of Baghdad 1624: 1610: 1551:Iranian peoples 1540:Greek Orthodoxy 1498:As non-Islamic 1455:House of Wisdom 1443:Thomas of Marga 1435:Babai the Great 1367:Mar Toma Church 1359: 1353:Fall of Babylon 1349: 1303:Maronite Church 1301:, but also the 1287:Jacob Baradaeus 1199:Sasanian Empire 1153:Eastern Aramaic 1149:Parthian Empire 1082: 1056: 1030:of the Ancient 963: 955:Sasanian Empire 884:and later, the 843:Ashur-uballit I 811:Shalmaneser III 784:Akkadian Empire 768:Sargon of Akkad 753:Hassuna culture 732:, c. 645–635 BC 720: 708:Main articles: 706: 701: 695: 579:, northwestern 575:, southeastern 412: 386: 374: 373: 143:142,000–200,000 101: 89: 44: 40: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 17393: 17383: 17382: 17377: 17372: 17367: 17362: 17357: 17352: 17347: 17342: 17337: 17332: 17315: 17314: 17312: 17311: 17301: 17291: 17281: 17270: 17267: 17266: 17263: 17262: 17259: 17258: 17256: 17255: 17254: 17253: 17248: 17238: 17233: 17228: 17223: 17218: 17213: 17208: 17203: 17198: 17193: 17188: 17183: 17178: 17172: 17170: 17166: 17165: 17163: 17162: 17161: 17160: 17155: 17150: 17145: 17140: 17130: 17125: 17124: 17123: 17118: 17112: 17107: 17102: 17097: 17092: 17087: 17082: 17077: 17067: 17066: 17065: 17060: 17055: 17050: 17045: 17035: 17029: 17027: 17017: 17016: 17004: 17003: 17000: 16999: 16997: 16996: 16991: 16986: 16981: 16979:Transportation 16976: 16971: 16969:Stock Exchange 16966: 16964:Reconstruction 16961: 16956: 16951: 16946: 16944:Infrastructure 16941: 16933: 16928: 16923: 16918: 16912: 16909: 16908: 16896: 16895: 16892: 16891: 16889: 16888: 16883: 16878: 16873: 16868: 16863: 16858: 16857: 16856: 16851: 16846: 16841: 16840: 16839: 16829: 16824: 16814: 16813: 16812: 16811: 16810: 16803:Prime Minister 16800: 16799: 16798: 16788: 16783: 16773: 16768: 16763: 16758: 16753: 16745: 16740: 16734: 16731: 16730: 16718: 16717: 16714: 16713: 16711: 16710: 16705: 16700: 16695: 16690: 16685: 16680: 16675: 16670: 16665: 16660: 16655: 16650: 16645: 16640: 16635: 16630: 16625: 16620: 16615: 16609: 16606: 16605: 16593: 16592: 16589: 16588: 16585: 16584: 16582: 16581: 16576: 16575: 16574: 16564: 16563: 16562: 16557: 16547: 16542: 16541: 16540: 16535: 16530: 16520: 16515: 16514: 16513: 16511:1991 uprisings 16503: 16498: 16493: 16488: 16483: 16478: 16473: 16468: 16463: 16461:Saddam Hussein 16458: 16447: 16446: 16438: 16433: 16428: 16422: 16420: 16414: 16413: 16411: 16410: 16405: 16404: 16403: 16393: 16391:Mandatory Iraq 16388: 16383: 16380:Mamluk dynasty 16373: 16368: 16363: 16358: 16353: 16348: 16343: 16337: 16335: 16331: 16330: 16328: 16327: 16322: 16317: 16312: 16307: 16302: 16297: 16292: 16287: 16282: 16277: 16272: 16267: 16262: 16257: 16252: 16247: 16245:Gutian dynasty 16242: 16237: 16232: 16227: 16222: 16217: 16212: 16207: 16202: 16197: 16191: 16189: 16179: 16178: 16166: 16165: 16148: 16147: 16140: 16133: 16125: 16116: 16115: 16113: 16112: 16111: 16110: 16103: 16098: 16091: 16084: 16077: 16070: 16063: 16056: 16046: 16036: 16030: 16024: 16018: 16012: 16006: 16000: 15994: 15987: 15984: 15983: 15976: 15975: 15968: 15961: 15953: 15944: 15943: 15941: 15940: 15928: 15915: 15912: 15911: 15909: 15908: 15903: 15898: 15893: 15888: 15883: 15878: 15873: 15867: 15865: 15859: 15858: 15855: 15854: 15852: 15851: 15846: 15845: 15844: 15834: 15832:United Kingdom 15829: 15824: 15819: 15814: 15809: 15804: 15799: 15794: 15789: 15784: 15779: 15774: 15769: 15764: 15759: 15754: 15749: 15744: 15738: 15736: 15730: 15729: 15727: 15726: 15725: 15724: 15723: 15722: 15717: 15712: 15702: 15697: 15692: 15682: 15681: 15680: 15675: 15674: 15673: 15668: 15663: 15648: 15647: 15646: 15641: 15636: 15626: 15625: 15624: 15619: 15614: 15609: 15608: 15607: 15602: 15597: 15592: 15585:Nineveh Plains 15576: 15574: 15559: 15553: 15552: 15549: 15548: 15546: 15545: 15539: 15533: 15527: 15521: 15515: 15512:Adana massacre 15509: 15503: 15497: 15491: 15488:Schism of 1552 15485: 15482:Ottoman Empire 15479: 15476:Safavid Empire 15472: 15470: 15466: 15465: 15463: 15462: 15456: 15450: 15444: 15438: 15432: 15426: 15423:Emirs of Mosul 15420: 15414: 15408: 15401: 15399: 15395: 15394: 15392: 15391: 15385: 15379: 15365: 15359: 15353: 15347: 15341: 15335: 15329: 15323: 15317: 15310: 15308: 15302: 15301: 15299: 15298: 15293: 15288: 15283: 15277: 15271: 15270:(1363–912 BCE) 15265: 15259: 15252: 15250: 15240: 15226: 15225: 15223: 15222: 15217: 15212: 15207: 15202: 15197: 15191: 15189: 15183: 15182: 15180: 15179: 15174: 15169: 15164: 15159: 15154: 15149: 15144: 15138: 15136: 15124: 15123: 15120: 15119: 15117: 15116: 15110: 15104: 15097: 15095: 15089: 15088: 15086: 15085: 15079: 15073: 15067: 15060: 15058: 15049: 15041: 15040: 15006: 15004: 15002: 15001: 14996: 14991: 14986: 14980: 14978: 14974: 14973: 14966: 14963: 14962: 14955: 14954: 14947: 14940: 14932: 14926: 14925: 14913: 14908: 14903: 14898: 14893: 14888: 14883: 14878: 14873: 14859: 14858:External links 14856: 14854: 14853: 14847: 14829: 14823: 14810: 14785: 14750: 14721: 14692: 14686: 14671: 14665: 14651:Yacoub, Joseph 14647: 14641: 14624: 14618: 14601: 14587: 14581: 14566: 14560: 14547: 14531: 14525: 14510: 14508:(3): 961–1007. 14490: 14476: 14456: 14442: 14436: 14419: 14413: 14396: 14369: 14342:10.1086/511103 14336:(4): 283–287. 14318: 14297: 14267: 14261: 14244: 14238: 14223: 14213:(3): 412–428. 14195: 14189: 14172: 14147: 14129: 14109: 14095: 14069:(1): 101–108. 14055: 14049: 14035:Millar, Fergus 14031: 14013: 13996: 13990: 13976:Macuch, Rudolf 13972: 13956: 13950: 13935: 13929: 13911: 13897: 13883: 13865: 13848: 13842: 13825: 13819: 13802: 13796: 13778: 13748: 13718: 13700: 13685: 13667: 13650: 13644: 13624: 13618: 13606:, ed. (1990). 13600: 13594: 13577: 13571: 13554: 13548: 13531: 13525: 13510: 13483: 13465: 13459: 13444: 13438: 13420: 13406: 13388: 13373: 13367: 13347: 13317: 13287: 13263:10.1086/373570 13257:(4): 281–285. 13239: 13219: 13213: 13196: 13190: 13175: 13140: 13134: 13119: 13113: 13096: 13082: 13076: 13061: 13036: 13011: 12989:(3): 179–198. 12974: 12968: 12953: 12928: 12922: 12904: 12898: 12881: 12867: 12849: 12832: 12826: 12811: 12805: 12788: 12774: 12757: 12722: 12716: 12701: 12695: 12677: 12652: 12613: 12607: 12592: 12586: 12569: 12557:10.1086/677249 12549:10.1086/677249 12543:(2): 299–317. 12532: 12526: 12511: 12482: 12468: 12454: 12422: 12409: 12391: 12377:Aboona, Hirmis 12373: 12367: 12349: 12347: 12344: 12342: 12341: 12327: 12283: 12223: 12204:(2): 191–208. 12188: 12155:Ann. Hum. Biol 12136: 12074: 12015: 11996: 11944: 11912: 11905: 11882: 11841: 11820: 11813: 11793: 11782:on 3 June 2019 11762: 11736: 11710: 11686: 11663: 11656: 11636: 11618: 11588: 11558: 11532: 11525: 11507: 11500: 11482: 11475: 11457: 11445: 11435: 11429:. p. 71. 11402: 11376: 11367: 11351: 11335:Hatch, William 11327: 11302: 11290: 11275:(in Turkish). 11257: 11226: 11190: 11160: 11129: 11117: 11113:Heinrichs 1990 11105: 11088: 11080:Khan, Geoffrey 11072: 11056: 11047: 11015: 11003: 10988: 10979: 10972: 10952: 10943: 10930: 10927:on 2 May 2006. 10912: 10875: 10863: 10851: 10838: 10826: 10822:Heinrichs 1993 10814: 10802: 10790: 10778: 10766: 10754: 10732: 10720: 10708: 10701: 10681: 10666: 10654: 10639: 10627: 10596: 10564: 10550: 10544:. OUP Oxford. 10530: 10518: 10497: 10478: 10448: 10444:Southgate 1844 10436: 10434:, p. 249. 10432:Southgate 1842 10424: 10397: 10395:, p. 260. 10385: 10383:, p. 272. 10373: 10369:Ainsworth 1841 10361: 10349: 10337: 10335:, p. 112. 10325: 10298: 10286: 10274: 10262: 10250: 10246:Gallagher 2012 10238: 10213: 10184: 10166: 10140: 10114: 10083: 10081:, p. 491. 10071: 10069:, p. 179. 10067:Southgate 1840 10056: 10044: 10033: 10015: 10013:, p. 237. 10003: 9991: 9989:, p. 127. 9976: 9946: 9920: 9894: 9885: 9860: 9837: 9818: 9787: 9764: 9755: 9746: 9737: 9710: 9703: 9682: 9673: 9647: 9621: 9598: 9586:Britannica.com 9573: 9559: 9545: 9529: 9517: 9496:"Šlomo Surayt" 9487: 9478: 9469: 9443: 9441:, p. 238. 9431: 9419: 9387: 9380: 9354: 9339: 9309: 9283: 9271: 9245: 9218: 9188: 9162: 9133: 9104: 9095: 9086: 9077: 9075:, p. 439. 9065: 9058: 9038: 9029: 8994: 8960: 8935: 8909: 8883: 8853: 8827: 8796: 8781: 8745: 8715: 8689: 8658: 8625: 8594: 8560: 8530: 8498: 8489: 8459: 8427: 8420: 8402: 8380: 8350: 8320: 8290: 8239: 8234:Len Dieghton, 8227: 8218: 8201: 8192: 8177: 8174:. p. 131. 8162: 8159:. p. 272. 8147: 8138: 8126: 8095: 8065: 8053: 8041: 8026: 7994: 7992:, p. 604. 7982: 7970: 7958: 7946: 7934: 7910: 7888: 7871: 7869:, p. 127. 7859: 7847: 7835: 7823: 7821:, p. 248. 7811: 7809:, p. 228. 7807:Tisserant 1931 7799: 7773: 7756: 7727: 7703: 7696: 7676: 7669: 7663:. I.B.Tauris. 7649: 7647:, p. 105. 7637: 7625: 7595: 7586: 7574: 7567: 7547: 7535: 7517: 7503: 7483: 7476: 7458: 7441: 7426:Brague, Rémi. 7418: 7361: 7347: 7327: 7297: 7288: 7270: 7247: 7230:Dictionary.com 7217: 7201: 7180: 7173: 7167:. p. 72. 7151: 7131: 7129:, p. 211. 7119: 7093: 7057: 7041: 7025: 7016: 6986: 6959: 6946: 6934: 6904: 6895: 6887: 6867: 6835: 6826: 6818: 6798: 6779: 6761:Deutscher, Guy 6752: 6726: 6720:Georges Roux, 6713: 6683: 6653: 6623: 6608: 6606:, p. 517. 6596: 6594: 6593: 6573: 6562: 6544: 6535: 6526: 6517: 6508: 6477: 6446: 6411: 6396: 6378: 6348: 6317: 6287: 6261: 6236: 6217: 6186: 6160: 6134: 6116: 6087: 6062: 6031: 6001: 5975: 5943: 5912: 5910:, pp. 166 5900: 5870: 5839: 5809: 5791: 5761: 5736: 5712: 5696: 5681:(in Swedish). 5665: 5635: 5605: 5575: 5549: 5523: 5511: 5492: 5473: 5443: 5428: 5398: 5368: 5342: 5329:SIL Ethnologue 5321: 5314: 5294: 5282: 5267: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5227: 5226: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5131: 5130: 5129: 5113: 5110: 5005: 5002: 4937:Cavalli-Sforza 4926: 4923: 4895:Middle Eastern 4864:Main article: 4861: 4858: 4849:Main article: 4846: 4843: 4834: 4833: 4822: 4795: 4792: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4771: 4732: 4729: 4690:Main article: 4687: 4684: 4641:Sargon Gabriel 4576: 4573: 4571: 4570: 4552: 4545: 4543: 4523: 4516: 4514: 4488: 4481: 4479: 4454: 4447: 4445: 4424: 4417: 4415: 4391: 4390: 4383: 4375:following the 4369: 4359: 4351:following the 4277:, such as the 4259:Main article: 4256: 4253: 4245:Latin alphabet 4164:Main article: 4161: 4158: 4090:Jewish Aramaic 4059:Aramaic script 4007:branch of the 3986:Main article: 3983: 3980: 3964:mixed marriage 3946:Assyrians are 3897:Main article: 3894: 3891: 3811:Adana Province 3663: 3660: 3659: 3658: 3615:Aramean people 3611:Syriac-Aramean 3604: 3550: 3524:Main article: 3521: 3518: 3415: 3412: 3398:are primarily 3357:Krasnodar Kray 3222:Meadow Heights 3186:Fairfield City 3136: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3090:Main article: 3087: 3084: 3068:Adana massacre 3038:Zoroastrianism 3025: 3022: 3005: 3004: 2897: 2842:Nineveh Plains 2830: 2786: 2783: 2572:/Beth Garmai ( 2535: 2532: 2502: 2499: 2458:In Syria, the 2342:Saddam Hussein 2336:disbanded the 2292: 2289: 2284:Anfal campaign 2277:Saddam Hussein 2119:French mandate 2082: 2081:Modern history 2079: 2054:Main article: 2051: 2048: 2032:Malik Khoshaba 2008:Main article: 2005: 2002: 1929: 1926: 1904:Abdul Hamid II 1900:Ottoman Empire 1719:bishop of the 1698: 1695: 1614:Timurid Empire 1609: 1606: 1585:, the emir of 1555:Turkic peoples 1348: 1345: 1337:Constantinople 1295:Byzantine Rite 1090:Roman province 1055: 1052: 962: 959: 886:Persian Empire 845:overthrew the 755:, c. 6000 BC. 705: 702: 697:Main article: 694: 691: 679:Khabour Guards 659:Nineveh Plains 452:directly from 426: 425: 408:Predominantly 405: 404: 400: 399: 398:(in antiquity) 390:(liturgical), 367: 366: 362: 361: 358: 354: 353: 350: 346: 345: 342: 338: 337: 334: 330: 329: 326: 322: 321: 318: 314: 313: 310: 306: 305: 302: 298: 297: 294: 293:United Kingdom 290: 289: 286: 282: 281: 278: 274: 273: 270: 266: 265: 262: 258: 257: 254: 250: 249: 246: 242: 241: 238: 234: 233: 230: 226: 225: 222: 218: 217: 216:30,000–150,000 214: 210: 209: 208:70,000–100,000 206: 202: 201: 198: 194: 193: 190: 186: 185: 182: 173: 172: 169: 165: 164: 161: 157: 156: 149: 145: 144: 141: 137: 136: 133: 124: 123: 119: 118: 108: 107: 103: 102: 99: 91: 90: 85: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17392: 17381: 17378: 17376: 17373: 17371: 17368: 17366: 17363: 17361: 17358: 17356: 17353: 17351: 17348: 17346: 17343: 17341: 17338: 17336: 17333: 17331: 17328: 17327: 17325: 17310: 17302: 17300: 17292: 17290: 17286: 17282: 17280: 17272: 17271: 17268: 17252: 17249: 17247: 17244: 17243: 17242: 17239: 17237: 17234: 17232: 17229: 17227: 17224: 17222: 17219: 17217: 17214: 17212: 17209: 17207: 17204: 17202: 17199: 17197: 17194: 17192: 17189: 17187: 17184: 17182: 17179: 17177: 17174: 17173: 17171: 17167: 17159: 17156: 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16778: 16777: 16774: 16772: 16769: 16767: 16764: 16762: 16759: 16757: 16754: 16752: 16750:(legislative) 16746: 16744: 16741: 16739: 16736: 16735: 16732: 16728: 16723: 16719: 16709: 16706: 16704: 16701: 16699: 16696: 16694: 16691: 16689: 16686: 16684: 16683:Syrian Desert 16681: 16679: 16678:Shatt al-Arab 16676: 16674: 16671: 16669: 16666: 16664: 16661: 16659: 16656: 16654: 16651: 16649: 16646: 16644: 16641: 16639: 16636: 16634: 16631: 16629: 16626: 16624: 16621: 16619: 16616: 16614: 16613:Faw peninsula 16611: 16610: 16607: 16603: 16598: 16594: 16580: 16577: 16573: 16570: 16569: 16568: 16565: 16561: 16558: 16556: 16555:Fall of Mosul 16553: 16552: 16551: 16548: 16546: 16543: 16539: 16536: 16534: 16531: 16529: 16528:U.S. invasion 16526: 16525: 16524: 16521: 16519: 16516: 16512: 16509: 16508: 16507: 16504: 16502: 16499: 16497: 16494: 16492: 16491:Iran–Iraq War 16489: 16487: 16484: 16482: 16479: 16477: 16474: 16472: 16469: 16467: 16464: 16462: 16459: 16456: 16452: 16449: 16448: 16445: 16439: 16437: 16434: 16432: 16429: 16427: 16424: 16423: 16421: 16419: 16415: 16409: 16406: 16402: 16399: 16398: 16397: 16394: 16392: 16389: 16387: 16384: 16381: 16377: 16374: 16372: 16369: 16367: 16364: 16362: 16359: 16357: 16356:Buyid dynasty 16354: 16352: 16349: 16347: 16344: 16342: 16339: 16338: 16336: 16332: 16326: 16323: 16321: 16318: 16316: 16313: 16311: 16308: 16306: 16303: 16301: 16298: 16296: 16293: 16291: 16288: 16286: 16283: 16281: 16278: 16276: 16273: 16271: 16268: 16266: 16263: 16261: 16258: 16256: 16253: 16251: 16248: 16246: 16243: 16241: 16238: 16236: 16233: 16231: 16228: 16226: 16223: 16221: 16218: 16216: 16213: 16211: 16208: 16206: 16205:Halaf culture 16203: 16201: 16198: 16196: 16193: 16192: 16190: 16188: 16184: 16180: 16176: 16171: 16167: 16162: 16156: 16146: 16141: 16139: 16134: 16132: 16127: 16126: 16123: 16109: 16104: 16102: 16101:Afro-Iranians 16099: 16097: 16092: 16090: 16085: 16083: 16078: 16076: 16071: 16069: 16064: 16062: 16057: 16055: 16050: 16049: 16047: 16044: 16043:Turkic people 16040: 16037: 16034: 16031: 16028: 16025: 16022: 16019: 16016: 16013: 16010: 16007: 16004: 16001: 15998: 15995: 15992: 15989: 15988: 15985: 15981: 15974: 15969: 15967: 15962: 15960: 15955: 15954: 15951: 15939: 15934: 15929: 15927: 15917: 15916: 15913: 15907: 15904: 15902: 15899: 15897: 15894: 15892: 15889: 15887: 15884: 15882: 15879: 15877: 15874: 15872: 15869: 15868: 15866: 15864: 15860: 15850: 15847: 15843: 15840: 15839: 15838: 15837:United States 15835: 15833: 15830: 15828: 15825: 15823: 15820: 15818: 15815: 15813: 15810: 15808: 15805: 15803: 15800: 15798: 15795: 15793: 15790: 15788: 15785: 15783: 15780: 15778: 15775: 15773: 15770: 15768: 15765: 15763: 15760: 15758: 15755: 15753: 15750: 15748: 15745: 15743: 15740: 15739: 15737: 15735: 15731: 15721: 15718: 15716: 15713: 15711: 15708: 15707: 15706: 15703: 15701: 15698: 15696: 15693: 15691: 15688: 15687: 15686: 15683: 15679: 15676: 15672: 15669: 15667: 15664: 15662: 15659: 15658: 15657: 15654: 15653: 15652: 15649: 15645: 15642: 15640: 15637: 15635: 15632: 15631: 15630: 15627: 15623: 15620: 15618: 15615: 15613: 15610: 15606: 15603: 15601: 15598: 15596: 15593: 15591: 15588: 15587: 15586: 15583: 15582: 15581: 15578: 15577: 15575: 15572: 15567: 15563: 15560: 15558: 15554: 15543: 15540: 15537: 15534: 15531: 15528: 15525: 15522: 15519: 15516: 15513: 15510: 15507: 15504: 15501: 15498: 15495: 15492: 15489: 15486: 15483: 15480: 15477: 15474: 15473: 15471: 15467: 15460: 15457: 15454: 15451: 15448: 15445: 15442: 15439: 15436: 15433: 15430: 15429:Buyid amirate 15427: 15424: 15421: 15418: 15415: 15412: 15409: 15406: 15403: 15402: 15400: 15396: 15389: 15386: 15383: 15380: 15377: 15373: 15369: 15366: 15363: 15360: 15357: 15354: 15351: 15350:Roman Assyria 15348: 15345: 15342: 15339: 15336: 15333: 15330: 15327: 15324: 15321: 15318: 15315: 15312: 15311: 15309: 15303: 15297: 15294: 15292: 15289: 15287: 15284: 15281: 15278: 15276:(911–609 BCE) 15275: 15272: 15269: 15266: 15263: 15260: 15257: 15254: 15253: 15251: 15249: 15244: 15241: 15231: 15227: 15221: 15218: 15216: 15213: 15211: 15208: 15206: 15203: 15201: 15198: 15196: 15193: 15192: 15190: 15188: 15184: 15178: 15177:Syriac script 15175: 15173: 15170: 15168: 15165: 15163: 15160: 15158: 15155: 15153: 15150: 15148: 15145: 15143: 15140: 15139: 15137: 15133: 15129: 15125: 15114: 15111: 15108: 15105: 15102: 15099: 15098: 15096: 15094: 15090: 15083: 15080: 15077: 15074: 15071: 15068: 15065: 15062: 15061: 15059: 15057: 15053: 15050: 15048: 15042: 15037: 15036:Chaldean flag 15032: 15026: 15021: 15015: 15014:Assyrian flag 15010: 15000: 14997: 14995: 14992: 14990: 14987: 14985: 14982: 14981: 14979: 14975: 14970: 14964: 14960: 14953: 14948: 14946: 14941: 14939: 14934: 14933: 14930: 14924: 14920: 14917: 14914: 14912: 14909: 14907: 14904: 14902: 14899: 14897: 14894: 14892: 14889: 14887: 14884: 14882: 14879: 14877: 14874: 14871: 14866: 14862: 14861: 14850: 14844: 14840: 14839: 14834: 14830: 14826: 14820: 14816: 14811: 14799: 14795: 14791: 14786: 14771: 14767: 14763: 14756: 14751: 14739: 14735: 14731: 14727: 14722: 14710: 14706: 14702: 14698: 14693: 14689: 14683: 14679: 14678: 14672: 14668: 14662: 14658: 14657: 14652: 14648: 14644: 14638: 14634: 14630: 14625: 14621: 14615: 14611: 14607: 14602: 14598: 14597: 14592: 14588: 14584: 14578: 14574: 14573: 14567: 14563: 14557: 14553: 14548: 14544: 14540: 14536: 14532: 14528: 14522: 14518: 14517: 14511: 14507: 14503: 14496: 14491: 14487: 14486: 14481: 14477: 14473: 14469: 14465: 14461: 14457: 14453: 14452: 14447: 14443: 14439: 14433: 14429: 14425: 14420: 14416: 14410: 14406: 14402: 14397: 14390: 14386: 14382: 14375: 14370: 14355: 14351: 14347: 14343: 14339: 14335: 14331: 14324: 14319: 14315: 14311: 14307: 14303: 14298: 14291: 14287: 14283: 14276: 14272: 14271:Parpola, Simo 14268: 14264: 14258: 14254: 14250: 14245: 14241: 14235: 14231: 14230: 14224: 14220: 14216: 14212: 14208: 14201: 14196: 14192: 14186: 14182: 14178: 14173: 14161: 14157: 14153: 14148: 14136: 14132: 14126: 14122: 14118: 14114: 14110: 14106: 14105: 14100: 14099:Mooken, Aprem 14096: 14092: 14088: 14084: 14080: 14076: 14072: 14068: 14064: 14060: 14056: 14052: 14046: 14042: 14041: 14036: 14032: 14020: 14016: 14010: 14006: 14002: 13997: 13993: 13987: 13983: 13982: 13977: 13973: 13969: 13965: 13961: 13957: 13953: 13947: 13943: 13942: 13936: 13932: 13926: 13922: 13921: 13916: 13912: 13908: 13907: 13902: 13898: 13894: 13893: 13888: 13884: 13872: 13868: 13862: 13858: 13854: 13849: 13845: 13839: 13835: 13831: 13826: 13822: 13816: 13812: 13808: 13803: 13799: 13797:90-04-11641-9 13793: 13789: 13788: 13783: 13779: 13772: 13768: 13764: 13757: 13753: 13749: 13742: 13738: 13734: 13727: 13723: 13719: 13707: 13703: 13697: 13693: 13692: 13686: 13674: 13670: 13664: 13660: 13656: 13651: 13647: 13641: 13637: 13633: 13629: 13625: 13621: 13615: 13611: 13610: 13605: 13601: 13597: 13591: 13587: 13583: 13578: 13574: 13568: 13564: 13560: 13555: 13551: 13545: 13541: 13537: 13532: 13528: 13522: 13518: 13517: 13511: 13504: 13500: 13496: 13489: 13484: 13480: 13479: 13474: 13470: 13466: 13462: 13456: 13452: 13451: 13445: 13441: 13435: 13431: 13430: 13425: 13421: 13417: 13416: 13411: 13410:Fürst, Julius 13407: 13395: 13391: 13385: 13381: 13380: 13374: 13370: 13364: 13360: 13356: 13352: 13348: 13341: 13337: 13333: 13326: 13322: 13318: 13311: 13307: 13303: 13296: 13292: 13288: 13276: 13272: 13268: 13264: 13260: 13256: 13252: 13248: 13244: 13240: 13236: 13232: 13228: 13224: 13220: 13216: 13210: 13206: 13202: 13197: 13193: 13187: 13183: 13182: 13176: 13161: 13157: 13153: 13146: 13141: 13137: 13131: 13127: 13126: 13120: 13116: 13110: 13106: 13102: 13097: 13093: 13092: 13087: 13083: 13079: 13073: 13069: 13068: 13062: 13050: 13046: 13042: 13037: 13025: 13021: 13017: 13012: 13000: 12996: 12992: 12988: 12984: 12980: 12975: 12971: 12965: 12961: 12960: 12954: 12942: 12938: 12934: 12929: 12925: 12919: 12915: 12914: 12909: 12905: 12901: 12895: 12891: 12887: 12882: 12878: 12877: 12872: 12868: 12856: 12852: 12846: 12842: 12838: 12833: 12829: 12823: 12819: 12818: 12812: 12808: 12802: 12798: 12794: 12789: 12785: 12781: 12777: 12771: 12767: 12763: 12758: 12743: 12739: 12735: 12728: 12723: 12719: 12713: 12709: 12708: 12702: 12698: 12692: 12688: 12687: 12682: 12681:Baum, Wilhelm 12678: 12666: 12662: 12658: 12653: 12641: 12636: 12631: 12627: 12623: 12619: 12614: 12610: 12604: 12600: 12599: 12593: 12589: 12583: 12579: 12575: 12570: 12566: 12562: 12558: 12554: 12550: 12546: 12542: 12538: 12533: 12529: 12523: 12519: 12518: 12512: 12500: 12496: 12492: 12488: 12483: 12479: 12478: 12473: 12469: 12465: 12464: 12459: 12455: 12451: 12447: 12443: 12439: 12435: 12431: 12427: 12423: 12419: 12415: 12410: 12398: 12394: 12388: 12384: 12383: 12378: 12374: 12370: 12364: 12360: 12356: 12351: 12350: 12338: 12331: 12323: 12319: 12315: 12311: 12307: 12306:10.1038/81685 12303: 12300:(3): 358–61. 12299: 12295: 12287: 12279: 12275: 12270: 12265: 12260: 12255: 12251: 12247: 12244:(7): e41252. 12243: 12239: 12235: 12227: 12219: 12215: 12211: 12207: 12203: 12199: 12192: 12184: 12180: 12176: 12172: 12168: 12164: 12161:(3): 364–71. 12160: 12156: 12152: 12145: 12143: 12141: 12132: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12113: 12108: 12104: 12100: 12096: 12092: 12088: 12081: 12079: 12070: 12066: 12061: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12042: 12038: 12034: 12030: 12026: 12019: 12012: 12008: 12005: 12000: 11993: 11990: 11984: 11980: 11976: 11972: 11968: 11964: 11960: 11956: 11948: 11929: 11922: 11916: 11908: 11902: 11898: 11897: 11892: 11886: 11878: 11874: 11869: 11864: 11860: 11856: 11852: 11845: 11837: 11833: 11827: 11825: 11816: 11810: 11806: 11805: 11797: 11781: 11777: 11773: 11766: 11758: 11754: 11750: 11743: 11741: 11724: 11720: 11714: 11703: 11696: 11690: 11683: 11679: 11675: 11672: 11667: 11659: 11653: 11649: 11648: 11640: 11632: 11628: 11622: 11606: 11602: 11598: 11592: 11576: 11572: 11568: 11562: 11546: 11542: 11536: 11528: 11522: 11518: 11511: 11503: 11497: 11493: 11486: 11478: 11472: 11468: 11461: 11454: 11449: 11442: 11438: 11432: 11428: 11424: 11420: 11413: 11406: 11390: 11386: 11380: 11371: 11364: 11360: 11355: 11348: 11347:1-931956-53-7 11344: 11340: 11336: 11331: 11316: 11312: 11306: 11299: 11294: 11278: 11274: 11270: 11264: 11262: 11245: 11241: 11237: 11230: 11211: 11207: 11200: 11194: 11178: 11174: 11170: 11164: 11148: 11144: 11140: 11133: 11126: 11121: 11114: 11109: 11102: 11097: 11092: 11085: 11081: 11076: 11069: 11063: 11061: 11051: 11032: 11025: 11019: 11012: 11007: 11000: 10995: 10993: 10983: 10975: 10969: 10965: 10964: 10956: 10947: 10940: 10934: 10926: 10922: 10916: 10897: 10893: 10886: 10879: 10872: 10867: 10860: 10855: 10848: 10842: 10835: 10830: 10823: 10818: 10811: 10806: 10799: 10794: 10787: 10782: 10775: 10770: 10763: 10758: 10751: 10747: 10746: 10745:The Histories 10741: 10736: 10729: 10724: 10718:, p. 28. 10717: 10712: 10704: 10698: 10694: 10693: 10685: 10678: 10673: 10671: 10663: 10658: 10651: 10650:Lipiński 2000 10646: 10644: 10636: 10631: 10615: 10611: 10607: 10600: 10584: 10580: 10577:(in Hebrew). 10576: 10568: 10553: 10547: 10543: 10542: 10534: 10528:, p. 75. 10527: 10522: 10513: 10508: 10501: 10485: 10481: 10475: 10471: 10467: 10463: 10459: 10452: 10446:, p. 80. 10445: 10440: 10433: 10428: 10412: 10408: 10401: 10394: 10389: 10382: 10377: 10371:, p. 36. 10370: 10365: 10359:, p. 63. 10358: 10353: 10346: 10345:O'Mahony 2006 10341: 10334: 10329: 10313: 10309: 10302: 10296:, p. 93. 10295: 10294:Coakley 2011b 10290: 10283: 10278: 10271: 10266: 10259: 10254: 10247: 10242: 10235: 10234: 10229: 10225: 10222: 10217: 10209: 10203: 10195: 10191: 10187: 10181: 10177: 10170: 10154: 10150: 10144: 10128: 10124: 10118: 10102: 10098: 10094: 10087: 10080: 10075: 10068: 10063: 10061: 10054:, p. 45. 10053: 10052:Coakley 2011a 10048: 10041: 10036: 10030: 10026: 10019: 10012: 10007: 10000: 9995: 9988: 9983: 9981: 9964: 9960: 9959:Chaldean Flag 9956: 9950: 9934: 9930: 9924: 9908: 9904: 9898: 9889: 9882: 9878: 9874: 9870: 9864: 9857: 9853: 9849: 9846: 9841: 9834: 9830: 9827: 9822: 9806: 9802: 9798: 9791: 9784: 9780: 9776: 9773: 9768: 9759: 9750: 9741: 9726: 9725: 9720: 9714: 9706: 9700: 9696: 9689: 9687: 9677: 9661: 9657: 9651: 9635: 9631: 9625: 9618: 9614: 9610: 9607: 9602: 9587: 9583: 9577: 9570: 9569: 9563: 9556: 9555: 9549: 9543:, p. 19. 9542: 9540: 9533: 9527:, p. 15. 9526: 9521: 9505: 9501: 9497: 9491: 9482: 9473: 9457: 9453: 9447: 9440: 9435: 9428: 9423: 9407: 9403: 9402: 9397: 9391: 9383: 9377: 9373: 9368: 9367: 9358: 9351: 9346: 9344: 9327: 9323: 9319: 9313: 9297: 9293: 9287: 9281:, p. 83. 9280: 9275: 9259: 9255: 9249: 9233: 9229: 9222: 9206: 9202: 9198: 9192: 9177: 9173: 9166: 9150: 9146: 9140: 9138: 9121: 9117: 9111: 9109: 9099: 9090: 9081: 9074: 9069: 9061: 9055: 9051: 9050: 9042: 9033: 9017: 9013: 9009: 9003: 9001: 8999: 8982: 8978: 8974: 8967: 8965: 8957: 8956: 8951: 8947: 8944: 8939: 8923: 8919: 8913: 8897: 8893: 8887: 8871: 8867: 8863: 8857: 8841: 8837: 8831: 8815: 8811: 8810:Warscapes.com 8807: 8800: 8792: 8785: 8777: 8771: 8755: 8749: 8733: 8729: 8725: 8719: 8703: 8699: 8693: 8677: 8673: 8669: 8662: 8646: 8642: 8641: 8636: 8629: 8613: 8609: 8605: 8598: 8582: 8578: 8574: 8567: 8565: 8548: 8544: 8540: 8534: 8518: 8514: 8513: 8508: 8502: 8493: 8477: 8473: 8469: 8463: 8448:on 9 May 2008 8444: 8437: 8431: 8423: 8417: 8413: 8406: 8398: 8394: 8393:indict.org.uk 8390: 8384: 8368: 8364: 8360: 8354: 8338: 8334: 8330: 8324: 8308: 8304: 8300: 8294: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8264:(3): 363–82. 8263: 8259: 8258: 8250: 8243: 8237: 8231: 8222: 8214: 8213: 8205: 8196: 8188: 8181: 8173: 8166: 8158: 8151: 8142: 8135: 8130: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8099: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8069: 8062: 8057: 8050: 8049:Courtois 2004 8045: 8038: 8033: 8031: 8011: 8004: 7998: 7991: 7986: 7979: 7974: 7967: 7962: 7955: 7950: 7944:, p. 56. 7943: 7938: 7931: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7914: 7899:. 11 May 1939 7898: 7892: 7884: 7883: 7875: 7868: 7863: 7857:, p. 57. 7856: 7851: 7845:, p. 33. 7844: 7839: 7833:, p. 45. 7832: 7827: 7820: 7815: 7808: 7803: 7797: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7782: 7777: 7769: 7768: 7760: 7744: 7740: 7739: 7731: 7725: 7718: 7714: 7711: 7707: 7699: 7693: 7689: 7688: 7680: 7672: 7666: 7662: 7661: 7653: 7646: 7641: 7635:, p. 32. 7634: 7629: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7599: 7590: 7584:, p. XI. 7583: 7578: 7570: 7564: 7560: 7559: 7551: 7544: 7539: 7531: 7524: 7522: 7506: 7504:0-8264-5481-X 7500: 7496: 7495: 7487: 7479: 7473: 7469: 7462: 7455: 7451: 7445: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7422: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7372: 7365: 7350: 7344: 7340: 7339: 7331: 7315: 7311: 7307: 7301: 7292: 7284: 7280: 7274: 7266: 7265: 7260: 7254: 7252: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7221: 7214: 7210: 7205: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7184: 7176: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7155: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7135: 7128: 7123: 7107: 7103: 7097: 7078: 7071: 7069: 7061: 7055: 7051: 7045: 7039: 7038:975-16-0246-7 7035: 7029: 7020: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6990: 6979: 6972: 6966: 6964: 6956: 6950: 6944:, p. 30. 6943: 6938: 6922: 6918: 6917:parstimes.com 6914: 6908: 6899: 6890: 6884: 6880: 6879: 6871: 6855: 6851: 6850: 6845: 6839: 6830: 6821: 6815: 6811: 6810: 6802: 6786: 6782: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6767: 6762: 6756: 6740: 6736: 6730: 6723: 6717: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6687: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6657: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6627: 6620: 6615: 6613: 6605: 6600: 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They speak 2816: 2812: 2808: 2807:Sapna valleys 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2791: 2790: 2782: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2751: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2701:Al Darbasiyah 2698: 2697:Al-Qahtaniyah 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2592:in Iran, and 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2556:includes the 2555: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2527: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2498: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2466:in the region 2463: 2462: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2407:Islamic State 2404: 2400: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2387: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2298: 2288: 2285: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2273:Yonadam Kanna 2270: 2266: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2247: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2226: 2221: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2198: 2193: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2092: 2087: 2078: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2057: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2016: 2011: 2001: 1999: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1972: 1967: 1964: 1958: 1954: 1945: 1938: 1937:Assyrian flag 1934: 1925: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1894: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1704: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1677: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1660:Isa Kelemechi 1657: 1653: 1652:Mongol Empire 1649: 1648:Buyid dynasty 1645: 1644:Seljuk Empire 1637: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1583:Bedr Khan Beg 1580: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1564: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1500:proselytising 1493: 1488: 1484: 1482: 1476: 1474: 1469: 1465: 1464: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1354: 1347:Arab conquest 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1272:Monophysitism 1269: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1254: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1125:Roman Assyria 1122: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1108:, centred on 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1065: 1060: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1028:lingua franca 1025: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 993: 991: 987: 983: 979: 978:Kültepe texts 974: 972: 968: 958: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 919: 917: 916: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 874: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 829:'s grandson, 828: 824: 817:(light green) 816: 812: 808: 805:A map of the 803: 799: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 756: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 731: 730: 724: 719: 715: 711: 700: 690: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 651:Khabour River 647: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 628:United States 625: 621: 620:Islamic State 616: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 589:North America 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 561: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 520: 519:Baghdad, Iraq 516: 513:praying in a 512: 508: 504: 502: 498: 497:lingua franca 494: 490: 486: 482: 477: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 436: 432: 424: 420: 416: 415:Protestantism 411: 406: 401: 397: 393: 389: 382: 378: 372: 368: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 240:25,000–35,000 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 189:United States 187: 183: 180: 179: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 131: 130: 125: 120: 117: 113: 109: 104: 97: 92: 88: 83: 78: 75: 73: 67: 65: 59: 57: 51: 49: 37: 33: 19: 17143:Christianity 17079: 17025:Demographics 16959:Oil reserves 16954:Oil Industry 16921:Central Bank 16817:Human rights 16743:Constitution 16688:Tigris river 16668:Persian Gulf 16376:Ottoman Iraq 16361:Qara Qoyunlu 16195:Ubaid period 16015:Mazandaranis 15997:Azerbaijanis 15453:Qara Qoyunlu 15316:(312–63 BCE) 15047:Christianity 14958: 14837: 14814: 14802:. 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2501:Demographics 2495: 2478:Ourhi Centre 2477: 2459: 2457: 2449:Dwekh Nawsha 2438: 2396: 2385: 2350: 2319: 2291:21st century 2281: 2262: 2245: 2233:Ba'ath Party 2230: 2222: 2203: 2154:World War II 2139: 2135:Khabur River 2096: 2091:Khabur River 2059: 2021: 1995: 1976: 1968: 1960: 1908:Pan-Islamism 1897: 1890: 1869: 1867: 1842: 1838: 1824: 1819: 1815: 1807: 1788: 1741: 1726: 1687:Kara Koyunlu 1680: 1676:Bar Hebraeus 1672: 1641: 1622:Kara Koyunlu 1595: 1593:soon after. 1577:region were 1568: 1559: 1553:, and later 1544: 1512:Central Asia 1497: 1477: 1461: 1459: 1380: 1323: 1311: 1280: 1275: 1264:Nestorianism 1257: 1250: 1193:In 410, the 1192: 1172:Christianity 1157: 1118: 1083: 1066:(226–637 AD) 1013: 994: 975: 964: 920: 913: 875: 839:Hebrew Bible 820: 790:(modern-day 757: 749:Tell Hassuna 735: 727: 726:Part of the 648: 617: 562: 546:Christianity 538:Christianity 523: 515:Holy Qurbana 483:-influenced 478: 438:ethnic group 430: 429: 176: 171:7,000–17,000 127: 115: 111: 69: 61: 53: 45: 39:Ethnic group 36: 17299:WikiProject 17100:Marsh Arabs 17085:Circassians 16766:Foreign aid 16658:Mesopotamia 16220:Uruk period 16088:Circassians 15812:New Zealand 15807:Netherlands 15571:Settlements 15484:(1555–1917) 15461:(1453–1501) 15455:(1375–1468) 15449:(1335–1432) 15443:(1258–1335) 15437:(1098–1268) 15398:Middle ages 15338:Roman Syria 15332:Syrian Wars 14969:Middle East 14804:25 November 14779:25 November 14744:25 November 14715:25 November 14166:28 February 13853:"Assyrians" 13807:"Assyrians" 13559:"Assyrians" 13055:28 February 13041:"Chaldeans" 13030:28 February 13016:"Assyrians" 12751:12 February 12671:30 November 10905:16 November 10845:Tsereteli, 10834:Macuch 1976 10762:Joseph 1997 10677:Gzella 2015 10282:Davies 1872 10159:16 November 10133:16 November 10107:18 February 9939:16 November 9913:16 November 9783:Doug Bandow 9666:18 February 9640:18 February 9439:Travis 2010 9322:sor.cua.edu 9155:18 February 9126:22 December 8553:16 November 8523:18 February 8452:10 February 8373:18 February 8343:18 February 8134:Yacoub 2016 8037:Aboona 2008 7966:Joseph 2000 7942:Frazee 2006 7921:JAA Studies 7855:Frazee 2006 7843:Mooken 2003 7831:Healey 2010 7819:Baumer 2006 7645:Aboona 2008 7582:Aboona 2008 7543:Joseph 2000 7127:Millar 1967 6706:16 February 6676:31 December 6604:Hanish 2015 6371:18 February 6234:(Ukrainian) 6153:18 February 5926:Athens News 5863:14 December 5708:(in German) 5679:SVT Nyheter 5466:18 February 5278:Baumer 2006 5080:Haplogroup 5004:Haplogroups 4988:Marsh Arabs 4969:Zoroastrian 4762:Kha b-Nisan 4727:of a song. 4721:Sabre Dance 4669:Aril Brikha 4645:Evin Agassi 4616:, but also 4399:Bar Mitzvah 4320:and became 4216:ʾEsṭrangēlā 3921:Kha b-Nisan 3732:Mesopotamia 3720:Coele-Syria 3672:Roman Syria 3487:Mesopotamia 3424:Arabization 3390:'s special 3226:Craigieburn 3206:Prairiewood 3157:(100,000), 3030:Yazdegerd I 3024:Persecution 2977:Beth Zabday 2957:Beth Kustan 2937:Mor Gabriel 2917:West Syriac 2823:East Syriac 2666:Middle East 2648:during the 2411:Nusra Front 2129:during the 2034:of the Bit- 2028:Agha Petros 1870:Shimun line 1843:Shimun line 1827:Mesopotamia 1508:Transoxiana 1468:Arabization 1341:Miaphysites 1333:Justinian I 1247:manuscripts 1174:and spread 1121:Roman Syria 1040:Old Aramaic 1026:, once the 1001:Babylonians 780:Mesopotamia 710:Mesopotamia 671:War in Iraq 569:Mesopotamia 534:West Syriac 462:Babylonians 442:Mesopotamia 333:New Zealand 312:1,500–5,000 296:3,000–4,000 280:2,500–5,000 272:2,769–6,000 237:Netherlands 17324:Categories 17216:Television 17196:Literature 17158:Irreligion 17133:Secularism 17070:Minorities 16938:(currency) 16931:Corruption 16776:Government 16567:Insurgency 16366:Aq Qoyunlu 16187:Chronology 16048:Others 1% 16041:and other 15695:Diyarbakır 15666:Tell Tamer 15661:Al-Hasakah 15557:By country 15469:Modern era 15459:Aq Qoyunlu 15431:(945–1055) 15425:(905–1383) 15419:(750–1258) 15234:(including 15210:Folk dance 14363:7 December 14141:1 February 14025:2 February 13877:29 October 13712:1 February 13281:17 January 13237:: 141–160. 13169:18 January 13158:: 69–111. 13005:1 February 12947:18 January 12861:2 February 12646:17 January 12420:: 155–169. 12414:One Church 11749:Naby, Eden 11729:1 February 11125:Tezel 2003 11040:12 October 10748:, VII.63, 10620:12 October 10557:12 October 10417:8 November 10270:Fürst 1867 9730:31 January 9525:Üngör 2011 9427:Nisan 2002 9332:6 December 9073:Bryce 2009 8672:Al-Monitor 8577:Aletia.org 8061:Atman 2018 8019:12 October 7990:Butts 2017 7411:6 November 7354:20 January 7240:6 December 7086:12 October 6953:Olmatead, 6927:9 December 6646:5 December 6439:8 November 6254:11 October 6179:7 November 6014:bethnahrin 5968:12 October 5456:Al-Monitor 5232:References 5104:, and the 5100:, coastal 4992:haplotypes 4887:wheat beer 4701:Folk dance 4649:Janan Sawa 4606:folk music 4395:Brit Milah 4357:Nestorians 4301:, and the 4183:Phoenician 3948:endogamous 3804:Phoenician 3386:under the 3368:California 3349:Overijssel 3281:Sacramento 3174:Södertälje 3169:(46,000). 3145:Since the 3096:See also: 3078:, and the 2989:Diyarbakır 2886:Diyarbakir 2693:Al-Hasakah 2630:Diyarbakır 2519:Nestorians 2451:, and the 2413:and other 2320:After the 2210:Iraqi Army 2146:Rab-shakeh 2109:asked the 1939:, c. 1920 1917:Hasankeyef 1913:Diyarbakir 1839:Eliya line 1748:Nestorians 1701:See also: 1683:Aq Qoyunlu 1664:Yuan China 1654:after the 1618:Aq Qoyunlu 1549:and other 1447:physicians 1403:philosophy 1266:, and the 1207:Catholicos 1168:Nabataeans 1155:speakers. 1005:liturgical 894:front line 855:Babylonian 815:Esarhaddon 782:under the 764:Bronze Age 655:Al-Hasakah 640:occupation 634:, and the 632:its allies 613:Emigration 558:Nabataeans 440:native to 435:indigenous 413:Minority: 357:Kazakhstan 116:5+ million 17236:Squatting 17201:Education 17148:Mandaeism 17117:/Turkoman 17095:Mandaeans 17080:Assyrians 17075:Armenians 17038:Languages 16926:Companies 16881:Judiciary 16791:President 16761:Elections 16756:Democracy 16602:Geography 16518:Sanctions 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BRILL. 14350:162760021 14308:: 72–82. 14091:192959948 13903:(1849b). 13889:(1849a). 13679:24 August 13271:161323237 12784:156908771 12565:163755644 12505:19 August 12474:(1842b). 12460:(1842a). 12436:: 21–76. 12183:207460555 11240:Warscapes 10786:Frye 1997 10774:Frye 1992 10740:Herodotus 10635:Fiey 1965 10589:3 October 10507:CiteSeerX 10202:cite book 10194:962025766 9903:"Assyria" 9510:12 August 9302:7 October 9279:Atto 2011 9264:7 October 9211:3 October 8928:7 October 8902:5 October 8846:19 August 8760:5 January 8738:8 January 8363:zowaa.org 8105:"HISTORY" 7384:: 17–33. 7102:"Hadrian" 6942:Yana 2008 6791:26 August 6735:"Nineveh" 6696:France 24 6470:4 October 6080:31 August 6045:DiePresse 5893:3 January 5175:Mandaeans 5071:Armenians 5039:Somalians 5031:Georgians 4750:. During 4731:Festivals 4661:Melechesh 4614:soft rock 4532:cathedral 4494:monastery 4437:Tur Abdin 4433:monastery 4381:Jacobites 4367:Chaldeans 4199:diacritic 4142:Tur Abdin 4098:stateless 3996:A map of 3968:Armenians 3952:exogamous 3929:ܫܠܡܐ ܥܠܝܟ 3917:Christmas 3807:bilingual 3724:Euphrates 3708:Herodotus 3639:West Bank 3601:Jacobites 3597:Assyrians 3593:Chaldeans 3585:Nestorian 3567:with the 3565:communion 3341:Sarcelles 3329:Wiesbaden 3321:Stuttgart 3317:Frankfurt 3277:San Diego 3228:) In the 3214:Melbourne 3198:Fairfield 3194:Australia 3184:, and in 3167:Australia 3034:Nestorian 2985:Tur Abdin 2907:language 2901:Tur Abdin 2878:In Turkey 2854:Tel Keppe 2713:Tel Tamer 2677:Palestine 2634:Tur Abdin 2628:, Amida ( 2598:Yüksekova 2515:Jacobites 2511:Chaldeans 2461:Dawronoye 2415:terrorist 2188:in 1941. 2186:Habbaniya 2158:Palestine 1837:, of the 1756:Jacobites 1717:Nestorian 1674:century, 1668:Ilkhanate 1636:Tamerlane 1600:, Kurds, 1451:Bukhtishu 1439:Nestorius 1431:Bardaisan 1425:(such as 1411:Masawaiyh 1365:Assyrian 1215:provinces 1211:Patriarch 1160:Armenians 1133:Asoristan 1080:Asōristān 1064:Asōristān 1062:A map of 1046:. By the 1032:Near East 931:Parthians 915:Histories 910:Herodotus 776:Sumerians 741:Neolithic 597:Australia 550:Armenians 526:Christian 470:Chaldeans 446:West Asia 431:Assyrians 365:Languages 309:Palestine 221:Australia 43:Assyrians 17279:Category 17128:Religion 17105:Persians 16989:Railways 16984:Airlines 16866:Military 16727:Politics 16703:Wildlife 16693:Umm Qasr 16523:Iraq War 16506:Gulf War 16418:Republic 16371:Safavids 16334:638–1958 16039:Turkmens 15991:Persians 15863:Politics 15734:Diaspora 15715:Mazıdağı 15671:Qamishli 15644:Sanandaj 15617:Shaqlawa 15605:Bartella 15590:Qaraqosh 15566:Homeland 15364:(5th c.) 15346:(15–116) 15344:Adiabene 15291:Arameans 15246:Ancient 15220:Clothing 15162:Hertevin 14977:Identity 14919:Archived 14835:(2011). 14798:Archived 14770:Archived 14738:Archived 14709:Archived 14653:(2016). 14593:(1929). 14537:(1931). 14482:(1844). 14462:(1842). 14448:(1840). 14354:Archived 14314:25684050 14273:(2004). 14160:Archived 14135:Archived 14115:(2009). 14101:(2003). 14037:(1967). 14019:Archived 13978:(1976). 13917:(2000). 13871:Archived 13784:(2000). 13754:(1998). 13724:(1997). 13706:Archived 13673:Archived 13630:(1993). 13475:(1859). 13426:(2012). 13412:(1867). 13400:13 March 13394:Archived 13353:(2002). 13323:(1999). 13293:(1997). 13275:Archived 13245:(1992). 13225:(1965). 13160:Archived 13088:(1872). 13049:Archived 13024:Archived 12999:Archived 12941:Archived 12910:(2009). 12873:(1888). 12855:Archived 12742:Archived 12665:Archived 12640:Archived 12628:: 1–20. 12499:Archived 12397:Archived 12379:(2008). 12322:12893406 12314:11062480 12278:22815981 12238:PLOS ONE 12175:21329477 12131:29099847 12091:PLOS ONE 12069:29099847 12029:PLOS ONE 12007:Archived 11989:Endogamy 11983:10417591 11975:18505046 11955:Hum Biol 11786:21 March 11751:(1999). 11674:Archived 11631:Archived 11605:Archived 11575:Archived 11545:Archived 11361:(1888). 11337:(1946). 11277:Archived 11244:Archived 11210:Archived 11183:14 March 11153:14 March 11147:Archived 11143:SBS News 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4122:Armenian 4024:Sumerian 3982:Language 3941:Spitting 3832:king of 3784:Georgian 3769:Aššūrāyu 3754:Arameans 3742:Seleucid 3728:homeland 3712:Seleucid 3704:Arameans 3700:Assyrian 3688:Cilician 3553:Chaldean 3535:Assyrian 3491:Arameans 3400:Chaldean 3086:Diaspora 3001:Adiyaman 2945:Aynwardo 2923:and the 2882:Istanbul 2872:and the 2771:the West 2767:Istanbul 2689:Qamishli 2685:Nisabina 2673:Akkadian 2662:Caucasus 2620:/Urhoy ( 2610:Şemdinli 2534:Homeland 2517:", and " 2409:(ISIL), 2403:Al Qaeda 2390:and the 2328:and its 2093:in Syria 1874:Joseph I 1847:Qochanis 1764:Maphrian 1646:and the 1598:Persians 1520:Mongolia 1423:theology 1325:Theodora 1233:Bartella 1180:Far East 1141:Persians 1137:Arameans 1020:dialects 990:Anatolia 961:Language 943:Adiabene 912:, whose 906:Darius I 898:Xerxes I 766:period, 609:Caucasus 607:and the 481:Akkadian 474:Arameans 456:such as 403:Religion 396:Sumerian 392:Akkadian 72:ʾĀšōrāyē 64:ʾĀṯōrāyē 17309:Commons 17226:Smoking 17191:Culture 17186:Cuisine 17169:General 17153:Yazidis 17110:Solluba 17063:Persian 17053:Kurdish 17048:Aramaic 17013:Society 16994:Tourism 16905:Economy 16653:Islands 16628:Borders 16453: ( 16443:present 16378:(incl. 16290:Assyria 16235:Subartu 16175:History 16033:Balochs 15849:Uruguay 15842:Detroit 15797:Lebanon 15777:Germany 15772:Georgia 15762:Finland 15752:Belgium 15742:Armenia 15690:Hakkari 15544:(2014–) 15538:(2003–) 15526:(1919–) 15496:(1840s) 15326:Osroene 15248:Assyria 15236:related 15230:History 15215:Cuisine 15187:Culture 15128:Aramaic 15115:(1968–) 15109:(1692–) 15103:(1552–) 15084:(1940–) 15078:(1870–) 15072:(1662–) 14083:4200184 12450:1797632 12403:20 June 12346:Sources 12269:3399854 12246:Bibcode 12218:4030922 12122:5669434 12099:Bibcode 12060:5669434 12037:Bibcode 11877:3456196 11868:1684716 11611:22 July 11423:Ostrava 11320:16 June 11283:5 March 10610:Haaretz 9873:Archive 9811:7 April 9181:4 March 8119:21 June 8088:21 June 7618:12 June 7398:1523325 7193:Silifke 6844:"Ashur" 6210:23 July 6055:24 June 6024:24 June 5936:7 April 5135:Assyria 4997:Yazidis 4973:Turkmen 4965:Syrians 4860:Cuisine 4780:‎ 4768:‎ 4705:Chicago 4536:Baghdad 4527:: is a 4496:of the 4458:: is a 4222:Unicode 4203:cursive 4172:Semitic 4134:Persian 4130:Kurdish 4118:Turkish 4114:Swedish 4106:English 4039:Soureth 4005:Semitic 3893:Culture 3887:Sūryāyē 3878:Āṯūrāyē 3869:Ārāmayē 3860:Sūryāyē 3856:exonyms 3838:Cilicia 3836:(i.e., 3815:Cilicia 3780:atorêta 3776:suryêta 3746:Assyria 3631:Lebanon 3607:Aramean 3396:Detroit 3309:Germany 3289:Toronto 3270:Turlock 3262:Modesto 3258:Phoenix 3246:Detroit 3234:Chicago 3159:Germany 2965:Mizizah 2858:Tesqopa 2850:Batnaya 2811:Nuhadra 2795:Hakkari 2736:in Iraq 2652:of the 2614:Uludere 2606:Çukurca 2602:Hakkâri 2594:Hakkari 2582:Tesqopa 2578:Al Qosh 2570:Arrapha 2558:ancient 2381:Baghdad 2373:Yazidis 2315:Armenia 2311:Yerevan 2200:Odisho. 2170:Albania 2066:Hakkari 1987:Georgia 1983:Armenia 1893:Hakkari 1831:Amadiya 1737:millets 1691:Safavid 1575:Hakkari 1571:Balkans 1492:Baghdad 1407:science 1387:Umayyad 1237:Nineveh 1178:to the 1106:Osroene 1102:Hadrian 1094:Assyria 967:Aramaic 947:Osroene 863:Hurrian 859:Amorite 851:Hittite 847:Mitanni 835:Jokshan 833:son of 827:Abraham 788:Nineveh 772:Semitic 737:Assyria 714:Assyria 693:History 626:by the 503:spoke. 485:Aramaic 466:Syriacs 450:descend 433:are an 423:Judaism 349:Denmark 317:Ukraine 301:Georgia 277:Austria 269:Armenia 229:Lebanon 205:Germany 200:150,000 192:600,000 56:Suryoye 32:Syrians 17289:Portal 17231:Sports 17206:Health 17181:Cinema 17033:Iraqis 16936:Dinar 16871:Police 16673:Places 16163:topics 16107:Zagari 16053:Talysh 16009:Gilaks 15906:Sutoro 15827:Sweden 15822:Russia 15802:Mexico 15792:Jordan 15787:Israel 15782:Greece 15767:France 15757:Canada 15710:Mardin 15700:Elazığ 15685:Turkey 15678:Khabur 15639:Salmas 15612:Ankawa 15595:Alqosh 15532:(1933) 15514:(1909) 15502:(1895) 15413:(630s) 15407:(630s) 15172:Mlaḥsô 15167:Senaya 15152:Turoyo 15132:Syriac 15066:(518–) 15045:Syriac 14845: 14821: 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