Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)

8108:

Rum çeteleriyle bir çok bî-günâh Müslümanların, ma'sûmların ve hattâ çocukların gizli ve âşikâr itlâf ve gaybûbet ve cebren fi'l-i şenî' icrâ edilmesi, İslâmların katli'âm edilmesi ve mahallelerinin yangına verilmesi istihzâratı gibi irtikâb etdişi mezâlim ve cinâyet, âlem-i medeniyyetin nazarında alacağı bir şekl-i vahşetdir. 28/6/35'de Yunan kuvvetinin Aydın'ın dokuz kilometre cenûbundaki Menderes'in ve köprüsüne ta'arruz etmesi üzerine hâl-i müdâfa'ada burada bulunan ve müte'akiben etrâfdan gelenlere kuvvet olan Kuvve-i Milliyye ile başlayan, üç gün devâm eden muhârebe esnâsında Yunanlıların sahrâdan ric'at ederek şehrin minâreleri vesâ'ir hâkim binâlarını tutarak top isti'mâl etmesi yüzünden zuhûr eden yangın ve bilâ-lüzûm İslâm mahallâtına geruden ateş vererek şehrin nısfından ziyâdesiyle mahvetmiş ve bu miyânda yangından kurtarılmak üzre taşraya çıkmak isteyen İslâm kadın ve çocuklarının bilâ-lüzûm mitralyöz ateşleriyle itlâf ve bu korkudan hânesinden çıkmayanların yangında yanması ve bî-günâh İslâm erkek ve kadınlarının ve çocuklarının bilâ-sebeb mahvedilmesi ve gerilerde de aynı vahşetlerin irtikâb edilmesi el-yevm livâyı bir harâbe ve mütekallibeye çevirmişlerdir. Aydın'ın millî kuvveti tarafından tahlîsinde Rum ahâlînin, hattâ bunlar arasında bulunan Yunanlıların cinâyât ve şenâ'âtına iştirâk edenler ile hayâtı, livâya yetişen Fırka Elli Yedi Kumandanı tarafından taht-ı te'mîne alınmış(?) ve i'âşe ve iskânlarına gayret edilerek muhâfaza-i hayâtları taht-ı te'mîne alınmış idi. Kuvve-i Milliye efrâdının tekrâr memleketlerine avdet etmesi ve kuvve-i askeriyyenin kâfî olamaması yüzünden Yunanlıların cem'etdiği fâ'ik kuvvetlerle Aydın tekrâr Yunanlıların yed-i zâlimânesine geçmiş; kalan slâm mahallelerine ve köylerine el-yevm yangınlar vererek mahvetmekde bulunmuşdur. Kable'l-muhârebe İslâm ahâlînin şehirden çıkmasına müsâ'ade etmemiş olmasından, şehrin istirdâdını müte'âkib Yunanlıların tekrâr gelmesi ihtimâline mebnî ahâlî-i slâmiyye Çine ve Denizli istikâmetine geçmeğe başlamış ve Yunanlıların tekrar gelmesi üzerine şehirde pek cüz'î bir kimse kalmış ve kalanların itlâfı tabî'î bulunmuşdur. Mutasarrıf Abdurrahman Bey dâhil olduğu hâlde rü'esâ-yı me'mûrînden cezâ re'îsi, müdde'î-i umûmî ve mu'teberân-ı ahâlîden dahi bir çok kimseler, evvelce Yunanlılar tarafından gâ'ib edilmiş olduğundan bi'l-umûm me'mûrîn-i hükûmet dahi perîşân bir hâlde bunlar da Aydın'ı terk ve Çine'ye gelmeye mecbûr kalmışdır. El-yevm Aydın'da hükûmeti temsîl edecek kimse yokdur, ahâlî kalmamışdır. Yunanlılar Nazilli ile Aydın arasında dahi aynı zamanda kuvvet çıkardıklarından bu civârda da mezâlim cârîdir. Bütün ovada ve dağlardaki evlerde ahâlî-i slâmiyyeye aynı şenâ'atler vekatli'âmlar yapılmışdır. Kurtulabilenler e dağlara ve Menderes'in cenûbuna çekilmişdir. Etrâfa cân atan bu halk hâlâ sefîlânedir. Ve bu ahâlînin Yunan işgâli bulundukca yerlerine i'âdesi ve hayâtlarının te'mîni imkânı yokdur. Me'kûlâta ve mu'âvenete ve mu'âlecâta ve çadırlara ihtiyâc-ı şedîd vardır. Mahallinden te'mîni imkânı yokdur. Bu mu'âvenetin tesrî'-i infâzı ve ahâlînin bir an evvel memleketlerine i'âdesi livâdan Yunan işgâlinin insâniyet nâmına ref'i esbâbının istikmâlini ehemmiyetle istirhâm Aydın'dan Çine'ye kadar yayan gelmekden mütevellid yorgunluk ve şenâ'at ve vahşet-i meşhûreden mütehassıl heyecân-ı kalb zâ'il oldukca ve burada kalabildiğim müddetce tezâhür edecek mezâlim pey-der-pey arzedilecekdir. Çine'de Mukîm Muhâsebeci Nurullah

7084:, pp. 342–343: "Many (Greeks), however, were massacred by the Turks, especially at Smyrna (today's İzmir) as the Greek army withdrew at the end of their headlong retreat from central Anatolia at the end of the Greco-Turkish War. Especially poorly treated were the Pontic Greeks in eastern Anatolia on the Black Sea. In 1920, as the Greek army advanced, many were deported to the Mesopotamian desert as had been the Armenians before them. Nevertheless, approximately 1,200,000 Ottoman Greek refugees arrived in Greece at the end of the war. When one adds to the total the Greeks of Constantinople who, by agreement, were not forced to flee, then the total number comes closer to the 1,500,000 Greeks in Anatolia and Thrace. Here, a strong distinction between intention and action is found. According to the Austrian consul at Amisos, Kwiatkowski, in his November 30, 1916, report to foreign minister Baron Burian: 'on 26 November Rafet Bey told me: "we must finish off the Greeks as we did with the Armenians..." on 28 November Rafet Bey told me: "today I sent squads to the interior to kill every Greek on sight." I fear for the elimination of the entire Greek population and a repeat of what occurred last year.' Or according to a January 31, 1917, report by Chancellor Hollweg of Austria: the indications are that the Turks plan to eliminate the Greek element as enemies of the state, as they did earlier with the Armenians. The strategy implemented by the Turks is of displacing people to the interior without taking measures for their survival by exposing them to death, hunger, and illness. The abandoned homes are then looted and burnt or destroyed. Whatever was done to the Armenians is being repeated with the Greeks. Massacres most likely did take place at Amisos and other villages in Pontus. Yet given the large number of surviving Greeks, especially relative to the small number of Armenian survivors, the massacres apparently were restricted to Pontus, Smyrna, and selected other 'sensitive' regions." 8314:

well with estimates made by contemporary European observers. Moreover, İsmet Pașa's figures on refugees were presented to the Conference accompanied by detailed statistics of destruction in the occupied region, and these statistics make the estimate seem probable. İsmet Pașa, quoting from a census made after the war, demonstrated that 160,739 buildings had been destroyed in the occupied region. The destroyed homes alone would account for many hundreds of thousands of refugees, and not all the homes of refugees were destroyed. European accounts of refugee numbers were necessarily fragmented, but when compiled they support İsmet Pașa's estimate. The British agent at Aydin, Blair Fish, reported 177,000 Turkish refugees in Aydin Vilâyeti by 30 September 1919, only four months after the Greek landing. The Italian High Commissioner at Istanbul accepted an Ottoman estimate that there were 457,000 refugees by September 1920, and this figure did not include the new refugees in the fall and winter of 1920 to 1921. Dr. Nansen stated that 75,000 Turks had come to the Istanbul area alone since November 1920. Such figures make İsmet Pașa's estimate all the more credible. Since approximately 640,000 Muslims died in the region of occupation during the war, one can estimate that approximately 860,000 were refugees who survived the war. Of course many, if not most, of those who died were refugees, as well. If one estimates that half the Muslims who died were refugees, it would be roughly accurate to say that 1.2 million Anatolian Muslim refugees fled from the Greeks, and about one third died.

7841:

olduk. Dokuz Türk köylüsü öldürülmüş, insanlığa dünya durdukça beşeriyetin yüz karası olacak şekilde ölülerle oynanmış, birinin parmağı öbürünün kıçına, birinin edep yeri diğerinin ağzına verilmek suretliyle dokuz ölü bir halka haline getirilmişti. Bu bizim kinimizi kamçılamaktan başka bir işe yaramadı. O tabloyu görünce, yanımızda taşımakta olduğumuz elli kadar esiri hemen bir bağ kulesine kapatarak ateşe verdik. otuz kırk kadar esir aldık ve kolorduya yolu açtık. Halk kadın çocuk etrafımızı almış, esirleri bizden istiyorlardı. Tümen Kumandanı Zeki Albay, "Bize itimadınız yok mu? Türk kadını böyle pis canavarların kanı ile ellerini kirletmesin" diye kadınlara seslendiği bir esnada orta yaşlı bir kadın entrasinin önünü kaldırarak külotunu sıyırdı, kadın kanlar içinde idi. Bir gün önce düşman, Manisa'yı terk ederken Yunan jandarmalarının on yedi yaşındaki kızını kaçırırlarken, kızına sarıldığı anda yaralandığını ağlayarak anlattı. Hem kumandanımız, hem de biz süvariler berbat olduk. Kadın "Ne yaparsanız yapın" dedi ve ağlayarak tarlalara doğru koşur. Az ilerde yere devrildi. Ardından biz, kadınlarımızı serbest bıraktık. Ellerimizden, belimizden kılıçları kaptlar, bağ bıçakları ortaya çıktı. Teker teker Yunan askerlerinin işini gördüler. O anda bilenmiş Türk kadınının da neler yapacağını anladık. Etraftan topladıkları çalı ve otlarla ceset yığınlarını ateşe verdiler.

3182: 3662:, the Turks felt that they needed to murder their Christian minorities due to Christian superiority in terms of industriousness and the consequent Turkish feelings of jealousy and inferiority. The paper wrote: "The result has been to breed feelings of alarm and jealousy in the minds of the Turks, which in later years have driven them to depression. They believe that they cannot compete with their Christian subjects in the arts of peace and that the Christians and Greeks especially are too industrious and too well educated as rivals. Therefore, from time to time they have striven to try and redress the balance by expulsion and massacre. That has been the position generations past in Turkey again if the Great powers are callous and unwise enough to attempt to perpetuate Turkish misrule over Christians." According to the newspaper the Scotsman, on 18 August 1920, in the Feival district of Karamusal, South-East of Ismid in Asia Minor, the Turks massacred 5,000 Christians. There were also massacres during this period against Armenians, continuing the policies of the 1915 Armenian Genocide according to some Western newspapers. On 25 February 1922, 24 Greek villages in the 3891:. These reports found that Greek forces committed systematic atrocities against the Turkish inhabitants. The commissioners also mentioned the "burning and looting of Turkish villages", the "explosion of violence of Greeks and Armenians against the Turks", and "a systematic plan of destruction and extinction of the Moslem population". In their report dated 23 May 1921, the Inter-Allied commission stated that "This plan is being carried out by Greek and Armenian bands, which appear to operate under Greek instructions and sometimes even with the assistance of detachments of regular troops". The Inter-Allied commission also stated that the destruction of villages, and the disappearance of the Muslim population, might have been an objective to create in this region a political situation favourable to the Greek Government. The Allied investigation also pointed out that the specific events were reprisals for the general Turkish oppression of the past years and especially for the Turkish atrocities committed in the Marmara region one year before, when several Greek villages had been burned, and thousands of Greeks massacred. 4010:, the high commissioner of Smyrna, tried to ease ethnic violence in the region. Stergiadis immediately punished the Greek soldiers responsible for violence on with court martial and created a commission to decide on payment for victims (made up of representatives from Great Britain, France, Italy and other allies). Stergiadis took a strict stance against discrimination of the Turkish population and opposed church leaders and the local Greek population on a number of occasions. Historians disagree about whether this was a genuine stance against discrimination, or whether it was an attempt to present a positive vision of the occupation to the allies. This stance against discrimination of the Turkish population often pitted Stergiadis against some segments of the Greek army. He reportedly would carry a stick through the town with which he would beat Greeks that were being abusive of Turkish citizens. Troops would sometimes disobey his orders to not abuse the Turkish population, putting him in conflict with the military. Venizelos continued to support Stergiadis despite some opposition. 3043:

the Greeks strengthened their defensive positions, but were increasingly demoralised by the inactivity of remaining on the defensive and the prolongation of the war. The Greek government was desperate to get some military support from the British or at least secure a loan, so it developed an ill-thought plan to force the British diplomatically, by threatening their positions in Constantinople, but this never materialised. The occupation of Constantinople would have been an easy task at this time because the Allied troops garrisoned there were much fewer than the Greek forces in Thrace (two divisions). The result though was instead to weaken the Greek defences in Smyrna by withdrawing troops. The Turkish forces, on the other hand, were recipients of significant assistance from Soviet Russia. On 29 April, the Soviet authorities supplied the Turkish consul critical quantities of arms and ammunition, sufficient for three Turkish divisions. On 3 May, the Soviet government handed over 33,500,000 gold rubles to Turkey – the balance of the credit of 10,000,000 gold rubles.

7809:

fıtratlarında merkûz olan vahşeti zavallı ve ma'sûm slâm ahâlî üzerinde tatbîk etmek sûretiyle bütün âleme gösterdi. Binâ'en-aleyh bu mu'âmele-i elîme kazâ-yı mezkûrda erkek, kadın, genç ve ihtiyâr, çoluk ve çocuk elli bini mütecâviz halkın zelîl ve sefîl bir sûretde bütün dünyaca muhterem tutulan yalnız ırzlarının muhâfazası maksadıyla hicretlerine sebebiyet verdi. Yunan askerlerinin en birinci eğlence ve meserreti katl-i nüfûs, hetk-i nâmûs, nehb-i emvâl teşkîl ediyor. Kurûn-ı Vustâ'daki vahşetler, îkâ' edilmiş el-yevm îkâ' edilmekde bulunmuş olan şu mezâlime rahmet okuduyor. Ber-mûceb-i mütârekenâmeadâlet ve insâniyet ve merdliklerinden emîn olduğumuz Düvel-i Mu'azzama'ya i'timâd etmiş idik. Şu vahşetden Müslümanların ale'l-husûs Soma kazâsı ve Soma kasabası, müctemi' Bergama halkının vikâye ve tahlîsi âlem-i beşeriyyet nâmına hâdim-i insâniyyet ve hâmi-i beşeriyyet olan sizlerden taleb ve ricâ ve hicretemüheyyâ Soma halkının te'mîn-i efkârı içün tedâbîr-i lâzımenin tatbîk ve icrâsına intizâr eyleriz fermân. Soma Kasabası Ahâlîsi Nâmına Belediye Re'îsi Osman Nuri

3984:" Moreover, he tells the story of a fellow doctor-officer Giannis Tzogias during their retreat, who did not stop two Greek soldiers from raping 2 Turkish girls out of fear nor shot nor reported them to their commander Trikoupis. The memoirs of Doctor Apostolidis regarding the state of Uşak and raping of Turkish girls are also verified in the official Ottoman documents from Uşak and from other Occupation zones. A report written by the Kaymakam of Balya, sent to the Ministry of Internal Affairs stated that Greek soldiers were raping girls even at the age of 10 and have done these rapings by locking the males of the villages (Aravacık, Hacı Hüseyin, Mancılık, Deliler and Haydaroba villages) in the mosques with the help of local Greeks who were informing the soldiers about the whereabouts of the beautiful girls and women. This report included the reports of the headmaster Mehmed Salih of the 433: 3508:

structure and had no way of retaining such a large territory under constant attack by initially irregular and later regular Turkish troops. The idea that such large force could sustain offensive by mainly "living off the land" proved wrong. Although the Greek Army had to retain a large territory after September 1921, the Greek Army was more motorized than the Turkish Army. The Greek Army had in addition to 63,000 animals for transportation, 4,036 trucks and 1,776 automobiles/ambulances,(according to the Greek Army History Directorate total number of trucks, including ambulances, was 2500). Only 840 of them have been used for the advance to Angora, also 1.600 camels and a great number of ox and horse carts, whereas the Turkish Army relied on transportation with animals. They had 67,000 animals (of whom were used as: 3,141 horse carts, 1,970 ox carts, 2,318

298: 207: 4114: 3166: 3592:. Rummel estimates that 440,000 Armenian civilians and 264,000 Greek civilians were killed by Turkish forces during the Turkish War of Independence between 1919 and 1922. However, he also gives the figures in his study of between 1.428 and 4.388 million dead of whom 2.781 millions were Armenian, Greek, Nestorians, Turks, Circassians and others, in line 488. British historian and journalist Arnold J. Toynbee stated that when he toured the region he saw numerous Greek villages that had been burned to the ground. Toynbee also stated that the Turkish troops had clearly, individually and deliberately, burned down each house in these villages, pouring petrol on them and taking care to ensure that they were totally destroyed. There were massacres throughout 1920–23, the period of the 8196:Γέροι, γυναίκες και παιδιά είχαν κλειστεί στο τζαμί. Τους πήραν χαμπάρι κάποιοι φαντάροι δικοί μας, αλλά θρασύδειλοι όπως είναι όλοι οι παλιάνθρωποι, δεν τόλμησαν λόγω του πλήθους παραβιάσουν την πόρτα του τζαμιού και να μπουν να βιάσουν της γυναίκες, μάζεψαν ξηρά άχυρα, τα 'ρίξαν από τα παράθυρα μέσα Βάζοντας τους φωτιά. Καθώς τους έπνιγε ο καπνός ο κόσμος άρχισε να βγαίνει έξω από την πόρτα τότε οι τιποτένιοι αυτοί βάλαν τα αθώα γυναικόπαιδα στη σκοποβολή και σκότωσαν κάμποσα. Το επεισόδιο αυτό λέγαν ότι έγινε κάπου γύρω από τό Ούσιάκ και έτσι νομίζω εξηγείται ή ίδιαίτερη σκληρότητα του πληθυσμού του Ούσιάκ άπέναντί μας τις πρώτες μέρες. Κάρφωναν μεγάλα καρφιά στό πάτωμα, έδεναν σ' αυτά τις κοτσίδες των γυναικών για να τις ακινητοποιήσουν και τις βίαζαν ομαδικά. 8225:

kadın ve kızların evleri yerli Rumlardan öğrenilerek geceleri evlerinden alınıp dağa kaldırıldığı, Uşak kaymakamı ve eşrâftan yirmi sekiz kişi dahil olmak üzere yüzlerce kadın ve çocuğun Atina'ya gönderildiği, pek çok kişinin ateş üzerinde baş aşağı asılmak gibi çeşitli işkencelerle öldürüldüğü, ahalinin cepheye sevkedilip siper kazdırıldığı, Müslüman mezarlarının açılıp ölülerin kafalarının kopartılarak Rum çocuklarına top oynatıldığı, Şabanköy'de Yunanlıların Kuva-yı Milliye'yi çağırdıkları ve Yunan askerlerini kırdırttıkları bahanesiyle Müslüman halktan, ateş üzerinde yakmak, boğazlamak, ırz ve namusa tecavüz etmek gibi işkenceler yaparak intikam aldıkları, tarafsız devletlerden oluşturulacak bir tahkik heyetinin acilen gönderilmesi gerektiği. 28 Haziran 1922

1620: 245: 227: 3711:, whose account has been criticised by scholars as anti-Turkish, claimed, "One of the cleverest statements circulated by the Turkish propagandists is to the effect that the massacred Christians were as bad as their executioners, that it was '50–50'." On this issue he comments: "Had the Greeks, after the massacres in the Pontus and at Smyrna, massacred all the Turks in Greece, the record would have been 50–50 – almost." As an eye-witness, he also praises Greeks for their "conduct ... toward the thousands of Turks residing in Greece, while the ferocious massacres were going on", which, according to his opinion, was "one of the most inspiring and beautiful chapters in all that country's history". 9026:Τά κτήνη όμως ήτο άδύνατον να παραληφθώσιν όλα. Ή διαταγή τής Στρατιάς έλεγε νά έπιβιβασθώσι μόνον κέλητες και ίπποι έλάσεως καί μεγαλόσωμοι ήμίονοι, νά έγκαταλειφθώσι δέ τά άσθενή ζώα καί τά ύπόλοιπα νά τυφεκισθούν, δια να μή περιέλθουν είς χείρας τού έχθρού, έφ' όσον μάλιστα οι Έλληνες κάτοικοι άνεχώρουν. Τά προηγηθέντα ήμών τμήματα τού Β' Σώματος Στρατού είχον έγκαταλείψει χιλιάδας κτηνών, άτινα διψώντα καί μή ύπάρχοντος πουθενά ρέοντος ύδατος περιεφέροντο πενθίμως περί τά πηγάδια, μέ την έλπίδα νά ποτισθούν. Μία έπί πλέον ύλική ζημία διά τήν χώραν μας κολοσσιαία, μαζί μέ τάς άλλας, ήτο και ή άπώλεια τόσων ζώων. 'Αλλά και ό μέχρις άσυνειδησίας έγωισμός πολλών άνδρών έπηύξανε τας δυσκολίας. 2642:

war, had stayed in power without elections since 1915. At the same time they promoted the idea of disengagement in Asia Minor, without though presenting a clear plan as to how this would happen. On the contrary, Venizelos was identified with the continuation of a war that did not seem to go anywhere. The majority of the Greek people were both war-weary and tired of the almost dictatorial regime of the Venizelists, so opted for change. To the surprise of many, Venizelos won only 118 out of the total 369 seats. The crushing defeat obliged Venizelos and a number of his closest supporters to leave the country. To this day his rationale to call elections at that time is questioned.

3194: 3826:, states that the returning Greek Army belonging to the 4th regiment found around 40 dead Greek soldiers and commenced their "Retaliation Workshops". He mentions that a young Turkish child from Lesbos and a mother was also among the civilians massacred. The skull of the living people (Turks), were slowly cut with a saw. Arms were crushed with weights and eyes were gouged out with whatever tools the Greek soldiers had. He also adds that the Turks were huddled in the shack of the Workshop, watching and waiting in line. In later versions, this part was deleted and revised to only "There was a lot of retaliation then" These events are also mentioned by the mayor of 722: 338: 4286:. On January 20, 1923, during Lausanne Negotiations, İsmet Paşa's referendum about Greek devastations in Anatolia stated that 134,040 Horses, 63,926 Donkeys and Mules were killed or removed and the total amount of all animals including sheep, goats, cows, camels, oxen and buffaloes killed or removed were 3,291,335. This figure and the memorandum are only regarding animals in the Greek Occupation areas in Western Anatolia, the destruction of property and animals in Eastern Thrace is not included in this memorandum. Venizelos' reply on the same day did not include a contrary statement to the destruction of animals. The Greek Independent Division, also left in 733: 382: 693: 679: 190: 3968:

accepted the advent of Greek rule without demur, and in some cases, undoubtedly prefer it to the Nationalist regime which seems to have been founded on terrorism". British military personnel observed that the Greek army near Uşak was warmly welcomed by the Muslim population for "being freed from the license and oppression of the Nationalist troops"; there were "occasional cases of misconduct" by the Greek troops against the Muslim population, and the perpetrators were prosecuted by the Greek authorities, while the "worst miscreants" were "a handful of Armenians recruited by the Greek army", who were then sent back to Constantinople.

8710:Όλα τά χωρία τής πεδιάδος έκαίοντο άπό τούς προπορευομένους κατά τήν ύποχώρησιν φυγάδας καί δέν εύρίσκομεν ούτε ένα κάτοικον διά νά μας δώση μίαν πληροφορίαν ή νά τόν πάρωμεν ώς οδηγόν.24 Αύγούστου. Το Σαλιχλή άπό τό όποίον διήλθομεν καίγεται.25 Αύγούστου. Άργά τήν πρωίαν έφθάσαμεν είς Κασαμπά. Ή πόλις έκαίετο. Στρατιώται καταγόμενοι έκ Κασαμπά έβλεπον τάς οίκίας των καιομένας. Άλλά εύρέθησαν καί μερικοί Τούρκοι, οι όποίοι έν τή έπελπισία των, έπυροβόλουν έκ τών οίκιών των, ένας έφιππος στρατιώτης τής άκολουθίας μου έφονεύθη.Ή Μαγνησία, κατοικουμένη υπό 80 χιλ. κατοίκων και μένεα πνέουσα διά τήν πυρπόλησίν της, δεν ήτο άκίνδυνος. 7979:Şark Hattı Askerî Komîserliği'nin 9/4/37 târîh ve 194 numaralu raporu sûretidir. Uzunköprü kazâsına tâbi' Hamidiye karyesinden bir İslâm kadını zevcinin silâhlarını söylemesi maksadıyla tehdîden bacaklarından bir ağaca asılarak donuna bir kedi konulmuş, altına yakılan ateşin dumanıyla iz'âc olunmuşdur. 5 – Yunanlılar tarafından tevehhüm edilen Türk çetelerinin gûyâ mevki'lerini söyletmek içün Silivri'ye tâbi' Seymen karyesi Muhtâr-ı Evveli Efrahim Ağa koltuklarından asılmak ve ayakları altına ateş yakılmak sûretiyle ta'zîb edilmiş ve Muhtâr-ı Sânî Hasan Ağa dahi fenâ hâlde darbedilerek mahfûzan Fenar karyesine gönderilmişdir. 263: 2945: 3704:

desert of other hundreds of thousands, the destruction of hundreds of villages and many cities", all part of "the willful execution" of a "scheme to annihilate the Armenian, Greek and Syrian Christians of Turkey". However, months prior to the First World War, 100,000 Greeks were deported to Greek islands or the interior which Morgenthau stated, "for the larger part these were bona-fide deportations; that is, the Greek inhabitants were actually removed to new places and were not subjected to wholesale massacre. It was probably the reason that the civilized world did not protest against these deportations".

421: 2753: 3353: 3830:, Osman Nuri, in his telegraph dated 20 June 1919. He stated that more than 50 thousand Muslim refugees had arrived to his jurisdiction from the surroundings of Bergama, and that the Greek soldiers had committed atrocities that are much worse than even the atrocities committed in the Middle Ages. In these events, he adds that the Greek soldiers had turned their atrocities to civilians, which includes murder, rape, and pillaging of households into an amusement for themselves. A similar atrocity was witnessed by Lieutenant Ali Rıza Akıncı on the morning of 8 September 1922, in the 3080: 2462: 283: 57: 3226: 2902:, met at Kütahya where they debated the future of the campaign. The Greeks, with their faltering morale rejuvenated, failed to appraise the strategic situation that favoured the defending side; instead, pressed for a 'final solution', the leadership was polarised into the risky decision to pursue the Turks and attack their last line of defence close to Ankara. The military leadership was cautious and asked for more reinforcements and time to prepare, but did not go against the politicians. Only a few voices supported a defensive stance, including 8573:Η φάλαγξ μας εσυνέχισε την πορείαν της προς Παζαρτζίκ, όπερ κατελάβομεν κατόπιν μικράς αντιστάσεως του εχθρού και το οποίον ο στρατός μας επυρπόλησε. Ητο κωμόπολις 3.500 κατοίκων περίπου, εις άκρον πλουσία και ωραία, ως εκ του τρόπου δε κατασκευής των οικιών του από σανίδας και ξύλα, κατεστράφη τελείως εκ της πυρκαϊάς εις διάστημα ολίγων μόνον ωρών. Οι κάτοικοι είχον εγκαταλείψει το χωρίον ευθύς ως αντελήφθησαν προελαύνοντα τα τμήματά μας, πλην ελαχίστων γερόντων τους οποίους ηναγκάσθησαν να αφήσουν εκεί λόγω του δυσχερούς της μεταφοράς των 2793: 4045: 3738: 4020:, gave an estimate of 1.5 million Anatolian Muslims that had either been exiled or died in the areas of the Greek occupation zone. McCarthy lowers the estimate to 1,246,068 Muslim population loss between 1914 and 1922 in Anatolia, and arbitrarily ascribes 640,000 of those as occurring in both the Greek and British zones of operation in 1919–1922. McCarthy's work has faced harsh criticism by scholars who have characterized McCarthy's views as indefensibly biased towards Turkey and the Turkish official position as well as engaging in 8126:Οι φωνές και τα κλάματα των γυναικών και των παιδιών δεν παύουνε μέρα νύχτα. Ολο το δάσος, και ιδίως τα πιο κλειστά μέρη, είναι γεμάτα κόσμο και ρουχισμό. Κάθε γυναίκα, κάθε παιδί και κάθε αδύνατο μέρος είναι στη διάθεση του κάθε Ελληνα στρατιώτη. Δεν έχουν τελειωμό οι διηγήσεις των φαντάρων τι είδανε και τι κάνανε σ' αυτό το διάστημα. Συνάντησαν, λένε, ολόκληρες οικογένειες, πολλές γυναίκες, όμορφες κι άσκημες. Αλλες κλαίγανε, άλλες θρηνούσανε τον άντρα τους, την τιμή τους να πράξουν ό,τι η συνείδηση κι η ψυχή τους βαστάει. 3768: 744: 394: 2204: 2995: 2431: 2556: 2518: 370: 356: 2891:. The plan of the Greeks was to cut Anatolia in two, as the above towns were on the main rail-lines connecting the hinterland with the coast. Eventually, after breaking the stiff Turkish defences, they occupied these strategically important centres. Instead of pursuing and decisively crippling the nationalists' military capacity, the Greek Army halted. In consequence, and despite their defeat, the Turks managed to avoid encirclement and made a strategic retreat on the east of the 7736:Στην κατοχή, όξω απ' τήν Πέργαμο βρέθηκαν τα πτώματα, καμιά σαρανταριά φαντάροι δικοί μας, σφαγμένοι και πεταλωμένοι.Ύστερα πήγε εκεί το 4ο Σύνταγμα. Έγινε ένα "Συνεργείο Αντιποίνων". Τοποθετήθηκε ένα νέο παιδί, Μυτιληνιός. Ήταν μάνα. Σκαρφίζουνταν ένα σωρό πράγματα: Το κρανίο κόβεται σιγά-σιγά με το πριόνι, έναν κύκλο γύρω, τα χέρια λιανίζουνται με μιά βαριά, δύο μάτια βγαίνουν εύκολα με ό,τι να'ναι. Οι εχτροί κουβανιούνταν στην παράγκα του Συνεργείου, βλέπαν και περιμέναν σειρά 2921: 589: 568: 3784:"burnt and plundered houses, recent corpses, and terror stricken survivors" but also witnessed robbery by Greek civilians and arson by Greek soldiers in uniform as they were being perpetrated. Toynbee wrote that as soon as the Greek Army landed, they started committing atrocities against Turkish civilians, as they "laid waste the fertile Maeander (Meander) Valley", and forced thousands of Turks to take refuge outside the borders of the areas controlled by the Greeks. 3243: 2616: 8945:Το Ουσάκ καίεται. Ολα τα γύρω χωριά παραδίδονται εις τας φλόγας. Φωτιά, παντού φωτιά. Μετά πορείαν δώδεκα συνεχών ωρών φθάνομεν εις το χωρίον Εϋνέκ, κείμενον εντός χαράδρας, φωτιζομένης με αγρίαν μεγαλοπρέπειαν από τας φλόγας του καιομένου χωρίου. Φθάνομεν εις τον Κασαμπά, ο οποίος καίεται απ' άκρου εις άκρον. Το παμφάγον πυρ γλείφει με τας πυρίνας γλώσσας του αδιακρίτως τα κωδωνοστάσια των Εκκλησιών καθώς και τους μιναρέδες των τζαμιών» 8913:Άπό την έπομένη, ένώ άκόμη δέν είχε δοθεί καμιά διαταγή γιά σύμπτυξη καί ύποχώρηση, οί έλληνες κάτοικοι της πόλης Άϊδίνι ώς καί άλλοι χριστιανοί, άνέβαιναν στους σιδηροδρομικούς συρμούς πού άναχωρούσαν γιά τή Σμύρνη, παρατώντας στό χώρο του σταθμού τα υπάρχοντά τους καί το χειρότερο βάζοντας φωτιά στα σπίτια των για να μή τα βρουν άκέραια οί τουρκοι. Προσπάθειες στρατιωτικών τμημάτων να σβύσουν τίς πυρκαγιές δεν έφερναν κανένα άποτέλεσμα. 753: 707: 406: 319: 2311: 3326:. The response from the Dominions was negative (with the exception of New Zealand). Furthermore, Italian and French forces abandoned their positions at the straits and left the British alone to face the Turks. On 24 September, Mustafa Kemal's troops moved into the straits zones and refused British requests to leave. The British cabinet was divided on the matter but eventually any possible armed conflict was prevented. British General 3730:, the Greeks of Asia Minor endured immeasurable cruelty during a Turkish government-sanctioned systematic campaign to displace them; destroying Greek towns and villages and slaughtering additional hundreds of thousands of civilians in areas where Greeks composed a majority, as on the Black Sea coast, Pontus, and areas around Smyrna; those who survived were exiled from Turkey and today they and their descendants live throughout the 3624:

those wretched men in the hospitals of Konya, stretched upon their beds or on the ground, resembling living skeletons, longing for death to end their sufferings...To describe this disastrous situation I shall conclude that as a result of high level of mortality the cemetery of Konya is full of corpses of the soldiers serving in the labor battalions, and in each tomb there lie four, five or sometimes even six corpses just like dogs.

2474: 2163:, "which lay in an overwhelmingly Turkish Anatolia." Precise demographics are further obscured by the Ottoman policy of dividing the population according to religion rather than descent, language, or self-identification. On the other hand, contemporaneous British and American statistics (1919) support the point that the Greek element was the most numerous in the region of Smyrna, counting 375,000, while Muslims were 325,000. 445: 4998:

if it evacuated Anatolia, Greece would lose the support of Britain, after France and Italy, and would be left alone; it could not afford to leave the Anatolian Greeks, whom they had been inflaming, alone with their fate. In the end, he accepted Venizelos' expansionist policy and to become a soldier of the British. For this reason, he did not touch some of the Venizelist commanders who knew the Anatolian events well.")

3749:

which included Turkish soldiers, and on 13 September, a fire from the Armenian quarter of the city had engulfed the Christian waterfront of the city, leaving the city devastated. The responsibility for the fire is a controversial issue; some sources blame Turks, and some sources blame Greeks or Armenians. Some 50,000 to 100,000 Greeks and Armenians were killed in the fire and accompanying massacres.

2691: 2857: 8155:

aksamı simsiyah halde yanmıştı. Yarab, nedir bu manzara? Buralarda gezerken bazı kadınlara tesadüf ettik ki, insan olduğuna hükmetmek için şahit lazım idi. Bütün düşman askerleri tarafından ırzlarına tesallut edilmiş ve ayakları kolları kırılmış, bütün vücutları, yüzleri simsiyah olmuş ve maattessüf tecennün etmişlerdi. Bu mazara karşısında herkes hıçkırıkla ağlıyor ve intikam diye bağırıyordu.

3298:"Our demands remain the same after our recent victory as they were before. We ask for Asia Minor, Thrace up to the river Maritsa and Constantinople... We must have our capital and I should in that case be obliged to march on Constantinople with my army, which will be an affair of only a few days. I must prefer to obtain possession by negotiation though, naturally I cannot wait indefinitely." 4697:: "...the occupation of western Turkey by the Greek armies under the control of the Allied Powers, the discord among them was evident and publicly known. As the Italians were against this occupation from the beginning, and started "secretly" helping the Kemalists, this conflict among the Allied Powers, and the Italian support for the Kemalists were reported regularly by the American press. 2960:(23 August – 13 September 1921). The Turkish defense positions were centred on series of heights, and the Greeks had to storm and occupy them. The Turks held certain hilltops and lost others, while some were lost and recaptured several times over. Yet the Turks had to conserve men, for the Greeks held the numerical advantage. The crucial moment came when the Greek army tried to take 2402:

the King resulted in a deep personal rift between the two, which spilled over into their followers and the wider Greek society. Greece became divided into two radically opposed political camps, as Venizelos set up a separate state in Northern Greece, and eventually, with Allied support, forced the King to abdicate. In May 1917, after the exile of Constantine, Venizélos returned to

2964:, 40 kilometres (25 mi) south of Ankara, but the Turks held out. Greek advances into Anatolia had lengthened their lines of supply and communication and they were running out of ammunition. The ferocity of the battle exhausted both sides but the Greeks were the first to withdraw to their previous lines. The thunder of cannon was plainly heard in Ankara throughout the battle. 3958:

God!), what is this view? While we were wandering around, we came across even to some women who needed a witness to judge that they were human. They were raped by all the enemy soldiers and their feet and arms were broken, their whole bodies and faces were black, and they were sadly gone crazy. In the face of this tragedy, everyone (Akindjis) was sobbing and crying for revenge.

8601:τα υποχωρούντα τμήματα του στρατού μας θέτουν πυρ εις χωρία εξ ων διερχόμεθα και εις τα εν αφθονία ευρισκόμενα ακόμη εις τους αγρούς σιτηρά. Οι κάτοικοι των διαφόρων χωρίων, περίτρομοι, συγκεντρωμένοι εις τας παρυφάς των χωρίων των, περίλυποι αλλά και μη τολμώντες ουδέν να πράξωσι, παρακολουθούσι το θέαμα. Δυστυχώς, δεν έλειψαν και παρεκτροπαί και βιαιότητες των στρατιωτών μας 4233:, after being surrounded by the Greeks, all the inhabitants were put into the mosque, and the mosque was burned. The few who escaped the fire were shot. The Italian consul, M. Miazzi, reported that he had just visited a Turkish village where Greeks had slaughtered some sixty women and children. This report was then corroborated by Captain Kocher, the French consul. 4260:

licking the damp stones on the dried fountain heads. Some of the poor animals were dead and some were about to die. We paused in the face of this heart-wrenching sight and collected and cared for those who could possibly be saved. We were also very saddened by the fact that the artillery carrier horses were killed by being tied to their feet with wires.

5939:... on May 15, 1919, Greek troops disembarked in the city's harbor to take possession of their prize. It was a scene of rejoicing and revenge, dramatically evoked by Mr. Milton. The local Greeks, who had long nurtured a grievance against the Ottoman state and had been severely persecuted during the war, welcomed the Greek army as liberators. 4987:

Yunanistan'ın Fransa ve İtalya'dan sonra, İngiltere'nin de desteğini kaybedip yalnız kalacağını anlar; azdırdıkları Anadolu Rumlarını yazgılarıyla baş başa bırakmayı da göze alamaz. Sonunda Venizelos'un yayılmacı politikasını ve İngilizlerin askeri olmayı kabul eder. Bu sebeple Anadolu olaylarını iyi bilen bazı Venizeloscu komutanlara dokunmaz.

4276:"The Greeks were nice chaps too. When they evacuated they had all their baggage animals they couldn't take off with them so they just broke their forelegs and dumped them into the shallow water. All those mules with their forelegs broken pushed over into the shallow water. It was all a pleasant business. My word yes a most pleasant business." 9059:

kurumuş Çeşme başlarındaki nemli taşları yalıyordu. Zavallı hayvanların bir kısmı ölmüş diğer bir kısmı da ölmek üzereydi. Bu yürekleri sızlatan manzara karşısında durakladık ve kurtarılmaları mümkün olabilenleri topladık, bakımlarını yaptırdık. Top çeken kat anaların ayaklarına tellerle bağlanarak öldürülmüş olmaları da bizi bir hayli üzdü.

4773: 3523:, the Allies had dissolved the Ottoman army, confiscated all Ottoman weapons and ammunition, hence the Turkish National Movement which was in the progress of establishing a new army, was in desperate need of weapons. In addition to the weapons not yet confiscated by the Allies, they enjoyed Soviet support from abroad, in return for giving 3537:

into field. Its morale was high. Judged by Balkan standards, its staff was capable, its discipline and organization good." Turkish troops had a determined and competent strategic and tactical command, manned by World War I veterans. The Turkish army enjoyed the advantage of being in defence, executed in the new form of 'area defence'.

4990:("The task of forcing the nationalists to accept the Treaty of Sèvres and of course the Tripartite Agreement at gunpoint was offered to the Greek army through the British, and it accepted it. In return for this service, the Greek government hoped that, in addition to Izmir and Eastern Thrace, Istanbul would also be given to Greece. 2223:. From the time of Greek independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1830, the Megali Idea had played a major role in Greek politics. Greek politicians, since the independence of the Greek state, had made several speeches on the issue of the "historic inevitability of the expansion of the Greek Kingdom." For instance, Greek politician 2933:. Constantine's battle cry was "to Angira" and the British officers were invited, in anticipation, to a victory dinner in the city of Kemal. It was envisaged that the Turkish Revolutionaries, who had consistently avoided encirclement would be drawn into battle in defence of their capital and destroyed in a battle of attrition. 3317:"Another night a destroyer... stopped a boatload of Turkish women who were crossing from Asia Minor...On being searched for arms it turned out all the women were men. They were all armed and later proved to be Kemalist officers sent over to organize the Turkish population in the suburbs in case of an attack on Constantinople" 2842:. The Bolsheviks supported Mustafa Kemal and his forces with money and ammunition. In 1920 alone, Bolshevik Russia supplied the Kemalists with 6,000 rifles, over 5 million rifle cartridges, and 17,600 shells as well as 200.6 kg (442.2 lb) of gold bullion. In the subsequent two years the amount of aid increased. 1689:

Greek occupation of Western Anatolia, left the conference and did not return to Paris until 5 May. The absence of the Italian delegation from the Conference ended up facilitating Lloyd George's efforts to persuade France and the United States to support Greece and prevent Italian operations in Western Anatolia.

7840:

7 Eylül 1338 akşamını Kula'da geçirdik. İki sene evvelsi kasabada katliam yaparak ihtiyar müftüyü bile öldüren Rumlardan öç alma zamanı gelmişti. Sabaha kadar bunlarla hesabımızı gördük. Kuşluk vakti Saruhanlı istasyonuna geldik. İstasyonda Yunan mezaliminin tüyler ürperten bir hadisesine daha şahit

4992:

However, an unexpected event will confuse Greece. King Alexander dies. Venizelos decides to renew the elections in order to prevent Constantine's return to the throne and enters the elections with the slogan "Constantine or me!". The people elect Constantine and the party that supports him. Venizelos

4986:

Venizelos'un sürgüne yolladığı, hapse attırdığı siviller ve askerler, tıpkı Hürriyet ve İtilaf Partililer gibi, iktidar özlemi ve kinle tutuşmuş bir halde yeniden sahnede boy gösterirler. Kralcı General Papulas, Anadolu'daki Yunan ordusunun komutanlığa atanır. İktidar, Anadolu'yu boşalttığı takdirde,

4189:

Greek soldier Vasilis Diamantopoulos, who in 1922 was stationed in Aydın and was captured when he and his units (18th Greek Infantry Regiment) reached the outskirts of İzmir on 10 September 1922, states that local Greeks and other Christians of Aydın started burning their own homes in the city before

4133:

while it was being burned from its one end to the other. While the city was being burned by the Greek Army, neither Turkish nor Greek quarters were spared from the burning. Moreover, he adds that the Greek Army looted both Greek houses, as well as Turkish ones. Gonatas also adds that every village in

4089:

in his diary dating to 17 September 1921. The retreating units of the Greek Army were burning the villages on its path while the civilian Turkish population, whose villages were being burned, could not dare to confront the Greek Army. He also states that the burning happened while the grain was still

2166:

Greek Prime Minister Venizelos stated to a British newspaper that "Greece is not making war against Islam, but against the anachronistic Ottoman Government, and its corrupt, ignominious, and bloody administration, with a view to expelling it from those territories where the majority of the population

8892:

14 Eylül saat 06.00'da hareket eden 2 nci Süvari Tümeni, saat 12.30' da Dikili'ye vardı. Yunanlıların son kâfilesi 13/14 Eylül gecesi kasabayı yakarak vapurlarla Midilli'ye geçmiş olduklarından. Süvari Tümeni Yunan birliklerine rastlamadı. 14 ncü Piyade Tümeni 14 Eylül akşamı saat 18.00'de Dikili'ye

8784:

Kolordu komutanı Zeytinler köyünün doğu sırtlarına geldi. 15 Eylül 1922 günü de takibe devam edilmesini, Alaçatı – Ilıcaköy hattının tutulmasını saat 19.00'da emretti. Kolordunun harekât bölgesinde erzak, yem ve saman tedariki imkânsızdı. Çünkü buralardaki bütün köyler (Rum köyleri dahil) Yunanlılar

4997:

The civilians and soldiers exiled and imprisoned by Venizelos reappeared on the stage, just like the members of the Freedom and Accord Party, fuelled by a longing for power and a grudge. The royalist General Papoulas was appointed commander of the Greek army in Anatolia. The government realised that

3919:

of Aydın, dated 9 July 1919, to the State of Internal Affairs. In the telegraph, it is stated that the Greek Army, as well as the local Greek irregular bands, murdered innocent Muslims, including children, secretly and openly raped women, and burned the city down with the help of cannons. During the

3895:

wrote that they obtained convincing evidence that similar atrocities had been committed in wider areas all over the remainder of the Greek-occupied territories since June 1921. He argued that "the situation of the Turks in Smyrna City had become what could be called without exaggeration, a 'reign of

3871:

was hanged upside down in a tree and was burned with the fire below her, while a cat was put inside her underwear while being forced to confess the location of her husband's weapons. Moreover, the report included a similar example of the same atrocity done to Efrahim Ağa, the elder muhtar of village

3670:

wrote: "The smell of the burning bodies of women and children in Pontus" said the message "comes as a warning of what is awaiting the Christian in Asia Minor after the withdrawal of the Hellenic army." In the first few months of 1922, 10,000 Greeks were killed by advancing Kemalist forces, according

3434:

with the Turkish nationalists. The French, like the other Allied powers, had changed their support to the Turks in order to build a strong buffer state against the Bolsheviks after October 1921 and were looking to leave. After the Greeks had failed again to knock out the Turks in the decisive Battle

3042:

In March 1922, the Allies proposed an armistice. Feeling that he now held the strategic advantage, Mustafa Kemal declined any settlement while the Greeks remained in Anatolia and intensified his efforts to re-organise the Turkish military for the final offensive against the Greeks. At the same time,

2593:

In October 1920, the Greek army advanced further east into Anatolia, with the encouragement of Lloyd George, who intended to increase pressure on the Turkish and Ottoman governments to sign the Treaty of Sèvres. This advance began under the Liberal government of Eleftherios Venizelos, but soon after

2578:. More importantly, Turkey renounced to Greece all rights over Imbros and Tenedos, retaining the small territories of Constantinople, the islands of Marmara, and "a tiny strip of European territory". The Straits of Bosporus were placed under an International Commission, as they were now open to all. 2188:

Through its failure, the Greek invasion may have instead exacerbated the atrocities that it was supposed to prevent. Arnold J. Toynbee blamed the policies pursued by Great Britain and Greece, and the decisions of the Paris Peace conference as factors leading to the atrocities committed by both sides

1688:

signed on 26 April 1917, which settled the "Middle Eastern interest" of Italy, was overridden with the Greek occupation, as Smyrna (İzmir) was part of the territory promised to Italy. Before the occupation the Italian delegation to the Paris Peace Conference, 1919, angry about the possibility of the

1089:** Greece took 22,071 military and civilian prisoners. Of those were 520 officers and 6,002 soldiers. During the prisoner exchange in 1923, 329 officers, 6,002 soldiers and 9,410 civilian prisoners arrived in Turkey. The remaining 6,330, mostly civilian prisoners, presumably died in Greek captivity. 8313:

Of all the estimates of the number of Muslim refugees, the figures offered by İsmet Pașa (İnönü) at the Lausanne Peace Conference seem most accurate. He estimated that 1.5 million Anatolian Turks had been exiled or had died in the area of Greek occupation. This estimate may appear high, but it fits

8224:

Balya kazasını işgal eden Yunanlılar tarafından on yaşındaki kız çocuklarına dahi tecavüz edildiği, Aravacık köyü erkeklerinin camiye toplanarak evlerde kalan kadın ve kızların namuslarının kirletildiği, Hacı Hüseyin, Mancılık, Deliler ve Haydaroba köylerinde de aynı olayların yaşandığı, güzel genç

3527:

to the Soviet Union. The Soviets also provided monetary aid to the Turkish National Movement, not to the extent that they promised but almost in sufficient amount to make up the large deficiencies in the promised supply of arms. One of the main reasons for Soviet support was that Allied forces were

3498:

Having adequate supplies was a constant problem for the Greek Army. Although it was not lacking in men, courage or enthusiasm, it was soon lacking in nearly everything else. Due to her poor economy, Greece could not sustain long-term mobilisation. According to a British report from May 1922, 60,000

3416:

revealed that the morale of the Greek army was excellent and their courage was undoubted, he added that in his eyes the Kemalists were "not regular soldiers; they merely constituted a rabble worthy of little or no consideration". Still, the Allies had doubts about Greek military capacity to advance

3058:

After the failure of the March negotiations the obvious course of action for the Greeks was to withdraw to defensible lines around İzmir but at this point fantasy began to direct Greek policy, the Greeks stayed in their positions and planned a seizure of Constantinople, although this latter project

2936:

Despite the Soviet help, supplies were short as the Turkish army prepared to meet the Greeks. Owners of private rifles, guns and ammunition had to surrender them to the army and every household was required to provide a pair of underclothing and sandals. Meanwhile, the Turkish parliament, not happy

2401:

Eleftherios Venizelos had from an early point decided that Greece's interests would be best served by joining the Entente and started diplomatic efforts with the Allies to prepare the ground for concessions following an eventual victory. The disagreement and the subsequent dismissal of Venizelos by

2381:

The United Kingdom had hoped that strategic considerations might persuade Constantine to join the cause of the Allies, but the King and his supporters insisted on strict neutrality, especially whilst the outcome of the conflict was hard to predict. In addition, family ties and emotional attachments

2158:

from modern day Syria, Lebanon & Israel was 1,729,738. The suggestion that the Greeks constituted the majority of the population in the lands claimed by Greece has been contested by a number of historians. Cedric James Lowe and Michael L. Dockrill also argued that Greek claims about Smyrna were

8107:

Telgrafnâme Mahreci: Çine Numara: 64 Târîh: 9/7/35 Gâyet aceledir Bir dakîka te'hîri gayr-ı câizdir. Aydın Muhâsebecisi Nurullah Bey'in Çine'den çekdii telgrafnâme Dâhiliye Nezaretine Aydın'ın târîh-i bidâyet-i işgâlinden beru Yunanlılar tarafından gerek doğrudan doğruya gerek tertîb etdiği yerli

4308:

signed by both the Turkish and Greek governments, Greek orthodox citizens of Turkey and Turkish and Greek Muslim citizens residing in Greece were subjected to the population exchange between these two countries. Approximately 1,500,000 Orthodox Christians, being ethnic Greeks and ethnic Turks from

4138:

and later Manisa was burned by the retreating Greeks while keeping the Turkish inhabitants inside the city. He also adds that the destruction of properties by the Greek Army included even the houses of the Greek soldiers from Turgutlu. He adds that those soldiers witnessed the burning of their own

3988:

of Uşak on his reports dating to 12th & 28 May 1922. There the headmaster states that hundreds of women and children as well as 28 notables of Uşak were taken prisoners to Athens, many people were tortured by being burned while hanging upside down, civilians were used as trench diggers, graves

3978:

Old men, women and children were locked in the mosque. Some soldiers of ours took them (to other Greek soldiers) the news, but being cowards as all lowlifes are, they did not dare, because of the crowd, to breach the door of the mosque and enter to rape its women, they gathered dry straw, threw it

3947:

The voices and cries of women and children do not stop day and night. The entire forest, and especially the more hidden parts, are full of people and clothing. Every woman, every child, and every impossible place is at the disposal of every Greek soldier.They met as they say, entire families, many

3631:

governor Ebubekir Hâzım Tepeyran said in 1919 that the massacres were so horrible that he could not bear to report them. He referred to the atrocities committed against Greeks in the Black Sea region, and according to the official tally 11,181 Greeks were murdered in 1921 by the Central Army under

3536:

A British military attaché, who inspected the Greek Army in June 1921, was quoted as saying, " more efficient fighting machine than I have ever seen it." Later he wrote: "The Greek Army of Asia Minor, which now stood ready and eager to advance, was the most formidable force the nation had ever put

3130:

On 2 September, Eskişehir was captured and the Greek government asked Britain to arrange a truce that would at least preserve its rule in Smyrna. However Mustafa Kemal Atatürk had categorically refused to acknowledge even a temporary Greek occupation of Smyrna, calling it a foreign occupation, and

2833:

By this time all other fronts had been settled in favour of the Turks, freeing more resources for the main threat of the Greek Army. France and Italy concluded private agreements with the Turkish revolutionaries in recognition of their mounting strength. They viewed Greece as a British client, and

2581:

Turkey was furthermore forced to transfer to Greece "the exercise of her rights of sovereignty" over Smyrna in addition to "a considerable Hinterland, merely retaining a 'flag over an outer fort'." Though Greece administered the Smyrna enclave, its sovereignty remained, nominally, with the Sultan.

4241:

Greek scorched-earth policy also included mass slaughter of livestock. Stylianos Gonatas states that before embarking the ships in Çeşme on September 14–15, 1922, that the Greek Army ordered mass shooting of the horses and other animals and that this was the result of the egoistic recklessness of

4197:

no longer existed. Alashehir was no more than a dark scorched cavity, defacing the hillside. Village after village had been reduced to an ash-heap. Out of the eighteen thousand buildings in the historic holy city of Manisa, only five hundred remained." The burning of Uşak is also mentioned in the

3748:

By 9 September 1922, the Turkish army had entered Smyrna, with the Greek authorities having left two days before. Large scale disorder followed, with the Christian population suffering under attacks from soldiers and Turkish inhabitants. The Greek archbishop Chrysostomos had been lynched by a mob

3703:

from 1913 to 1916, accused the "Turkish government" of a campaign of "outrageous terrorizing, cruel torturing, driving of women into harems, debauchery of innocent girls, the sale of many of them at 80 cents each, the murdering of hundreds of thousands and the deportation to and starvation in the

3038:

Having failed to reach a military solution, Greece appealed to the Allies for help, but early in 1922 Britain, France and Italy decided that the Treaty of Sèvres could not be enforced and had to be revised. In accordance with this decision, under successive treaties, the Italian and French troops

2641:

scheduled to be held on 1 November 1920, suddenly became the focus of a new conflict between the supporters of Venizelos and the Royalists. The anti-Venizelist faction campaigned on the basis of accusations of internal mismanagement and authoritarian attitudes of the government, which, due to the

2602:

into peace negotiations. The advancing Greeks, still holding superiority in numbers and modern equipment at this point, had hoped for an early battle in which they were confident of breaking up ill-equipped Turkish forces. Yet they met with little resistance, as the Turks managed to retreat in an

9058:

Anadolu'dan kaçan Yunan askerleri köylerden topladıkları atlarla Çeşme'ye kadar kaçabilmişler yol boyunca otomobillerini, top ve cephane arabalarını yakarak bırakmışlar. Atları da yaralı, bereli sıska bir halde açlıktan, susuzluktan kimisi denize dağılmış, kimisi kumlara uzanıp kalmış. Kimisi de

8154:

22 Mayıs 1337–1921 Pazar: Koca bir kasaba kül halini almış ve pek çok taaffünat başlamıştı. Sokaklardan geçilemiyor, sokaklar bilinemiyordu. Her sokakta birçok vatandaş şehit edilmiş yatıyordu. Bazısının yalnız ayakları kalmış, bazısının yanlız bir kolu, bazısının yanlız bir başı kalarak diğer

4259:

Greek soldiers escaping from Anatolia were able to escape as far as Çeşme with the horses they gathered from the villages. Their horses were also injured, bruised and skinny, some of them were scattered in the sea from hunger and thirst, and some of them were lying on the sand. Some of them were

4005:

was "exemplary". According to an American witness, when the Greek army marched into Bursa on July 8, the troops and Bursa Greeks displayed "perfectly wonderful self-control" toward the town's Turkish inhabitants, "especially when you think what they have to remember of wrongs done them and their

3783:

wrote that there were organized atrocities following the Greek landing at Smyrna on 15 May 1919. He also stated that he and his wife were witnesses to the atrocities perpetrated by Greeks in the Yalova, Gemlik, and Izmit areas and they not only obtained abundant material evidence in the shape of

3623:

The miserable men in the labor battalions are dispersed in different directions in the far ends of the Empire, from the shores of Asia Minor and the Black Sea to the Caucasus, Bagdad, Mesopotamia and Egypt; some of them to build military roads, others to dig the tunnels of Bagdad railway...I saw

2488:

On 15 May 1919, twenty thousand Greek soldiers landed in Smyrna and took control of the city and its surroundings under cover of the Greek, French, and British navies. Legal justifications for the landings was found in Article 7 of the Armistice of Mudros, which allowed the Allies "to occupy any

2417:

The act of entering the war and the preceding events resulted in a deep political and social division in post–World War I Greece. The country's foremost political formations, the Venizelist Liberals and the Royalists, already involved in a long and bitter rivalry over pre-war politics, reached a

2377:

The National Schism in Greece was the deep split of Greek politics and society between two factions, the one led by Eleftherios Venizelos and the other by King Constantine, that predated World War I but escalated significantly over the decision on which side Greece should support during the war.

3967:

However, the Allied report concluded that the Ismid peninsula atrocities committed by the Turks "have been considerable and more ferocious than those on the part of the Greeks". In general, as reported by a British intelligence report: "the inhabitants of the occupied zone have, in most cases,

3957:

A whole town was turned into ashes and many bad smells began to spread. The streets could not be passed nor recognized. Many citizens lay martyred in every street. Some had only their feet, some had only one arm, some had only one head, and the other body parts had been burned black. Yarab (My

3363:

The Armistice of Mudanya was concluded on 11 October 1922. The Allies (Britain, France and Italy) retained control of eastern Thrace and the Bosporus. The Greeks were to evacuate these areas. The agreement came into force starting 15 October 1922, one day after the Greek side agreed to sign it.

3111:

in General Hatzianestis' place. According to the Greek Army General Staff, major generals Nikolaos Trikoupis and Kimon Digenis surrendered on 30 August 1922 by the village of Karaja Hissar due to lack of ammunitions, food and supplies On 1 September, Mustafa Kemal issued his famous order to the

2570:

In return for the contribution of the Greek army on the side of the Allies, the Allies supported the assignment of eastern Thrace and the millet of Smyrna to Greece. This treaty ended the First World War in Asia Minor and, at the same time, sealed the fate of the Ottoman Empire. Henceforth, the

3858:

of his homeland, went to the villages to search for rifles. In the villages, they hunted for any rich Turk, and tortured them by hanging the victim upside down, and burning the grass underneath in order for them to reveal where they hid weapons. Then, a Greek from Şile would go and say to him,

3540:

Mustafa Kemal presented himself as revolutionary to the communists, protector of tradition and order to the conservatives, patriot soldier to the nationalists, and a Muslim leader for the religious, so he was able to recruit all Turkish elements and motivate them to fight. The Turkish National

7808:

Soma belediye re'îsinin 20 Haziran sene 335 târîhli telgrafnâmesi Bugün Bergama kasabası Yunan askeri tarafından işgâl edildiği, Menemen kazâsında kâ'im-i makâm da dâhil olduğu hâlde icrâ edilüb katli'âma bir nazîre yapılmak üzre Bergama kazâsının da işbu işgâli esnâsında, asâkir-i Yunaniyye

4143:" killed a mounted retinue of the colonel. When Gonatas' units reached Urla, its local Greeks even formed a Militia unit to protect themselves from the retreating Greek Army and its civilian Greek and Irregular Armenian followers such as General Turkum's unit and Gonatas states that this was " 3254:

The vanguards of Turkish cavalry entered the outskirts of Smyrna on 9 September. On the same day, the Greek headquarters had evacuated the town. The Turkish cavalry rode into the town around eleven o'clock on the Saturday morning of 9 September. On 10 September, with the possibility of social

3046:

Voices in Greece increasingly called for withdrawal, and demoralizing propaganda spread among the troops. Some of the removed Venizelist officers organised a movement of "National Defense" and planned a coup to secede from Athens, but never gained Venizelos's endorsement and all their actions

2760:

By December 1920, the Greeks had advanced on two fronts, approaching Eskişehir from the North West and from Smyrna, and had consolidated their occupation zone. In early 1921 they resumed their advance with small scale reconnaissance incursions that met stiff resistance from entrenched Turkish

2541:(Philadelphia). The overall strategic objective of these operations, which were met by increasingly stiff Turkish resistance, was to provide strategic depth to the defence of Smyrna. To that end, the Greek zone of occupation was extended over all of Western and most of North-Western Anatolia. 3507:

served under arms in the Greek occupation (of this number, 6,000–10,000 were Circassians). In comparison, the Turks also had difficulties to find enough fit men, as a result of 1.5 million military casualties during World War I. Very soon, the Greek Army exceeded the limits of its logistical

3181: 2776:

Although some agreements were reached with Italy, France and Britain, the decisions were not agreed to by the Greek government, who believed that they still retained the strategic advantage and could yet negotiate from a stronger position. The Greeks initiated another attack on 27 March, the

4977:

Fakat beklenilmeyen bir olay Yunanistan'ı karıştıracaktır. Kral Aleksandros ölür. Venizelos, Konstantin'in tahta geri dönmesini engellemek için seçimleri yenilemeye karar verir ve seçime "ya Konstantin, ya ben!" sloganıyla girer. Halk Konstantin'i ve onu destekleyen partiyi seçer. Venizelos

1696:

argues: "The war between Turkey and Greece which burst out at this time was a defensive war for safeguarding of the Turkish homelands in Anatolia. It was a result of the Allied policy of imperialism operating in a foreign state, the military resources and powers of which were seriously

7029:

When it comes to Muslims population loss, the best estimates are those of McCarthy, who argues for an estimated population loss of 1,246,068 Muslims between 1914 and 1922 in Anatolia, and arbitrarily ascribes 640,000 of those as occurring in the Greek and British zones of operation in

3532:

against the Bolshevik regime, therefore the Turkish opposition was much favored by Moscow. The Italians were embittered from their loss of the Smyrna mandate to the Greeks, and they used their base in Antalya to arm and train Turkish troops to assist the Kemalists against the Greeks.

2129:

population inhabiting Anatolia that needed protection. Greeks had lived in Asia Minor since antiquity, and in 1912, there were 2.5 million Greeks in the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Census of 1906–1907 gives a higher figure for the entire Greek Orthodox population including Orthodox

4972:

Sevr Antlaşması'nı ve tabii Üçlü Anlaşma'yı milliyetçilere silah zoruyla kabul ettirmek görevi, İngilizlerin aracılığıyla Yunan ordusuna önerilir, o da kabul eder. Yunan hükümeti, bu hizmetine karşılık, İzmir ve Doğu Trakya'dan başka, İstanbul'un da Yunanistan'a verileceği ümidine

3842:

Harold Armstrong, a British officer who was a member of the Inter-Allied Commission, reported that as the Greeks pushed out from Smyrna, they massacred and raped civilians, and burned and pillaged as they went. However, other British officials found no evidence for this claim.

2582:

According to the provisions of the Treaty, Smyrna was to maintain a local parliament and, if within five years time she asked to be incorporated within the Kingdom of Greece, the provision was made that the League of Nations would hold a plebiscite to decide on such matters.

8742:Οι Βρυουλιώται έσχηματισαν πολιτοφυλακήν, ήτις φρουρεί τήν πόλιν των. Εάν αυτό έγινε δια την προφύλαξίν των από τήν λεηλασίαν τών ήμετέρων, ήτο σοφόν έργον προνοίας, αλλ' έάν νομίζουν ότι θά προφυλάξουν την πόλιν των και άπό τούς Τούρκους, μετά τήν άναχώρησιν μας, άπατώνται. 3936:

were massacred en masse, and prominent officials, including the Mutasarrıf, were arrested, and whether they were alive or not was unknown. Other examples where the Greek Commanders gave soldiers the freedom to commit all levels of atrocities include the events in and around

2418:

state of outright hatred towards each other. Both parties viewed the other's actions during the First World War as politically illegitimate and treasonous. This enmity inevitably spread throughout Greek society, creating a deep rift that contributed decisively to the failed

2652:

A month later a plebiscite called for the return of King Constantine. Soon after his return, the King replaced many of the World War I Venizelist officers and appointed inexperienced monarchist officers to senior positions. The leadership of the campaign was given to

3266:, while the Turkish as well as Jewish quarters were unharmed. Atrocities were committed against Greek and Armenian populaces, and their properties were pillaged. Most of the eye-witness reports identified troops from the Turkish army having set the fire in the city. 2184:

in January 1915, he wrote that: "I have the impression that the concessions to Greece in Asia Minor ... would be so extensive that another equally large and not less rich Greece will be added to the doubled Greece which emerged from the victorious Balkan wars."

3545:

started a fund to help the Turkish National struggle and sent both financial aid and constant letters of encouragement. Not all of the money arrived, and Mustafa Kemal decided not use the money that was sent by the Khilafet Committee. The money was restored in the

2231:

The Great Idea was not merely the product of 19th century nationalism. It was, in one of its aspects, deeply rooted in many Greeks' religious consciousnesses. This aspect was the recovery of Constantinople for Christendom and the reestablishment of the Christian

3954:

were also mentioned in the reports and the memoirs of İbrahim Ethem Akıncı, the commander of the Turkish Irregular "Demirci Akındjis" units and the Kaymakam of Demirci dating to 22 May 1921. The severity of the atrocities are mentioned with the following words:

4181:, in later versions the word "enemy" was changed to "Greek". This claim is also verified in the Turkish Military archives. The units that have burned Kırkağaç continued its scorched earth policy and also burned Dikili on the night of 13–14 September while the 6525:

Many Turks argue that it was the Greeks and Armenians themselves who started the fire, but reports from Western observers at the time lead most scholars to place the blame squarely on Turkish soldiers, who were seen igniting Christian-owned businesses in the

3836:

Nine Turkish villagers were killed, the dead were manipulated to disgrace humanity as long as the world stood still, and nine dead people were turned into a ring by putting the finger of one to the ass of the other, the genitals of one to the mouth of the

3330:, allied commander in Constantinople, kept his men from firing on Turks and warned the British cabinet against any rash adventure. The Greek fleet left Constantinople upon his request. The British finally decided to force the Greeks to withdraw behind the 3417:

in Anatolia, facing vast territories, long lines of communication, financial shortcomings of the Greek treasury and above all the toughness of the Turkish peasant/soldier. After the Greek failure to rout and defeat the new established Turkish army in the

3321:

The British cabinet initially decided to resist the Turks if necessary at the Dardanelles and to ask for French and Italian help to enable the Greeks to remain in eastern Thrace. The British government also issued a request for military support from its

3255:

disorder, Mustafa Kemal was quick to issue a proclamation, sentencing to death any Turkish soldier who harmed non-combatants. A few days before the Turkish capture of the city, Mustafa Kemal's messengers distributed leaflets with this order written in

2676:. The British government were also uneasy, but they preferred to wait. The Greeks, afraid of losing the support of the British, did not liquidate some Venizelist officers. The British continued to promise that they will give 850,000,000 golden franks. 3924:(Kuva-yi Milliye), the lives and properties of the local Greeks, even those who participated in the murders, were secured. After the return of the member of the national force, the Greek Army invaded Aydın once more (this time more vigorously), and " 9286: 2768:

on 11 January 1921. Even though this was a minor confrontation involving only one Greek division, it held political significance for the fledgling Turkish revolutionaries. This development led to Allied proposals to amend the Treaty of Sèvres at a

5057:

A. Strahan claimed that: "The internationalisation of Constantinople and the Straits under the aegis of the League of Nations, feasible in 1919, was out of the question after the complete and decisive Turkish victory over the Greeks". A. Strahan,

3407:

not to underestimate the enemy, that they would need only three months to defeat the already weakened Turks on their own. Exhausted from four years of bloodshed, no Allied power had the will to engage in a new war and relied on Greece. During the

2179:

was already under British control. Furthermore, Venizelos had already revealed his desires for annexation of territories from the Ottoman Empire in the early stages of World War I, before these massacres had taken place. In a letter sent to Greek

3603:. Many of the Greek deportations involved chiefly women and children as, by early 1915, most army-age Greek men had been mobilized in Ottoman labor battalions or had fled their homes to avoid conscription. According to Rendel, atrocities such as 5043:

According to John R. Ferris, "Decisive Turkish victory in Anatolia ... produced Britain's gravest strategic crisis between the 1918 Armistice and Munich, plus a seismic shift in British politics ..." Erik Goldstein and Brian McKerche,

4185:

was ongoing. İsmet Paşa's referendum during the Lausanne negotiations stated that 13,599 buildings in the Sanjak of Smyrna, outside the city center was burned by the Greek Army. Venizelos' reply does not have a contrary statement to this claim

2442:. The military operations of the Greco-Turkish war can be roughly divided into three main phases: the first phase, spanning the period from May 1919 to October 1920, encompassed the Greek Landings in Asia Minor and their consolidation along the 8678:Διερχόμεθα διά Φιλαδελφείας, η οποία καίεται απ' άκρου εις άκρον. Η λύσσα της καταστροφής και της λεηλασίας δεν κάμνει διάκρισιν εθνικοτήτων. Καίεται η ελληνική συνοικία Φιλαδελφείας και λεηλατούνται αι ελληνικαί οικίαι, όπως και αι τουρκικαί 3989:

were desecrated and heads of the corpses were taken and were being played with by the local Greeks and Armenian children. Headmaster also states that Greek soldiers consisting of 25 men raped a beautiful Muslim girl aged 14 in the village of

3647:

There were also several contemporary Western newspaper articles reporting the atrocities committed by Turkish forces against Christian populations living in Anatolia, mainly Greek and Armenian civilians. For instance, according to the London

7951:Πήγαιναν στα χωριά, τάχα πως γυρεύαν τουφέκια, πιάναν κανέναν πλούσιο Τούρκο, τον κρεμούσαν ανάποδα κι άναβαν χόρτα από κάτω, για να μαρτυρήσει πού έχουν όπλα, κι ύστερα πήγαινε ένας Χηλήτης και του 'λεγε "δώσε εκατό λίρες να σε γλυτώσουμε" 3796:

comparing the specific activities with the genocide policies perpetrated by the Turkish side noted that the Greek atrocities were on "a minor scale" compared to the "appalling deportations of Greeks from the Trebizond and Samsun district."

3993:

in front of her parents eyes and afterwards she died and her parent have been bayoneted and that immediately a commission composed of unaligned countries should be sent there to witness the atrocities. Also, Şükrü Nail Soysal, a member of

2952:

Greek forces marched 200 kilometres (120 mi) for a week through the desert to reach attack positions, so the Turks could see them coming. Food supplies were 40 tons of bread and salt, sugar and tea, the rest to be found on the way.

9569: 8660:Το βράδυ μείναμε εις (Μπάλ Μαχμούτ), το Αφιόν το κάψαμε τρόφιμα, εφοδιασμός, πυρομαχικά τα κάψαμε. διότι είμεθα μόνοι μας, οιδοποιθεντες ότι τα αλλά τμήματα οπισθοχώρησαν βαλωμένα εξ όλων των πλευρών, εφόνευσον τα κτήνη των πυροβόλων, 3193: 3684:

wrote: "the Turks are trying to exterminate the Greek population with more vigor than they exercised towards the Armenians in 1915." German and Austro-Hungarian diplomats, as well as the 1922 memorandum compiled by British diplomat

2906:. Constantine by this time had little actual power and did not argue either way. After a delay of almost a month that gave time to the Turks to organise their defence, seven of the Greek divisions crossed east of the Sakarya River. 4262:" Official documents from the Turkish military archives also state that around 500 battle animals were found dead and a thousand were saved and with all other animals from the peninsula were delivered to the animal depot near the 2446:

Coast. The second phase lasted from October 1920 to August 1921, and was characterised by Greek offensive operations. The third and final phase lasted until August 1922, when the strategic initiative was held by the Turkish Army.

7778:Τον καιρό της ελληνικής κατοχής βρέθηκαν όξω απ' τήν Πέργαμο τά πτώματα -καμιά σαρανταριά φαντάροι δικοί μας, σφαγμένοι από τους Τούρκους και πεταλωμένοι.Ύστερα πήγε εκεί το 4ο ελληνικό σύνταγμα. Γινήκανε, τότες, αντίποινα πολλά. 6120:, " of armaments to the Nationalists; when one Italian supplier was asked why he was selling weapons to his country's former enemy, he replied candidly 'because they pay'. 1443 The Greek crew of an elderly British 6in howitzer." 4206:. He mentions the burning of the town and that all the surrounding villages were burned. He adds that the fire was so large that when they finished their march of "twelve continuous hours" and reached a village, the land was " 3979:

through the windows and set it on fire. As the smoke suffocated them, people started to come out of the door then these rascals (Greek soldiers) put the innocent women and children in the shooting range and killed quite a few.

3850:. In one village the Greek army allegedly demanded 500 gold liras to spare the town; however, after payment, the village was still sacked. Robbery of Muslim civilians were also mentioned in the memories of a local Greek from 5906:Ραμαζιάν Σ., Ιστορία τών Άρμενο – Έλληνικών στρατιωτικών σχεσεων καί συνεργασίας, Αθήνα, 2010. Ռամազյան Ս., Հայ-հունական ռազմական առնչությունների և համագործակցության պատմություն, Աթենք, 2010, pp. 200–201, 208–209; see 3679:

wrote that Turkish authorities also prevented missionaries and humanitarian aid groups from assisting Greek civilians who had their homes burned, the Turkish authorities leaving these people to die despite abundant aid. The

3975:

who later became a prisoner of war in Uşak paint a completely different picture. In his memoirs he states that he will mention only 3 atrocities and will not mention the rest during the occupation with the following words:

1657:

There were a number of secret agreements regarding the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I. The Triple Entente had made contradictory promises about post-war arrangements concerning Greek hopes in

3103:, with many of its soldiers captured or slain and a large part of its equipment lost. This date is celebrated as Victory Day, a national holiday in Turkey and salvage day of Kütahya. During the battle, the Greek generals 3998:'s Platoon in his memoirs states that on 10 July 1921 his village, Ortaköy was looted and after being tortured, 40–50 males (including his brother Mehmet) were taken as prisoners and 30 were taken not to be seen again. 3619:, Kwiatkowski, reported that he said to him "We must finish off the Greeks as we did with the Armenians ... today I sent squads to the interior to kill every Greek on sight". According to a French report in 1918: 2967:

That was the furthest in Anatolia the Greeks would advance, and within a few weeks they withdrew in an orderly manner back to the lines that they had held in June. The Turkish Parliament awarded both Mustafa Kemal and

2928:

Following the retreat of the Turkish troops under İsmet İnönü in the battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir the Greek Army advanced afresh to the Sakarya River (Sangarios in Greek), less than 100 kilometres (62 mi) west of

3165: 2240:

and the City had been handed down from generation to generation as the destiny and aspiration of the Greek Orthodox." The Megali Idea, besides Constantinople, included most traditional lands of the Greeks including

1129: 4035:

As part of the Lausanne Treaty, Greece recognized the obligation to pay reparations for damages caused in Anatolia, though Turkey agreed to renounce all such claims due to Greece's difficult financial situation.

9175: 8957: 2227:

voiced this conviction in the assembly in 1844: "There are two great centres of Hellenism. Athens is the capital of the Kingdom. Constantinople is the great capital, the City, the dream and hope of all Greeks."

2174:

were not in power at the time of the war, which makes such a justification less straightforward. Most of the leaders of that regime had fled the country at the end of World War I and the Ottoman government in

3425:

the Italians began to evacuate their occupation zone in southwestern Anatolia in July 1921. Furthermore, the Italians also claimed that Greece had violated the limits of the Greek occupation laid down by the

10243: 9976: 2633:, who had been installed on the Greek throne on 11 June 1917 when his father Constantine was pushed into exile by the Venizelists, was bitten by a monkey kept at the Royal Gardens and died within days from 3920:

burning, they killed women and children who were fleeing from the fire with heavy machine guns, and that the ones who couldn't flee were burned to death. During the brief Liberation of Aydın (1919) by the

3596:, especially of Armenians in the East and the South, and against the Greeks in the Black Sea Region. Ultimately, by 1922, the majority of Ottoman Greeks of Anatolia had either become refugees or had died. 2189:

during and after the war: "The Greeks of 'Pontus' and the Turks of the Greek occupied territories, were in some degree victims of Mr. Venizelos's and Mr. Lloyd George's original miscalculations at Paris."

4993:

flees abroad. The French government, which had once helped overthrow Constantine, is angry with Constantine and the Greek people who voted for the opposition, and takes a stand against the new government.

2489:

strategic points in the event of any situation arising which threatens the security of Allies." The Greeks had already brought their forces into Eastern Thrace (apart from Constantinople and its region).

3495:). The Greek Navy was able to blockade the Black Sea coast especially before and during the First and Second İnönü, Kütahya–Eskişehir and Sakarya battles, preventing weapon and ammunition shipments. 4070:

The Greek Army not only carried out a scorched-earth policy on its retreat, but also during its advance. This can be seen also in the diary of the Cretan Greek lieutenant Pantelis Priniotakis from

3656:

wrote, "The appalling tale of barbarity and cruelty now being practiced by the Angora Turks is part of a systematic policy of extermination of Christian minorities in Asia Minor." According to the

3640:). Some parliamentary deputies demanded that Nurettin Pasha be sentenced to death and it was decided to put him on trial, although the trial was later revoked by the intervention of Mustafa Kemal. 3945:". The atrocities against the civilians had no limit, and were not sporadic, but were common and frequent in these areas. He adds the following about the state of the Turkish women and children: " 8500:

Whereas Greece recognized the obligation to make reparations for damages caused in Anatolia, Turkey agreed to renounce all such claims due to Greece's financial situation resulting from the war.

7093:

Les Persécutions antihélleniques en Turquie, depuis le debut de la guerre européenne: D'après les rapports officiels des agents diplomatique et consulaires (Paris: Bernard Grasset, 1918), 18–19.

4247:

divisions of the 2nd Army Corps that preceded us had abandoned a thousand cattle, their thirsty eyes and the absence of running water wandering mournfully around the wells, hoping to be watered.

9575: 4104:

The destruction in the cities and villages through which we passed, the arsons and other ugliness, I am not able to describe, and I prefer that the world remains oblivious to this destruction.

8861:ΤΟ ΙΔΙΟ ΠΡΩΙ, άμα φύγαν οι μουσαφιραίοι, εμάς μας χώρισαν σε συντεχνίες. Μεγαλύτερη ανάγκη είχαν από χτίστες. Γιατί ο τόπος, εκεί κατά τ' Αρμένικα, ήταν καμένος απ' τον Έλληνα που είχε φύγει. 4458:

One Greek division had at least 25% more men than a Turkish division. In 1922, Turkish divisions had 7,000–8,000 men averagely, whereas Greek divisions had well over 10,000 men per division.

3950:" The campaign ended with the burning of every inhabited area, sometimes together with the elderly inhabitants. However no allied witnesses were present in the interior. These events around 2898:

This was the major decision that sealed the fate of the Greek campaign in Anatolia. The state and Army leadership, including King Constantine, Prime Minister Dimitrios Gounaris, and General

1087:* 20,826 Greek prisoners were taken. Of those about 740 officers and 13,000 soldiers arrived in Greece during the prisoner exchange in 1923. About 7,000 presumably died in Turkish captivity. 1122: 3302:

Around this time, several Turkish officers were sent to infiltrate secretly into Constantinople to help organize Turkish population living in the city in the event of a war. For instance,

2170:

To an extent, the above danger may have been overstated by Venizelos as a negotiating card on the table of Sèvres, in order to gain the support of the Allied governments. For example, the

9121: 7993:, p. 285: M. Gehri stated in his report that "... The Greek army of occupation have been employed in the extermination of the Muslim population of the Yalova-Gemlik peninsula." 4367: 4313:

campaign to create an ethnically pure homeland for the Turks Historian Dinah Shelton similarly wrote that "the Lausanne Treaty completed the forcible transfer of the country's Greeks."

3368: 3644:

wrote that according to one newspaper, Nurettin Pasha had proposed the killing of all the remaining Greek and Armenian populations in Anatolia, a suggestion rejected by Mustafa Kemal.

1650:

as part of the partition. During this war, the Ottoman government collapsed completely and the Ottoman Empire was divided amongst the victorious Entente powers with the signing of the

5599:

Tung, Anthony (2001). "The City the Gods Besieged". Preserving the World's Great Cities: The Destruction and Renewal of the Historic Metropolis. New York: Three Rivers Press. p. 266.

4328:

between 1914 and 1922. These refugees, as well as Greek Americans with origins in Anatolia, were not allowed to return to their homelands after the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne.

4216:

We reach Kasaba, which is burning from end to end. The omnivorous fire licks with its fiery tongue indiscriminately the spiers of the Churches as well as the Minarets of the Mosques.

8893:

geldi. Yunanlılar kasabada birçok cephane, bomba, gereç bırakmışlar, bir kısım hayvanları öldürmüşler ve 1000 kadar beygir, katır, öküz ile 3000 kadar koyunu başıboş bırakmışlardı.

4978:

yurtdışına kaçar. Vaktiyle Konstantin'in devrilmesine yardım etmiş olan Fransız hükümeti, Konstantin'e ve muhalefete oy veren Yunan halkına kızar ve yeni iktidara karşı tavır alır.

4274:, Eastern Thrace after arriving to Constantinople on 30 September 1922 also states that the local Greek civilians were using a similar method of killing with the following words: 3899:

In many cases, commanders of the Greek Army allowed and encouraged atrocities. Greek Soldier Hristos Karagiannis mentions in his diaries that in summer 1919, during and after the

1115: 4199: 9917: 6384:

The Great Extirpation of Hellenism and Christianity in Asia Minor: The Historic and Systematic Deception of World Opinion Concerning the Hideous Christianity's Uprooting of 1922

10269: 10264: 6001: 9470: 4342: 3600: 9939: 3964:

by the Greek Occupation forces; 431 buildings, was also mentioned in the İsmet Paşa's referendum and Venizelos' reply did not contain a contrary statement to this claim.

3834:, which provoked his units to burn the Greek Soldiers in a nearby barn whom they had taken prisoners. He describes the atrocities with the following words: <block>" 5462:Özdalga, Elizabeth. The last dragoman: the Swedish orientalist Johannes Kolmodin as scholar, activist and diplomat (2006), Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul, p. 63. 4790: 1669:, had promised Greece territorial gains at the expense of the Ottoman Empire if Greece entered the war on the Allied side. These included Eastern Thrace, the islands of 7315: 5477:

HG, Howell. "Report on the Nationalist Offensive in Anatolia, Istanbul: The Inter-Allied commission proceeding to Bourssa, F.O. 371-7898, no. E10383.(15 September 1922)

1697:

under-estimated; it was provoked by the unwarranted invasion of a Greek army of occupation." According to others, the landing of the Greek troops in Smyrna was part of

9929: 7325: 3652:, "The Turkish authorities frankly state it is their deliberate intention to let all the Greeks die, and their actions support their statement." An Irish paper, the 8079:ο διοικητής μας Γεώργιος Κονδύλης μας δίνει το δικαίωμα να πράξουμε ό,τι βαστάει η ψυχή μας. Πράγματι, μερικοί φαντάροι άρχισαν να κάνουν πολλά έκτροπα σ' αντίποινα 7254: 4770: 4309:

Turkey and about 500,000 Turks and Greek Muslims from Greece were uprooted from their homelands. M. Norman Naimark claimed that this treaty was the last part of an

7030:

1919–1922...Ultimately, the only observable result is that by 1922, the majority of Ottoman Greeks of Anatolia had either become refugees or had lost their lives.

8629:Τις καταστροφές στις πόλεις και τα χωριά απ' όπου περάσαμε, τους εμπρησμούς και τις άλλες ασχημίες, δεν είμαι ικανός να περιγράψω και προτιμώ να μείνουν στη λήθη 4257:/Southern Group) in the peninsula saw those animals on the morning of 16 September. He states the following for the condition of the animals and the peninsula: " 9736: 3867:, the last Ottoman Minister of War, regarding the atrocities in Eastern Thrace dating to 27 April 1921. The report stated that a Muslim woman in the village of 10704: 5920: 4210:". Moreover, he states that the Greek Army was burning the entirety of the cities and towns, and that neither mosques nor churches were saved. When he reached 4190:

the official retreat, so that the Turks couldn't find them intact. Moreover, he adds that the efforts of the Greek soldiers to put the fire down were in vain.

9934: 3225: 10540: 9894: 9660: 2215:

vision of a restoration of a Greater Greece on both sides of the Aegean that would incorporate territories with Greek populations outside the borders of the

1157: 3155:

fell on 11 September, with an entire Greek division surrendering. The expulsion of the Greek Army from Anatolia was completed on 18 September. As historian

10572: 10230: 9847: 9803: 4392: 4063:

wrote that: "The Greek army in retreat pursued a burned-earth policy and committed every known outrage against defenceless Turkish villagers in its path."

4029: 11295: 10545: 9907: 9447: 4560:

General Hare, the British Delegate; General Bunoust, the French Delegate; General Dall'Olio, the Italian Delegate; Admiral Bristol, the American Delegate

3327: 2781:, where the Turkish troops fiercely resisted and finally halted the Greeks on 30 March. The British government supported Greeks with 6in howitzer during 4134:

the plain east of Alaşehir was burned and that his troops could not find any living person nor anyone to take with them as a guide. He also states that

2664:

The British and French government promised Greeks to give 850,000,000 golden franks,but because of the government change in Greece, and heavy losses in

10110: 5365: 2332: 2211:

One of the main motivations for initiating the war was to realize the Megali (Great) Idea, a core concept of Greek nationalism. The Megali Idea was an

6863: 11251: 4290:, 3000 sheep, 1000 horses, steers and mules and killed some animals which were found by the 2nd Turkish Cavalry and 14th Turkish Infantry Divisions. 3372: 3099:). The major Greek defense positions were overrun on 26 August, and Afyon fell next day. On 30 August, the Greek army was defeated decisively at the 2492:

The Christian population of Smyrna (mainly Greeks and Armenians), according to different sources, either formed a minority or a majority compared to

2207:

The Greek Kingdom and the Greek diaspora in the Balkans and western Asia Minor, according to a 1919 Greek map submitted to the Paris Peace Conference

9402: 11341: 2710:

which is under the command of Constantinos Matenas. Even though the offensive was successful, the opportunity of sieging the and destroying of the

11065: 10449: 6873: 3915:", and this led to some infantrymen committing atrocities. Atrocities were also mentioned in the telegraph of Nurullah Bey, the secretary of the 3159:

has put it: "Once started, the offensive was a dazzling success. Within two weeks the Turks drove the Greek army back to the Mediterranean Sea."

11368:

Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold.

10567: 9986: 9038: 8828: 8754: 8722: 8690: 8534: 8359: 7748: 7522: 6184: 1397: 10605: 9867: 9777: 4347: 4305: 4299: 4078:

in just a few hours, while some of its elder population were burned alive, while its population fled once they saw the advancing Greek Army.

1714: 1591: 146: 6550:

Eleftheria Daleziou, Britain and the Greek–Turkish War and Settlement of 1919–1923: The Pursuit of Security by 'Proxy' in Western Asia Minor

3107:

and Kimon Digenis were captured by the Turkish forces. General Trikoupis learned only after his capture that he had been recently appointed

2603:

orderly fashion and avoid encirclement. Churchill said: "The Greek columns trailed along the country roads passing safely through many ugly

11470: 10984: 5096:Ιστορία των αρμενο-ελληνικών στρατιωτικών σχέσεων και συνεργασίας / Հայ-հունական ռազմական առնչությունների եւ համագործակցության պատմություն 3011: 2835: 212: 1570:

As a result, the Greek government accepted the demands of the Turkish National Movement and returned to its pre-war borders, thus leaving

11269: 10458: 10417: 6512: 3404: 2289:, Greek city-states had even exercised political control of most of the region, except the period ca. 550–470 BC when it was part of the 2125:

One of the reasons proposed by the Greek government for launching the Asia Minor expedition was that there was a sizeable Greek-speaking

361: 8544: 2382:

made it difficult for Constantine to decide which side to support during World War I. The King's dilemma was further increased when the

11385: 11098: 10346: 9653: 4442: 4357: 4155:, which Colonel Gonatas was under also continued burning the villages of Urla on their path including its Greek villages. During the 4074:. In his diary dating to 13 July 1921, he states that his advancing unit, after a little resistance, captured and burned the town of 2723: 4162:

Johannes Kolmodin was a Swedish orientalist in Smyrna. He wrote in his letters that the Greek army had burned 250 Turkish villages.

10856: 9830: 9474: 4229:

In one of the examples of the Greek atrocities during their Occupation, on 14 February 1922, in the Turkish village of Karatepe in

4113: 3982:

They (Greek soldiers) hammered large nails into the floor, tied the women's braids to them to immobilize them, and gang-raped them.

1527:), on 15 May 1919. They advanced inland and took control of the western and northwestern part of Anatolia, including the cities of 6011: 11400: 11014: 5265: 11088: 7442: 4635: 2281:. Asia Minor was an essential part of the Greek world and an area of enduring Greek cultural dominance. In antiquity, from late 10676: 10313: 7390:

In Byron's Shadow: Modern Greece in the English and American Imagination: Modern Greece in the English and American Imagination

4967: 8976:

visiting the areas devastated by the Greeks. He declared that out of 11.000 houses in the city of Magnesia only 1.000 remained

4032:

give considerably lower estimates, stating at least 15,000 Turkish civilian deaths, but declining to give a maximum estimate.

11277: 10484: 10386: 9600: 9558: 9522: 9384: 9360: 9305: 9260: 9234: 9215: 8458: 8431: 8335: 7929: 7864: 7588: 7548: 6739: 6714: 6687: 6661: 6506: 6426: 6396: 6365: 6277: 5985: 5960: 5891: 5648: 5588: 5411: 5307: 4891: 4676: 4602: 3409: 1639: 10902: 2851: 11465: 10396: 10193: 9646: 4405: 4242:

many men in the Greek Army. Moreover, the colonel states that this was done also by other units with the following words: "

4013: 3879:

The Inter-Allied commission, consisting of British, French, American, and Italian, officers, and the representative of the

3789: 3288:

where the Allied garrisons were reinforced by British, French and Italian troops from Constantinople. In an interview with

3023: 2937:

with the performance of İsmet İnönü as the Commander of the Western Front, wanted Mustafa Kemal and Chief of General Staff

1614: 1519:

before the Turks conquered the area in the 12th–15th centuries. The armed conflict started when the Greek forces landed in

1493: 1280: 1079:

Disputed numbers of Turkish civilians killed. 30,000+ buildings and 250+ village destroyed and burnt by the Hellenic Army.

267: 248: 8785:

tarafmdan yakılmıştı. Bu nedenle birlikler beraberlerinde taşıyabildikleri demirbaş yem ve erzakla idareye çalışıyorlardı.

7670:

Greek occupation of Izmir and adjoining territories: report of the Inter-Allied Commission of Inquiry (May–September 1919)

6074: 5076: 4745:). Αθήνα, Πανεπιστήμιο Αθηνών, Τμήμα Πολιτικών (University of Athens) Επιστημών και Δημοσίας Διοικήσεως. σελίδες pp. 44–58 11420: 11415: 11410: 11405: 11308: 11031: 10523: 10442: 9320:

Propagande et pressions en politique internationale. La Grèce et ses revendications à la Conférence de la Paix, 1919–1920

9073:

Türk İstiklal Harbi II. Cilt Batı Cephesi 6. Kısım III. Kitap Büyük Taarruzda Takip Harekatı (31 Ağustos – 18 Eylül 1922)

8878:

Türk İstiklal Harbi II. Cilt Batı Cephesi 6. Kısım III. Kitap Büyük Taarruzda Takip Harekatı (31 Ağustos – 18 Eylül 1922)

8770:

Türk İstiklal Harbi II. Cilt Batı Cephesi 6. Kısım III. Kitap Büyük Taarruzda Takip Harekatı (31 Ağustos – 18 Eylül 1922)

7265: 6441: 5343:"Britain and the Greek-Turkish War and Settlement of 1919–1923: the Pursuit of Security by "Proxy" in Western Asia Minor" 5236:"Britain and the Greek-Turkish War and Settlement of 1919–1923: the Pursuit of Security by "Proxy" in Western Asia Minor" 5079:. "But now in 1922, after the decisive Turkish victory over the Greeks, 40,000 Turkish soldiers moved towards Çannakale." 3785: 3367:

The Armistice of Mudanya was followed by the Treaty of Lausanne. Separate from this treaty, Turkey and Greece came to an

2406:

and allied with the Entente. Greek military forces (though divided between supporters of the monarchy and supporters of "

624: 231: 17: 9617: 7339: 6460:

Stewart, Matthew (1 January 2003). "It Was All a Pleasant Business: The Historical Context of 'On the Quai at Smyrna'".

3675:

the Turks continued the practice of slavery, seizing women and children for their harems and raping numerous women. The

10972: 9130: 9080: 8885: 8854: 8777: 8653: 8622: 8594: 8566: 8493: 8246: 8147: 8045: 7902: 7833: 7771: 7702: 7649: 7398: 7051: 7022: 5103: 4867: 4839: 4049: 3700: 1685: 1619: 1470: 31: 9350: 5034:

A. Nedim ÇAKMAK; “İşgal Günlerinde İşbirlikçiler Hüsnüyadis Hortladı”, pp. 54–55, Kum Saati Yayınları, 2006, İstanbul.

4932: 4791:

British Indian troops attacked by Turks; thirty wounded and British officer captured – Warships' guns drive enemy back

11182: 9912: 9858: 9756: 8306: 6907: 6814: 5687: 5624: 5604: 4915: 4647: 3888: 2398: 2358: 5926: 4755:«ΤΑ ΦΟΒΕΡΑ ΝΤΟΚΟΥΜΕΝΤΑ – ΣΑΓΓΑΡΙΟΣ ΕΠΟΠΟΙΪΑ ΚΑΙ ΚΑΤΑΡΕΥΣΗ ΣΤΗΝ ΜΙΚΡΑ ΑΣΙΑ», ΔΗΜ. ΦΩΤΙΑΔΗΣ, ΕΚΔ. ΦΥΤΡΑΚΗ, ΑΘΗΝΑ, 1974 2340: 2293:. Later, during Middle Ages, the region had belonged to the Byzantine Empire until the 12th century, when the first 2216: 11485: 11282: 10918: 10825: 10666: 9324:

Propaganda and pressions in international politics. Greece and its reivindications at the Peace conference, 1919–20

4094:" The severity of the war crimes committed by the retreating troops were also mentioned by another officer of the 2731: 2669: 2607:, and at their approach the Turks, under strong and sagacious leadership, vanished into the recesses of Anatolia." 5494:, Ankara University, Türk İnkılap Tarihi Enstitüsü Atatürk Yolu Dergisi, 2nd ed., Number 6, 1990, pp. 328–332 11238: 9683: 9203: 4489: 4362: 4016:

reports that during the negotiations for the Treaty of Lausanne, the chief negotiator of the Turkish delegation,

3541:

Movement attracted sympathizers especially from the Muslims of the far east countries. The Khilafet Committee in

2976:

for their service in this battle. To this day no other person has received this five-star general title from the

2711: 2638: 1608: 1100:) operated independently between 1919 and 1920 until it was put under the control of the Grand National Assembly. 7289: 5389:

Sabahattin Selek: Millî mücadele – Cilt I (engl.: National Struggle – Edition I), Burçak yayınevi, 1963, p. 109

3259:. Mustafa Kemal said that the Ankara government would not be held responsible for any occurrence of a massacre. 1692:

According to some historians, it was the Greek occupation of Smyrna that created the Turkish National movement.

11395: 11390: 11199: 10435: 9105: 8217: 8100: 7972: 7799: 6569: 4048:

Western Anatolian towns that were burnt down in 1919 – 22 according to the report of the Turkish delegation in

2336: 594: 11054: 10805: 10188: 3422: 2801: 2782: 2778: 2747: 2529:

During the summer of 1920, the Greek army launched a series of successful offensives in the directions of the

1681:), and parts of western Anatolia around the city of Smyrna, which contained sizable ethnic Greek populations. 1275: 11078: 10719: 10511: 9782: 9772: 7996: 4438: 3896:

terror'; it was to be inferred that their treatment in the country districts had grown worse in proportion."

2699: 683: 10941: 10897: 10183: 7692: 5371: 4446: 3775:

arrived at a town to rescue wounded on the way to İzmir after Greek forces abandoned the town (August 1922).

3418: 3147:

was taken on 8 September. The government in Athens resigned. Turkish cavalry entered Smyrna on 9 September.

2765: 2743: 1270: 69: 11480: 11153: 11059: 10873: 10615: 9514: 8174: 5404:"Kanlı mürekkeple yazın çektiklerimizi ... !": Milli Mücadelede Türk ve Yunan esirleri, 1919–1923 3551: 126: 4282:

state that his units killed their own artillery animals when they were surrounded on all sides during the

3831: 11288: 10868: 10656: 10534: 10518: 10366: 10303: 10042: 9669: 9415: 6315:

Greek Army History Directorate: The Minor Asia Campaign, volume 7, retreat of I and II Army Korps, p. 259

3593: 3091:

The Turks finally launched a counter-attack on 26 August, what has come to be known to the Turks as the "

2814: 2657:, while King Constantine himself assumed nominally the overall command. The High Commissioner in Smyrna, 2159:

at best debatable, since Greeks constituted perhaps a bare majority, more likely a large minority in the

1328: 1140: 491: 48: 7492: 4263: 2989: 516: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11193: 11158: 10994: 10989: 10967: 10862: 10742: 10714: 10661: 10100: 9877: 9721: 8481:

The Law of Armed Conflict and the Use of Force: The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law

7694:

Türkiye'de vahset ve soy kırımı girisimi: (15 Mayıs 1919 – 9 Eylül 1922). 15 Mayıs 1919 – 13 Eylül 1921

7509:

Governor Proclaims October 6th, 2002 as the 80th Anniversary of the Persecution of Greeks of Asia Minor

4067:

noted that "the Greek retreat was even more devastating for the local population than the occupation".

3762: 3714:

Atrocities against Pontic Greeks living in the Pontus region is recognized in Greece and Cyprus as the

3427: 2151: 1384: 10213: 4090:

on the fields, and sums up the atrocities committed by his fellow soldiers with the following words: "

1300: 11141: 10762: 10756: 10218: 9711: 9693: 6100: 5123: 4825: 4817: 4715:

David Lloyd George, The Truth about the Peace Treaties, v. 2 (Gollancz, London: 1938), pp. 1348–1349

4337: 3658: 3448: 3187:

Turkish Military Commanders at the seat of the Governor of İzmir on the morning of September 10, 1922

3121: 2797: 2574:

On 10 August 1920, the Ottoman Empire signed the Treaty of Sèvres ceding to Greece Thrace, up to the

2530: 1560: 1466: 1305: 743: 653: 393: 194: 6132:, "Soviet Arms Exports in the 1920s," 'Journal of Contemporary History,' 2013, Vol. 48(1), pp. 57–77 5118:[The attempts of the Greek-Armenian Co-operation during the Armenian Genocide (1915–1923)]. 4253:, the general of the 5th Cavalry Sidearmy which were in the pursuit of the retreating Greek forces ( 4139:

houses as well as the burning of the Turkish ones while the Turks were inside their burning houses "

2503:. The majority of the Greek population residing in the city greeted the Greek troops as liberators. 11212: 10800: 10557: 10528: 10095: 10029: 9287:

A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East

9244: 7894: 4480: 3908: 3868: 2944: 2321: 1474: 1379: 1315: 1008: 877: 573: 9961: 9956: 3689:

on "Turkish Massacres and Persecutions", provided evidence for series of systematic massacres and

3580:

estimated that from 1900 to 1923, various Turkish regimes killed from 3,500,000 to over 4,300,000

3172: 3019: 2599: 1177: 1170: 463: 65: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11136: 11131: 10709: 10579: 10376: 10361: 10128: 10019: 10014: 9270: 8485: 4219: 4060: 3436: 3413: 2860: 2839: 2828: 2824: 2646: 2456: 2325: 2181: 1721:

of Smyrna, according to Ottoman Census, in 1914, had a Greek population of 73,676 and the entire

1478: 1420: 1405: 1213: 547: 309: 272: 253: 236: 217: 92: 10208: 9571:

Memorandum by Mr. Rendel on Turkish Massacres and Persecutions of Minorities since the Armistice

8450:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015

7580: 6388: 6382: 6234:

Greek Army General Staff, The Minor Asia Campagne, volume 5th, The Angora Campagne, Athens, 1986

4594: 3854:. There, the Greek non-commissioned officers, and the "Greek deserters", who had been appointed 3100: 3074: 2752: 1295: 11233: 11217: 11083: 10356: 10173: 10052: 9966: 9902: 9466:

Minnen från fälttåget i Turkiet åren 1877-1878 (Memories from the campaign in Turkey 1877-1878)

8403: 8283: 6117: 4099: 3941:. Hristos Karagiannis in his memoirs mentions that his units' commander gave them the freedom " 3637: 3352: 2820: 2598:. The strategic objective of these operations was to defeat the Turkish Nationalists and force 2512: 1338: 1260: 1187: 1165: 10427: 8798:

The Last Dragoman: the Swedish Orientalist Johannes Kolmodin as Scholar, Activist and Diplomat

8479: 8448: 7919: 7888: 7854: 7538: 6496: 11073: 10886: 10625: 10489: 10295: 10238: 10198: 10090: 10085: 10047: 9951: 9837: 9808: 8421: 8006: 7564: 5638: 4857: 4537: 4513: 4413: 4409: 4159:

these units were burning Zeytinler village and its surrounding villages in the west of Urla.

4086: 4082: 4059:

while fleeing from Anatolia during the final phase of the war. Historian of the Middle East,

4056: 4017: 4007: 3948:

women, beautiful and ugly. Some were crying, others were mourning their husband, their honor.

3696: 3686: 3492: 3444: 3400: 3007: 2876: 2673: 2665: 2658: 1698: 1552: 1489: 1444: 1374: 1369: 1333: 1285: 1182: 928: 803: 583: 557: 552: 473: 437: 432: 303: 8212:(in Turkish). Ankara: T.C. Başbakanlık, Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü. pp. 276–283. 7967:(in Turkish). Ankara: T.C. Başbakanlık, Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü. pp. 262–264. 7388: 6498:

Borders of Belief: Religious Nationalism and the Formation of Identity in Ireland and Turkey

4808:

legion, also known as the Caliphate Army, was established by the imperial government of the

3816:, resulting in the death of more than 300 Turkish civilians according to Arnold J. Toynbee. 3808:

killing 200 and injuring 200 people. Some Turkish sources claim that the death count of the

2461: 526: 11334: 11148: 11121: 11026: 11004: 10962: 10646: 10391: 10371: 10132: 4352: 3742: 3343: 3031: 2875:

launched a major offensive, the greatest thus far, against the Turkish troops commanded by

2770: 2411: 1706: 1564: 1482: 1218: 619: 609: 96: 9994: 9741: 8095:(in Turkish). Ankara: T.C. Başbakanlık, Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü. pp. 49–51. 6065:

Veremis, T. (1983). "Two letters - Memoranda of E. Venizelos to Winston Churchill", p. 347

5683: 5620: 5489: 3519:

As the supply situation worsened for the Greeks, things improved for the Turks. After the

3079: 2714:(the division had nearly ~15,000 men) was gone because of the arbitrary behaviours of the 1430: 8: 11328: 11188: 11093: 11021: 10840: 10830: 10748: 10736: 10726: 10620: 10308: 10178: 10163: 9872: 8512: 5144:

Ergün Aybars, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti tarihi I, Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi, 1984, pp. 319–334

4691: 3520: 3027: 2899: 2872: 2685: 2654: 2630: 2619: 2466: 2439: 2143: 1582:

recognized the independence of the Republic of Turkey and its sovereignty over Anatolia,

1265: 1250: 962: 940: 835: 614: 578: 77: 56: 10336: 9008:, Istanbul: The Inter-Allied commission proceeding to Bourssa, F.O. 371-7898, no. E10383 5908:

The attempts of the Greek-Armenian Co-operation during the Armenian Genocide (1915–1923)

5472:

Loder Park, U.S. Vice-Consul James. "Smyrna, 11 April 1923. US archives US767.68116/34".

3003: 2564: 2550: 1651: 1575: 11475: 11126: 11009: 10978: 10924: 10892: 10835: 10671: 10562: 10401: 10331: 10062: 10004: 9181: 9032: 8822: 8748: 8716: 8684: 8353: 7742: 7573: 7362: 7008: 6477: 5767: 5732: 4805: 4587: 4426: 4254: 4152: 3887:, M. Gehri, prepared two separate collaborative reports on their investigations of the 3873: 3513: 3431: 3384: 3357: 3347: 3199: 3108: 3104: 2668:, the French government stopped supporting the Greeks until a small period between the 2645:

The new government under Dimitrios Gounaris prepared for a plebiscite on the return of

2623: 2604: 2595: 2500: 2254: 1666: 1579: 1496: 1410: 1346: 737: 726: 641: 604: 599: 562: 169: 141: 10168: 10105: 8475: 8328:

World War I and the end of the Ottomans: from the Balkan wars to the Armenian genocide

7794:(in Turkish). Ankara: T.C. Başbakanlık, Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü. p. 41. 4316:

A large part of the Greek population was forced to leave their ancestral homelands of

4177:

was burned from the Armenian quarter by the "enemy" who left; although this book is a

3990: 3900: 1389: 1255: 11048: 10595: 10501: 10472: 10148: 9924: 9825: 9688: 9596: 9554: 9537: 9518: 9478: 9380: 9356: 9301: 9256: 9230: 9211: 9126: 9101: 9076: 8881: 8850: 8773: 8649: 8618: 8590: 8562: 8489: 8454: 8427: 8341: 8331: 8302: 8242: 8213: 8143: 8096: 8041: 7968: 7925: 7898: 7890:

The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924

7860: 7829: 7795: 7767: 7698: 7673: 7645: 7618: 7584: 7544: 7516: 7479: 7449: 7394: 7366: 7047: 7018: 7007:

Travlos, Konstantinos (2021). "Appendix A: Casualties by Professor Konstantinos". In

6903: 6810: 6735: 6710: 6683: 6657: 6565: 6549: 6502: 6481: 6422: 6413: 6392: 6361: 6339: 6273: 6178: 6086: 6007: 5981: 5956: 5887: 5771: 5644: 5600: 5584: 5561: 5526:

Twenty-Five Lectures on Modern Balkan History (The Balkans in the Age of Nationalism)

5520: 5407: 5303: 5115:Հայ-հունական համագործակցության փորձերը Հայոց ցեղասպանության տարիներին (1915–1923 թթ.) 5099: 5025:

M. Şevki YAZMAN, "Anadolu'nun İşgali", pp. 83–84, Kum Saati Yayınları, 2006, Istanbul

4911: 4873: 4863: 4845: 4835: 4672: 4598: 4182: 4156: 4122: 4044: 3904: 3892: 3801: 3793: 3780: 3737: 3572: 3529: 3289: 3263: 3247: 3156: 3125: 2957: 2956:

The advance of the Greek Army faced fierce resistance which culminated in the 21-day

2915: 2792: 2477: 2290: 2126: 1693: 1508: 1462: 1235: 1192: 983: 977: 856: 850: 721: 496: 342: 337: 161: 8410:. Richard G. Hovannisian (ed.) Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1999, p. 210. 6675: 5715:

Zamir, Meir (1981). "Population Statistics of the Ottoman Empire in 1914 and 1919".

5607:, the same source depicts a table with Athens having a population of 123,000 in 1896 5098:(in Greek and Armenian). Athens: Stamoulis Publications. pp. 200–201, 208–209. 5016:

Kenan ESENGİN; “Millî Mücadelede Ayaklanmalar, pp. 175–189,Kum Saati Yayınları, 2006

4959: 4433:, i.e. the National Forces) in the years 1919 and 1920. The Turks established their 2761:

Nationalists, who were increasingly better prepared and equipped as a regular army.

2575: 1746: 1734: 1726: 506: 11261: 11244: 11205: 10880: 10815: 10810: 10782: 10681: 10641: 10274: 10259: 10070: 9852: 9731: 9497: 9486: 9411: 9332: 9315: 8388: 7354: 6967: 6923: 6469: 5759: 5724: 4472: 4404:

The French supported the Greeks until November 1920 and a small period between the

4368:

Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction § Turkish War of Independence

4310: 4267: 4193:

Kinross wrote, "Already, most of the towns in its path were in ruins. One third of

3971:

An eyewitness, a Greek Assistan Surgeon in the Greek Army, Petros Apostolidis from

3809: 3767: 3758: 3719: 3715: 3690: 3303: 2233: 2224: 1758: 1738: 1516: 1354: 1014: 883: 521: 501: 288: 130: 9534:

The Western question in Greece and Turkey: a study in the contact of civilisations

7789: 6358:

Ships of Mercy: the True Story of the Rescue of the Greeks, Smyrna, September 1922

5953:

Individual Responsibility in International Law for Serious Human Rights Violations

5503: 4174: 3615:

was active in the genocide of the Greeks and in November 1916, Austrian consul in

3334:

in Thrace. This convinced Mustafa Kemal to accept the opening of armistice talks.

2994: 2203: 10957: 10934: 10651: 10610: 10203: 10153: 10080: 10009: 9999: 9751: 9726: 9716: 9374: 9295: 9249: 8296: 8035: 7947:Η Έξοδος. Τόμος Α'. Μαρτυρίες από τις επαρχίες των Δυτικών Παραλίων της Μικρασίας 7852: 7639: 7012: 6950: 6732:

Sorrowful Shores:Violence, Ethnicity, and the End of the Ottoman Empire 1912–1923

6704: 6677: 6649: 6129: 5881: 5297: 5280: 5199: 4777: 4666: 4430: 4321: 4283: 4250: 4021: 3921: 3723: 3663: 3500: 3234: 3092: 2961: 2903: 2715: 2703: 2372: 2274: 2155: 2139: 1730: 1556: 1425: 1415: 1364: 1290: 1240: 1097: 757: 711: 697: 645: 633: 486: 410: 323: 73: 9177:

A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility

9075:(in Turkish). Ankara: Genelkurmay Atase Başkanlığı Yayınları. pp. 202–203. 8880:(in Turkish). Ankara: Genelkurmay Atase Başkanlığı Yayınları. pp. 206–207. 8772:(in Turkish). Ankara: Genelkurmay Atase Başkanlığı Yayınları. pp. 198–199. 6038: 5467:

Toynbee, Arnold. "Toynbee, Arnold (6 April 1922) , "Letter", The Times, Turkey".

5007:

Türk İstiklal Harbi Serisi, 6th Volume, “İstiklal Harbinde Ayaklanmalar”, p. 126

3391:

and were exchanged with about 500,000 Muslims displaced from Greek territories.

3206: 2969: 2938: 2719: 658: 478: 468: 11348: 10929: 10912: 10907: 10777: 10381: 10323: 10158: 10075: 10037: 9820: 9746: 9434: 9125:, by Clarke, Bruce (2006), Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 7568: 6946: 6446: 5750:

Montgomery, AE (1972). "The Making of the Treaty of Sèvres of 10 August 1920".

4809: 4528: 4504: 4325: 4223: 4117:

Zeytinler village in Urla, Memorial for the Civilians Casualties of the Village

4107: 4064: 3995: 3864: 3847: 3731: 3633: 3628: 3577: 3568: 3388: 3376: 3281: 3256: 3084: 2880: 2773:

where both the Turkish Revolutionary and Ottoman governments were represented.

2560: 2391: 2390:, both having grievances and aspirations against the Greek Kingdom, joined the 2262: 2176: 2160: 1647: 1631: 1630:

The geopolitical context of this conflict is linked to the partitioning of the

1571: 1512: 1500: 1359: 1323: 1245: 732: 386: 381: 165: 10143: 9638: 9171: 5763: 5728: 4148: 4106:" Greek soldier Giannis Koutsonikolas explicitly stated that his units burned 3876:. Only this time the victim was hanged straight and was burned from his legs. 3641: 3455:

15th division. The Greek Navy bombarded some larger ports (June and July 1921

2517: 2430: 1578:

to negotiate a new treaty at Lausanne with the Turkish National Movement. The

1230: 11379: 11301: 10999: 10731: 9971: 9815: 9798: 9623: 9541: 9482: 9281: 9189: 8842: 8810: 8515:. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. 1923 – via Internet Archive. 8345: 8037:

America's Black Sea Fleet: The U.S. Navy Amidst War and Revolution, 1919–1923

7677: 7641:

America's Black Sea Fleet: The U.S. Navy Amidst War and Revolution, 1919–1923

7540:

The Western Shores of Turkey: Discovering the Aegean and Mediterranean Coasts

4982:İngilizler de tedirgin olurlar ama tavır almak için beklemeyi tercih ederler. 4877: 4849: 4230: 4166: 3819: 3727: 3708: 3464: 3451:

on 1920. After that, supperssing the Pontic rebels had gotten easier for the

3280:

After re-capturing Smyrna, Turkish forces headed north for the Bosporus, the

3275: 3015: 2973: 2892: 2786: 2707: 2555: 2383: 1722: 1197: 1107: 629: 588: 567: 448: 425: 420: 136: 9490: 9464: 4449:

was the first battle where regular army units fought against the Greek army.

2219:, which was initially very small – roughly half the size of the present-day 531: 10698: 10600: 10138: 9842: 9370: 7826:İstiklal Süvarisi – İzmir'in Kurtuluşu: Teğmen Ali Riza Akıncı'nın Hatıratı 6581: 5978:

Reclaiming a Plundered Past: Archaeology and Nation Building in Modern Iraq

5787: 5679: 5616: 5524: 4821: 4693:

The Place of the Turkish Independence War in the American Press (1918–1923)

4434: 4170: 3827: 3823: 3772: 3547: 3308: 3213: 3210: 3051: 2920: 2727: 2286: 2237: 1225: 511: 8646:Απ' την Αράχωβα στα Κράσπεδα της Άγκυρας. Ημερολόγιο Εκστρατείας 1919–1922 6473: 4651: 4110:

and with it burned food, equipment and ammunition together with the city.

4055:

According to a number of sources, the retreating Greek army carried out a

3132: 2888: 1705:, to liberate the large Greek populations in the Asia Minor. Prior to the 1548: 1532: 11362: 10820: 10772: 10767: 10496: 10478: 8406:"Denial of the Armenian Genocide in Comparison with Holocaust Denial" in 8179:. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO). 1923. pp. 672–682. 7358: 4025: 4002: 3855: 3608: 3604: 3504: 3285: 3216: 2808: 2294: 2212: 2198: 2171: 1702: 1635: 1624: 1504: 374: 369: 9376:

Paradise Lost: Smyrna 1922: The Destruction of Islam's City of Tolerance

8142:(in Turkish) (3rd ed.). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu. pp. 47–48. 7790:

Binark, İsmet; Aktaş, Necati.; Gültepe, Necati; Yıldırım, Osman (1996).

6807:

Türk devrim tarihi. 2. kitap: ulusal direnisten, Türkiye, cumhuriyeti'ne

6105:, Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi (Number 21, Volume: VII, July 1991) 4816:

during the war fighting with 4,000–7,000 soldiers, under the command of

4618: 4130: 3863:". Same method of torture and killing is also verified in the report of 2538: 27:

Conflict between the Kingdom of Greece and the Turkish National Movement

8372: 5736: 4813: 4095: 3916: 3589: 3242: 3112:

Turkish army: "Armies, your first goal is the Mediterranean, Forward!"

2496:

Turkish population of the city. The Greek army also consisted of 2,500

2443: 2419: 2407: 2387: 2282: 2270: 1659: 1004: 536: 9345:(Commission interalliée d'enquête sur l'occupation grecque de Smyrne). 8958:"Turks halt embarkation of all Smyrna refugees; Quit the neutral zone" 8768:

Niş, Kemal; Söker, Reşat; Ercan, Tevfik; Anıt, Çetin (December 1995).

4127:

the rage of destruction and looting does not distinguish nationalities

2884: 2864: 2615: 2484:) amidst the jubilant ethnic Greek population of the city, 15 May 1919 1540: 8815:Το Νούμερο 31328: Σκλάβοι στα Εργατικά Τάγματα της Ανατολής: Ρομάντσο 7732:Το Νούμερο 31328: Σκλάβοι στα Εργατικά Τάγματα της Ανατολής: Ρομάντσο 7293: 5684:

Ottoman Population, 1830–1914, Demographic and Social Characteristics

5621:

Ottoman Population, 1830–1914, Demographic and Social Characteristics

5089: 4075: 3884: 3612: 3581: 2497: 2278: 2131: 398: 9251:

Twice A Stranger: How Mass Expulsion Forged Modern Greece and Turkey

9122:

Twice A Stranger: How Mass Expulsion Forged Modern Greece and Turkey

6951:

Statistics Of Turkey's Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources

6757:

Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War

5434:] (in Greek), Athens: Directorate of Army History, 1967, Table 2 4995:

The British were also uneasy, but preferred to wait to take a stand.

3961: 3476: 2422:

campaign and resulted in much social unrest in the inter war years.

2310: 11175: 11115: 9456:

Greeks & Turks. Appointments on literature, music & history

8298:

Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821–1922

7921:

Death and exile: the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821–1922

6832:

Mütareke döneminde ordunun durumu ve yeniden yapılanması, 1918–1920

4279: 4211: 4071: 3972: 3804:, the Greek army committed a massacre against Turkish civilians in 3718:. According to a proclamation made in 2002 by the then-governor of 3323: 2856: 2594:

the offensive began, Venizelos fell from power and was replaced by

2522: 2473: 2246: 2135: 1678: 1583: 953: 937: 826: 812: 110: 9297:

British Miscalculations: The Rise of Muslim Nationalism, 1918–1925

9193: 4151:. Turkish military archives also state that Army Corps of General 3813: 3262:

On 13 September, the Greek and Armenian quarters of the city were

3140: 3002:. From left to right: chief of staff of the Western Front Miralay 2871:

Between 27 June and 20 July 1921, a reinforced Greek army of nine

2481: 1643: 1536: 1524: 7416:

Admiral Mark L. Bristol and Turkish-American Relations, 1919–1922

5504:

Kate Fleet; I. Metin Kunt; Reşat Kasaba; Suraiya Faroqhi (2008).

4135: 3985: 3951: 3933: 3805: 3509: 3484: 3472: 3460: 3456: 3331: 3231: 3152: 3136: 2845: 2147: 2146:

the Greek Orthodox population of Ottoman Empire after losing its

1674: 946: 819: 444: 11365:

and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities each

8210:

Arşiv belgelerine göre Balkanlar'da ve Anadolu'da Yunan Mezâlimi

8093:

Arşiv belgelerine göre Balkanlar'da ve Anadolu'da Yunan Mezâlimi

7965:

Arşiv belgelerine göre Balkanlar'da ve Anadolu'da Yunan Mezâlimi

7828:(in Turkish). İstanbul: Kırmızı Kedi Yayınevi. pp. 99–100. 7792:

Arşiv belgelerine göre Balkanlar'da ve Anadolu'da Yunan mezâlimi

6333: 5342: 5235: 5113: 4194: 3929: 3851: 3557: 2909: 2838:

became friendly to the Turkish revolutionaries, as shown in the

2737: 2585:

The treaty was never ratified by the Ottoman Empire nor Greece.

2236:

which had fallen in 1453. "Ever since this time the recovery of

10457: 9379:(paperback ed.). London: Sceptre; Hodder & Stoughton. 7949:(in Greek). Athens: Κέντρο Μικρασιατικών Σπουδών. p. 343. 6676:Şemsettin Bargut; Turkey. Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı (2000). 5907: 5328:

on June 11 (OC) 6,159 officers, 193,994 soldiers (=200,153 men)

4287: 4271: 4203: 4178: 3880: 3616: 3585: 3542: 3452: 3440: 3380: 3202: 3148: 3144: 2977: 2930: 2634: 2493: 2403: 2266: 2258: 2250: 2220: 1742: 1710: 1709:, Smyrna had a bigger Greek population than the Greek capital, 1670: 1587: 1528: 1520: 989: 862: 8241:(in Turkish). Uşak, Türkiye: AKY YAYINLARI. pp. 393–396. 7853:

Steven Béla Várdy; T. Hunt Tooley; Ágnes Huszár Várdy (2003).

7138:"5,000 Christians Massacred, Turkish Nationalist Conspiracy", 6135: 5698: 5696: 4767:

Mudros to Lausanne: Britain's Frontier in West Asia, 1918–1923

2999: 2756:

Map showing the advance of the Greek army on the western front

2690: 1499:, had promised Greece territorial gains at the expense of the 1488:

The Greek campaign was launched primarily because the western

10506: 9439:

Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe

9071:

Niş, Kemal; Söker, Reşat; Ercan, Tevfik; Anıt, Çetin (1995).

8876:

Niş, Kemal; Söker, Reşat; Ercan, Tevfik; Anıt, Çetin (1995).

7014:

The Turkish War of Independence a Military History, 1919–1923

6679:

1. Dünya Harbi'nde ve Kurtuluş Savaş'ında Türk deniz harekatı

6591: 6415:

The Balkans: Nationalism, War and the Great Powers, 1804–1999

5785:"Not War Against Islam – Statement by Greek Prime Minister", 5521:"Greek nationalism, the 'Megale Idea' and Venizelism to 1923" 4936: 4648:"Hüseyin Adıgüzel – Atatürk, Nerimanov ve Kurtuluş Savaşımız" 4494: 4317: 4202:, a Greek soldier and an enlisted student from the island of 3938: 3611:

etc. were referred to as "white massacres". Ottoman official

3524: 3488: 3480: 2610: 2534: 2242: 1544: 995: 971: 868: 844: 9355:, vol. Two: British Foreign Policy 1914–22, Routledge, 9343:] (in French), Ottawa: Editions de l'Université d'Ottawa 8379:. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 2003, p. 248. 5324:

History of the Campaign of Minor Asia, General Staff of Army

5122:(in Armenian). Research Center on Western Armenian Studies. 3666:

region were burnt to the ground. An American newspaper, the

3562: 3306:, who was at the time a war correspondent for the newspaper 1762: 9056:(in Turkish). İstanbul: İnsel Yayınları. pp. 368–369. 8423:

Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900

6575: 5693: 5541: 5444: 5442: 4908:

1919'un Şifresi (Gizli ABD İşgalinin Belge ve Fotoğrafları)

3550:. After the war, it was later used for the founding of the 3468: 3356:

Map of Turkey with its western borders as specified by the

2983: 1766:

Distribution of Nationalities in Ottoman Empire (Anatolia),

1718: 9471:

Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland

9326:] (in French), Paris: Presses Universitaires de France 8017: 8015: 7602: 7600: 6970:, Power Kills, Lines 363 & 382. University of Hawai'i. 6323: 6321: 6287: 6285: 5808: 5640:

The Balkan Exchange of Minorities and Its Impact on Greece

5370:(III ed.), Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi , archived from 5326:, Athens: Directorate of Army History, 1967, p. 140, 5183:(in Turkish), Genelkurmay basımevi, pp. 1, 4, 10, 360 4092:

there was no lack of deviance and violence by our soldiers

3379:

Christians were displaced; most of them were resettled in

100:(3 years, 4 months, 4 weeks and 1 day) 8524: 8522: 8408:

Remembrance and Denial: The Case of the Armenian Genocide

8330:. Kerem Öktem, Maurus Reinkowski. London. pp. 1–26. 7945:Τενεκίδης, Γεώργιος (1980). Αποστολόπουλος, Φώτης (ed.). 6930: 5922:

The Ruined City of Smyrna: Giles Milton's 'Paradise Lost'

5593: 5367:

Samsun'da Başlayan ve İzmir'de Biten Yolculuk (1919–1922)

5316: 5201:

100 [i.e. Yüz] soruda Kurtuluş Savaşımızın tarihi

4226:, out of 11,000 houses in the city, only 1,000 remained. 2410:") began to take part in military operations against the 1574:

and Western Anatolia to Turkey. The Allies abandoned the

9452:

Greci e turchi. Appunti fra letteratura, musica e storia

8950: 8377:

The Banality of Denial: Israel and the Armenian Genocide

8301:. Darwin Press Incorporated. pp. 295–297, 303–304. 6632: 6630: 6615: 6603: 6262: 5873: 5439: 4343:

List of massacres during the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)

2506: 2142:, of the empire amounted to 2,823,063. According to the 1665:

The western Allies, particularly British Prime Minister

1590:. The Greek and Turkish governments agreed to engage in 8920: 8644:Κουτσονικόλας, Γιάννης (2008). Ασημάκης, Στάθης (ed.). 8513:"Lausanne Conference on Near Eastern Affairs 1922–1923" 8262: 8260: 8258: 8054: 8012: 7984: 7597: 6973: 6879: 6318: 6282: 6216: 5847: 5630: 5264:] (in Turkish), vol. 2 (II ed.), Ankara: 4834:. Yenibosna, İstanbul: İnkılâp. pp. 217, 342–344. 4668:

Turkestan Struggle Abroad From Jadidism to Independence

3926:

continued their brutality from where they had left off"

3059:

was abandoned in July in the face of Allied opposition.

3039:

evacuated their positions, leaving the Greeks exposed.

2764:

The Greek advance was halted for the first time at the

1741:

provinces had a Greek population of 299,096. While the

1559:

in August 1922, and the war effectively ended with the

1093:

The Turkish Grand National Assembly was opened in 1920.

9548: 9337:

Le rôle des experts à la Conférence de la Paix de 1919

9136: 9054:

Görüb Geçirdiklerim-10 YIL SAVAŞ 1912–1922 VE, SONRASI

8519: 7612: 7422: 7065: 7063: 6297: 6237: 6204: 6019: 5835: 4933:"ABD "Türkiye'nin paylaşılması"nda nasıl rol almıştı?" 3516:), but only 198 trucks and 33 automobiles/ambulances. 3394: 2809:

Shift of support towards the Turkish national movement

9156:

Encyclopaedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity

8800:(2006), Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul, p. 63 7168: 7166: 7096: 6985: 6902:(in Turkish), Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi, p. 52, 6851: 6627: 5825: 5823: 4636:Внешняя политика Азербайджана в годы cоветской власти 1551:. Their advance was checked by Turkish forces at the 9804:

United States during the Turkish War of Independence

9574:(memorandum), British Foreign Office, archived from 9551:

The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies

9148: 8394:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 1999, p. 163. 8366: 8285:. Cambridge University Press, 20 June 2002 – 308 pp. 8255: 7711: 6531: 6031: 5554: 5262:

The Western Front in the Turkish War of Independence

5088:

It was composed (as of 1922) of around 2,500 ethnic

4393:

United States during the Turkish War of Independence

4085:

was conducted in the Greek Army's retreat after the

2948:

Turkish prisoners at work in a POW camp, August 1921

2694:

Greek soldiers charging against Turks in Gediz river

2571:

Ottoman Empire would no longer be a European power.

9593:

The Killing Trap: Genocide in the Twentieth Century

9341:

The role of experts at the Peace conference of 1919

7060: 6793:

The Minor Asia Campaign Logistic and Transportation

6346:, Cornell University Press, New York, 1962, p. 107. 5900: 5796: 5428:Επίτομος Ιστορία Εκστρατείας Μικράς Ασίας 1919–1922 4542: 4518: 4236: 3237:

on his first visit to İzmir with Turkish commanders

2895:, where they organised their last line of defence. 2785:. The Turkish forces received arms assistance from 2724:

Grand National Assembly of the Turkish Nationalists

9248: 7572: 7418:. University of California, Berkeley. p. 176. 7204: 7202: 7200: 7198: 7173:"Near East Relief Prevented from Helping Greeks", 7163: 6839: 6434: 5820: 4586: 4278:Greek soldiers such as Giannis Koutsonikolas from 3812:was 1000. On 24 June 1921, a massacre occurred in 2738:Battles of İnönü (December 1920 – March 1921) 2434:Map of the military developments until August 1922 1752: 11143:Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present) 9070: 8875: 8767: 8648:(in Greek). Athens: Δήμος Αράχωβας. p. 213. 8473: 5573: 5512: 3205:Mustafa Kemal Pasha arrives in İzmir with Mushir 3006:(Gündüz), commander of the Western Front Mirliva 2544: 2397:Though Constantine did remain decidedly neutral, 1717:, had a population of 473,000, while the central 11377: 9349:Lowe, Cedric James; Dockrill, Michael L (2002), 9100:(2nd ed.). New York: Scribner. p. 89. 7886: 7041: 3943:to do whatever their conscience and soul desires 3399:The Greeks estimated, despite warnings from the 3383:and the newly incorporated Greek territories of 2924:Greek lithograph depicting the Battle of Sakarya 2300: 1684:The Italian and Anglo-French repudiation of the 352: 11296:Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present) 9668: 9502:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey 9006:Report on the Nationalist Offensive in Anatolia 8981: 8176:Records of Proceedings and draft Terms of peace 8124:(in Greek). Athens: Private. pp. 290–297. 8077:(in Greek). Athens: Private. pp. 134–135. 7282: 7195: 5869:. Anadolu Yayıncılık. 1982. pp. 4273–4274. 5560: 4102:, who in his memoirs he writes the following: " 3250:as seen from an Italian ship, 14 September 1922 3131:pursued an aggressive military policy instead. 2637:. After King Alexander died without heirs, the 2588: 2450: 9511:Ionian Vision: Greece in Asia Minor, 1919–1922 8904: 7734:(in Greek). Mytilini, Greece. pp. 62–63. 7563: 7443:"George Horton: An American Witness in Smyrna" 7264:, University of Michigan, 1919, archived from 7240:"Allies to Act at Once on Armenian Outrages," 7152: 7150: 7133: 7131: 7121:"Turk's Insane Savagery: 10,000 Greeks Dead." 7117: 7115: 7113: 7111: 7002: 7000: 6118:Armies of the Greek-Turkish War, Philip Jowett 5657: 5432:Abridged History of the Campaign of Minor Asia 4726:Ionian Vision: Greece in Asia Minor, 1919-1922 4039: 3960:" The burning of the entirety of the town of 3701:United States ambassador to the Ottoman Empire 2846:Battle of Afyonkarahisar-Eskişehir (July 1921) 2834:sold military equipment to the Turks. The new 2438:The military aspect of the war began with the 1137: 10606:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 10443: 9654: 9462: 8943:(in Greek). Athens: Γνώση. pp. 182–187. 8909:(in Greek). Athens: Private. pp. 13–14. 8643: 8561:(in Greek). Athens: Εστία. pp. 120–121. 7806: 7393:. Oxford University Press. pp. 327–328. 6656:, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 163, 6270:The Making of the Modern Near East, 1792–1923 5879: 5299:Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia 4348:Chronology of the Turkish War of Independence 4300:Population exchange between Greece and Turkey 3558:Atrocities and ethnic cleansing by both sides 2984:Stalemate (September 1921 – August 1922) 2910:Battle of Sakarya (August and September 1921) 1715:Population exchange between Greece and Turkey 1123: 9348: 8849:(in Greek). Hestia Publishers. p. 145. 8397: 8194:(in Greek). Athens: ΚΕΔΡΟΣ. pp. 19–21. 8192:Όσα Θυμάμαι – Α': Γκαρνιζον Ουσιακ (1922–23) 7856:Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe 6897: 6834:, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, pp. 67–69 6682:. Dz.K.K. Merkez Daire Başkanlığı Basımevi. 5975: 5969: 5702: 5636: 5193: 5191: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5166: 4208:illuminated with wild splendor by the flames 3928:. Muslims who crossed into the direction of 3861:Give me a hundred liras and we will save you 3115: 2863:decorating the victorious war flags outside 1555:in 1921. The Greek front collapsed with the 10459:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East 8988:Toynbee, Arnold (6 April 1922) , "Letter", 8911: 8617:(in Greek). Athens: Πελασγός. p. 104. 8587:Ατομικόν ημερολόγιον. Μικρά Ασία, 1919–1922 8584: 8559:Ατομικόν ημερολόγιον. Μικρά Ασία, 1919–1922 8556: 8189: 8119: 8072: 7633: 7631: 7156:"24 Greek Villages are Given to the Fire." 7147: 7128: 7108: 6997: 6809:(in Turkish), Bilgi Yayinevi, p. 157, 6272:, London; New York: Longman, 1987, p. 319, 5994: 5273: 5073:Istanbul Under Allied Occupation, 1918–1923 5046:Power and Stability: British Foreign Policy 4910:. Ceviz Kabuğu Yayınları. pp. 66, 77. 4547:) in Greece. It is also referred to as the 3752: 3296:, 15 September, Mustafa Kemal stated that: 3014:K.K. Zvonarev, ambassador of Soviet Russia 2730:.The regular forces was going to loose the 2339:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 80:in river Gediz; Turkish infantry in trench. 10450: 10436: 9661: 9647: 9458:] (in Italian). Roma-Catania: Bonanno. 9414:: Doubleday, Page & Co, archived from 9400: 9037:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9022:Απομνημονεύματα Στυλιανού Γονατά 1897–1957 8827:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8817:(in Greek). Mytilini, Greece. p. 103. 8753:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8738:Απομνημονεύματα Στυλιανού Γονατά 1897–1957 8721:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8706:Απομνημονεύματα Στυλιανού Γονατά 1897–1957 8689:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8674:Απομνημονεύματα Στυλιανού Γονατά 1897–1957 8612: 8446: 8358:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7859:. Social Science Monographs. p. 190. 7747:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7521:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7321: 6642: 6183:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6075:Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)#Cite Note-17 6039:"Venizelos and the Asia Minor Catastrophe" 5749: 5340: 5233: 4955: 4953: 4800: 4798: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4338:Outline and timeline of the Greek genocide 3435:of Sakarya, the French finally signed the 3010:(İnönü), unknown, military attaché of the 2611:Change in Greek government (November 1920) 1642:. The Greeks received an order to land in 1507:. Greek claims stemmed from the fact that 1130: 1116: 9590: 9095: 8938: 8040:. Naval Institute Press. pp. 95–96. 7944: 7846: 7081: 7046:. Harvard University Press. p. 387. 6648: 6501:. Rutgers University Press. p. 126. 5491:Savaş esirlerinin Milli mücadeledeki yeri 5213: 5211: 5188: 5163: 5160:, Edition II, Part 2, Ankara 1999, p. 225 5111: 4905: 4589:History of the Balkans: Twentieth century 4358:Relief Committee for Greeks of Asia Minor 4129:". He and his units were passing through 4081:The same lieutenant also states that the 3913:the right to do whatever our soul desires 3671:to Belfast News Letter. According to the 3563:Turkish genocides of Greeks and Armenians 3439:with the Turks in late October 1921. The 3063: 3034:(Sâbis), in the morning of 31 March 1922. 2359:Learn how and when to remove this message 2084:Ecumenical Patriarchate Statistics, 1912 1673:(İmroz, since 29 July 1979 Gökçeada) and 1038:2,474 died of wounds or non-combat causes 137:Fall of the David Lloyd George government 11342:Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present) 9496: 9475:Society of Swedish Literature in Finland 9446: 9331: 9314: 9293: 8847:Το νούμερο 31328: Το βιβλίο της σκλαβιάς 8589:(in Greek). Athens: Εστία. p. 144. 8453:(4th ed.). McFarland. p. 346. 8294: 7917: 7764:Το νούμερο 31328, Το βιβλίο της σκλαβιάς 7628: 7543:. Tauris Parke Paperbacks. p. 105. 7440: 7413: 6734:, Oxford University Press, p. 225, 6729: 6706:'Millı Mücadele' de Karadeniz, 1919–1922 6621: 6609: 6597: 6453: 6355: 6327: 6291: 6222: 6087:"Ιστορια Των Ελληνικων Ενοπλων Δυναμεων" 5853: 5665:Area Handbook for the Republic of Turkey 5451:journal, Issue 203, December 2013, p. 67 5401: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5093: 4769:, SUNY Press, 1976, ISBN 0-87395-265-0, 4584: 4270:who witnessed the Greek withdrawal from 4112: 4043: 3846:Some testimonies exist of atrocities in 3766: 3736: 3351: 3241: 3078: 2993: 2990:Conference of London § Second stage 2943: 2919: 2855: 2791: 2751: 2689: 2614: 2554: 2516: 2472: 2460: 2429: 2202: 1618: 294: 11015:Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution 9531: 9433: 9202: 9142: 9019: 8926: 8841: 8809: 8735: 8703: 8671: 8540: 8060: 8021: 8002: 7990: 7766:(in Greek). Athens: Εστία. p. 95. 7761: 7729: 7717: 7690: 7606: 7467: 7386: 7307:"Morgenthau Calls for Check on Turks", 7225:"Turkish Rule over Christian Peoples", 7006: 6979: 6885: 6829: 6780:(31), NTV Yayınları: 45–55, August 2011 6771: 6769: 6767: 6702: 6494: 6459: 6405: 6303: 6243: 6210: 6192: 6168: 6147: 6025: 5841: 5814: 5551:, Faber and Faber, London, 1968, p. 204 5518: 5454: 5363: 5295: 5222:(in Turkish), Cem Yayınevi, p. 169 5217: 5178: 4950: 4859:Armies of the Greek-Turkish War 1919–22 4795: 4664: 4573: 3607:involving death marches, starvation in 3443:Forces ,who came to Black Sea in 1919, 3171:Entry of the Turkish army commanded by 2800:is in the service of the Greeks during 2480:soldiers taking their posts in Smyrna ( 1638:and involvement of the Ottomans in the 1602: 646: 634: 279: 14: 11378: 9567: 9369: 9269: 9227:Smyrna 1922: The Destruction of a City 9224: 9188: 9003: 8871: 8869: 8740:(in Greek). Athens. pp. 219–220. 8708:(in Greek). Athens. pp. 208–212. 8639: 8637: 8528: 8419: 8325: 8207: 8169: 8167: 8165: 8163: 8137: 8090: 7962: 7882: 7880: 7878: 7876: 7663: 7661: 7536: 7506: 7428: 7069: 6537: 6411: 6141: 5913: 5675: 5673: 5208: 5197: 5112:Vardanyan, Gevorg (12 November 2012). 4930: 4855: 4829: 4619:"УКРАЇНСЬКА ДЕРЖАВНІСТЬ У XX СТОЛІТТІ" 4593:. Cambridge University Press. p. 4293: 3175:to Smyrna (İzmir) on September 9, 1922 2622:, new commander-in-chief of the Greek 10431: 9642: 9508: 9243: 9170: 9098:The Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway 9051: 8266: 8236: 8033: 7823: 7667: 7644:. Naval Institute Press. p. 36. 7637: 7571:(1994). "Turkey's Genocidal Purges". 7337: 7102: 6991: 6869: 6857: 6845: 6804: 6636: 6515:from the original on 20 November 2022 6380: 6249: 6093: 6061: 6059: 5950: 5944: 5829: 5802: 5714: 5643:. C. Hurst & Co. pp. 29–30. 5482: 5378: 4862:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 45. 4728:, University of Michigan Press, 1999. 4706:Sforza, Diario, November 28, 1920, 61 4671:. SOTA Publications. pp. 78–81. 3430:. France, on the other hand, had its 3410:Conference of London in February 1921 2734:only against the Greek Armed Forces. 2521:Greek and American troops landing at 2507:Greek summer offensives (Summer 1920) 1111: 8941:Ημερολόγιο μικρασιατικής εκστρατείας 7887:Morris, Benny; Ze'evi, Dror (2019). 7697:(in Turkish). Genelkurmay Basımevi. 7474:, New York City: Cyprus Press Office 7042:Morris, Benny; Ze'evi, Dror (2019). 6764: 6754: 6442:Kemal Won't Insure Against Massacres 5345:. University of Glasgow. p. 243 5238:. University of Glasgow. p. 108 5150: 4484: 3790:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 3636:(who is infamous for the killing of 2337:adding citations to reliable sources 2304: 2192: 1615:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 72:; Greek soldiers retreat during the 11471:Subsidiary conflicts of World War I 9619:Europe during the Greco-Turkish War 8866: 8634: 8160: 7873: 7817: 7658: 7625:, 1926, London: Ernest Benn, p. 92. 7511:(Resolution of the State), New York 7507:Pataki, George E (6 October 2002), 6010:: MFA, 24 July 1923, archived from 5670: 5610: 5258:Türk İstiklal Harbinde Batı Cephesi 5158:Türk İstiklal Harbinde Batı Cephesi 5126:from the original on 25 August 2020 4611: 4416:did not support the Greeks anymore. 4218:" According to the French diplomat 3786:Secretary of State for the Colonies 3395:Factors contributing to the outcome 24: 11252:Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present) 10677:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 9509:Smith, Michael Llewellyn (1999) , 8907:ΑΙΧΜΑΛΩΤΟΣ ΤΩΝ ΤΟΥΡΚΩΝ (1922–1923) 8426:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 85. 7579:. Transaction Publishers. p. 6900:Kurtuluş Savaşının Mali Kaynakları 6564:, p. 278 Simon and Schuster, 2012 6056: 5181:Büyük Taarruz: 70 nci yıl armağanı 4650:. 24 December 2014. Archived from 2852:Battle of Afyonkarahisar-Eskişehir 2679: 2425: 1768:Ottoman Official Statistics, 1910 1749:had a Greek population of 19,923. 1686:Agreement of St.-Jean-de-Maurienne 1634:which was a direct consequence of 1471:partitioning of the Ottoman Empire 32:Greco-Turkish War (disambiguation) 25: 11497: 11089:1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt 9610: 9024:(in Greek). Athens. p. 221. 8905:Διαμαντόπουλος, Βασίλης (1977). 8676:(in Greek). Athens. p. 209. 7262:The Philadelphia Evening Bulletin 6257:Soviet Russia and Asia, 1917–1927 6173:(in Russian), Moscow, p. 241 6156:Soviet Russia and Asia, 1917–1927 6153: 5688:The University of Wisconsin Press 5625:The University of Wisconsin Press 5568:, London: Ernest Benn, p. 94 4966:(115th edition, September 2005), 3889:Gemlik-Yalova Peninsula Massacres 147:Greece–Turkey population exchange 11127:Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s) 10387:Conference of London (1921–1922) 9622:(map), Omniatlas, archived from 9208:Atatürk: The Rebirth of a Nation 9114: 9089: 9064: 9045: 9013: 9004:Howell, HG (15 September 1922), 8997: 8932: 8898: 8835: 8803: 8790: 8761: 8729: 8697: 8665: 8606: 8578: 8550: 8505: 8467: 8440: 8413: 8392:Encyclopedia of Genocide, Vol. 2 8382: 8319: 8288: 8272: 8230: 8201: 8183: 8131: 8113: 8084: 8066: 8027: 7956: 7938: 7911: 7783: 7755: 7723: 7684: 7557: 7530: 7500: 7434: 7414:Buzanski, Peter Michael (1960). 7407: 7380: 7331: 7300: 7290:"The Genocide and Its Aftermath" 7247: 7234: 7218: 7182: 7087: 7075: 7035: 6960: 6940: 6916: 6891: 6823: 6798: 6791:Greek Army History Directorate, 6785: 6748: 6723: 6696: 6669: 6554: 6543: 6488: 6374: 6344:The Middle East in World Affairs 5406:. Platin Yayınları. p. 26. 5364:Giritli, İsmet (November 1986), 4893:Smyrna is taken away from Turkey 4554: 4237:Scorched earth against livestock 4001:The behavior of Greek troops in 3722:(where a sizeable population of 3269: 3224: 3192: 3180: 3164: 2712:13th Infantry Division of Greece 2309: 751: 742: 731: 720: 705: 691: 677: 587: 566: 443: 431: 419: 404: 392: 380: 368: 354: 336: 317: 296: 281: 261: 243: 225: 205: 188: 55: 11309:Yemeni civil war (2014–present) 11278:Syrian War spillover in Lebanon 11032:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq 9913:First Offensive of Sulaymaniyah 9684:Partition of the Ottoman Empire 9549:Richard G. Hovannisian (2007). 9532:Toynbee, Arnold Joseph (1922). 9164: 8613:Δεμέστιχας, Παναγιώτης (2002). 8091:Binark, İsmet (December 1996). 7963:Binark, İsmet (December 1996). 7338:Kırlı, Biray Kolluoğlu (2005). 6898:Müderrisoğlu, Alptekin (1990), 6360:, Peter E Randall, p. 16, 6349: 6309: 6228: 6201:. Moscow, 1963, No. 11, p. 148. 6162: 6123: 6111: 6079: 6068: 5859: 5778: 5743: 5708: 5506:The Cambridge History of Turkey 5497: 5420: 5395: 5357: 5334: 5289: 5250: 5227: 5138: 5082: 5065: 5051: 5037: 5028: 5019: 5010: 5001: 4931:Yalçın, Soner (19 March 2014). 4924: 4899: 4884: 4783: 4759: 4748: 4731: 4461: 4452: 4445:, towards the end of 1920. The 4419: 4398: 4385: 4363:Asia Minor Defense Organization 4214:, he mentioned the following: " 3139:were taken on 6 September, and 2722:. Because of these events, the 1753:The Greek community in Anatolia 1609:Partition of the Ottoman Empire 1077:264,000 Greek civilians killed 11401:Wars involving the Circassians 9783:Grand National Assembly (1923) 9778:Grand National Assembly (1920) 9595:. Cambridge University Press. 8585:Πρινιωτάκις, Παντελής (1998). 8557:Πρινιωτάκης, Παντελής (1998). 8138:Akıncı, İbrahim Ethem (2009). 7017:. Abc-Clio. pp. 352–353. 5886:. Princeton University Press. 5637:Pentzopoulos, Dimitri (2002). 5564:; Kirkwood, Kenneth P (1926), 4737:Ζολώτα, Αναστασίου Π. (1995). 4718: 4709: 4700: 4685: 4658: 4640: 4629: 2836:Bolshevik government of Russia 2545:Treaty of Sèvres (August 1920) 1459:Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922 595:Konstantinos Miliotis-Komninos 42:Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922 13: 1: 11386:Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) 11079:1986 Egyptian conscripts riot 10720:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 9864:Ankara Government and Georgia 9504:. Cambridge University Press. 9404:Ambassador Morgenthau's Story 9401:Morgenthau, Henry sr (1918), 9210:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 9198:, Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill 8120:Καραγιάννης, Χρήστος (1976). 8073:Καραγιάννης, Χρήστος (1976). 7924:. Darwin Press. p. 264. 7311:, p. 3, 5 September 1922 6709:. Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi. 5980:. University of Texas Press. 5976:Bernhardsson, Magnus (2005). 5402:Taşkıran, Cemalettin (2005). 5341:Eleftheria, Daleziou (2002). 5234:Eleftheria, Daleziou (2002). 4437:(Kuva-yi Nizamiye), i.e. the 4391:For further information, see 4373: 3693:of the Greeks in Asia Minor. 3673:Philadelphia Evening Bulletin 3337: 3068: 3026:Ibrahim Abilov, commander of 2301:The National Schism in Greece 2154:provinces, including 188,047 1597: 160:Lands initially ceded to the 11283:Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) 11270:Turkish involvement in Syria 11154:al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen 10985:Political violence in Turkey 10919:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 10826:Yemeni–Adenese clan violence 10705:Italian bombing of Palestine 10667:1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts 10616:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 10244:Liberation of Constantinople 9977:Liberation of Constantinople 9591:Midlarsky, Manus I. (2005). 9568:Rendel, GW (20 March 1922), 9515:University of Michigan Press 9255:. Harvard University Press. 8447:Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). 8190:Αποστολίδης, Πέτρος (1981). 7340:"Forgetting the Smyrna Fire" 7255:"Girls died to escape Turks" 6495:Goalwin, Gregory J. (2022). 4567: 4495: 4266:by the 3rd Cavalry Division 3832:railway station of Saruhanlı 2589:Greek advance (October 1920) 2451:Landing at Smyrna (May 1919) 1059:4,878 died outside of combat 127:11 September 1922 Revolution 7: 10535:Turkish War of Independence 10519:Unification of Saudi Arabia 10367:Conference of London (1920) 9670:Turkish War of Independence 9500:; Shaw, Ezel Kural (1977). 9020:Γονατάς, Στυλιανός (1958). 8736:Γονατάς, Στυλιανός (1958). 8704:Γονατάς, Στυλιανός (1958). 8672:Γονατάς, Στυλιανός (1958). 8420:Rummel, Rudolph J. (1998). 8326:Kieser, Hans-Lukas (2015). 8280:A concise History of Greece 7448:. AHI World. Archived from 7441:Marketos, James L. (2006). 7209:"More Turkish Atrocities", 6776:"Turkish Great Offensive", 6356:Papoutsy, Christos (2008), 4832:Cumhuriyet tarihi yalanları 4543: 4519: 4425:The Turks fought only with 4406:Battle of Kütahya–Eskişehir 4331: 4040:Greek scorched-earth policy 3594:Turkish War of Independence 3412:, the Greek prime minister 2815:Conference of London (1920) 2732:Battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir 2670:Battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir 2661:, however was not removed. 49:Turkish War of Independence 10: 11502: 11421:1922 in the Ottoman Empire 11416:1921 in the Ottoman Empire 11411:1920 in the Ottoman Empire 11406:1919 in the Ottoman Empire 11200:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 11194:Houthi insurgency in Yemen 11183:Balochi insurgency in Iran 11159:1999 Shia uprising in Iraq 10995:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq 10990:Islamist uprising in Syria 10968:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 10857:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 10743:Kurdish separatism in Iran 10662:Goharshad Mosque rebellion 9878:Yalova Peninsula massacres 9722:Sultanahmet demonstrations 9441:, Harvard University Press 9300:, Transaction Publishers, 9277:, New York: Alfred A Knopf 9275:The Middle East: a History 9096:Hemingway, Ernest (2002). 6830:Türkmen, Zekeriya (2001), 6805:Turan, Şerafettin (1991), 5549:The Story of Modern Greece 5519:Sowards, Steven W (2004). 4585:Jelavich, Barbara (1983). 4549:Greek invasion of Anatolia 4306:population exchange treaty 4297: 4024:. Other scholars, such as 3763:Yalova Peninsula massacres 3756: 3566: 3373:an exchange of populations 3341: 3273: 3119: 3072: 2987: 2913: 2849: 2818: 2812: 2741: 2683: 2548: 2510: 2454: 2370: 2196: 1756: 1612: 1606: 1563:by Turkish forces and the 168:are incorporated into the 29: 11358: 11321: 11226: 11167: 11107: 11040: 10958:Black September in Jordan 10950: 10849: 10793: 10690: 10634: 10588: 10465: 10414: 10345: 10322: 10294: 10287: 10252: 10229: 10119: 10061: 10028: 9985: 9893: 9886: 9791: 9773:Ottoman Parliament (1919) 9765: 9712:Turkish National Movement 9702: 9676: 9294:Friedman, Isaiah (2012), 9225:Dobkin, Marjorie (1998). 9052:Altay, Fahrettin (1970). 8939:Βασιλικός, Νίκος (1992). 8912: 8295:McCarthy, Justin (1996). 8122:Το ημερολόγιον, 1918–1922 8075:Το ημερολόγιον, 1918–1922 7918:McCarthy, Justin (1995). 7621:and Kenneth P. Kirkwood, 7227:Christian Science Monitor 7175:Christian Science Monitor 6925:Turkey's Dead (1900–1923) 5883:Greece – a Jewish History 5791:, p. 5, 29 June 1920 5764:10.1017/S0018246X0000354X 5729:10.1080/00263208108700459 5296:Sandler, Stanley (2002). 5094:Ramazian, Samvel (2010). 4906:Cevizoğlu, Hulki (2007). 4826:Turkish National Movement 4665:Andican, A. Ahat (2007). 4532: 4508: 4412:. After these two times, 4125:, states in his memoirs " 3682:Christian Science Monitor 3677:Christian Science Monitor 3659:Christian Science Monitor 3122:Turkish advance on Smyrna 3116:Turkish advance on Smyrna 2998:Mustafa Kemal's visit to 2798:BL 6-inch 30 cwt howitzer 2718:under the command of the 2291:Achaimenid Persian Empire 2083: 1765: 1701:'s plan, inspired by the 1467:Turkish National Movement 1151: 1085: 1075: 1023: 766: 748:Armenian volunteer legion 670: 454: 195:Turkish National Movement 180: 84: 54: 46: 41: 11060:Kurdish–Turkish conflict 11055:1980 Turkish coup d'état 10874:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 10806:1953 Iranian coup d'état 10801:1952 Egyptian revolution 10529:1919 Egyptian revolution 10512:Mount Lebanon starvation 10174:Summer Offensive of 1920 9967:Summer Offensive of 1920 9473:(in Swedish), Helsinki: 9271:Fisher, Sydney Nettleton 8906: 7895:Harvard University Press 7347:History Workshop Journal 7044:The Thirty-Year Genocide 6170: 6144:, pp. 60–61, 88–94. 5925:, NY Sun, archived from 5703:Lowe & Dockrill 2002 5427: 5285:. East & West. 1934. 5114: 5048:, 1865–1965, 2004 p. 139 4378: 4145:a wise act of providence 3909:Prime Minister of Greece 3753:Greek massacres of Turks 3601:Turkish labor battalions 3530:fighting on Russian soil 2700:summer offensive of 1920 2465:Arrival of Crown Prince 2399:Prime Minister of Greece 2156:Arab Orthodox Christians 2140:Arab Orthodox Christians 1796:İstanbul (Asiatic shore) 1475:aftermath of World War I 574:Leonidas Paraskevopoulos 11486:Constantine I of Greece 11466:Greece–Turkey relations 11289:War in Iraq (2013–2017) 11137:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War 11132:Yemeni Civil War (1994) 10942:1966 Syrian coup d'état 10869:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 10710:Allied invasion of Iraq 10657:Saudi–Yemeni War (1934) 10580:Mahmud Barzanji revolts 10214:Liberation of Balıkesir 10015:Revolt of Ahmet Anzavur 9757:Grand National Assembly 8486:Oxford University Press 8404:Hovannisian, Richard G. 7762:Βενέζης, Ηλίας (2008). 7730:Βενέζης, Ηλίας (1931). 7691:Yalazan, Talat (1994). 7387:Roessel, David (2001). 7188:"Turks will be Turks," 6730:Gingeras, Ryan (2009), 6703:Doğanay, Rahmi (2001). 5951:Sunga, Lyal S. (1992). 5663:Roberts, Thomas Duval. 5179:Görgülü, İsmet (1992), 5156:Turkish General Staff, 4856:Jowett, Philip (2015). 4544:Mikrasiatikí Katastrofí 4533:Μικρασιατική Καταστροφή 4520:Mikrasiatikí Ekstrateía 4509:Μικρασιατική Εκστρατεία 4220:Henry Franklin-Bouillon 4061:Sydney Nettleton Fisher 3907:, who later became the 3638:Archbishop Chrysostomos 3599:Greeks suffered in the 3437:Treaty of Ankara (1921) 2840:Treaty of Moscow (1921) 2829:Treaty of Moscow (1921) 2825:Treaty of Ankara (1921) 2457:Greek landing at Smyrna 1503:, recently defeated in 62:Clockwise from top left 11234:2011 Bahraini uprising 11218:South Yemen insurgency 11099:Abu Nidal's executions 11084:1986 Damascus bombings 10863:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 10715:Syria–Lebanon campaign 10485:Middle Eastern theatre 10397:Conference of Lausanne 10357:Treaty of Alexandropol 10314:Paris Peace Conference 9463:Hugo Schulman (1955), 9290:. New York: Avon Books 8208:Binark, İsmet (1996). 8034:Shenk, Robert (2017). 7807: 7638:Shenk, Robert (2017). 7565:Horowitz, Irving Louis 6955:Statistics of Democide 6654:The History of Armenia 6412:Glenny, Misha (2000), 5880:K. E. Fleming (2010). 5752:The Historical Journal 5717:Middle Eastern Studies 5218:Tuğlacı, Pars (1987), 5198:Erikan, Celâl (1917). 4830:Meydan, Sinan (2010). 4525:Asia Minor Catastrophe 4476: 4118: 4100:Panagiotis Demestichas 4052: 3922:Turkish National Force 3776: 3745: 3626: 3423:Second Battle of İnönü 3360: 3319: 3251: 3219:on September 10, 1922. 3088: 3064:Turkish counter-attack 3061: 3035: 2949: 2925: 2868: 2821:Treaty of Alexandropol 2805: 2802:Second Battle of İnönü 2783:Second Battle of İnönü 2779:Second Battle of İnönü 2757: 2748:Second Battle of İnönü 2695: 2626: 2567: 2526: 2513:Greek Summer Offensive 2485: 2470: 2435: 2208: 2144:Ottoman Census of 1914 1640:Middle Eastern theatre 1627: 1557:Turkish counter-attack 1494:British Prime Minister 455:Commanders and leaders 11396:Wars involving Greece 11391:Wars involving Turkey 11074:South Yemen civil war 10973:Shatt al-Arab clashes 10898:Mar. 1963 Syrian coup 10887:North Yemen civil war 10836:1958 Iraqi revolution 10763:1948 Arab–Israeli War 10757:Arab–Israeli conflict 10626:Sheikh Said rebellion 10490:Battle of Robat Karim 10239:Bombardment of Samsun 9809:Bombardment of Samsun 9694:King–Crane Commission 8237:Metin, Barış (2012). 7824:Aksoy, Yaşar (2021). 7668:Erhan, Çağrı (2002). 7537:Freely, John (2004). 7125:. Friday, 5 May 1922. 6795:, Athens, 1965, p. 63 6474:10.1353/hem.2004.0014 6199:Mezhdunarodnaya Zhizn 5266:Turkish General Staff 4765:Briton Cooper Busch: 4499:) in Turkey, and the 4447:First Battle of İnönü 4410:Battle of the Sakarya 4116: 4083:scorched-earth policy 4057:scorched-earth policy 4047: 4008:Aristeidis Stergiadis 3911:, gave his soldiers " 3903:, Lieutenant Colonel 3770: 3741:Greek victims of the 3740: 3621: 3355: 3315: 3245: 3120:Further information: 3082: 3073:Further information: 3056: 2997: 2947: 2923: 2859: 2795: 2766:First Battle of İnönü 2755: 2744:First Battle of İnönü 2693: 2674:Battle of the Sakarya 2659:Aristeidis Stergiadis 2639:legislative elections 2629:During October 1920, 2618: 2558: 2520: 2476: 2464: 2433: 2206: 2167:consists of Greeks." 1725:including modern day 1713:. Athens, before the 1699:Eleftherios Venizelos 1622: 1613:Further information: 1592:a population exchange 1553:Battle of the Sakarya 1261:1920 Summer Offensive 1188:1920 Summer Offensive 1096:The National Forces ( 1024:Casualties and losses 584:Georgios Hatzianestis 558:Eleftherios Venizelos 492:Kemalettin Sami Pasha 411:Circassian volunteers 324:Circassian volunteers 70:First Battle of İnönü 11213:Fatah–Hamas conflict 11149:Operation Desert Fox 11122:1991 Iraqi uprisings 11116:Gulf War (1990–1991) 11027:Grand Mosque seizure 11005:Yemenite War of 1979 10963:Yemenite War of 1972 10903:Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup 10893:Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup 10647:Ahmed Barzani revolt 10558:Turkish–Armenian War 10392:Armistice of Mudanya 10372:Cilicia Peace Treaty 10304:Conference of London 8796:Özdalga, Elizabeth. 8474:Lachenmann, Frauke; 7897:. pp. 400–402. 7158:Atlanta Constitution 6755:Erickson, Edward J, 6600:, pp. 238, 248. 6462:The Hemingway Review 6450:, 11 September 1922. 6381:Murat, John (1999), 6328:Shaw & Shaw 1977 6292:Shaw & Shaw 1977 6223:Shaw & Shaw 1977 6169:Шеремет, В (1995), 6099:Ayfer Özçelik : 5955:. Martinus Nijhoff. 5854:Shaw & Shaw 1977 4818:Süleyman Şefik Pasha 4654:on 24 December 2014. 4353:Occupation of Smyrna 4183:Great Fire of Smyrna 4141:shooting desperately 3743:Great Fire of Smyrna 3432:own front in Cilicia 3344:Armistice of Mudanya 3101:Battle of Dumlupınar 3083:Greek soldiers near 3075:Battle of Dumlupınar 3047:remained fruitless. 2771:conference in London 2726:started to create a 2531:Büyük Menderes River 2333:improve this section 2269:, the coastlands of 1707:Great Fire of Smyrna 1603:Geopolitical context 1565:great fire of Smyrna 1316:Turkish–Armenian War 1068:c. 13,740 prisoners* 654:Süleyman Şefik Pasha 620:Georgios Polymenakos 610:Alexandros Othonaios 30:For other uses, see 11481:Alexander of Greece 11361:This list includes 11329:2021 Beirut clashes 11189:2004 Qamishli riots 11066:Turkey–PKK conflict 11022:1979 Qatif Uprising 10841:1959 Mosul uprising 10831:1958 Lebanon crisis 10778:1973 Yom Kippur War 10749:Iran crisis of 1946 10737:Al-Wathbah uprising 10727:1943 Barzani revolt 10621:Great Syrian Revolt 10601:Iraqi Revolt (1920) 10524:Simko Shikak revolt 10309:San Remo conference 9930:Battle of Babaçiçek 9873:Samsun deportations 9868:Population exchange 9859:Personae non gratae 9553:. Transaction Pub. 9352:The Mirage of Power 8965:Rome Daily Sentinel 7575:Death by Government 7244:, 29 February 1920. 7211:Belfast News Letter 7192:, 16 September 1922 7009:Erickson, Edward J. 6043:A history of Greece 5910:by Gevorg Vardanyan 5817:, pp. 312–313. 5449:Στρατιωτική Ιστορία 5268:, 1999, p. 225 5060:Contemporary Review 4501:Asia Minor Campaign 4467:It is known as the 4294:Population Exchange 4147:" by the Greeks of 4018:Ismet Pasha (İnönü) 3869:Hamidiye, Uzunköprü 3654:Belfast News Letter 3521:Armistice of Mudros 3375:. Over one million 3173:Mustafa Kemal Pasha 3020:Mustafa Kemal Pasha 2900:Anastasios Papoulas 2686:Battle of the Gediz 2672:and the end of the 2655:Anastasios Papoulas 2620:Anastasios Papoulas 2440:Armistice of Mudros 1654:on 10 August 1920. 1561:recapture of Smyrna 1461:was fought between 615:Konstantinos Pallis 579:Anastasios Papoulas 464:Mustafa Kemal Pasha 399:Armenian volunteers 18:Asia Minor Disaster 11010:Iranian Revolution 10979:Lebanese Civil War 10925:1948 Palestine war 10672:1935 Yazidi revolt 10563:Franco-Turkish War 10402:Treaty of Lausanne 10005:Kuva-yi Inzibatiye 9737:Balıkesir Congress 9498:Shaw, Stanford Jay 9448:Papatheu, Katerina 9421:on 24 January 2013 9229:. New Mark Press. 9195:The Blight of Asia 9182:Metropolitan Books 8140:Demirci Akıncıları 7359:10.1093/hwj/dbi005 7309:The New York Times 7271:on 3 December 2013 7242:The New York Times 7190:The New York Times 6947:Rummel, Rudolph J. 6560:Ernest Hemingway, 6340:Lenczowski, George 6003:Treaty of Lausanne 5867:Yurt Ansiklopedisi 5204:. Gerçek Yayınevi. 4806:Kuva-yi Inzibatiye 4776:2013-06-08 at the 4198:military diary of 4119: 4053: 4030:Micheal Clodfelter 3779:British historian 3777: 3746: 3707:US Consul-General 3552:Türkiye İş Bankası 3499:Anatolian Greeks, 3361: 3358:Treaty of Lausanne 3348:Treaty of Lausanne 3252: 3200:Commander-in-chief 3109:Commander-in-Chief 3105:Nikolaos Trikoupis 3089: 3036: 2972:with the title of 2950: 2926: 2869: 2806: 2758: 2696: 2627: 2624:Army of Asia Minor 2596:Dimitrios Gounaris 2568: 2533:(Meander) Valley, 2527: 2486: 2471: 2436: 2297:raids reached it. 2209: 2127:Orthodox Christian 1667:David Lloyd George 1628: 1580:Treaty of Lausanne 1497:David Lloyd George 1347:Franco-Turkish War 984:heavy machine guns 978:light machine guns 857:heavy machine guns 851:light machine guns 727:Army of Asia Minor 642:Nikolaos Trikoupis 605:Konstantinos Nider 600:Nikolaos Plastiras 563:Dimitrios Gounaris 170:Republic of Turkey 142:Treaty of Lausanne 68:at the end of the 11461:Conflicts in 1922 11456:Conflicts in 1921 11451:Conflicts in 1920 11446:Conflicts in 1919 11373: 11372: 10596:Franco-Syrian War 10553:Greco-Turkish War 10541:Anglo-Turkish War 10507:Assyrian genocide 10502:Armenian genocide 10473:Italo-Turkish War 10425: 10424: 10410: 10409: 10283: 10282: 10219:Capture of Smyrna 9995:Koçgiri rebellion 9935:Özdemir Operation 9925:Tal Afar uprising 9826:Burning of Smyrna 9742:Alaşehir Congress 9689:Khilafat Movement 9602:978-0-521-81545-1 9560:978-1-4128-0619-0 9524:978-0-472-08569-9 9435:Naimark, Norman M 9386:978-0-340-96234-3 9362:978-0-415-26597-3 9333:Kitsikis, Dimitri 9316:Kitsikis, Dimitri 9307:978-1-4128-4710-0 9262:978-0-674-03222-4 9236:978-0-9667451-0-8 9217:978-0-297-82036-9 8460:978-1-4766-2585-0 8433:978-3-8258-4010-5 8389:Charny, Israel W. 8337:978-0-85772-744-2 7931:978-0-87850-094-9 7866:978-0-88033-995-7 7619:Arnold J. Toynbee 7590:978-1-56000-927-6 7569:Rummel, Rudolph J 7550:978-1-85043-618-8 7487:Missing or empty 7229:, 1 February 1919 6741:978-0-19-160979-4 6716:978-975-16-1524-4 6689:978-975-409-165-6 6663:978-1-4039-7467-9 6588:, London, p. 281. 6586:The Chanak Affair 6508:978-1-9788-2648-9 6440:James, Edwin L. " 6428:978-0-670-85338-0 6398:978-0-9600356-7-0 6367:978-1-931807-66-1 6278:978-0-582-49380-3 6268:Yapp, Malcolm E. 5987:978-0-292-70947-8 5962:978-0-7923-1453-0 5929:on 15 August 2010 5893:978-0-691-14612-6 5650:978-1-85065-702-6 5589:978-0-340-83786-3 5583:, 2008, Sceptre, 5562:Toynbee, Arnold J 5413:978-975-8163-67-0 5309:978-1-57607-344-5 4964:Şu Çılgın Türkler 4739:Η Εθνική Τραγωδία 4678:978-908-0-740-365 4604:978-0-521-27459-3 4541: 4517: 4493: 4443:Ankara Government 4304:According to the 4165:The Greek writer 4157:Burning of Smyrna 4123:Stylianos Gonatas 4087:Battle of Sakarya 4065:Norman M. Naimark 3893:Arnold J. Toynbee 3874:Seymen in Silivri 3839:" </block> 3802:Battle of Bergama 3794:Winston Churchill 3781:Arnold J. Toynbee 3578:Rudolph J. Rummel 3573:Armenian genocide 3475:; September 1921 3328:Charles Harington 3292:published in the 3290:George Ward Price 3248:Burning of Smyrna 3157:George Lenczowski 3126:Burning of Smyrna 3087:on 29 August 1922 2958:Battle of Sakarya 2941:to take control. 2916:Battle of Sakarya 2796:The British-made 2563:according to the 2559:Partition of the 2369: 2368: 2361: 2217:Kingdom of Greece 2193:Greek irredentism 2123: 2122: 1694:Arnold J. Toynbee 1511:had been part of 1454: 1453: 1281:Kütahya–Eskişehir 1206:Greco-Turkish War 1158:Anglo-Turkish War 1106: 1105: 1047:6,522 prisoners** 497:Yusuf Izzet Pasha 449:Pontic volunteers 343:Kingdom of Greece 176: 175: 162:Kingdom of Greece 16:(Redirected from 11493: 11335:Israel–Hamas war 11262:Syrian civil war 11245:Sinai insurgency 11206:2006 Lebanon War 10881:Dhofar Rebellion 10816:Cyprus Emergency 10811:Jebel Akhdar War 10783:1982 Lebanon War 10773:1967 Six-Day War 10682:Dersim rebellion 10642:Ararat rebellion 10546:Al-Jazeera Front 10452: 10445: 10438: 10429: 10428: 10377:Treaty of Ankara 10362:Treaty of Moscow 10337:Treaty of Sèvres 10292: 10291: 10111:Alemdar Incident 9957:Şehzadebaşı raid 9948:Eskişehir (1920) 9908:Al-Jazeera Front 9891: 9890: 9853:Menemen massacre 9838:Kaç Kaç incident 9732:Erzurum Congress 9663: 9656: 9649: 9640: 9639: 9634: 9633: 9631: 9626:on 16 March 2015 9606: 9586: 9585: 9583: 9578:on 16 April 2022 9564: 9545: 9527: 9505: 9493: 9459: 9442: 9429: 9428: 9426: 9420: 9409: 9397: 9395: 9393: 9365: 9344: 9327: 9310: 9278: 9266: 9254: 9240: 9221: 9199: 9185: 9159: 9154:Dinah, Shelton. 9152: 9146: 9140: 9134: 9118: 9112: 9111: 9093: 9087: 9086: 9068: 9062: 9061: 9049: 9043: 9042: 9036: 9028: 9017: 9011: 9009: 9001: 8995: 8993: 8985: 8979: 8978: 8973: 8971: 8962: 8954: 8948: 8947: 8936: 8930: 8924: 8918: 8917: 8915: 8914: 8902: 8896: 8895: 8873: 8864: 8863: 8839: 8833: 8832: 8826: 8818: 8807: 8801: 8794: 8788: 8787: 8765: 8759: 8758: 8752: 8744: 8733: 8727: 8726: 8720: 8712: 8701: 8695: 8694: 8688: 8680: 8669: 8663: 8662: 8641: 8632: 8631: 8610: 8604: 8603: 8582: 8576: 8575: 8554: 8548: 8538: 8532: 8526: 8517: 8516: 8509: 8503: 8502: 8476:Wolfrum, Rüdiger 8471: 8465: 8464: 8444: 8438: 8437: 8417: 8411: 8401: 8395: 8386: 8380: 8370: 8364: 8363: 8357: 8349: 8323: 8317: 8316: 8292: 8286: 8278:Clogg, Richard. 8276: 8270: 8264: 8253: 8252: 8239:Esaretten Zafere 8234: 8228: 8227: 8205: 8199: 8198: 8187: 8181: 8180: 8171: 8158: 8157: 8135: 8129: 8128: 8117: 8111: 8110: 8088: 8082: 8081: 8070: 8064: 8058: 8052: 8051: 8031: 8025: 8019: 8010: 8000: 7994: 7988: 7982: 7981: 7960: 7954: 7953: 7942: 7936: 7935: 7915: 7909: 7908: 7884: 7871: 7870: 7850: 7844: 7843: 7821: 7815: 7814: 7811: 7787: 7781: 7780: 7759: 7753: 7752: 7746: 7738: 7727: 7721: 7715: 7709: 7708: 7688: 7682: 7681: 7665: 7656: 7655: 7635: 7626: 7616: 7610: 7604: 7595: 7594: 7578: 7561: 7555: 7554: 7534: 7528: 7526: 7520: 7512: 7504: 7498: 7496: 7490: 7485: 7483: 7475: 7471: 7465: 7464: 7462: 7460: 7454: 7447: 7438: 7432: 7426: 7420: 7419: 7411: 7405: 7404: 7384: 7378: 7377: 7375: 7373: 7344: 7335: 7329: 7319: 7313: 7312: 7304: 7298: 7297: 7296:on 24 June 2009. 7292:. Archived from 7286: 7280: 7279: 7278: 7276: 7270: 7259: 7251: 7245: 7238: 7232: 7230: 7222: 7216: 7214: 7206: 7193: 7186: 7180: 7178: 7170: 7161: 7154: 7145: 7143: 7142:, 24 August 1920 7135: 7126: 7119: 7106: 7100: 7094: 7091: 7085: 7079: 7073: 7067: 7058: 7057: 7039: 7033: 7032: 7004: 6995: 6989: 6983: 6977: 6971: 6968:Turkish Democide 6966:Rumel, Rudolph, 6964: 6958: 6944: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6920: 6914: 6912: 6895: 6889: 6883: 6877: 6867: 6861: 6855: 6849: 6843: 6837: 6835: 6827: 6821: 6819: 6802: 6796: 6789: 6783: 6781: 6773: 6762: 6760: 6752: 6746: 6744: 6727: 6721: 6720: 6700: 6694: 6693: 6673: 6667: 6666: 6650:Payaslian, Simon 6646: 6640: 6634: 6625: 6619: 6613: 6607: 6601: 6595: 6589: 6579: 6573: 6562:Hemingway on War 6558: 6552: 6547: 6541: 6535: 6529: 6528: 6522: 6520: 6492: 6486: 6485: 6457: 6451: 6438: 6432: 6431: 6420: 6409: 6403: 6401: 6378: 6372: 6370: 6353: 6347: 6337: 6331: 6325: 6316: 6313: 6307: 6301: 6295: 6289: 6280: 6266: 6260: 6253: 6247: 6241: 6235: 6232: 6226: 6220: 6214: 6208: 6202: 6196: 6190: 6188: 6182: 6174: 6166: 6160: 6158: 6151: 6145: 6139: 6133: 6127: 6121: 6115: 6109: 6108: 6097: 6091: 6090: 6083: 6077: 6072: 6066: 6063: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6035: 6029: 6023: 6017: 6015: 5998: 5992: 5991: 5973: 5967: 5966: 5948: 5942: 5941: 5936: 5934: 5917: 5911: 5904: 5898: 5897: 5877: 5871: 5870: 5863: 5857: 5851: 5845: 5839: 5833: 5827: 5818: 5812: 5806: 5800: 5794: 5792: 5782: 5776: 5775: 5747: 5741: 5740: 5712: 5706: 5700: 5691: 5677: 5668: 5661: 5655: 5654: 5634: 5628: 5614: 5608: 5597: 5591: 5577: 5571: 5569: 5558: 5552: 5547:Woodhouse, C.M. 5545: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5501: 5495: 5486: 5480: 5458: 5452: 5446: 5437: 5435: 5424: 5418: 5417: 5399: 5393: 5392: 5387: 5376: 5375: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5338: 5332: 5330: 5320: 5314: 5313: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5277: 5271: 5269: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5231: 5225: 5223: 5215: 5206: 5205: 5195: 5186: 5184: 5176: 5161: 5154: 5148: 5147: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5109: 5092:volunteers. See 5086: 5080: 5069: 5063: 5055: 5049: 5041: 5035: 5032: 5026: 5023: 5017: 5014: 5008: 5005: 4999: 4957: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4928: 4922: 4921: 4903: 4897: 4890:New York Times, 4888: 4882: 4881: 4853: 4812:, supported the 4802: 4793: 4787: 4781: 4763: 4757: 4752: 4746: 4743:National Tragedy 4735: 4729: 4722: 4716: 4713: 4707: 4704: 4698: 4695:by Bülent Bilmez 4689: 4683: 4682: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4644: 4638: 4633: 4627: 4626: 4615: 4609: 4608: 4592: 4582: 4561: 4558: 4552: 4546: 4536: 4534: 4522: 4512: 4510: 4498: 4488: 4486: 4465: 4459: 4456: 4450: 4439:Nationalist Army 4423: 4417: 4402: 4396: 4389: 4311:ethnic cleansing 4268:Ernest Hemingway 4264:Şirinyer Station 3810:Menemen massacre 3759:Menemen massacre 3716:Pontian Genocide 3697:Henry Morgenthau 3691:ethnic cleansing 3687:George W. Rendel 3668:Atlanta Observer 3493:June 1922 Samsun 3304:Ernest Hemingway 3228: 3196: 3184: 3168: 3022:, ambassador of 2978:Turkish Republic 2861:King Constantine 2704:irregular forces 2647:King Constantine 2565:Treaty of Sèvres 2551:Treaty of Sèvres 2364: 2357: 2353: 2350: 2344: 2313: 2305: 2234:Byzantine Empire 2225:Ioannis Kolettis 2182:King Constantine 1763: 1759:Greeks in Turkey 1652:Treaty of Sèvres 1576:Treaty of Sèvres 1517:Byzantine Empire 1509:Western Anatolia 1146: 1145: 1132: 1125: 1118: 1109: 1108: 762: 756: 755: 754: 747: 746: 736: 735: 725: 724: 716: 710: 709: 708: 702: 696: 695: 694: 688: 684:Nationalist Army 682: 681: 680: 663: 648: 636: 591: 570: 517:Ömer Halis Pasha 483: 447: 436: 435: 424: 423: 415: 409: 408: 407: 397: 396: 385: 384: 373: 372: 364: 360: 358: 357: 341: 340: 328: 322: 321: 320: 313: 306: 302: 300: 299: 291: 287: 285: 284: 276: 266: 265: 264: 257: 247: 246: 240: 230: 229: 228: 221: 211: 209: 208: 193: 192: 191: 131:Trial of the Six 122:Turkish victory 86: 85: 59: 39: 38: 21: 11501: 11500: 11496: 11495: 11494: 11492: 11491: 11490: 11376: 11375: 11374: 11369: 11367: 11354: 11317: 11239:Egyptian Crisis 11222: 11163: 11103: 11036: 10946: 10935:Second Intifada 10845: 10789: 10686: 10652:Simele massacre 10630: 10611:Adwan Rebellion 10584: 10461: 10456: 10426: 10421: 10406: 10348: 10341: 10318: 10279: 10248: 10225: 10204:Great Offensive 10115: 10057: 10024: 10010:Battle of Geyve 10000:Konya rebellion 9981: 9882: 9787: 9761: 9752:Amasya Protocol 9727:Amasya Circular 9717:Karakol society 9704: 9698: 9672: 9667: 9629: 9627: 9616: 9613: 9603: 9581: 9579: 9561: 9525: 9424: 9422: 9418: 9410:, Garden City, 9407: 9391: 9389: 9387: 9363: 9308: 9263: 9237: 9218: 9167: 9162: 9153: 9149: 9141: 9137: 9119: 9115: 9108: 9094: 9090: 9083: 9069: 9065: 9050: 9046: 9030: 9029: 9018: 9014: 9002: 8998: 8987: 8986: 8982: 8969: 8967: 8960: 8956: 8955: 8951: 8937: 8933: 8925: 8921: 8908: 8903: 8899: 8888: 8874: 8867: 8857: 8840: 8836: 8820: 8819: 8808: 8804: 8795: 8791: 8780: 8766: 8762: 8746: 8745: 8734: 8730: 8714: 8713: 8702: 8698: 8682: 8681: 8670: 8666: 8656: 8642: 8635: 8625: 8611: 8607: 8597: 8583: 8579: 8569: 8555: 8551: 8539: 8535: 8527: 8520: 8511: 8510: 8506: 8496: 8488:. p. 652. 8472: 8468: 8461: 8445: 8441: 8434: 8418: 8414: 8402: 8398: 8387: 8383: 8371: 8367: 8351: 8350: 8338: 8324: 8320: 8309: 8293: 8289: 8277: 8273: 8265: 8256: 8249: 8235: 8231: 8220: 8206: 8202: 8188: 8184: 8173: 8172: 8161: 8150: 8136: 8132: 8118: 8114: 8103: 8089: 8085: 8071: 8067: 8059: 8055: 8048: 8032: 8028: 8020: 8013: 8001: 7997: 7989: 7985: 7975: 7961: 7957: 7943: 7939: 7932: 7916: 7912: 7905: 7885: 7874: 7867: 7851: 7847: 7836: 7822: 7818: 7802: 7788: 7784: 7774: 7760: 7756: 7740: 7739: 7728: 7724: 7716: 7712: 7705: 7689: 7685: 7666: 7659: 7652: 7636: 7629: 7617: 7613: 7605: 7598: 7591: 7562: 7558: 7551: 7535: 7531: 7514: 7513: 7505: 7501: 7488: 7486: 7477: 7476: 7473: 7472: 7468: 7458: 7456: 7452: 7445: 7439: 7435: 7427: 7423: 7412: 7408: 7401: 7385: 7381: 7371: 7369: 7342: 7336: 7332: 7322:Morgenthau 1918 7320: 7316: 7306: 7305: 7301: 7288: 7287: 7283: 7274: 7272: 7268: 7257: 7253: 7252: 7248: 7239: 7235: 7224: 7223: 7219: 7208: 7207: 7196: 7187: 7183: 7172: 7171: 7164: 7160:. 30 March 1922 7155: 7148: 7137: 7136: 7129: 7120: 7109: 7101: 7097: 7092: 7088: 7080: 7076: 7068: 7061: 7054: 7040: 7036: 7025: 7005: 6998: 6990: 6986: 6978: 6974: 6965: 6961: 6945: 6941: 6928: 6922: 6921: 6917: 6910: 6896: 6892: 6884: 6880: 6868: 6864: 6856: 6852: 6844: 6840: 6828: 6824: 6817: 6803: 6799: 6790: 6786: 6775: 6774: 6765: 6753: 6749: 6742: 6728: 6724: 6717: 6701: 6697: 6690: 6674: 6670: 6664: 6647: 6643: 6635: 6628: 6620: 6616: 6608: 6604: 6596: 6592: 6580: 6576: 6559: 6555: 6548: 6544: 6536: 6532: 6518: 6516: 6509: 6493: 6489: 6458: 6454: 6439: 6435: 6429: 6418: 6410: 6406: 6399: 6379: 6375: 6368: 6354: 6350: 6338: 6334: 6326: 6319: 6314: 6310: 6302: 6298: 6290: 6283: 6267: 6263: 6254: 6250: 6242: 6238: 6233: 6229: 6221: 6217: 6209: 6205: 6197: 6193: 6176: 6175: 6172: 6167: 6163: 6152: 6148: 6140: 6136: 6130:Stone, David R. 6128: 6124: 6116: 6112: 6106: 6098: 6094: 6085: 6084: 6080: 6073: 6069: 6064: 6057: 6047: 6045: 6037: 6036: 6032: 6024: 6020: 6014:on 29 June 2007 6000: 5999: 5995: 5988: 5974: 5970: 5963: 5949: 5945: 5932: 5930: 5919: 5918: 5914: 5905: 5901: 5894: 5878: 5874: 5865: 5864: 5860: 5852: 5848: 5840: 5836: 5828: 5821: 5813: 5809: 5801: 5797: 5784: 5783: 5779: 5748: 5744: 5713: 5709: 5701: 5694: 5678: 5671: 5662: 5658: 5651: 5635: 5631: 5615: 5611: 5598: 5594: 5578: 5574: 5559: 5555: 5546: 5542: 5532: 5530: 5517: 5513: 5502: 5498: 5488:Ahmet Özdemir, 5487: 5483: 5459: 5455: 5447: 5440: 5429: 5426: 5425: 5421: 5414: 5400: 5396: 5390: 5388: 5379: 5374:on 5 April 2013 5362: 5358: 5348: 5346: 5339: 5335: 5322: 5321: 5317: 5310: 5294: 5290: 5279: 5278: 5274: 5256: 5255: 5251: 5241: 5239: 5232: 5228: 5216: 5209: 5196: 5189: 5177: 5164: 5155: 5151: 5145: 5143: 5139: 5129: 5127: 5116: 5106: 5087: 5083: 5070: 5066: 5056: 5052: 5042: 5038: 5033: 5029: 5024: 5020: 5015: 5011: 5006: 5002: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4984: 4980: 4975: 4958: 4951: 4941: 4939: 4929: 4925: 4918: 4904: 4900: 4889: 4885: 4870: 4842: 4803: 4796: 4788: 4784: 4778:Wayback Machine 4764: 4760: 4753: 4749: 4736: 4732: 4724:Michael Smith, 4723: 4719: 4714: 4710: 4705: 4701: 4690: 4686: 4679: 4663: 4659: 4646: 4645: 4641: 4634: 4630: 4617: 4616: 4612: 4605: 4583: 4574: 4570: 4565: 4564: 4559: 4555: 4481:Ottoman Turkish 4466: 4462: 4457: 4453: 4431:Kuva-yi Milliye 4427:irregular units 4424: 4420: 4403: 4399: 4390: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4334: 4302: 4296: 4284:Great Offensive 4255:General Frangou 4251:Fahrettin Altay 4239: 4200:Nikos Vasilikos 4042: 4022:genocide denial 4014:Justin McCarthy 3901:Battle of Aydın 3765: 3755: 3724:Greek Americans 3632:the command of 3575: 3567:Main articles: 3565: 3560: 3487:; October 1921 3445:forced to leave 3428:Council of Four 3397: 3350: 3342:Main articles: 3340: 3313:reported that: 3278: 3272: 3238: 3235:Fahrettin Pasha 3229: 3220: 3197: 3188: 3185: 3176: 3169: 3128: 3118: 3093:Great Offensive 3077: 3071: 3066: 3032:Ali Ihsan Pasha 2992: 2986: 2918: 2912: 2904:Ioannis Metaxas 2879:on the line of 2854: 2848: 2831: 2817: 2811: 2750: 2742:Main articles: 2740: 2716:Kuva-yi Seyyare 2688: 2682: 2680:Gediz Offensive 2613: 2591: 2553: 2547: 2515: 2509: 2469:in Smyrna, 1919 2459: 2453: 2428: 2426:Greek expansion 2414:on the border. 2375: 2373:National Schism 2365: 2354: 2348: 2345: 2330: 2314: 2303: 2201: 2195: 2136:Slavic-speakers 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 1767: 1761: 1755: 1617: 1611: 1605: 1600: 1492:, particularly 1483:14 October 1922 1455: 1450: 1449: 1291:Great Offensive 1147: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1136: 1098:Kuva-yi Milliye 1088: 1081: 1071: 1050: 1019: 967: 966: 958: 933: 932: 924: 888: 840: 839: 831: 808: 807: 799: 760: 752: 750: 749: 741: 740: 730: 729: 719: 714: 706: 704: 703: 700: 698:National Forces 692: 690: 689: 686: 678: 676: 666: 661: 541: 487:Fahrettin Pasha 481: 442: 430: 418: 413: 405: 403: 391: 379: 367: 355: 353: 335: 331: 326: 318: 316: 307: 297: 295: 282: 280: 270: 262: 260: 251: 244: 234: 226: 224: 215: 206: 204: 189: 187: 156: 113: 99: 97:14 October 1922 78:infantry charge 60: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11499: 11489: 11488: 11483: 11478: 11473: 11468: 11463: 11458: 11453: 11448: 11443: 11441:1922 in Greece 11438: 11436:1921 in Greece 11433: 11431:1920 in Greece 11428: 11426:1919 in Greece 11423: 11418: 11413: 11408: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11388: 11371: 11370: 11359: 11356: 11355: 11353: 11352: 11349:Red Sea crisis 11345: 11338: 11331: 11325: 11323: 11319: 11318: 11316: 11315: 11314: 11313: 11299: 11292: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11274: 11273: 11257: 11256: 11255: 11248: 11236: 11230: 11228: 11224: 11223: 11221: 11220: 11215: 11210: 11209: 11208: 11196: 11191: 11186: 11179: 11171: 11169: 11165: 11164: 11162: 11161: 11156: 11151: 11146: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11124: 11119: 11111: 11109: 11105: 11104: 11102: 11101: 11096: 11094:Mecca massacre 11091: 11086: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11070: 11069: 11057: 11052: 11044: 11042: 11038: 11037: 11035: 11034: 11029: 11024: 11019: 11018: 11017: 11007: 11002: 10997: 10992: 10987: 10982: 10975: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10954: 10952: 10948: 10947: 10945: 10944: 10939: 10938: 10937: 10932: 10930:First Intifada 10927: 10915: 10913:1964 Hama riot 10910: 10908:Aden Emergency 10905: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10883: 10878: 10877: 10876: 10871: 10859: 10853: 10851: 10847: 10846: 10844: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10818: 10813: 10808: 10803: 10797: 10795: 10791: 10790: 10788: 10787: 10786: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10770: 10765: 10753: 10752: 10751: 10739: 10734: 10729: 10724: 10723: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10707: 10694: 10692: 10688: 10687: 10685: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10669: 10664: 10659: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10638: 10636: 10632: 10631: 10629: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10592: 10590: 10586: 10585: 10583: 10582: 10577: 10576: 10575: 10570: 10565: 10560: 10555: 10550: 10549: 10548: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10515: 10514: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10493: 10492: 10475: 10469: 10467: 10463: 10462: 10455: 10454: 10447: 10440: 10432: 10423: 10422: 10415: 10412: 10411: 10408: 10407: 10405: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10389: 10384: 10382:Treaty of Kars 10379: 10374: 10369: 10364: 10359: 10353: 10351: 10343: 10342: 10340: 10339: 10334: 10328: 10326: 10320: 10319: 10317: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10300: 10298: 10289: 10285: 10284: 10281: 10280: 10278: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10256: 10254: 10250: 10249: 10247: 10246: 10241: 10235: 10233: 10227: 10226: 10224: 10223: 10222: 10221: 10216: 10211: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10125: 10123: 10117: 10116: 10114: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10067: 10065: 10059: 10058: 10056: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10034: 10032: 10026: 10025: 10023: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9991: 9989: 9983: 9982: 9980: 9979: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9946: 9945: 9944: 9943: 9942: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9921: 9920: 9905: 9903:Constantinople 9899: 9897: 9888: 9884: 9883: 9881: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9862: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9834: 9833: 9831:Responsibility 9823: 9821:Fire of Manisa 9818: 9813: 9812: 9811: 9801: 9795: 9793: 9789: 9788: 9786: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9769: 9767: 9763: 9762: 9760: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9747:Sivas Congress 9744: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9708: 9706: 9700: 9699: 9697: 9696: 9691: 9686: 9680: 9678: 9674: 9673: 9666: 9665: 9658: 9651: 9643: 9637: 9636: 9612: 9611:External links 9609: 9608: 9607: 9601: 9588: 9565: 9559: 9546: 9529: 9523: 9506: 9494: 9460: 9444: 9431: 9398: 9385: 9367: 9361: 9346: 9329: 9312: 9306: 9291: 9282:Fromkin, David 9279: 9267: 9261: 9241: 9235: 9222: 9216: 9200: 9190:Horton, George 9186: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9160: 9147: 9135: 9131:978-0674023680 9113: 9106: 9088: 9082:978-9754090598 9081: 9063: 9044: 9012: 8996: 8980: 8949: 8931: 8929:, p. 318. 8919: 8897: 8887:978-9754090598 8886: 8865: 8856:978-9600510119 8855: 8843:Venezis, Elias 8834: 8811:Venezis, Elias 8802: 8789: 8779:978-9754090598 8778: 8760: 8728: 8696: 8664: 8655:978-9608854222 8654: 8633: 8624:978-9605221409 8623: 8605: 8596:978-9600505092 8595: 8577: 8568:978-9600505092 8567: 8549: 8533: 8531:, p. 386. 8518: 8504: 8495:978-0198784623 8494: 8466: 8459: 8439: 8432: 8412: 8396: 8381: 8365: 8336: 8318: 8307: 8287: 8271: 8254: 8248:978-6058685222 8247: 8229: 8218: 8200: 8182: 8159: 8149:978-9751621849 8148: 8130: 8112: 8101: 8083: 8065: 8063:, p. 318. 8053: 8047:978-1612513027 8046: 8026: 8024:, p. 284. 8011: 7995: 7983: 7973: 7955: 7937: 7930: 7910: 7904:978-0674916456 7903: 7872: 7865: 7845: 7835:978-6052988022 7834: 7816: 7800: 7782: 7773:978-9600510119 7772: 7754: 7722: 7710: 7704:978-9754090079 7703: 7683: 7657: 7651:978-1612513027 7650: 7627: 7611: 7609:, p. 260. 7596: 7589: 7556: 7549: 7529: 7499: 7466: 7455:on 9 July 2011 7433: 7431:, p. 267. 7421: 7406: 7400:978-0198032908 7399: 7379: 7330: 7314: 7299: 7281: 7246: 7233: 7217: 7194: 7181: 7177:, 13 July 1922 7162: 7146: 7127: 7107: 7105:, p. 323. 7095: 7086: 7082:Midlarsky 2005 7074: 7059: 7053:978-0674240087 7052: 7034: 7024:978-1440878428 7023: 6996: 6994:, p. 322. 6984: 6982:, p. 152. 6972: 6959: 6939: 6915: 6908: 6890: 6888:, p. 298. 6878: 6862: 6860:, p. 207. 6850: 6838: 6822: 6815: 6797: 6784: 6763: 6747: 6740: 6722: 6715: 6695: 6688: 6668: 6662: 6641: 6639:, p. 108. 6626: 6624:, p. 251. 6614: 6612:, p. 238. 6602: 6590: 6574: 6553: 6542: 6530: 6507: 6487: 6452: 6447:New York Times 6433: 6427: 6404: 6397: 6373: 6366: 6348: 6332: 6330:, p. 363. 6317: 6308: 6306:, p. 315. 6296: 6294:, p. 362. 6281: 6261: 6248: 6246:, p. 277. 6236: 6227: 6225:, p. 360. 6215: 6213:, p. 275. 6203: 6191: 6161: 6146: 6134: 6122: 6110: 6102:Gediz Taarruzu 6092: 6078: 6067: 6055: 6030: 6028:, p. 233. 6018: 5993: 5986: 5968: 5961: 5943: 5912: 5899: 5892: 5872: 5858: 5856:, p. 342. 5846: 5844:, p. 154. 5834: 5819: 5807: 5795: 5777: 5742: 5707: 5705:, p. 367. 5692: 5669: 5656: 5649: 5629: 5609: 5592: 5579:Giles Milton, 5572: 5553: 5540: 5511: 5508:. p. 226. 5496: 5481: 5479: 5478: 5474: 5473: 5469: 5468: 5464: 5463: 5453: 5438: 5419: 5412: 5394: 5377: 5356: 5333: 5315: 5308: 5288: 5272: 5249: 5226: 5220:Çağdaş Türkiye 5207: 5187: 5162: 5149: 5137: 5105:978-9609952002 5104: 5081: 5064: 5050: 5036: 5027: 5018: 5009: 5000: 4960:Turgut Özakman 4949: 4923: 4916: 4898: 4883: 4869:978-1472806864 4868: 4841:978-9751030542 4840: 4820:, against the 4810:Ottoman Empire 4794: 4782: 4758: 4747: 4730: 4717: 4708: 4699: 4684: 4677: 4657: 4639: 4628: 4623:litopys.org.ua 4610: 4603: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4563: 4562: 4553: 4460: 4451: 4418: 4397: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4371: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4333: 4330: 4326:Eastern Thrace 4298:Main article: 4295: 4292: 4238: 4235: 4231:Aydın Vilayeti 4224:fire of Manisa 4173:, states that 4169:, in his book 4108:Afyonkarahisar 4041: 4038: 4003:Eastern Thrace 3996:Parti Pehlivan 3883:International 3848:Eastern Thrace 3822:, in his book 3754: 3751: 3732:Greek diaspora 3634:Nurettin Pasha 3629:Sivas province 3569:Greek genocide 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3467:; August 1921 3449:Turkish forces 3414:Kalogeropoulos 3396: 3393: 3377:Greek Orthodox 3339: 3336: 3282:sea of Marmara 3271: 3268: 3240: 3239: 3230: 3223: 3221: 3198: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3179: 3177: 3170: 3163: 3143:the next day. 3117: 3114: 3085:Afyonkarahisar 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3024:Azerbaijan SSR 2988:Main article: 2985: 2982: 2914:Main article: 2911: 2908: 2881:Afyonkarahisar 2847: 2844: 2813:Main article: 2810: 2807: 2739: 2736: 2702:, the Turkish 2684:Main article: 2681: 2678: 2631:King Alexander 2612: 2609: 2590: 2587: 2576:Chatalja lines 2561:Ottoman Empire 2549:Main article: 2546: 2543: 2511:Main article: 2508: 2505: 2455:Main article: 2452: 2449: 2427: 2424: 2412:Bulgarian Army 2392:Central Powers 2367: 2366: 2317: 2315: 2308: 2302: 2299: 2287:Roman conquest 2263:Aegean Islands 2221:Greek Republic 2197:Main article: 2194: 2191: 2177:Constantinople 2161:Smyrna Vilayet 2121: 2120: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2081: 2080: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2046: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2023: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2000: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1977: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1954: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1931: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1908: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1885: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1862: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1839: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1816: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1793: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1770: 1769: 1757:Main article: 1754: 1751: 1648:Triple Entente 1632:Ottoman Empire 1607:Main article: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1586:, and Eastern 1572:Eastern Thrace 1513:Ancient Greece 1501:Ottoman Empire 1452: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1441: 1440: 1434: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1402: 1401: 1393: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1351: 1350: 1342: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1320: 1319: 1311: 1310: 1309: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1222: 1221: 1210: 1209: 1201: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1166:Constantinople 1162: 1161: 1153: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1141:Turkish War of 1135: 1134: 1127: 1120: 1112: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1094: 1083: 1082: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1070: 1069: 1066: 1065:18,095 missing 1063: 1062:48,880 wounded 1060: 1057: 1053: 1051: 1049: 1048: 1045: 1044:11,150 missing 1042: 1041:31,097 wounded 1039: 1036: 1029: 1026: 1025: 1021: 1020: 1018: 1017: 1011: 1001: 998: 992: 986: 980: 974: 961: 960: 959: 957: 956: 952:9 independent 950: 943: 927: 926: 925: 923: 922: 916: 910: 904: 898: 891: 889: 887: 886: 880: 874: 871: 865: 859: 853: 847: 834: 833: 832: 830: 829: 825:3 independent 823: 816: 802: 801: 800: 798: 797: 791: 785: 779: 772: 769: 768: 764: 763: 738:Caliphate Army 717: 673: 672: 671:Units involved 668: 667: 665: 664: 656: 651: 639: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 581: 576: 571: 560: 555: 550: 544: 542: 540: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 507:Muhittin Pasha 504: 502:Ali Fuat Pasha 499: 494: 489: 484: 476: 471: 466: 460: 457: 456: 452: 451: 441: 440: 428: 416: 401: 389: 387:Ottoman Empire 377: 365: 362:United Kingdom 349: 332: 330: 329: 314: 292: 277: 258: 249:Azerbaijan SSR 241: 222: 201: 183: 182: 178: 177: 174: 173: 166:Ottoman Empire 158: 152: 151: 150: 149: 144: 139: 134: 119: 115: 114: 108: 106: 102: 101: 90: 82: 81: 52: 51: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11498: 11487: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11474: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11383: 11381: 11366: 11364: 11357: 11351: 11350: 11346: 11344: 11343: 11339: 11337: 11336: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11326: 11324: 11320: 11312: 11311: 11310: 11305: 11304: 11303: 11302:Yemeni crisis 11300: 11298: 11297: 11293: 11291: 11290: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11272: 11271: 11267: 11266: 11265: 11264: 11263: 11258: 11254: 11253: 11249: 11247: 11246: 11242: 11241: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11231: 11229: 11225: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11207: 11204: 11203: 11202: 11201: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11185: 11184: 11180: 11178: 11177: 11173: 11172: 11170: 11166: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11144: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11117: 11113: 11112: 11110: 11106: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11068: 11067: 11063: 11062: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11050: 11049:Iran–Iraq War 11046: 11045: 11043: 11039: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11016: 11013: 11012: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11001: 11000:NDF Rebellion 10998: 10996: 10993: 10991: 10988: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10980: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10955: 10953: 10949: 10943: 10940: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10922: 10921: 10920: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10888: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10866: 10865: 10864: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10854: 10852: 10848: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10798: 10796: 10792: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10760: 10759: 10758: 10754: 10750: 10747: 10746: 10745: 10744: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10732:Alwaziri coup 10730: 10728: 10725: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10702: 10701: 10700: 10696: 10695: 10693: 10689: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10639: 10637: 10633: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10593: 10591: 10587: 10581: 10578: 10574: 10573:United States 10571: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10547: 10544: 10543: 10542: 10539: 10538: 10537: 10536: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10491: 10488: 10487: 10486: 10483: 10482: 10481: 10480: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10470: 10468: 10464: 10460: 10453: 10448: 10446: 10441: 10439: 10434: 10433: 10430: 10420: 10419: 10413: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10360: 10358: 10355: 10354: 10352: 10350: 10344: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10332:Misak-ı Millî 10330: 10329: 10327: 10325: 10321: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10301: 10299: 10297: 10293: 10290: 10286: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10265:Artvin (1921) 10263: 10261: 10260:Artvin (1919) 10258: 10257: 10255: 10251: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10236: 10234: 10232: 10228: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10206: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10134: 10130: 10127: 10126: 10124: 10122: 10118: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10068: 10066: 10064: 10060: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10035: 10033: 10031: 10027: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9992: 9990: 9988: 9984: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9972:Chanak crisis 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9947: 9941: 9938: 9937: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9919: 9916: 9915: 9914: 9911: 9910: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9900: 9898: 9896: 9892: 9889: 9885: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9860: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9832: 9829: 9828: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9816:Chanak crisis 9814: 9810: 9807: 9806: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9799:Amasya trials 9797: 9796: 9794: 9790: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9770: 9768: 9764: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9709: 9707: 9701: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9681: 9679: 9675: 9671: 9664: 9659: 9657: 9652: 9650: 9645: 9644: 9641: 9625: 9621: 9620: 9615: 9614: 9604: 9598: 9594: 9589: 9577: 9573: 9572: 9566: 9562: 9556: 9552: 9547: 9543: 9539: 9536:. Constable. 9535: 9530: 9526: 9520: 9516: 9513:, Ann Arbor: 9512: 9507: 9503: 9499: 9495: 9492: 9488: 9484: 9480: 9476: 9472: 9468: 9467: 9461: 9457: 9453: 9449: 9445: 9440: 9436: 9432: 9417: 9413: 9406: 9405: 9399: 9388: 9382: 9378: 9377: 9372: 9371:Milton, Giles 9368: 9364: 9358: 9354: 9353: 9347: 9342: 9338: 9334: 9330: 9325: 9321: 9317: 9313: 9309: 9303: 9299: 9298: 9292: 9289: 9288: 9283: 9280: 9276: 9272: 9268: 9264: 9258: 9253: 9252: 9246: 9242: 9238: 9232: 9228: 9223: 9219: 9213: 9209: 9205: 9204:Kinross, Lord 9201: 9197: 9196: 9191: 9187: 9183: 9179: 9178: 9173: 9169: 9168: 9157: 9151: 9145:, p. 47. 9144: 9139: 9132: 9128: 9124: 9123: 9117: 9109: 9103: 9099: 9092: 9084: 9078: 9074: 9067: 9060: 9055: 9048: 9040: 9034: 9027: 9023: 9016: 9007: 9000: 8991: 8984: 8977: 8966: 8959: 8953: 8946: 8942: 8935: 8928: 8923: 8916: 8901: 8894: 8889: 8883: 8879: 8872: 8870: 8862: 8858: 8852: 8848: 8844: 8838: 8830: 8824: 8816: 8812: 8806: 8799: 8793: 8786: 8781: 8775: 8771: 8764: 8756: 8750: 8743: 8739: 8732: 8724: 8718: 8711: 8707: 8700: 8692: 8686: 8679: 8675: 8668: 8661: 8657: 8651: 8647: 8640: 8638: 8630: 8626: 8620: 8616: 8609: 8602: 8598: 8592: 8588: 8581: 8574: 8570: 8564: 8560: 8553: 8546: 8542: 8537: 8530: 8525: 8523: 8514: 8508: 8501: 8497: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8482: 8477: 8470: 8462: 8456: 8452: 8451: 8443: 8435: 8429: 8425: 8424: 8416: 8409: 8405: 8400: 8393: 8390: 8385: 8378: 8374: 8369: 8361: 8355: 8347: 8343: 8339: 8333: 8329: 8322: 8315: 8310: 8308:0-87850-094-4 8304: 8300: 8299: 8291: 8284: 8281: 8275: 8269:, p. 92. 8268: 8263: 8261: 8259: 8250: 8244: 8240: 8233: 8226: 8221: 8215: 8211: 8204: 8197: 8193: 8186: 8178: 8177: 8170: 8168: 8166: 8164: 8156: 8151: 8145: 8141: 8134: 8127: 8123: 8116: 8109: 8104: 8098: 8094: 8087: 8080: 8076: 8069: 8062: 8057: 8049: 8043: 8039: 8038: 8030: 8023: 8018: 8016: 8008: 8004: 7999: 7992: 7987: 7980: 7976: 7970: 7966: 7959: 7952: 7948: 7941: 7933: 7927: 7923: 7922: 7914: 7906: 7900: 7896: 7892: 7891: 7883: 7881: 7879: 7877: 7868: 7862: 7858: 7857: 7849: 7842: 7837: 7831: 7827: 7820: 7813: 7810: 7803: 7797: 7793: 7786: 7779: 7775: 7769: 7765: 7758: 7750: 7744: 7737: 7733: 7726: 7719: 7714: 7706: 7700: 7696: 7695: 7687: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7664: 7662: 7653: 7647: 7643: 7642: 7634: 7632: 7624: 7620: 7615: 7608: 7603: 7601: 7592: 7586: 7582: 7577: 7576: 7570: 7566: 7560: 7552: 7546: 7542: 7541: 7533: 7524: 7518: 7510: 7503: 7494: 7481: 7470: 7451: 7444: 7437: 7430: 7425: 7417: 7410: 7402: 7396: 7392: 7391: 7383: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7353:(60): 25–44. 7352: 7348: 7341: 7334: 7327: 7323: 7318: 7310: 7303: 7295: 7291: 7285: 7267: 7263: 7256: 7250: 7243: 7237: 7228: 7221: 7213:, 16 May 1922 7212: 7205: 7203: 7201: 7199: 7191: 7185: 7176: 7169: 7167: 7159: 7153: 7151: 7141: 7134: 7132: 7124: 7118: 7116: 7114: 7112: 7104: 7099: 7090: 7083: 7078: 7071: 7066: 7064: 7055: 7049: 7045: 7038: 7031: 7026: 7020: 7016: 7015: 7010: 7003: 7001: 6993: 6988: 6981: 6976: 6969: 6963: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6943: 6932: 6927: 6926: 6919: 6911: 6909:975-16-0269-6 6905: 6901: 6894: 6887: 6882: 6875: 6871: 6866: 6859: 6854: 6847: 6842: 6833: 6826: 6818: 6816:975-494-278-1 6812: 6808: 6801: 6794: 6788: 6779: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6759:, p. 211 6758: 6751: 6743: 6737: 6733: 6726: 6718: 6712: 6708: 6707: 6699: 6691: 6685: 6681: 6680: 6672: 6665: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6645: 6638: 6633: 6631: 6623: 6622:Friedman 2012 6618: 6611: 6610:Friedman 2012 6606: 6599: 6598:Friedman 2012 6594: 6587: 6583: 6582:Walder, David 6578: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6557: 6551: 6546: 6539: 6534: 6527: 6514: 6510: 6504: 6500: 6499: 6491: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6456: 6449: 6448: 6443: 6437: 6430: 6424: 6417: 6416: 6408: 6400: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6385: 6377: 6369: 6363: 6359: 6352: 6345: 6341: 6336: 6329: 6324: 6322: 6312: 6305: 6300: 6293: 6288: 6286: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6265: 6258: 6252: 6245: 6240: 6231: 6224: 6219: 6212: 6207: 6200: 6195: 6186: 6180: 6165: 6157: 6150: 6143: 6138: 6131: 6126: 6119: 6114: 6104: 6103: 6096: 6088: 6082: 6076: 6071: 6062: 6060: 6044: 6040: 6034: 6027: 6022: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6004: 5997: 5989: 5983: 5979: 5972: 5964: 5958: 5954: 5947: 5940: 5928: 5924: 5923: 5916: 5909: 5903: 5895: 5889: 5885: 5884: 5876: 5868: 5862: 5855: 5850: 5843: 5838: 5831: 5826: 5824: 5816: 5811: 5805:, p. 35. 5804: 5799: 5790: 5789: 5781: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5746: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5723:(1): 85–106. 5722: 5718: 5711: 5704: 5699: 5697: 5690:, pp. 168–169 5689: 5685: 5681: 5676: 5674: 5666: 5660: 5652: 5646: 5642: 5641: 5633: 5627:, pp. 170–189 5626: 5622: 5618: 5613: 5606: 5605:0-609-80815-X 5602: 5596: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5581:Paradise Lost 5576: 5567: 5563: 5557: 5550: 5544: 5528: 5527: 5522: 5515: 5507: 5500: 5493: 5492: 5485: 5476: 5475: 5471: 5470: 5466: 5465: 5461: 5460: 5457: 5450: 5445: 5443: 5433: 5423: 5415: 5409: 5405: 5398: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5373: 5369: 5368: 5360: 5344: 5337: 5329: 5325: 5319: 5311: 5305: 5301: 5300: 5292: 5284: 5283: 5276: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5253: 5237: 5230: 5221: 5214: 5212: 5203: 5202: 5194: 5192: 5182: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5159: 5153: 5141: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5107: 5101: 5097: 5091: 5085: 5078: 5074: 5071:N. B. Criss, 5068: 5061: 5054: 5047: 5040: 5031: 5022: 5013: 5004: 4988: 4983: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4956: 4954: 4938: 4934: 4927: 4919: 4917:9789756613238 4913: 4909: 4902: 4896:, 17 May 1919 4895: 4894: 4887: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4865: 4861: 4860: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4837: 4833: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4801: 4799: 4792: 4786: 4779: 4775: 4772: 4768: 4762: 4756: 4751: 4744: 4740: 4734: 4727: 4721: 4712: 4703: 4696: 4694: 4688: 4680: 4674: 4670: 4669: 4661: 4653: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4632: 4624: 4620: 4614: 4606: 4600: 4596: 4591: 4590: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4572: 4557: 4550: 4545: 4539: 4530: 4526: 4521: 4515: 4506: 4502: 4497: 4491: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4469:Western Front 4464: 4455: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4422: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4401: 4394: 4388: 4384: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4335: 4329: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4314: 4312: 4307: 4301: 4291: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4245: 4234: 4232: 4227: 4225: 4222:, during the 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4187: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4167:Elias Venezis 4163: 4160: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4115: 4111: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4098:in Anatolia, 4097: 4093: 4088: 4084: 4079: 4077: 4073: 4068: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4051: 4046: 4037: 4033: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3983: 3980: 3974: 3969: 3965: 3963: 3959: 3953: 3949: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3897: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3877: 3875: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3844: 3840: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3820:Elias Venezis 3817: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3798: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3782: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3760: 3750: 3744: 3739: 3735: 3733: 3729: 3728:George Pataki 3725: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3710: 3709:George Horton 3705: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3674: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3660: 3655: 3651: 3645: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3597: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3570: 3555: 3553: 3549: 3544: 3538: 3534: 3531: 3526: 3522: 3517: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3502: 3496: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3433: 3429: 3424: 3420: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3402: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3335: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3318: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3277: 3276:Chanak Crisis 3270:Chanak Crisis 3267: 3265: 3260: 3258: 3249: 3244: 3236: 3233: 3227: 3222: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3201: 3195: 3190: 3183: 3178: 3174: 3167: 3162: 3161: 3160: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3127: 3123: 3113: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3097:Büyük Taarruz 3094: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3060: 3055: 3053: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3012:Soviet Russia 3009: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2974:Field Marshal 2971: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2946: 2942: 2940: 2934: 2932: 2922: 2917: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2894: 2893:Sakarya River 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2843: 2841: 2837: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2816: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2790: 2788: 2787:Soviet Russia 2784: 2780: 2774: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2754: 2749: 2745: 2735: 2733: 2729: 2728:regular force 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2706:attacked the 2705: 2701: 2692: 2687: 2677: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2660: 2656: 2650: 2648: 2643: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2608: 2606: 2601: 2600:Mustafa Kemal 2597: 2586: 2583: 2579: 2577: 2572: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2542: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2448: 2445: 2441: 2432: 2423: 2421: 2415: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2379: 2374: 2363: 2360: 2352: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2328: 2327: 2323: 2318:This section 2316: 2312: 2307: 2306: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2239: 2235: 2229: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2205: 2200: 2190: 2186: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2164: 2162: 2157: 2153: 2152:Aegean Island 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2047: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2002: 2001: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1886: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1863: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1842:Aydın (İzmir) 1841: 1840: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1771: 1764: 1760: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1723:Aydın Vilayet 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1687: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1661: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1610: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1406:Ahmet Anzavur 1404: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1344: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1313: 1312: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1220: 1217: 1216: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1203: 1202: 1199: 1198:Chanak crisis 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1155: 1154: 1150: 1144: 1133: 1128: 1126: 1121: 1119: 1114: 1113: 1110: 1099: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1090: 1084: 1080: 1074: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1056:19,362 killed 1055: 1054: 1052: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1031:Regular army: 1028: 1027: 1022: 1016: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1002: 1000:4,036 trucks 999: 997: 993: 991: 987: 985: 981: 979: 975: 973: 969: 968: 964: 955: 951: 948: 944: 942: 939: 935: 934: 930: 920: 917: 914: 911: 908: 905: 902: 899: 896: 893: 892: 890: 885: 881: 879: 875: 872: 870: 866: 864: 860: 858: 854: 852: 848: 846: 842: 841: 837: 828: 824: 821: 817: 814: 810: 809: 805: 795: 792: 789: 786: 783: 782:November 1920 780: 777: 774: 773: 771: 770: 765: 759: 745: 739: 734: 728: 723: 718: 713: 699: 685: 675: 674: 669: 660: 657: 655: 652: 649: 643: 640: 637: 631: 630:Kimon Digenis 628: 626: 625:Prince Andrew 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 590: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 569: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 548:Constantine I 546: 545: 543: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 461: 459: 458: 453: 450: 446: 439: 434: 429: 427: 426:United States 422: 417: 412: 402: 400: 395: 390: 388: 383: 378: 376: 371: 366: 363: 351: 350: 348: 347:Supported by: 345: 344: 339: 333: 325: 315: 311: 305: 293: 290: 278: 274: 269: 259: 255: 250: 242: 238: 233: 232:Ukrainian SSR 223: 219: 214: 203: 202: 200: 199:Supported by: 197: 196: 185: 184: 179: 171: 167: 163: 159: 154: 153: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 132: 128: 125: 124: 123: 120: 117: 116: 112: 107: 104: 103: 98: 94: 91: 88: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 66:Mustafa Kemal 63: 58: 53: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 11360: 11347: 11340: 11333: 11307: 11306: 11294: 11287: 11268: 11260: 11259: 11250: 11243: 11198: 11181: 11174: 11142: 11114: 11064: 11047: 10977: 10917: 10885: 10861: 10755: 10741: 10699:World War II 10697: 10552: 10533: 10477: 10416: 10129:Smyrna, 1919 10120: 10053:Alexandropol 9857: 9843:Malta exiles 9628:, retrieved 9624:the original 9618: 9592: 9580:, retrieved 9576:the original 9570: 9550: 9533: 9510: 9501: 9465: 9455: 9451: 9438: 9425:13 September 9423:, retrieved 9416:the original 9403: 9390:. Retrieved 9375: 9351: 9340: 9336: 9323: 9319: 9296: 9285: 9274: 9250: 9245:Clark, Bruce 9226: 9207: 9194: 9180:. New York: 9176: 9172:Akçam, Taner 9165:Bibliography 9155: 9150: 9143:Naimark 2002 9138: 9120: 9116: 9097: 9091: 9072: 9066: 9057: 9053: 9047: 9025: 9021: 9015: 9005: 8999: 8989: 8983: 8975: 8968:. Retrieved 8964: 8952: 8944: 8940: 8934: 8927:Kinross 1960 8922: 8910: 8900: 8891: 8877: 8860: 8846: 8837: 8814: 8805: 8797: 8792: 8783: 8769: 8763: 8741: 8737: 8731: 8709: 8705: 8699: 8677: 8673: 8667: 8659: 8645: 8628: 8614: 8608: 8600: 8586: 8580: 8572: 8558: 8552: 8541:Naimark 2002 8536: 8507: 8499: 8480: 8469: 8449: 8442: 8422: 8415: 8407: 8399: 8391: 8384: 8376: 8368: 8327: 8321: 8312: 8297: 8290: 8279: 8274: 8238: 8232: 8223: 8209: 8203: 8195: 8191: 8185: 8175: 8153: 8139: 8133: 8125: 8121: 8115: 8106: 8092: 8086: 8078: 8074: 8068: 8061:Toynbee 1922 8056: 8036: 8029: 8022:Toynbee 1922 8003:Naimark 2002 7998: 7991:Toynbee 1922 7986: 7978: 7964: 7958: 7950: 7946: 7940: 7920: 7913: 7889: 7855: 7848: 7839: 7825: 7819: 7805: 7791: 7785: 7777: 7763: 7757: 7735: 7731: 7725: 7718:Toynbee 1922 7713: 7693: 7686: 7669: 7640: 7622: 7614: 7607:Toynbee 1922 7574: 7559: 7539: 7532: 7508: 7502: 7489:|title= 7469: 7457:. Retrieved 7450:the original 7436: 7424: 7415: 7409: 7389: 7382: 7370:. Retrieved 7350: 7346: 7333: 7317: 7308: 7302: 7294:the original 7284: 7273:, retrieved 7266:the original 7261: 7249: 7241: 7236: 7226: 7220: 7210: 7189: 7184: 7174: 7157: 7140:The Scotsman 7139: 7122: 7098: 7089: 7077: 7043: 7037: 7028: 7013: 6987: 6980:Toynbee 1922 6975: 6962: 6954: 6942: 6924: 6918: 6899: 6893: 6886:Kinross 1960 6881: 6865: 6853: 6841: 6831: 6825: 6806: 6800: 6792: 6787: 6777: 6756: 6750: 6731: 6725: 6705: 6698: 6678: 6671: 6653: 6644: 6617: 6605: 6593: 6585: 6577: 6561: 6556: 6545: 6540:, p. 6. 6533: 6524: 6517:. Retrieved 6497: 6490: 6468:(1): 58–71. 6465: 6461: 6455: 6445: 6436: 6414: 6407: 6383: 6376: 6357: 6351: 6343: 6335: 6311: 6304:Kinross 1960 6299: 6269: 6264: 6256: 6251: 6244:Kinross 1960 6239: 6230: 6218: 6211:Kinross 1960 6206: 6198: 6194: 6164: 6155: 6149: 6137: 6125: 6113: 6107:(in Turkish) 6101: 6095: 6081: 6070: 6046:. Retrieved 6042: 6033: 6026:Kinross 1960 6021: 6012:the original 6002: 5996: 5977: 5971: 5952: 5946: 5938: 5931:, retrieved 5927:the original 5921: 5915: 5902: 5882: 5875: 5866: 5861: 5849: 5842:Kinross 1960 5837: 5832:, p. 3. 5815:Toynbee 1922 5810: 5798: 5788:The Scotsman 5786: 5780: 5755: 5751: 5745: 5720: 5716: 5710: 5680:Kemal Karpat 5664: 5659: 5639: 5632: 5617:Kemal Karpat 5612: 5595: 5580: 5575: 5565: 5556: 5548: 5543: 5531:. Retrieved 5525: 5514: 5505: 5499: 5490: 5484: 5456: 5448: 5431: 5422: 5403: 5397: 5391:(in Turkish) 5372:the original 5366: 5359: 5347:. Retrieved 5336: 5327: 5323: 5318: 5302:. ABC-CLIO. 5298: 5291: 5282:Asian Review 5281: 5275: 5261: 5257: 5252: 5240:. Retrieved 5229: 5219: 5200: 5180: 5157: 5152: 5146:(in Turkish) 5140: 5128:. Retrieved 5119: 5095: 5084: 5072: 5067: 5059: 5053: 5045: 5039: 5030: 5021: 5012: 5003: 4985: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4963: 4940:. Retrieved 4926: 4907: 4901: 4892: 4886: 4858: 4831: 4822:Turkish Army 4785: 4766: 4761: 4754: 4750: 4742: 4738: 4733: 4725: 4720: 4711: 4702: 4692: 4687: 4667: 4660: 4652:the original 4642: 4631: 4622: 4613: 4588: 4556: 4548: 4524: 4500: 4496:Garb Cebhesi 4477:Batı Cephesi 4468: 4463: 4454: 4435:regular army 4421: 4400: 4387: 4315: 4303: 4275: 4258: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4228: 4215: 4207: 4192: 4188: 4171:Number 31328 4164: 4161: 4144: 4140: 4126: 4120: 4103: 4091: 4080: 4069: 4054: 4034: 4012: 4000: 3981: 3977: 3970: 3966: 3956: 3946: 3942: 3925: 3912: 3898: 3878: 3860: 3845: 3841: 3835: 3824:Number 31328 3818: 3799: 3778: 3747: 3713: 3706: 3695: 3681: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3646: 3627: 3622: 3609:labour camps 3605:deportations 3598: 3576: 3548:Ottoman Bank 3539: 3535: 3518: 3497: 3459:; July 1921 3398: 3366: 3362: 3320: 3316: 3309:Toronto Star 3307: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3279: 3261: 3253: 3211:Aide-de-camp 3129: 3096: 3090: 3057: 3054:wrote that: 3052:Malcolm Yapp 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 2970:Fevzi Çakmak 2966: 2955: 2951: 2939:Fevzi Çakmak 2935: 2927: 2897: 2870: 2832: 2775: 2763: 2759: 2720:Çerkes Ethem 2697: 2663: 2651: 2644: 2628: 2592: 2584: 2580: 2573: 2569: 2537:(Prusa) and 2528: 2491: 2487: 2437: 2416: 2396: 2380: 2376: 2355: 2346: 2331:Please help 2319: 2230: 2210: 2187: 2169: 2165: 2124: 1691: 1683: 1664: 1656: 1629: 1569: 1487: 1458: 1456: 1437: 1396: 1345: 1339:Alexandropol 1314: 1205: 1204: 1156: 1143:Independence 1086: 1078: 1035:9,167 killed 1030: 929:Organization 918: 912: 907:January 1921 906: 900: 894: 876:33 cars and 804:Organization 793: 787: 781: 775: 715:(until 1920) 701:(until 1920) 659:Çerkes Ethem 482:(until 1920) 479:Çerkes Ethem 346: 334: 327:(until 1920) 268:Bukharan PSR 213:Russian SFSR 198: 186: 181:Belligerents 121: 61: 47:Part of the 36: 11363:World War I 10821:Suez Crisis 10768:Suez Crisis 10497:Arab Revolt 10479:World War I 9630:15 February 8970:5 September 8529:Fisher 1969 8373:Auron, Yair 7429:Horton 1926 7070:Rendel 1922 6538:Dobkin 1998 6519:20 November 6419:(hardcover) 6142:Dobkin 1998 6048:3 September 5533:3 September 4485:غرب جبهه سی 4026:R.J. Rummel 4006:families". 3800:During the 3642:Taner Akçam 3505:Circassians 3286:Dardanelles 3207:Fevzi Pasha 3016:S.I. Aralov 3008:Ismet Pasha 2877:İsmet İnönü 2525:, July 1920 2349:August 2017 2295:Seljuk Turk 2213:irredentist 2199:Megali Idea 2172:Young Turks 2079:10,823,095 1703:Megali Idea 1636:World War I 1625:Megali Idea 1623:Map of the 1505:World War I 1479:15 May 1919 1469:during the 1445:1922 Samsun 1183:1920 Samsun 1171:Şehzadebaşı 901:April 1920: 873:198 trucks 794:August 1922 788:August 1921 761:(from 1920) 687:(from 1920) 662:(from 1920) 553:Alexander I 537:Refet Pasha 532:Şefik Pasha 527:Rüştü Pasha 522:Münip Pasha 474:İsmet Pasha 469:Fevzi Pasha 414:(from 1920) 375:British Raj 155:Territorial 93:15 May 1919 74:last stages 11380:Categories 10288:Agreements 10209:Dumlupınar 10133:Occupation 10101:Kanlıgeçit 9491:Q113527001 9107:0743237315 8615:Αναμνήσεις 8543:, p. 8267:Smith 1999 8219:9751910560 8102:9751910560 8005:, p. 7974:9751910560 7801:9751910560 7459:3 November 7324:, p. 7103:Akçam 2006 6992:Akçam 2006 6872:, p. 6870:Smith 1999 6858:Smith 1999 6846:Smith 1999 6778:NTV Tarih 6637:Smith 1999 6570:1476716048 6421:, Viking, 6387:, p. 6255:Kapur, H. 6154:Kapur, H, 5830:Smith 1999 5803:Smith 1999 5758:(4): 775. 4814:Greek Army 4441:under the 4374:References 4096:Greek Army 3917:Mutasarrıf 3788:and later 3757:See also: 3726:resides), 3338:Resolution 3294:Daily Mail 3284:, and the 3274:See also: 3069:Dumlupınar 3050:Historian 3028:First Army 2850:See also: 2819:See also: 2708:Greek Army 2698:After the 2501:volunteers 2420:Asia Minor 2408:Venizelism 2388:Bulgarians 2371:See also: 2285:up to the 2283:Bronze Age 2271:Asia Minor 2238:St. Sophia 2138:, Vlachs, 2119:9,695,506 1998:1,109,621 1975:1,197,583 1952:1,444,087 1929:1,160,564 1906:1,254,157 1883:1,717,762 1860:1,702,911 1782:Armenians 1773:Provinces 1660:Asia Minor 1598:Background 1477:, between 1385:Kanlıgeçit 1329:Sarikamish 1306:2nd Smyrna 1296:Dumlupınar 1219:Occupation 1214:1st Smyrna 1009:ambulances 878:ambulances 815:divisions 758:Green Army 712:Green Army 512:Naci Pasha 11476:Invasions 10194:Eskişehir 10189:2nd İnönü 10184:1st İnönü 10164:Tellidede 10096:Kovanbaşı 10086:Karboğazı 10043:Sarıkamış 9940:Köysancak 9887:Campaigns 9766:Elections 9705:awakening 9542:718448089 9483:0039-6842 9158:, p. 303. 9033:cite book 8990:The Times 8823:cite book 8749:cite book 8717:cite book 8685:cite book 8354:cite book 8346:944309903 7743:cite book 7678:499949038 7367:131159279 7123:The Times 6482:153449331 6259:, p. 114. 5772:159577598 5130:25 August 5120:akunq.net 5110:Cited in 4878:894307254 4850:775482636 4771:sayfa 216 4568:Citations 4538:romanized 4523:) or the 4514:romanized 4490:romanized 3885:Red Cross 3865:Ziya Paşa 3613:Rafet Bey 3590:Assyrians 3582:Armenians 3501:Armenians 3447:there by 3385:Macedonia 3371:covering 3369:agreement 3324:Dominions 3217:Salih Bey 3133:Balıkesir 2889:Eskişehir 2873:divisions 2320:does not 2279:Black Sea 2255:Macedonia 2132:Albanians 2099:1,788,582 2094:7,048,662 2059:1,777,146 2054:8,192,589 1983:1,086,420 1980:Kastamonu 1937:1,047,889 1891:1,143,335 1868:1,346,387 1549:Eskişehir 1533:Balıkesir 1380:Kovanbaşı 1370:Karboğazı 1301:Balıkesir 1276:2nd İnönü 1271:1st İnönü 1251:Tellidede 963:Equipment 954:regiments 941:divisions 915:: 200,000 913:June 1921 909:: 100,000 836:Equipment 827:regiments 822:brigades 796:: 208,000 776:May 1919: 310:from 1921 273:from 1921 254:from 1921 237:from 1921 218:from 1921 164:from the 133:in Greece 11176:Iraq War 10418:Timeline 10349:Assembly 10347:National 9703:National 9677:Concepts 9582:5 August 9487:Wikidata 9450:(2007). 9437:(2002), 9373:(2008). 9335:(1972), 9318:(1963), 9284:(1990). 9273:(1969), 9247:(2006). 9206:(1960). 9192:(1926), 9174:(2006). 8992:, Turkey 8845:(2008). 8813:(1931). 8478:(2017). 8282:, p. 93 7517:citation 7480:citation 7372:10 March 6652:(2007), 6584:(1969). 6513:Archived 6179:citation 5682:(1985), 5619:(1985), 5124:Archived 5090:Armenian 5075:, 1999, 4973:kapılır. 4824:and the 4774:Archived 4408:and the 4332:See also 4175:Kırkağaç 4153:Frangkou 4131:Alaşehir 4121:Colonel 4076:Pazarcık 4072:Rethymno 4050:Lausanne 3991:İslamköy 3973:Ioannina 3905:Kondylis 3771:Turkish 3720:New York 3514:phaetons 3510:tumbrels 3030:Mirliva 3004:Asim Bey 2539:Alaşehir 2523:Bandirma 2498:Armenian 2386:and the 2384:Ottomans 2247:Thessaly 2044:170,398 2021:488,954 1837:318,074 1814:258,984 1679:Bozcaada 1584:Istanbul 1515:and the 1465:and the 1193:Tal Afar 1015:aircraft 970:130,000 949:brigade 938:infantry 897:: 15,000 895:May 1919 884:aircraft 813:infantry 790:: 92,000 784:: 86,000 767:Strength 111:Anatolia 109:Western 105:Location 76:; Greek 10568:Revolts 10324:Ottoman 10270:Ardahan 10253:Georgia 10199:Sakarya 10154:Erbeyli 10149:Bergama 10091:Kaç Kaç 10030:Armenia 9987:Revolts 9918:Taşlıca 9895:British 9392:28 July 7275:1 April 7011:(ed.). 6957:, 1997. 6935:(table) 5933:1 March 5737:4282818 5667:. p. 79 5349:11 July 5242:11 July 5062:, 1922. 4942:18 June 4828:. 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Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)

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