2356:
5848:
different sized propellant charges with each shell, it is possible to utilize more than two trajectories. Because the higher trajectories cause the shells to arc higher into the air, they take longer to reach the target. If shells are fired on higher trajectories for initial volleys (starting with the shell with the most propellant and working down) and later volleys are fired on the lower trajectories, with the correct timing the shells will all arrive at the same target simultaneously. This is useful because many more shells can land on the target with no warning. With traditional methods of firing, the target area may have time (however long it takes to reload and re-fire the guns) to take cover between volleys. However, guns capable of burst fire can deliver multiple rounds in a few seconds if they use the same firing data for each, and if guns in more than one location are firing on one target they can use Time on Target procedures so that all their shells arrive at the same time and target.
196:
5069:
5813:
second because this avoided the need to use military radio networks and the possibility of losing surprise, and the need for field telephone networks in the desert. With this technique the time of flight from each fire unit (battery or troop) to the target is taken from the range or firing tables, or the computer and each engaging fire unit subtracts its time of flight from the TOT to determine the time to fire. An executive order to fire is given to all guns in the fire unit at the correct moment to fire. When each fire unit fires their rounds at their individual firing time all the opening rounds will reach the target area almost simultaneously. This is especially effective when combined with techniques that allow fires for effect to be made without preliminary adjusting fires.
2849:
3491:
4095:
3713:
3709:
caused by the increasing effects of non-standard conditions. Indirect firing data was based on standard conditions including a specific muzzle velocity, zero wind, air temperature and density, and propellant temperature. In practice, this standard combination of conditions almost never existed, they varied throughout the day and day to day, and the greater the time of flight, the greater the inaccuracy. An added complication was the need for survey to accurately fix the coordinates of the gun position and provide accurate orientation for the guns. Of course, targets had to be accurately located, but by 1916, air photo interpretation techniques enabled this, and ground survey techniques could sometimes be used.
3236:
3728:
progressively solve all these problems from late 1914 onwards, and by early 1918, had effective processes in place for both field and heavy artillery. These processes enabled 'map-shooting', later called 'predicted fire'; it meant that effective fire could be delivered against an accurately located target without ranging. Nevertheless, the mean point of impact was still some tens of yards from the target-centre aiming point. It was not precision fire, but it was good enough for concentrations and barrages. These processes remain in use into the 21st century with refinements to calculations enabled by computers and improved data capture about non-standard conditions.
2922:
Beaugency, all with the support of large artillery units. When she led the assault on Paris, Joan faced stiff artillery fire, especially from the suburb of St. Denis, which ultimately led to her defeat in this battle. In April 1430, she went to battle against the
Burgundians, whose support was purchased by the English. At this time, the Burgundians had the strongest and largest gunpowder arsenal among the European powers, and yet the French, under Joan of Arc's leadership, were able to beat back the Burgundians and defend themselves. As a result, most of the battles of the Hundred Years' War that Joan of Arc participated in were fought with gunpowder artillery.
2839:
2992:
4050:(perhaps originally codenamed 'VT' and later called Variable Time (VT)) were invented by the British and developed by the US and initially used against aircraft in World War II. Their ground use was delayed for fear of the enemy recovering 'blinds' (artillery shells which failed to detonate) and copying the fuze. The first proximity fuzes were designed to detonate about 30 feet (9.1 m) above the ground. These air-bursts are much more lethal against personnel than ground bursts because they deliver a greater proportion of useful fragments and deliver them into terrain where a prone soldier would be protected from ground bursts.
4417:
2344:
4838:
4205:
4288:
This simplifies loading and is necessary for very high rates of fire. Bagged propellant allows the amount of powder to be raised or lowered, depending on the range to the target. It also makes handling of larger shells easier. Cases and bags require totally different types of breech. A metal case holds an integral primer to initiate the propellant and provides the gas seal to prevent the gases leaking out of the breech; this is called obturation. With bagged charges, the breech itself provides obturation and holds the primer. In either case, the primer is usually percussion, but electrical is also used, and
4490:
to ammunition supply, which can vary with the nature of operations. Differences include where the logistic service transfers artillery ammunition to artillery, the amount of ammunition carried in units and extent to which stocks are held at unit or battery level. A key difference is whether supply is 'push' or 'pull'. In the former the 'pipeline' keeps pushing ammunition into formations or units at a defined rate. In the latter units fire as tactically necessary and replenish to maintain or reach their authorised holding (which can vary), so the logistic system has to be able to cope with surge and slack.
2546:
2831:
5023:
and ammunition. Armored SPs usually carry a useful ammunition load. Early armored SPs were mostly a "casemate" configuration, in essence an open top armored box offering only limited traverse. However, most modern armored SPs have a full enclosed armored turret, usually giving full traverse for the gun. Many SPs cannot fire without deploying stabilizers or spades, sometimes hydraulic. A few SPs are designed so that the recoil forces of the gun are transferred directly onto the ground through a baseplate. A few towed guns have been given limited self-propulsion by means of an auxiliary engine.
3407:, a French artillery engineer, introduced the standardization of cannon design in the mid-18th century. He developed a 6-inch (150 mm) field howitzer whose gun barrel, carriage assembly and ammunition specifications were made uniform for all French cannons. The standardized interchangeable parts of these cannons down to the nuts, bolts and screws made their mass production and repair much easier. While the Gribeauval system made for more efficient production and assembly, the carriages used were heavy and the gunners were forced to march on foot (instead of riding on the
4499:
2749:
5782:, designators and call back fire missions on his radio, or relays the data through a portable computer via an encrypted digital radio connection protected from jamming by computerized frequency hopping. A lesser known part of the team is the FAS or Field Artillery Survey team which sets up the "Gun Line" for the cannons. Today most artillery battalions use an "Aiming Circle" which allows for faster setup and more mobility. FAS teams are still used for checks and balances purposes and if a gun battery has issues with the "Aiming Circle" a FAS team will do it for them.
3758:, at over one million men, grew to be larger than the Royal Navy. Bellamy (1986), pp. 1–7, cites the percentage of casualties caused by artillery in various theaters since 1914: in the First World War, 45 percent of Russian casualties and 58 percent of British casualties on the Western Front; in the Second World War, 75 percent of British casualties in North Africa and 51 percent of Soviet casualties (61 percent in 1945) and 70 percent of German casualties on the Eastern Front; and in the Korean War, 60 percent of US casualties, including those inflicted by mortars.
4830:
2692:
2926:
4977:
4734:
2616:
transporting the artillery into combat. Two distinct forms of artillery were developed: the towed gun, used primarily to attack or defend a fixed-line; and the self-propelled gun, intended to accompany a mobile force and to provide continuous fire support and/or suppression. These influences have guided the development of artillery ordnance, systems, organizations, and operations until the present, with artillery systems capable of providing support at ranges from as little as 100 m to the intercontinental ranges of
4189:. These projectiles use fins in the airflow at their rear to maintain correct orientation. The primary benefits over rifled barrels is reduced barrel wear, longer ranges that can be achieved (due to the reduced loss of energy to friction and gas escaping around the projectile via the rifling) and larger explosive cores for a given caliber artillery due to less metal needing to be used to form the case of the projectile because of less force applied to the shell from the non-rifled sides of the barrel of smooth bore guns.
4043:'unrotated projectiles' (rockets) in World War II. Radar proximity fuzes were a big improvement over the mechanical (time) fuzes which they replaced. Mechanical time fuzes required an accurate calculation of their running time, which was affected by non-standard conditions. With HE (requiring a burst 20 to 30 feet (9.1 m) above the ground), if this was very slightly wrong the rounds would either hit the ground or burst too high. Accurate running time was less important with cargo munitions that burst much higher.
5831:
4940:, under various organisational arrangements including being part of artillery, a separate corps, even a separate service or being split between army for the field and air force for home defence. In some cases infantry and the new armoured corps also operated their own integral light anti-aircraft artillery. Home defence anti-aircraft artillery often used fixed as well as mobile mountings. Some anti-aircraft guns could also be used as field or anti-tank artillery, providing they had suitable sights.
2486:
4965:. During the 20th century, guns and howitzers have steadily merged in artillery use, making a distinction between the terms somewhat meaningless. By the end of the 20th century, true guns with calibers larger than about 60 mm have become very rare in artillery use, the main users being tanks, ships, and a few residual anti-aircraft and coastal guns. The term "cannon" is a United States generic term that includes guns, howitzers, and mortars; it is not used in other English speaking armies.
4296:
3079:
5741:, ground reconnaissance and sound-ranging. Counter-battery fire may be adjusted by some of the systems, for example the operator of an unmanned aircraft can 'follow' a battery if it moves. Defensive measures by batteries include frequently changing position or constructing defensive earthworks, the tunnels used by North Korea being an extreme example. Counter-measures include air defence against aircraft and attacking counter-battery radars physically and electronically.
4846:
2904:
3780:
3431:
11543:
9177:
5794:
each gun once the target has been accurately located—to the guns. Traditionally this data is relayed via radio or wire communications as a warning order to the guns, followed by orders specifying the type of ammunition and fuse setting, direction, and the elevation needed to reach the target, and the method of adjustment or orders for fire for effect (FFE). However, in more advanced artillery units, this data is relayed through a digital radio link.
5726:, with the objective of defeating the enemy's artillery. Typically such fire was used to suppress enemy batteries when they were or were about to interfere with the activities of friendly forces (such as to prevent enemy defensive artillery fire against an impending attack) or to systematically destroy enemy guns. In World War I the latter required air observation. The first indirect counter-battery fire was in May 1900 by an observer in a balloon.
5954:
5822:
149:
4934:, also under various organisational arrangements but typically either field artillery or a specialist branch and additional elements integral to infantry, etc., units. However, in most armies field and anti-aircraft artillery also had at least a secondary anti-tank role. After World War II anti-tank in Western armies became mostly the responsibility of infantry and armoured branches and ceased to be an artillery matter, with some exceptions.
3592:
4356:
50:
2257:. In common speech, the word "artillery" is often used to refer to individual devices, along with their accessories and fittings, although these assemblages are more properly called "equipment". However, there is no generally recognized generic term for a gun, howitzer, mortar, and so forth: the United States uses "artillery piece", but most English-speaking armies use "gun" and "mortar". The projectiles fired are typically either "
5745:
3531:
3075:
round which consisted of a thin lead case filled with iron pellets, that broke up at the muzzle and scattered its contents in a narrow pattern. An innovation which
Portugal adopted in advance of other European powers was fuse-delayed action shells, and were commonly used in 1505. Although dangerous, their effectiveness meant a sixth of all rounds used by the Portuguese in Morocco were of the fused-shell variety.
11554:
3823:
4526:
2988:(1495–1521) at least 2017 cannon were sent to Morocco for garrison defense, with more than 3000 cannon estimated to have been required during that 26-year period. An especially noticeable division between siege guns and anti-personnel guns enhanced the use and effectiveness of Portuguese firearms above contemporary powers, making cannon the most essential element in the Portuguese arsenal.
5418:
3742:. The improvements in providing and using data for non-standard conditions (propellant temperature, muzzle velocity, wind, air temperature, and barometric pressure) were developed by the major combatants throughout the war and enabled effective predicted fire. The effectiveness of this was demonstrated by the British in 1917 (at Cambrai) and by Germany the following year (
3373:
5000:. A term first used in the 1930s when howitzers with a relatively high maximum muzzle velocities were introduced, it never became widely accepted, most armies electing to widen the definition of "gun" or "howitzer". By the 1960s, most equipment had maximum elevations up to about 70°, were multi-charge, had quite high maximum muzzle velocities and relatively long barrels.
5566:
4915:
3177:
5050:
4945:
indirect fire. Some were operated by the artillery branch but under command of the supported unit. In World War II they were joined by self-propelled assault guns, although other armies adopted infantry or close support tanks in armoured branch units for the same purpose, subsequently tanks generally took on the accompanying role.
5707:, fire units fire at the time less their time of flight, this works well with prearranged scheduled fire but is less satisfactory for opportunity targets because it means delaying the delivery of fire by selecting a 'safe' time that all or most fire units can achieve. It can be used with both the previous two methods.
3300:-style fortifications to be built all over Europe and in its colonies, but also had a strong integrating effect on emerging nation-states, as kings were able to use their newfound artillery superiority to force any local dukes or lords to submit to their will, setting the stage for the absolutist kingdoms to come.
4329:: Ammunition with a non- or minimally-explosive projectile that mimics the characteristics (range, accuracy) of live rounds for use under training conditions. Practice artillery ammunition often utilizes a colored-smoke-generating bursting charge for marking purposes in place of the normal high-explosive charge.
3627:, which kept the gun's trail and wheels perfectly still during the firing sequence. Since it did not need to be re-aimed after each shot, the crew could fire as soon as the barrel returned to its resting position. In typical use, the French 75 could deliver fifteen rounds per minute on its target, either
2506:, although sometimes called a company. In gun detachments, each role is numbered, starting with "1" the Detachment Commander, and the highest number being the Coverer, the second-in-command. "Gunner" is also the lowest rank, and junior non-commissioned officers are "Bombardiers" in some artillery arms.
5851:
MRSI has a few prerequisites. The first is guns with a high rate of fire. The second is the ability to use different sized propellant charges. Third is a fire control computer that has the ability to compute MRSI volleys and the capability to produce firing data, sent to each gun, and then presented
5797:
Other parts of the field artillery team include meteorological analysis to determine the temperature, humidity and pressure of the air and wind direction and speed at different altitudes. Also radar is used both for determining the location of enemy artillery and mortar batteries and to determine the
5793:
The
Battery FDC computes firing data—ammunition to be used, powder charge, fuse settings, the direction to the target, and the quadrant elevation to be fired at to reach the target, what gun will fire any rounds needed for adjusting on the target, and the number of rounds to be fired on the target by
5733:
Once hostile batteries have been detected they may be engaged immediately by friendly artillery or later at an optimum time, depending on the tactical situation and the counter-battery policy. Air strike is another option. In some situations the task is to locate all active enemy batteries for attack
5022:
In SP equipment, the gun is an integral part of the vehicle that carries it. SPs first appeared during World War I, but did not really develop until World War II. They are mostly tracked vehicles, but wheeled SPs started to appear in the 1970s. Some SPs have no armor and carry few or no other weapons
5018:
A variation of towed is portee, where the vehicle carries the gun which is dismounted for firing. Mortars are often carried this way. A mortar is sometimes carried in an armored vehicle and can either fire from it or be dismounted to fire from the ground. Since the early 1960s it has been possible to
4992:
Howitzers can fire at maximum elevations at least close to 45°; elevations up to about 70° are normal for modern howitzers. Howitzers also have a choice of charges, meaning that the same elevation angle of fire will achieve a different range depending on the charge used. They have rifled bores, lower
4968:
The traditional definitions differentiated between guns and howitzers in terms of maximum elevation (well less than 45° as opposed to close to or greater than 45°), number of charges (one or more than one charge), and having higher or lower muzzle velocity, sometimes indicated by barrel length. These
4825:
At the beginning of the modern artillery period, the late 19th century, many armies had three main types of artillery, in some case they were sub-branches within the artillery branch in others they were separate branches or corps. There were also other types excluding the armament fitted to warships:
4250:
was discovered at nearly the same time. Nitrocellulose was significantly more powerful than black powder, and was smokeless. Early guncotton was unstable, however, and burned very fast and hot, leading to greatly increased barrel wear. Widespread introduction of smokeless powder would wait until the
4053:
However, proximity fuzes can suffer premature detonation because of the moisture in heavy rain clouds. This led to 'Controlled
Variable Time' (CVT) after World War II. These fuzes have a mechanical timer that switched on the radar about 5 seconds before expected impact, they also detonated on impact.
3099:
When the
Portuguese and Spanish arrived at Southeast Asia, they found that the local kingdoms were already using cannons. Portuguese and Spanish invaders were unpleasantly surprised and even outgunned on occasion. Duarte Barbosa ca. 1514 said that the inhabitants of Java were great masters in casting
3095:
established the "Divine Engine
Battalion" (神机营), which specialized in various types of artillery. Light cannons and cannons with multiple volleys were developed. In a campaign to suppress a local minority rebellion near today's Burmese border, "the Ming army used a 3-line method of arquebuses/muskets
3074:
A tactical innovation the
Portuguese introduced in fort defense was the use of combinations of projectiles against massed assaults. Although canister shot had been developed in the early 15th century, the Portuguese were the first to employ it extensively, and Portuguese engineers invented a canister
4489:
Supply of artillery ammunition has always been a major component of military logistics. Up until World War I some armies made artillery responsible for all forward ammunition supply because the load of small arms ammunition was trivial compared to artillery. Different armies use different approaches
4471:
All these calculations to produce a quadrant elevation (or range) and azimuth were done manually using instruments, tabulated, data of the moment, and approximations until battlefield computers started appearing in the 1960s and 1970s. While some early calculators copied the manual method (typically
3583:
Another innovative feature, more usually associated with 20th-century guns, was what
Armstrong called its "grip", which was essentially a squeeze bore; the 6 inches of the bore at the muzzle end was of slightly smaller diameter, which centered the shell before it left the barrel and at the same time
3227:
The use of the word "cannon" marks the introduction in the 15th century of a dedicated field carriage with axle, trail and animal-drawn limber—this produced mobile field pieces that could move and support an army in action, rather than being found only in the siege and static defenses. The reduction
5693:
burst fire, a rate of fire to deliver three rounds from each gun within 10 or 15 seconds, this reduces the number of guns and hence fire units needed, which means they may be less dispersed and have less variation in their times of flight. Smaller caliber guns, such as 105 mm, have always been
4926:
After World War I many nations merged these different artillery branches, in some cases keeping some as sub-branches. Naval artillery disappeared apart from that belonging to marines. However, two new branches of artillery emerged during that war and its aftermath, both used specialised guns (and a
4476:
for tabulated data), computers use a different approach. They simulate a shell's trajectory by 'flying' it in short steps and applying data about the conditions affecting the trajectory at each step. This simulation is repeated until it produces a quadrant elevation and azimuth that lands the shell
4075:
Electronic multi-function fuzes started to appear around 1980. Using solid-state electronics they were relatively cheap and reliable, and became the standard fitted fuze in operational ammunition stocks in some western armies. The early versions were often limited to proximity airburst, albeit with
4015:
Impact fuzes were, and in some armies remain, the standard fuze for HE projectiles. Their default action is normally 'superquick', some have had a 'graze' action which allows them to penetrate light cover and others have 'delay'. Delay fuzes allow the shell to penetrate the ground before exploding.
3351:
in 1799, these rockets were used with considerable effect against the
British. After the wars, several Mysore rockets were sent to England, but experiments with heavier payloads were unsuccessful. In 1804 William Congreve, considering the Mysorian rockets to have too short a range (less than 1,000
5944:
of the shell over a larger area and prevents it from being blocked by terrain or entrenchments that do not include some form of robust overhead cover. Combined with TOT or MRSI tactics that give no warning of the incoming rounds, these rounds are especially devastating because many enemy soldiers
5651:
process is the key aspect of tactical fire control. Depending on the circumstances and national procedures it may all be undertaken in one place or may be distributed. In armies practicing control from the front, most of the process may be undertaken by a forward observer or other target acquirer.
5364:
their fire so their shorter range is not a disadvantage. Some armies also consider infantry operated mortars to be more responsive than artillery, but this is a function of the control arrangements and not the case in all armies. However, mortars have always been used by artillery units and remain
5006:
are simpler. The modern mortar originated in World War I and there were several patterns. After that war, most mortars settled on the Stokes pattern, characterized by a short barrel, smooth bore, low muzzle velocity, elevation angle of firing generally greater than 45°, and a very simple and light
4972:
True guns are characterized by long range, having a maximum elevation significantly less than 45°, a high muzzle velocity and hence a relatively long barrel, smooth bore (no rifling) and a single charge. The latter often led to fixed ammunition where the projectile is locked to the cartridge case.
4816:
for small displacements. Self-propelled artillery is permanently mounted on a carriage or vehicle with room for the crew and ammunition and is thus capable of moving quickly from one firing position to another, both to support the fluid nature of modern combat and to avoid counter-battery fire. It
4287:
Propelling charges for barrel artillery can be provided either as cartridge bags or in metal cartridge cases. Generally, anti-aircraft artillery and smaller-caliber (up to 3" or 76.2 mm) guns use metal cartridge cases that include the round and propellant, similar to a modern rifle cartridge.
3753:
From the middle of the eighteenth century to the middle of the nineteenth, artillery is judged to have accounted for perhaps 50% of battlefield casualties. In the sixty years preceding 1914, this figure was probably as low as 10 percent. The remaining 90 percent fell to small arms, whose range and
3708:
An implication of indirect fire and improving guns was increasing range between gun and target, this increased the time of flight and the vertex of the trajectory. The result was decreasing accuracy (the increasing distance between the target and the mean point of impact of the shells aimed at it)
3411:
and gun as in the
British system). Each cannon was named for the weight of its projectiles, giving us variants such as 4, 8, and 12, indicating the weight in pounds. The projectiles themselves included solid balls or canister containing lead bullets or other material. These canister shots acted as
2469:
In some armies, the weapon of artillery is the projectile, not the equipment that fires it. The process of delivering fire onto the target is called gunnery. The actions involved in operating an artillery piece are collectively called "serving the gun" by the "detachment" or gun crew, constituting
2376:
into western warfare, artillery was dependent upon mechanical energy which not only severely limited the kinetic energy of the projectiles, it also required the construction of very large engines to accumulate sufficient energy. A 1st-century BC Roman catapult launching 6.55 kg (14.4 lb)
4254:
Many other formulations were developed in the following decades, generally trying to find the optimum characteristics of a good artillery propellant – low temperature, high energy, non-corrosive, highly stable, cheap, and easy to manufacture in large quantities. Modern gun propellants are broadly
4149:
bomblets, which arm themselves and function after a set number of rotations after having been ejected from the projectile (this produces unexploded sub-munitions, or "duds", which remain dangerous), scatterable mines, illuminating, coloured flare, smoke, incendiary, propaganda, chaff (foil to jam
3392:
With the Napoleonic Wars, artillery experienced changes in both physical design and operation. Rather than being overseen by "mechanics", artillery was viewed as its own service branch with the capability of dominating the battlefield. The success of the French artillery companies was at least in
3295:
One of the most significant effects of artillery during this period was however somewhat more indirect—by easily reducing to rubble any medieval-type fortification or city wall (some which had stood since Roman times), it abolished millennia of siege-warfare strategies and styles of fortification
2921:
encountered gunpowder weaponry several times. When she led the French against the English at the Battle of Tourelles, in 1430, she faced heavy gunpowder fortifications, and yet her troops prevailed in that battle. In addition, she led assaults against the English-held towns of Jargeau, Meung, and
8589:
5812:
A technique called time on target (TOT) was developed by the British Army in North Africa at the end of 1941 and early 1942 particularly for counter-battery fire and other concentrations, it proved very popular. It relied on BBC time signals to enable officers to synchronize their watches to the
5524:: a random number of shells are fired at random intervals, without any pattern to it that the enemy can predict. This process is designed to hinder enemy forces' movement, and, by the constantly imposed stress, threat of losses and inability of enemy forces to relax or sleep, lowers their morale.
4114:
Shells can be divided into three configurations: bursting, base ejection or nose ejection. The latter is sometimes called the shrapnel configuration. The most modern is base ejection, which was introduced in World War I. Base and nose ejection are almost always used with airburst fuzes. Bursting
2899:
However, a major change occurred between 1420 and 1430, when artillery became much more powerful and could now batter strongholds and fortresses quite efficiently. The English, French, and Burgundians all advanced in military technology, and as a result the traditional advantage that went to the
2795:
As small smooth-bore barrels, these were initially cast in iron or bronze around a core, with the first drilled bore ordnance recorded in operation near Seville in 1247. They fired lead, iron, or stone balls, sometimes large arrows and on occasions simply handfuls of whatever scrap came to hand.
2733:
During medieval times, more types of artillery were developed, most notably the counterweight trebuchet. Traction trebuchets, using manpower to launch projectiles, have been used in ancient China since the 4th century as anti-personnel weapons. The much more powerful counterweight trebuchet was
5010:
There are other recognized typifying characteristics for artillery. One such characteristic is the type of obturation used to seal the chamber and prevent gases escaping through the breech. This may use a metal cartridge case that also holds the propelling charge, a configuration called "QF" or
4944:
However, the general switch by artillery to indirect fire before and during World War I led to a reaction in some armies. The result was accompanying or infantry guns. These were usually small, short range guns, that could be easily man-handled and used mostly for direct fire but some could use
3705:, the techniques of indirect fire became available for all types of artillery. Indirect fire was the defining characteristic of 20th-century artillery and led to undreamt of changes in the amount of artillery, its tactics, organisation, and techniques, most of which occurred during World War I.
3579:
was used) tubes of successively smaller diameter. The tube would then be heated to allow it to expand and fit over the previous tube. When it cooled the gun would contract although not back to its original size, which allowed an even pressure along the walls of the gun which was directed inward
3067:); and howitzers that fired large stone cannonballs in an elevated arch, weighted up to 4000 pounds and could fire incendiary devices, such as a hollow iron ball filled with pitch and fuse, designed to be fired at close range and burst on contact. The most popular in Portuguese arsenals was the
2886:
and changed the way that battles were fought. In the preceding decades, the English had even used a gunpowder-like weapon in military campaigns against the Scottish. However, at this time, the cannons used in battle were very small and not particularly powerful. Cannons were only useful for the
7168:
first patented the concept of a central steel tube kept under compression by wrought-iron coils.. and that Armstrong's assertion that he (Armstrong) first used a wrought-iron A-tube and hence did not infringe the patent, was disingenuous, as the main point in Treadwell's patent was the tension
5847:
concept. MRSI is when a single gun fires multiple shells so all arrive at the same target simultaneously. This is possible because there is more than one trajectory for a round to fly to any given target. Typically one is below 45 degrees from horizontal and the other is above it, and by using
5729:
Enemy artillery can be detected in two ways, either by direct observation of the guns from the air or by ground observers (including specialist reconnaissance), or from their firing signatures. This includes radars tracking the shells in flight to determine their place of origin, sound ranging
5404:
In NATO direct support generally means that the directly supporting artillery unit provides observers and liaison to the manoeuvre troops being supported, typically an artillery battalion or equivalent is assigned to a brigade and its batteries to the brigade's battalions. However, some armies
3804:
and a mobile carriage for firing and transport. However, its most important characteristic is the use of indirect fire, whereby the firing equipment is aimed without seeing the target through its sights. Indirect fire emerged at the beginning of the 20th century and was greatly enhanced by the
3400:
Physically, cannons continued to become smaller and lighter. During the Seven Years War, King Frederick II of Prussia used these advances to deploy horse artillery that could move throughout the battlefield. Frederick also introduced the reversible iron ramrod, which was much more resistant to
2983:
to Asia. In great sieges and in sea battles, the Portuguese demonstrated a level of proficiency in the use of artillery after the beginning of the 16th century unequalled by contemporary European neighbours, in part due to the experience gained in intense fighting in Morocco, which served as a
5932:
transmitter in the fuze to detect the ground and explode them at a predetermined height above it. The return of the weak radar signal completes an electrical circuit in the fuze which explodes the shell. The proximity fuze itself was developed by the British to increase the effectiveness of
3727:
In 1914, the methods of correcting firing data for the actual conditions were often convoluted, and the availability of data about actual conditions was rudimentary or non-existent, the assumption was that fire would always be ranged (adjusted). British heavy artillery worked energetically to
2603:
considerations of artillery ordnance through its history, in seeking to achieve a balance between the delivered volume of fire with ordnance mobility. However, during the modern period, the consideration of protecting the gunners also arose due to the late-19th-century introduction of the new
5040:
A third form of artillery typing is to classify it as "light", "medium", "heavy" and various other terms. It appears to have been introduced in World War I, which spawned a very wide array of artillery in all sorts of sizes so a simple categorical system was needed. Some armies defined these
5014:
A second characteristic is the form of propulsion. Modern equipment can either be towed or self-propelled (SP). A towed gun fires from the ground and any inherent protection is limited to a gun shield. Towing by horse teams lasted throughout World War II in some armies, but others were fully
2615:
The gunners' increasing proximity to and participation in direct combat against other combat arms and attacks by aircraft made the introduction of a gun shield necessary. The problems of how to employ a fixed or horse-towed gun in mobile warfare necessitated the development of new methods of
2573:
has the role of providing support to other arms in combat or of attacking targets, particularly in-depth. Broadly, these effects fall into two categories, aiming either to suppress or neutralize the enemy, or to cause casualties, damage, and destruction. This is mostly achieved by delivering
4230:
like high explosives. The shell is accelerated to a high velocity in a very short time by the rapid generation of gas from the burning propellant. This high pressure is achieved by burning the propellant in a contained area, either the chamber of a gun barrel or the combustion chamber of a
3809:
methods in World War I. However, indirect fire was area fire; it was and is not suitable for destroying point targets; its primary purpose is area suppression. Nevertheless, by the late 1970s precision-guided munitions started to appear, notably the US 155 mm Copperhead and its Soviet
3255:
of Bohemia (1418–1424). However, cannons were still large and cumbersome. With the rise of musketry in the 16th century, cannon were largely (though not entirely) displaced from the battlefield—the cannon were too slow and cumbersome to be used and too easily lost to a rapid enemy advance.
5606:
is the process of selecting target and matching the appropriate response to them taking account of operational requirements and capabilities. It requires consideration of the type of fire support required and the extent of coordination with the supported arm. It involves decisions about:
4031:
Early airburst fuzes used igniferous timers which lasted into the second half of the 20th century. Mechanical time fuzes appeared in the early part of the century. These required a means of powering them. The Thiel mechanism used a spring and escapement (i.e. 'clockwork'), Junghans used
4079:
Later versions introduced induction fuze setting and testing instead of physically placing a fuze setter on the fuze. The latest, such as Junghan's DM84U provide options giving, superquick, delay, a choice of proximity heights of burst, time and a choice of foliage penetration depths.
5924:. Time fuzes use a precise timer to detonate the shell after a preset delay. This technique is tricky and slight variations in the functioning of the fuze can cause it to explode too high and be ineffective, or to strike the ground instead of exploding above it. Since December 1944 (
5655:
Surprise may be essential or irrelevant. It depends on what effects are required and whether or not the target is likely to move or quickly improve its protective posture. During World War II UK researchers concluded that for impact fuzed munitions the relative risk were as follows:
3259:
The combining of shot and powder into a single unit, a cartridge, occurred in the 1620s with a simple fabric bag, and was quickly adopted by all nations. It speeded loading and made it safer, but unexpelled bag fragments were an additional fouling in the gun barrel and a new tool—a
5368:
In NATO armies artillery is usually assigned a tactical mission that establishes its relationship and responsibilities to the formation or units it is assigned to. It seems that not all NATO nations use the terms and outside NATO others are probably used. The standard terms are:
5789:
of 4–8 guns. Otherwise the several FOs communicate with a higher FDC such as at a Battalion level, and the higher FDC prioritizes the targets and allocates fires to individual batteries as needed to engage the targets that are spotted by the FOs or to perform preplanned fires.
5730:
detecting guns firing and resecting their position from pairs of microphones or cross-observation of gun flashes using observation by human observers or opto-electronic devices, although the widespread adoption of 'flashless' propellant limited the effectiveness of the latter.
3818:
enabled relatively cheap and accurate guidance for shells and missiles, notably the US 155 mm Excalibur and the 227 mm GMLRS rocket. The introduction of these led to a new issue, the need for very accurate three dimensional target coordinates—the mensuration process.
5652:
This is particularly the case for a smaller target requiring only a few fire units. The extent to which the process is formal or informal and makes use of computer based systems, documented norms or experience and judgement also varies widely armies and other circumstances.
4255:
divided into three classes: single-base propellants that are mainly or entirely nitrocellulose based, double-base propellants consisting of a combination of nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin, and triple base composed of a combination of nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin and
3268:
is identified as the general who made cannon an effective force on the battlefield—pushing the development of much lighter and smaller weapons and deploying them in far greater numbers than previously. The outcome of battles was still determined by the clash of infantry.
5852:
to the gun commander in the correct order. The number of rounds that can be delivered in MRSI depends primarily on the range to the target and the rate of fire. To allow the most shells to reach the target, the target has to be in range of the lowest propellant charge.
5031:
took two forms, railway mountings for heavy and super-heavy guns and howitzers and armored trains as "fighting vehicles" armed with light artillery in a direct fire role. Disassembled transport was also used with heavy and super heavy weapons and lasted into the 1950s.
4993:
muzzle velocities and shorter barrels than equivalent guns. All this means they can deliver fire with a steep angle of descent. Because of their multi-charge capability, their ammunition is mostly separate loading (the projectile and propellant are loaded separately).
4895:, some nations carried pack artillery on some warships, these were used and manhandled by naval (or marine) landing parties. At times, part of a ship's armament would be unshipped and mated to makeshift carriages and limbers for actions ashore, for example during the
4242:. It had many disadvantages as a propellant; it has relatively low power, requiring large amounts of powder to fire projectiles, and created thick clouds of white smoke that would obscure the targets, betray the positions of guns, and make aiming impossible. In 1846,
3196:
in 1453 weighed 19 tons, took 200 men and sixty oxen to emplace, and could fire just seven times a day. The Fall of Constantinople was perhaps "the first event of supreme importance whose result was determined by the use of artillery" when the huge bronze cannons of
5673:
Airburst munitions significantly increase the relative risk for lying men, etc. Historically most casualties occur in the first 10–15 seconds of fire, i.e. the time needed to react and improve protective posture, however, this is less relevant if airburst is used.
5689:
then there will be different times of flight and the first rounds will be spread in time. To some extent a large concentration offsets the problem because it may mean that only one round is required from each gun and most of these could arrive in the 15 second
3686:
A few years later, the Richtfläche (lining-plane) sight was invented in Germany and provided a means of indirect laying in azimuth, complementing the clinometers for indirect laying in elevation which already existed. Despite conservative opposition within the
6544:
6522:
6504:
3502:
First, the piece was rifled, which allowed for a much more accurate and powerful action. Although rifling had been tried on small arms since the 15th century, the necessary machinery to accurately rifle artillery was not available until the mid-19th century.
4889:, a few nations treated mountain artillery as a separate branch, in others it was a speciality in another artillery branch. They used light guns or howitzers, usually designed for pack animal transport and easily broken down into small easily handled loads
5053:
5642:
how many fire units are needed and which ones they should be from those that are available (in range, with the required munitions type and quantity, not allotted to another target, have the most suitable line of fire if there is a risk to own troops or
5057:
5055:
5051:
2470:
either direct or indirect artillery fire. The manner in which gunnery crews (or formations) are employed is called artillery support. At different periods in history, this may refer to weapons designed to be fired from ground-, sea-, and even air-based
3691:, indirect fire was adopted as doctrine by the 1890s. In the early 1900s, Goertz in Germany developed an optical sight for azimuth laying. It quickly replaced the lining-plane; in English, it became the 'Dial Sight' (UK) or 'Panoramic Telescope' (US).
5011:"quickfiring" by some nations. The alternative does not use a metal cartridge case, the propellant being merely bagged or in combustible cases with the breech itself providing all the sealing. This is called "BL" or "breech loading" by some nations.
3546:
His gun was also a breech-loader. Although attempts at breech-loading mechanisms had been made since medieval times, the essential engineering problem was that the mechanism could not withstand the explosive charge. It was only with the advances in
3136:
already locally-producing large guns, some of them still survived until the present day and dubbed as "sacred cannon" or "holy cannon". These cannons varied between 180 and 260 pounders, weighing anywhere between 3–8 tons, measuring between 3–6 m.
2654:, designating craftsmen and manufacturers of all materials and warfare equipments (spears, swords, armor, war machines); and, for the next 250 years, the sense of the word "artillery" covered all forms of military weapons. Hence, the naming of the
5056:
2875:. In 1419, Sultan Abu Sa'id led an army to reconquer the fallen city, and Marinids brought cannons and used them in the assault on Ceuta. Finally, hand-held firearms and riflemen appear in Morocco, in 1437, in an expedition against the people of
5007:
mounting using a "baseplate" on the ground. The projectile with its integral propelling charge was dropped down the barrel from the muzzle to hit a fixed firing pin. Since that time, a few mortars have become rifled and adopted breech loading.
3220:, King of Scots, was killed when one exploded at the siege of Roxburgh). Their large size precluded the barrels being cast and they were constructed out of metal staves or rods bound together with hoops like a barrel, giving their name to the
5026:
Two other forms of tactical propulsion were used in the first half of the 20th century: Railways or transporting the equipment by road, as two or three separate loads, with disassembly and re-assembly at the beginning and end of the journey.
2900:
defense in a siege was lost. The cannon during this period were elongated, and the recipe for gunpowder was improved to make it three times as powerful as before. These changes led to the increased power in the artillery weapons of the time.
5766:'Field Artillery Team' is a US term and the following description and terminology applies to the US, other armies are broadly similar but differ in significant details. Modern field artillery (post–World War I) has three distinct parts: the
3603:
Armstrong's system was adopted in 1858, initially for "special service in the field" and initially he produced only smaller artillery pieces, 6-pounder (2.5 in/64 mm) mountain or light field guns, 9-pounder (3 in/76 mm) guns for
5915:
The destructiveness of artillery bombardments can be enhanced when some or all of the shells are set for airburst, meaning that they explode in the air above the target instead of upon impact. This can be accomplished either through time
2752:
A depiction of an early vase-shaped cannon (shown here as the "Long-range Awe-inspiring Cannon"(威遠砲)) complete with a crude sight and an ignition port dated from around 1350 AD. The illustration is from the 14th century Ming Dynasty book
4763:
in World War II) or harbor. Not needing to be mobile, coastal artillery used to be much larger than equivalent field artillery pieces, giving them longer range and more destructive power. Modern coastal artillery (for example, Russia's
8648:
2385:, which fired a 4.1 kg (9.0 lb) round, with a kinetic energy of 240 kilojoules, or a 20th-century US battleship that fired a 1,225 kg (2,701 lb) projectile from its main battery with an energy level surpassing 350
3559:
that Armstrong was able to construct a viable solution. The gun combined all the properties that make up an effective artillery piece. The gun was mounted on a carriage in such a way as to return the gun to firing position after the
5825:
Illustration of different trajectories used in MRSI: For any muzzle velocity there is a steeper (> 45°, solid line) and a lower (<45°, dashed line) trajectory. On these different trajectories, the shells have different flight
5734:
using a counter-battery fire at the appropriate moment in accordance with a plan developed by artillery intelligence staff. In other situations counter-battery fire may occur whenever a battery is located with sufficient accuracy.
4110:
The projectile is the munition or "bullet" fired downrange. This may be an explosive device. Projectiles have traditionally been classified as "shot" or "shell", the former being solid and the latter having some form of "payload".
8809:
4878:
Fortress or garrison artillery, operated a nation's fixed defences using guns, howitzers or mortars, either on land or coastal frontiers. Some had deployable elements to provide heavy artillery to the field army. In some nations
8703:
4969:
three criteria give eight possible combinations, of which guns and howitzers are but two. However, modern "howitzers" have higher velocities and longer barrels than the equivalent "guns" of the first half of the 20th century.
8623:
4027:
artillery are almost always used airburst. Airburst fuzes have to have the fuze length (running time) set on them. This is done just before firing using either a wrench or a fuze setter pre-set to the required fuze length.
4477:
within the required 'closing' distance of the target coordinates. NATO has a standard ballistic model for computer calculations and has expanded the scope of this into the NATO Armaments Ballistic Kernel (NABK) within the
8613:
5054:
3086:
in the Jinju National Museum. These cannons were made in the mid 16th century. The closest is a "Cheonja chongtong"(천자총통, 天字銃筒), the second is a "Jija chongtong"(지자총통, 地字銃筒), and the third is a "Hyeonja chongtong"(현자총통,
8693:
5882:(developed by BAE-Systems Bofors in Sweden) is a 155 mm howitzer on a wheeled chassis which is claimed to be able to deliver up to six shells on target simultaneously from the same gun. The 120 mm twin barrel
8534:
8401:
3444:
The development of modern artillery occurred in the mid to late 19th century as a result of the convergence of various improvements in the underlying technology. Advances in metallurgy allowed for the construction of
2895:
in 1356, when the besieged English used a cannon to destroy an attacking French assault tower. By the end of the 14th century, cannon were only powerful enough to knock in roofs, and could not penetrate castle walls.
8539:
4016:
Armor or Concrete-Piercing (AP or CP) fuzes are specially hardened. During World War I and later, ricochet fire with delay or graze fuzed HE shells, fired with a flat angle of descent, was used to achieve airburst.
3659:
Indirect fire, the firing of a projectile without relying on direct line of sight between the gun and the target, possibly dates back to the 16th century. Early battlefield use of indirect fire may have occurred at
2359:
British 64 Pounder Rifled Muzzle-Loaded (RML) Gun on a Moncrieff disappearing mount, at Scaur Hill Fort, Bermuda. This is a part of a fixed battery, meant to protect against over-land attack and to serve as coastal
4753:, but the advent of air power and missiles have rendered this type of artillery largely obsolete. They are typically longer-barreled, low-trajectory, high-velocity weapons designed primarily for a direct-fire role.
4817:
includes mortar carrier vehicles, many of which allow the mortar to be removed from the vehicle and be used dismounted, potentially in terrain in which the vehicle cannot navigate, or in order to avoid detection.
2771:. With the development of better metallurgy techniques, later cannons abandoned the vase shape of early Chinese artillery. This change can be seen in the bronze "thousand ball thunder cannon", an early example of
2517:
for administrative and operational purposes, either battalions or regiments, depending on the army. These may be grouped into brigades; the Russian army also groups some brigades into artillery divisions, and the
8449:
4275:
uses a small pyrotechnic charge at the base of the projectile to introduce sufficient combustion products into the low-pressure region behind the base of the projectile responsible for a large proportion of the
8882:
3857:
which traditionally defended coastal areas against seaborne attack and controlled the passage of ships. With the advent of powered flight at the start of the 20th century, artillery also included ground-based
8673:
8479:
3638:, up to about 5 miles (8,500 m) away. Its firing rate could even reach close to 30 rounds per minute, albeit only for a very short time and with a highly experienced crew. These were rates that contemporary
5555:: directed at objectives not in the immediate vicinity of own force, for neutralizing or destroying enemy reserves and weapons, and interfering with enemy command, supply, communications and observation; or
8887:
8872:
8504:
4057:
The proximity fuze emerged on the battlefields of Europe in late December 1944. They have become known as the U.S. Artillery's "Christmas present", and were much appreciated when they arrived during the
2501:
The gunners and their guns are usually grouped in teams called either "crews" or "detachments". Several such crews and teams with other functions are combined into a unit of artillery, usually called a
8499:
8411:
8386:
7744:
6272:
8867:
8844:
8444:
4283:
Ramjet-assisted, similar to rocket-assisted, but using a ramjet instead of a rocket motor; it is anticipated that a ramjet-assisted 120-mm mortar shell could reach a range of 22 mi (35 km).
3397:, himself a former artillery officer, perfected the tactic of massed artillery batteries unleashed upon a critical point in his enemies' line as a prelude to a decisive infantry and cavalry assault.
5015:
mechanized with wheeled or tracked gun towing vehicles by the outbreak of that war. The size of a towing vehicle depends on the weight of the equipment and the amount of ammunition it has to carry.
8799:
8581:
8509:
8459:
5798:
precise actual strike points of rounds fired by battery and comparing that location with what was expected to compute a registration allowing future rounds to be fired with much greater accuracy.
5701:
multiple round simultaneous impact (MRSI), where a single weapon or multiple individual weapons fire multiple rounds at differing trajectories so that all rounds arrive on target at the same time.
8454:
8784:
8529:
8524:
8519:
8469:
8464:
2964:
and trained them at the walls of the city. The barrage of Ottoman cannon fire lasted forty days, and they are estimated to have fired 19,320 times. Artillery also played a decisive role in the
3401:
breakage than older wooden designs. The reversibility aspect also helped increase the rate of fire, since a soldier would no longer have to worry about what end of the ramrod they were using.
8834:
8585:
8494:
8489:
8484:
8877:
7607:, p. 223. The number given is for Land Forces only. Naval Infantry and Coastal Defense forces, Federal Border Guard Service, and Interior Troops use an additional 500+ ordnance pieces.
8060:
Schmidtchen, Volker (1977). "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit" [Giant cannon of the 15th century: technical masterpieces of their era].
8829:
8391:
5945:
are likely to be caught in the open; even more so if the attack is launched against an assembly area or troops moving in the open rather than a unit in an entrenched tactical position.
5019:
carry lighter towed guns and most mortars by helicopter. Even before that, they were parachuted or landed by glider from the time of the first airborne trials in the USSR in the 1930s.
3232:—projections at the side of the cannon as an integral part of the cast—allowed the barrel to be fixed to a more movable base, and also made raising or lowering the barrel much easier.
3416:, was most effective when fired at shoulder-height across a flat, open area. The ball would tear through the ranks of the enemy or bounce along the ground breaking legs and ankles.
5076:(155 mm AUF1) Self-propelled Guns, 40th Regiment d' Artillerie, with IFOR markings are parked at Hekon base, near Mostar, Bosnia-Herzegovina, in support of Operation Joint Endeavor
8633:
5052:
3814:
equivalent that had success in Indian service. These relied on laser designation to 'illuminate' the target that the shell homed onto. However, in the early 21st century, the
2454:
Over the course of military history, projectiles were manufactured from a wide variety of materials, into a wide variety of shapes, using many different methods in which to
7552:
8779:
5694:
able to deliver three rounds in 15 seconds, larger calibers firing fixed rounds could also do it but it was not until the 1970s that a multi-charge 155 mm howitzer,
4549:: A type of a large calibre, muzzle-loading artillery piece, a cannon or mortar used during sieges to shoot round stone projectiles at the walls of enemy fortifications.
3567:
What made the gun really revolutionary lay in the technique of the construction of the gun barrel that allowed it to withstand much more powerful explosive forces. The "
5337:
although the limited range of many mortars tends to exclude them from the role. Their control arrangements and limited range also mean that mortars are most suited to
3292:
was one of the most important contemporary publications on the subject of artillery. For over two centuries this work was used in Europe as a basic artillery manual.
2582:, or by destroying enemy positions, equipment, and vehicles. Non-lethal munitions, notably smoke, can also suppress or neutralize the enemy by obscuring their view.
7703:, p. 248. Syria, Egypt's strategic partner in the past wars against Israel, uses 3 440+ artillery pieces, and is the 11th ranking artillery user in the World.
3116:, guns (cannons), and other fire-works. In all aspects the Javanese were considered excellent in casting artillery, and in the knowledge of using it. In 1513, the
8723:
8214:
4341:: Ammunition with live primer, greatly reduced propellant charge (typically black powder), and no projectile; used for training, demonstration or ceremonial use.
3853:. Certain smaller-caliber mortars are more properly designated small arms rather than artillery, albeit indirect-fire small arms. This term also came to include
2355:
3953:
filling or eject its cargo (illuminating flare or smoke canisters being examples). The official military spelling is "fuze". Broadly there are four main types:
11349:
7748:
6280:
5596:: that degrades the performance of a target below the level needed to fulfill its mission. Suppression is usually only effective for the duration of the fire.
2221:
Originally, the word "artillery" referred to any group of soldiers primarily armed with some form of manufactured weapon or armour. Since the introduction of
8608:
8571:
7843:
7794:
Hu, Xin Jun; Wang, Hang Yu (September 2013). "Effectiveness Calculation of Multiple Rounds Simultaneous Impact Shooting Method Based on Monte Carlo Method".
4749:
to be used either against other naval vessels or to bombard coastal targets in support of ground forces. The crowning achievement of naval artillery was the
4036:
and gears, and Dixi used centrifugal force and balls. From about 1980, electronic time fuzes started replacing mechanical ones for use with cargo munitions.
2364:
Although not called by that name, siege engines performing the role recognizable as artillery have been employed in warfare since antiquity. The first known
8708:
8678:
8628:
8575:
4772:) and fully integrated, meaning that each battery has all of the support systems that it requires (maintenance, targeting radar, etc.) organic to its unit.
3527:
as a result of the tight fit, enabled the gun to achieve greater range and accuracy than existing smooth-bore muzzle-loaders with a smaller powder charge.
8743:
8728:
8718:
8688:
8643:
4195:: A combination of the above can be used, where the barrel is rifled, but the projectile also has deployable fins for stabilization, guidance or gliding.
2863:. While it is difficult to confirm the use of firearms in the siege of the city, it is known the Portuguese defended it thereafter with firearms, namely
4865:, first formed as regular units in the late 18th century, with the role of supporting cavalry, they were distinguished by the entire crew being mounted.
8733:
8658:
8638:
8618:
5901:
Two-round MRSI firings were a popular artillery demonstration in the 1960s, where well trained detachments could show off their skills for spectators.
5345:
while rockets are mostly used for the latter. However, lighter rockets may be used for direct fire support. These rules of thumb apply to NATO armies.
3272:
Shells, explosive-filled fused projectiles, were in use by the 15th century. The development of specialized pieces—shipboard artillery, howitzers and
8738:
8713:
8668:
8653:
5561:: placed on enemy troops, weapons or positions which, because of their proximity present the most immediate and serious threat to the supported unit.
4012:
anti-tank shells). At least one nuclear shell and its non-nuclear spotting version also used a multi-deck mechanical time fuze fitted into its base.
3873:. Advances in terminal guidance systems for small munitions has allowed large-caliber guided projectiles to be developed, blurring this distinction.
5041:
categories by bands of calibers. Different bands were used for different types of weapons—field guns, mortars, anti-aircraft guns and coastal guns.
9512:
8698:
4478:
4514:
Artillery types can be categorised in several ways, for example by type or size of weapon or ordnance, by role or by organizational arrangements.
4039:
Proximity fuzes have been of two types: photo-electric or radar. The former was not very successful and seems only to have been used with British
4019:
HE shells can be fitted with other fuzes. Airburst fuzes usually have a combined airburst and impact function. However, until the introduction of
9702:
8406:
5405:
achieve this by placing the assigned artillery units under command of the directly supported formation. Nevertheless, the batteries' fire can be
2761:
Early Chinese artillery had vase-like shapes. This includes the "long range awe inspiring" cannon dated from 1350 and found in the 14th century
8892:
8789:
8683:
6820:
5600:
The tactical purposes also include various "mission verbs", a rapidly expanding subject with the modern concept of "effects based operations".
3907:) and the provision of fuzes, detonators and warheads at the point where artillery troops will assemble the charge, projectile, bomb or shell.
3511:
independently produced rifled cannon in the 1840s, but it was Armstrong's gun that was first to see widespread use during the Crimean War. The
7169:
exerted by the wrought-iron coils, which Armstrong used in exactly the same fashion. Holley, Treatise on Ordnance and Armour, 1865, pp. 863–70
3216:
weapons distinguished by their lack of a field carriage, immobility once emplaced, highly individual design, and noted unreliability (in 1460
10416:
9947:
4269:
enhance and sustain the projectile's velocity by providing additional 'push' from a small rocket motor that is part of the projectile's base.
2319:
and meteorological, and in some armies, provision of these are the responsibility of the artillery arm. The majority of combat deaths in the
7058:
Bastable, Marshall J. (1992). "From Breechloaders to Monster Guns: Sir William Armstrong and the Invention of Modern Artillery, 1854–1880".
6147:
6063:
5928:), proximity fuzed artillery shells have been available that take the guesswork out of this process. These employ a miniature, low powered
5898:
program (now cancelled) was slated to have MRSI capability. It is unclear how many fire control computers have the necessary capabilities.
4601:: Large-caliber artillery that have limited mobility with indirect firing trajectory, which was used to bombard targets at long distances.
6931:
4565:
is a type of small cannon mounted on a swiveling stand or fork which allows a very wide arc of movement. Camel mounted swivel guns called
7202:
7182:
4439:, the guns have to be part of a system that enables them to attack targets invisible to them, in accordance with the combined arms plan.
4146:
8269:
7667:, p. 33. The total is composed of 6 270+ ordnance used by the US Army, Army Reserve and National Guard with 1 867 used by the USMC.
11421:
9213:
8514:
7129:
6612:
The travels of Ludovico di Varthema in Egypt, Syria, Arabia Deserta and Arabia Felix, in Persia, India, and Ethiopia, A.D. 1503 to 1508
3619:
of 1897. The gun used cased ammunition, was breech-loading, had modern sights, and a self-contained firing mechanism. It was the first
2984:
proving ground for artillery and its practical application, and made Portugal a forerunner in gunnery for decades. During the reign of
6254:
5540:
These purposes have existed for most of the 20th century, although their definitions have evolved and will continue to do so, lack of
4871:, the main artillery arm of the field army, using either guns, howitzers, or mortars. In World War II this branch again started using
2466:
delivery have likewise changed significantly over time, encompassing some of the most complex and advanced technologies in use today.
9707:
8824:
8794:
8396:
7500:
7482:
6093:
4583:
simultaneously or sequentially in quick succession. Although capable of unleashing intense firepower, volley guns differ from modern
4251:
advent of the double-base powders, which combine nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin to produce powerful, smokeless, stable propellant.
3425:
6328:
4023:, the airburst function was mostly used with cargo munitions—for example, shrapnel, illumination, and smoke. The larger calibers of
11358:
11036:
8421:
5061:
1119:
2972:
was killed by the accidental explosion of one of his own cannon, imported from Flanders, at the siege of Roxburgh Castle in 1460.
8544:
7549:
3683:
for indirect fire by describing, "all the essentials of aiming points, crest clearance, and corrections to fire by an observer".
2743:
1551:
2311:) emerged, primarily for artillery. These are usually utilized by one or more of the artillery arms. The widespread adoption of
10392:
8663:
7394:
4208:
3468:
2825:
8246:
5681:
ordering the guns to fire together, either by executive order or by a "fire at" time. The disadvantage is that if the fire is
4522:
The types of cannon artillery are generally distinguished by the velocity at which they fire projectiles. Types of artillery:
3228:
in the size of the barrel was due to improvements in both iron technology and gunpowder manufacture, while the development of
8748:
8474:
8165:
8138:
7981:
7946:
7904:
7533:
7366:
7340:
7315:
7288:
7266:
7246:
6681:
6654:
6593:
6480:
6451:
6338:
6237:
6105:
3490:
2848:
2300:
artillery; in others these have been separate arms, and with some nations coastal has been a naval or marine responsibility.
5639:, whether adjustment is permissible or surprise essential, the need for special procedures such as precision or danger close
3698:, they were the first to apply the theory in practice in 1899, although they had to improvise without a lining-plane sight.
2218:
vehicles are highly mobile weapons of great versatility generally providing the largest share of an army's total firepower.
9344:
8381:
6978:
6796:
6568:
5322:
the enemy". This NATO definition makes artillery a supporting arm although not all NATO armies agree with this logic. The
3404:
7446:
4094:
3523:
and which engaged with the gun's rifling grooves to impart spin to the shell. This spin, together with the elimination of
11496:
9991:
9942:
8849:
8839:
5835:
5516:: an immediately available prearranged barrier of fire designed to impede enemy movement across defensive lines or areas.
5080:
List of countries in order of amount of artillery (only conventional barrel ordnance is given, in use with land forces):
5068:
4507:
3071:, a 5 cm, one pounder bronze breech-loading cannon that weighted 150 kg with an effective range of 600 meters.
1907:
195:
4004:
Most artillery fuzes are nose fuzes. However, base fuzes have been used with armor-piercing shells and for squash head (
114:
11308:
9922:
9917:
9666:
9322:
8804:
7147:
5310:
Artillery is used in a variety of roles depending on its type and caliber. The general role of artillery is to provide
4927:
few rockets) and used direct not indirect fire, in the 1950s and 1960s both started to make extensive use of missiles:
3609:
2494:
2102:
1880:
490:
8211:
8202:
5834:
Animation showing how six shots of different elevation, speed and timing can be used to hit a target at the same time
3393:
part due to the presence of specially trained artillery officers leading and coordinating during the chaos of battle.
86:
8299:
7419:
7384:. Percin supports his claim with hundreds of items of battlefield correspondence from all parts of the Western Front.
7042:
6545:
Warfare and Empires: Contact and Conflict Between European and Non-European Military and Maritime Forces and Cultures
6523:
Warfare and Empires: Contact and Conflict Between European and Non-European Military and Maritime Forces and Cultures
6505:
Warfare and Empires: Contact and Conflict Between European and Non-European Military and Maritime Forces and Cultures
6130:
4403:
4175:" (UK) or "rotating band" (U.S.). The driving band is usually made of copper, but synthetic materials have been used.
3876:
3352:
yards) developed rockets in numerous sizes with ranges up to 3,000 yards and eventually utilizing iron casing as the
1556:
133:
4385:
2777:
2482:
Some armed forces use the term "gunners" for the soldiers and sailors with the primary function of using artillery.
11518:
8819:
8814:
8325:
8252:
Video: Inside shrieking shrapnel. Hear the great sound of shrapnel's – Finnish field artillery fire video year 2013
4765:
3880:
3165:
2879:. It is clear these weapons had developed into several different forms, from small guns to large artillery pieces.
1634:
6629:
A Description of the Coasts of East Africa and Malabar in the Beginning of the Sixteenth Century by Duarte Barbosa
6586:
Changes of regime and social dynamics in West Java : society, state, and the outer world of Banten, 1750–1830
2734:
invented in the eastern Mediterranean region in the 12th century, with the earliest definite attestation in 1187.
10438:
9334:
8439:
8376:
6363:
3771:
An estimated 75,000 French soldiers were casualties of friendly artillery fire in the four years of World War I.
2965:
1979:
1617:
1404:
244:
93:
6906:
4659:: Typically muzzle-loaded, short-barreled, high-trajectory weapons designed primarily for an indirect-fire role.
3694:
The British halfheartedly experimented with indirect fire techniques since the 1890s, but with the onset of the
10357:
9802:
9255:
9206:
9044:
4381:
3732:
3471:
was awarded a contract by the government to design a new piece of artillery. Production started in 1855 at the
2937:
1743:
71:
9986:
8015:
Ordway, Frederick I (July 1970). "History of Astronautics Symposium: Mar Del Plata, Argentina, October 1969".
6610:
3712:
3412:
massive shotguns, peppering the target with hundreds of projectiles at close range. The solid balls, known as
9785:
8431:
3124:"with much artillery made in Java, for the Javanese are skilled in founding and casting, and in all works in
2979:, as it was a necessary tool that allowed the Portuguese to face overwhelming odds both on land and sea from
2160:
1607:
7861:
6698:
4812:
or truck, to move the piece, crew, and ammunition around. Towed artillery is in some cases equipped with an
2999:
The three major classes of Portuguese artillery were anti-personnel guns with a high borelength (including:
11530:
11240:
10496:
10097:
10048:
9470:
9339:
9049:
8600:
6003:
5863:-52 (which can land six rounds simultaneously at targets at least 25 km (16 mi) away), Germany's
5329:
Unlike rockets, guns (or howitzers as some armies still call them) and mortars are suitable for delivering
4985:
4588:
4115:
shells use various types of fuze depending on the nature of the payload and the tactical need at the time.
3826:
3438:
3344:
2655:
2590:
2097:
796:
556:
100:
6627:
5352:, because of their lighter weight and simpler, more transportable design, are usually an integral part of
4759:: Fixed-position weapons dedicated to defense of a particular location, usually a coast (for example, the
4163:: Artillery projectiles have traditionally been spin-stabilised, meaning that they spin in flight so that
2670:
11583:
11340:
11245:
11018:
10920:
10387:
10237:
9807:
9676:
9524:
8348:
5867:(which can land five rounds simultaneously at targets at least 17 km (11 mi) away), Slovakia's
4705:
by land and/or at sea. Some guns were suitable for the dual roles of anti-aircraft and anti-tank warfare.
3688:
3141:
2853:
2519:
2107:
1294:
1091:
962:
500:
17:
8114:
7784:
The Development of Artillery Tactics and Equipment, Brigadier AL Pemberton, 1950, The War Office, pg 129
6417:
DeVries, K: The Use of Gunpowder Weaponry By and Against Joan or Arc During the Hundred Years' War. 1996
2816:
designs, a lack of engineering knowledge rendered these even more dangerous to use than muzzle-loaders.
11588:
11451:
11426:
9879:
9790:
9761:
9162:
9054:
8774:
8769:
8562:
6716:. Vol. 22, No. 3, Special Issue: Asian Studies in Honour of Professor Charles Boxer (1988), pp. 607–28.
6229:
5569:
4377:
4266:
4009:
4005:
3624:
3524:
3328:
2838:
2600:
1571:
67:
38:
4076:
height of burst options, and impact. Some offered a go/no-go functional test through the fuze setter.
3616:
3596:
82:
11091:
10599:
10476:
9937:
9927:
9905:
9773:
9719:
9577:
9534:
9199:
6314:
5357:
4416:
3815:
3340:
3157:
3117:
2792:. By the late 14th century, Chinese rebels used organized artillery and cavalry to push Mongols out.
2343:
1681:
1189:
533:
407:
261:
6812:
4695:: Guns designed for direct fire to destroy tanks and other armored fighting vehicles.
3235:
11374:
11265:
11220:
10980:
10863:
10254:
10227:
10207:
10089:
9981:
9969:
9964:
9089:
8912:
8343:
8338:
6013:
5941:
4801:
4682:
4366:
4130:
3739:
3472:
2605:
2215:
2132:
1999:
1546:
1239:
1052:
900:
7803:
6443:
5887:
5472:. Observation of adjusted fire may be directly by a forward observer or indirectly via some other
5434:
There are several dimensions to this subject. The first is the notion that fire may be against an
4900:
4335:: Ammunition with an inert warhead, inert primer, and no propellant; used for training or display.
4204:
2991:
11511:
11197:
9681:
9450:
9356:
8363:
8333:
8235:
6158:
5973:
around the world incorporate an artillery piece that was used in the war or battle commemorated.
5879:
4937:
4698:
4604:
4370:
4040:
3967:
3755:
3316:
2912:
2842:
2510:
2428:
2085:
2067:
1823:
1382:
1304:
1249:
1129:
842:
505:
60:
7525:
7519:
4837:
3869:, preferring the term "missilery", though some modern artillery units employ surface-to-surface
2273:
were also used. "Shell" is a widely used generic term for a projectile, which is a component of
11486:
10868:
10721:
10404:
10352:
10339:
10222:
10173:
10146:
9954:
9749:
9594:
9440:
9295:
9002:
7060:
6941:
4973:
There is no generally accepted minimum muzzle velocity or barrel length associated with a gun.
4503:
4103:
3504:
3348:
3286:
3193:
2941:
2315:
in the early 20th century introduced the need for specialist data for field artillery, notably
2225:
and cannon, "artillery" has largely meant cannon, and in contemporary usage, usually refers to
1952:
1927:
1649:
1561:
1434:
1309:
905:
882:
328:
227:
7844:"Hungary purchases a brutal military beast that can eliminate targets from over 60 kilometres"
7199:
7179:
6644:
6558:
5409:
onto a single target, as can the fire of units in range and with the other tactical missions.
4727:: Large-caliber weapons that are mounted on, transported by and fired from specially-designed
4467:
Logistic services: to provide combat supplies, particularly ammunition, and equipment support.
3144:
actively used heavy artillery in both siege and field combat. Korean forces mounted artillery
11392:
11003:
10970:
10878:
10711:
10506:
10259:
10134:
9697:
9460:
8937:
8932:
8927:
8353:
8292:
8101:
7305:
5940:
This is a very effective tactic against infantry and light vehicles, because it scatters the
5934:
5774:
and the actual guns themselves. The forward observer observes the target using tools such as
5771:
5738:
4919:
4300:
4222:
to propel the projectile to the target. Propellant is always a low explosive, which means it
3988:
3859:
3669:
3588:
down its lead coating, reducing its diameter and slightly improving its ballistic qualities.
3556:
3552:
3446:
2883:
2830:
2797:
2714:
2534:
2530:
2514:
2293:
1541:
1474:
1427:
1076:
1039:
1002:
920:
872:
756:
566:
374:
283:
7133:
6431:
5498:: intensive prearranged fire delivered when the imminence of the enemy attack is discovered.
3487:, which marked the birth of modern artillery. Three of its features particularly stand out.
2545:
11383:
11101:
10828:
10764:
10716:
10656:
10584:
10114:
9839:
9619:
9265:
8371:
8257:
Video: Forensic and archaeological interpretation of artillery shell fragments and shrapnel
6786:
5761:
5717:
5510:: delivered by supporting units to assist and protect a unit engaged in a defensive action.
5422:
4854:
4813:
4769:
4618:
4498:
3904:
3408:
3381:
3217:
2985:
2969:
2949:
2748:
2686:
2412:
1932:
1834:
1691:
1686:
1504:
1469:
1204:
1019:
877:
813:
667:
637:
234:
31:
8230:
7504:
7486:
6748:
6726:
4062:. They were also used to great effect in anti-aircraft projectiles in the Pacific against
8:
11558:
10993:
10950:
10845:
10631:
10621:
10569:
10471:
10461:
10411:
10382:
9756:
9377:
9372:
9260:
8982:
7973:
6842:
6432:
5998:
5988:
5925:
5864:
5830:
5677:
There are several ways of making best use of this brief window of maximum vulnerability:
5484:
4981:
4931:
4678:
4059:
2455:
2405:
2348:
1783:
1768:
1644:
1531:
1509:
1484:
1444:
1354:
1164:
1064:
1014:
781:
771:
736:
528:
518:
288:
212:
8263:
7568:
4455:
Control: authority to decide which targets to attack and allot fire units to the attack;
2975:
The able use of artillery supported to a large measure the expansion and defense of the
2303:
In the 20th century, target acquisition devices (such as radar) and techniques (such as
11578:
11260:
11076:
10988:
10955:
10821:
10796:
10696:
10681:
10666:
10626:
10594:
10466:
10317:
10276:
10065:
9507:
9300:
8987:
8947:
8917:
8316:
8048:
8040:
7932:
7807:
7093:
7085:
6388:
5962:
5625:
what types of munitions, including their fuzing, are to be used and in what quantities;
4775:
4320:
4089:
3957:
3811:
3797:
3665:
3535:
3121:
2682:
2586:
2575:
2566:
2284:
that customarily operates such engines. In some armies, the artillery arm has operated
2261:" (if solid) or "shell" (if not solid). Historically, variants of solid shot including
2226:
2117:
1972:
1892:
1813:
1758:
1733:
1654:
1600:
1566:
1497:
1414:
1324:
1229:
1174:
1059:
1024:
977:
852:
823:
776:
714:
689:
523:
337:
256:
107:
4627:: Lightweight guns that can be disassembled and transported through difficult terrain.
2691:
11491:
11401:
11081:
11056:
11051:
11046:
11041:
11028:
10960:
10930:
10910:
10559:
10501:
10324:
10185:
10077:
10053:
10043:
9998:
9714:
9671:
9614:
9539:
9305:
9064:
9039:
9034:
8967:
8942:
8567:
8212:
What sort of forensic information can be derived from the analysis of shell fragments
8171:
8161:
8144:
8134:
8089:
8069:
8052:
8032:
7999:
7987:
7977:
7952:
7942:
7910:
7900:
7811:
7529:
7415:
7362:
7336:
7311:
7284:
7262:
7242:
7097:
7077:
7038:
6792:
6677:
6650:
6589:
6564:
6476:
6472:
6447:
6439:
6380:
6334:
6233:
6183:
6126:
6101:
5993:
5983:
5917:
5868:
5855:
Examples of guns with a rate of fire that makes them suitable for MRSI includes UK's
5786:
5785:
The FO can communicate directly with the battery FDC, of which there is one per each
5779:
4980:
A British 60-pounder (5-inch (130 mm)) gun at full recoil, in action during the
4880:
4809:
4789:
4756:
4570:
4552:
4262:
Artillery shells fired from a barrel can be assisted to greater range in three ways:
4212:
4099:
4033:
3961:
3929:
3854:
3743:
3639:
3332:
3324:
3312:
3265:
3100:
artillery and very good artillerymen. They made many one-pounder cannons (cetbang or
2976:
2961:
2956:
in 1453, included both artillery and foot soldiers armed with gunpowder weapons. The
2925:
2908:
2892:
2617:
2596:
2503:
2459:
2297:
2289:
2153:
2062:
2009:
1912:
1902:
1897:
1867:
1850:
1845:
1818:
1763:
1464:
1454:
1449:
1439:
1359:
1349:
1344:
1319:
1289:
1179:
1149:
1144:
1134:
1124:
1114:
1029:
982:
952:
791:
584:
561:
495:
11210:
8189:
7434:
5479:
NATO also recognises several different types of fire support for tactical purposes:
4464:
Specialist services: produce data to support the production of accurate firing data;
4292:
is emerging. Modern 155 mm guns have a primer magazine fitted to their breech.
3615:
The first cannon to contain all 'modern' features is generally considered to be the
2122:
11331:
11299:
11235:
11215:
11061:
11013:
10915:
10900:
10855:
10811:
10806:
10779:
10641:
10611:
10579:
10549:
10539:
10297:
10232:
10084:
10026:
9900:
9854:
9844:
9724:
9656:
9636:
9329:
9250:
9245:
9180:
9119:
9084:
9074:
9007:
8962:
8957:
8922:
8416:
8285:
8024:
7934:
The World Atlas of Warfare: Military Innovations that Changed the Course of History
7799:
7165:
7069:
6372:
6058:
5958:
5891:
5767:
4996:
That leaves six combinations of the three criteria, some of which have been termed
4976:
4872:
4733:
4708:
4555:
was a type of light cannon developed in the late 15th century that fired a smaller
4546:
4126:
3979:
3946:
3865:
The term "artillery" has traditionally not been used for projectiles with internal
3850:
3735:
3520:
3508:
3320:
3308:
3304:
3261:
3202:
2801:
2789:
2705:
Mechanical systems used for throwing ammunition in ancient warfare, also known as "
2526:
2471:
2369:
2254:
2127:
2092:
2024:
1917:
1855:
1748:
1676:
1669:
1526:
1459:
1409:
1399:
1274:
1194:
1154:
1139:
1101:
1086:
957:
942:
895:
803:
761:
704:
699:
657:
480:
457:
364:
293:
222:
205:
6361:
Rogers, Clifford J. (1993). "The Military Revolutions of the Hundred Years' War".
4829:
4665:: Typically breech-loaded, capable of high or low-angle fire with a longer barrel.
4150:
radars) and modern exotics such as electronic payloads and sensor-fuzed munitions.
3664:
in July 1759, when the Russian artillery fired over the tops of trees, and at the
11506:
11501:
11172:
11167:
11086:
11066:
10895:
10816:
10801:
10747:
10706:
10574:
10312:
10244:
10038:
9554:
9492:
9482:
9455:
9420:
9104:
8972:
8554:
8218:
8206:
7556:
7206:
7186:
7111:
6671:
6048:
5895:
5349:
5003:
4962:
4896:
4892:
4868:
4862:
4805:
4800:
Modern field artillery can also be split into two other subcategories: towed and
4779:
4742:
4712:
4656:
4612:
4598:
4432:
4186:
4069:
3896:
3866:
3842:
3801:
3605:
3464:
3453:
3357:
3353:
3273:
3243:(caliber 890 mm), cast in 1586 in Moscow. It is the largest bombard in the world.
3133:
2929:
2772:
2669:(art of shooting), coined by one of the first theorists on the use of artillery,
2570:
2463:
2448:
2436:
2432:
2420:
2320:
2238:
2208:
1937:
1922:
1840:
1796:
1738:
1394:
1389:
1279:
1269:
1184:
1159:
1096:
937:
867:
857:
709:
694:
617:
589:
389:
369:
217:
6273:"Bullocks dragging siege-guns up hill during Akbar's attack on Ranthambhor Fort"
5314:—"the application of fire, coordinated with the manoeuvre of forces to destroy,
11481:
11456:
11322:
11250:
11147:
11106:
11096:
11071:
11008:
10965:
10833:
10774:
10769:
10742:
10671:
10646:
10589:
10445:
10345:
10104:
9912:
9646:
9465:
9415:
9124:
9079:
9069:
9029:
8251:
6053:
5921:
5844:
5807:
5530:: placed on an area or point to prevent the enemy from using the area or point.
5520:
5468:
4793:
4592:
4289:
4256:
4243:
4139:: shrapnel, star, incendiary and flechette (a more modern version of shrapnel).
4047:
4020:
3941:
3806:
3783:
3635:
3628:
3248:
2957:
2953:
2933:
2706:
2382:
2308:
2192:
2177:
2112:
1860:
1284:
1244:
1222:
1209:
1199:
1169:
1081:
1034:
837:
828:
719:
672:
652:
642:
612:
579:
467:
424:
379:
251:
184:
8256:
4458:
Computation of firing data – to deliver fire from a fire unit onto its target;
4295:
3949:
are the devices that initiate an artillery projectile, either to detonate its
2574:
high-explosive munitions to suppress, or inflict casualties on the enemy from
2485:
11572:
11461:
11230:
10940:
10905:
10791:
10784:
10752:
10701:
10676:
10651:
10433:
10399:
10305:
10168:
10141:
10122:
9834:
9641:
9477:
9317:
9290:
9157:
9147:
9094:
9017:
8997:
8859:
8160:. AUSA Institute of Land Warfare book. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press.
8093:
8036:
7261:
Against All Odds!: Dramatic Last Stand Actions; Perret, Brian; Cassell 2000;
7081:
6427:
6384:
6033:
5843:
Multiple round simultaneous impact (MRSI) is a modern version of the earlier
5572:
5425:
4997:
4907:
4760:
4728:
4692:
4686:
4644:
4615:: Mobile weapons used to support armies in the field. Subcategories include:
4436:
4247:
4024:
3661:
3654:
3519:
and had a thin lead coating which made it fractionally larger than the gun's
3484:
3476:
3276:—was also begun in this period. More esoteric designs, like the multi-barrel
2809:
2785:
2490:
2416:
2332:
2312:
2304:
2262:
2196:
1959:
1947:
1803:
1723:
1639:
1622:
1479:
1334:
1314:
992:
987:
967:
947:
862:
833:
808:
684:
662:
647:
622:
462:
384:
347:
342:
239:
8175:
8073:
7991:
7956:
7914:
7151:
6157:. Applied Mathematics, Computational Science and Engineering. Archived from
3516:
2609:
2589:
or another observer, including crewed and uncrewed aircraft, or called onto
11547:
11290:
11162:
11137:
10840:
10759:
10334:
10202:
10192:
10153:
10129:
9874:
9599:
9497:
9152:
9099:
9059:
9012:
8199:
7938:
5970:
4886:
4850:
4650:
4624:
4239:
4232:
4223:
4172:
3717:
3680:
3572:
3568:
3377:
3278:
3252:
3206:
3092:
2995:
Portuguese artillery on display at the Military Museum of Lisbon, Portugal.
2813:
2762:
2650:
2621:
2579:
2550:
2408:
2328:
2204:
2146:
2072:
2052:
2047:
1942:
1887:
1521:
1516:
1339:
1254:
997:
731:
632:
429:
333:
153:
6905:
Durant, Frederick C. III; Fought, Stephen Oliver; Guilmartin, John F. Jr.
3950:
3078:
11466:
11142:
10925:
10731:
10661:
10362:
10109:
9829:
9624:
9567:
9502:
9487:
9410:
8992:
8977:
8148:
6782:
5723:
5028:
4845:
4724:
4634:
4584:
4580:
4529:
4167:
forces prevent them from tumbling. Spin is induced by gun barrels having
3991:
3721:
3702:
3632:
3539:
3460:
3361:
3240:
2918:
2767:
2697:
2633:
2558:
2554:
2424:
2393:
2324:
2281:
2057:
1808:
1773:
1612:
1299:
1264:
972:
915:
818:
602:
323:
318:
8241:
French artillery and its ammunition. 14th to the end of the 19th century
7395:(3 August 2017) Fort Sill working to install new digital imaging program
6813:"NPS Interpretive Series: Artillery Through the Ages - Explosive Shells"
5504:: used to protect troops when they are within range of enemy small arms.
4452:
Target acquisition: detect, identify and deduce the location of targets;
4323:
or for wartime use in a combat zone. Also known as "warshot" ammunition.
3779:
3580:
against the outward forces that the gun's firing exerted on the barrel.
3430:
2903:
2214:
developed for battlefield use. This development continues today; modern
11182:
10998:
10423:
9864:
9739:
9734:
8044:
7089:
6884:
6392:
6028:
5872:
5775:
5590:: delivered to render a target temporarily ineffective or unusable; and
5385:. These tactical missions are in the context of the command authority:
4750:
4662:
4576:
4562:
4556:
4473:
4306:
4272:
4227:
4219:
4182:
4164:
3994:
3924:
3919:
3793:
artillery is most obviously distinguished by its long range, firing an
3790:
3576:
3548:
3495:
3413:
3221:
3213:
3113:
2646:
2645:
Another suggestion is that it originates from the 13th century and the
2397:
2386:
2378:
2274:
2266:
2258:
2181:
2014:
1984:
1706:
1070:
11476:
8224:
7825:
6866:
Ordway, Vice-Commander of Artillery of the Polish king, Wladyslaw IV,
5953:
4681:: Guns, usually mobile, designed primarily for direct fire to destroy
2443:. Artillery used by naval forces has also changed significantly, with
11152:
11125:
10554:
10271:
10060:
9974:
9959:
9797:
9631:
9400:
6936:
6700:
A Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands and Adjacent Countries
6038:
5910:
5073:
4958:
4954:
4630:
4424:
4277:
3998:
3983:
3974:
3846:
3794:
3620:
3512:
3336:
3198:
3149:
3145:
3140:
Between 1593 and 1597, about 200,000 Korean and Chinese troops which
3083:
2718:
2440:
2373:
2316:
2285:
2270:
2230:
2222:
2004:
1828:
1778:
1728:
1718:
1713:
1578:
1369:
1364:
1329:
452:
308:
148:
8028:
7073:
6376:
5821:
4355:
3591:
2781:) and reached Europe in the 13th century, in a very limited manner.
2423:
as transportation. These land versions of artillery were dwarfed by
49:
11471:
11132:
10686:
10534:
10072:
9849:
9780:
9572:
9425:
9383:
9240:
9222:
9191:
8758:
7969:
7411:
5860:
5749:
5576:
5428:
5353:
4702:
4668:
4640:
4566:
4532:
4299:
Battleship ammunition: 16" artillery shells aboard a United States
4171:, which engages a soft metal band around the projectile, called a "
4064:
3892:
3838:
3695:
3480:
3394:
3385:
3229:
2876:
2722:
2710:
2659:
2365:
2234:
2188:
2185:
2019:
1994:
1627:
1259:
1234:
847:
402:
276:
161:
8194:
5744:
5737:
Modern counter-battery target acquisition uses unmanned aircraft,
10883:
10873:
10691:
10636:
10329:
10292:
10215:
10197:
10180:
10163:
9814:
9768:
9609:
9582:
9435:
9430:
9405:
9275:
9142:
9114:
9109:
9024:
8002:(January 1929). "The Development of Artillery in the Great War".
7869:
7865:
6226:
Science & Civilisation in China, volume 7: The Gunpowder Epic
6043:
6018:
6008:
4783:
4746:
4716:
4246:(also known as guncotton) was discovered, and the high explosive
4168:
3900:
3870:
3530:
3449:
3434:
3315:. Their first recorded use was in 1780 during the battles of the
3297:
3101:
2980:
2932:. Very heavy 15th-C bronze muzzle-loading cannon of type used by
2638:
2624:, with the possible exception of artillery reconnaissance teams.
2549:
Artillery illuminating ammunition used in a shooting exercise on
2444:
2029:
1989:
1753:
1587:
1583:
925:
910:
786:
447:
442:
412:
351:
313:
6217:
5748:
Modern artillery ammunition. Caliber 155 mm as used by the
4312:
Artillery ammunition has four classifications according to use:
2775:. These small, crude weapons diffused into the Middle East (the
11187:
11116:
10935:
10890:
10544:
10529:
10021:
9661:
9544:
9285:
9280:
8308:
8262:
8088:. International Aeronautic Federation: 262. January–June 1977.
4643:: Capable of high-angle fire, they are most often employed for
4540:
4238:
Until the late 19th century, the only available propellant was
4133:
and canister may be considered special types of bursting shell.
3834:
3738:
pioneered armour and artillery cooperation at the breakthrough
3561:
3181:
2888:
2859:
In 1415, the Portuguese invaded the Mediterranean port town of
2805:
2620:. The only combat in which artillery is unable to take part is
2401:
2211:
2191:. Early artillery development focused on the ability to breach
1536:
932:
749:
485:
8240:
5894:(Finland), is capable of 7 + 7 shells MRSI. The United States
5628:
when the targets should be attacked and possibly for how long;
4525:
3891:
One of the most important roles of logistics is the supply of
11446:
10945:
10486:
10481:
9819:
9744:
6734:
6303:
Warfare and Firearms in Fifteenth century Morocco, 1400–1492.
5929:
5856:
5695:
4543:: The oldest type of artillery with direct firing trajectory.
4510:
during a direct fire mission in a live fire exercise in 2010.
3822:
3642:
3585:
3189:
3129:
2860:
2788:
adopted the Chinese artillery and used it effectively in the
2200:
1007:
543:
538:
7826:"Multiple Rounds Simultaneous Impact, adjustable simulation"
2725:, are also referred to by military historians as artillery.
9932:
9395:
9390:
6023:
5883:
5622:
the proximity of and risks to own troops or non-combatants;
4672:
3970:
3914:
3910:
A round of artillery ammunition comprises four components:
3749:
Major General J.B.A. Bailey, British Army (retired) wrote:
3672:
fired shrapnel indirectly against advancing French troops.
3296:
building. This led, among other things, to a frenzy of new
3125:
303:
298:
157:
8277:
5957:
An artillery piece in the monument commemorating the 1864
5536:: delivered before an attack to weaken the enemy position.
5417:
3895:
as a primary type of artillery consumable, their storage (
3247:
The first land-based mobile weapon is usually credited to
3176:
3152:, providing an advantage against Japanese navy which used
2632:
The word as used in the current context originated in the
2612:, with a range almost as long as that of field artillery.
2525:
The term "artillery" also designates a combat arm of most
10524:
10516:
9226:
7745:"In a changing world, Finland's artillery stays the same"
7727:
7725:
7723:
7721:
7719:
7717:
7715:
7713:
7711:
7709:
4653:: Capable of high or low-angle fire with a longer barrel.
3372:
2960:
brought to the siege sixty-nine guns in fifteen separate
2940:, showing ornate decoration. Taken by The Land Feb 07 at
176:
7269:: discussed during the account of the Hougoumont action.
6255:"1526, First Battle of Panipat, Ibrahim Lodhi and Babur"
5565:
4899:, during the First World War the guns from the stricken
4461:
Fire units: guns, launchers or mortars grouped together;
3833:
Weapons covered by the term 'modern artillery' include "
3754:
accuracy had come to rival those of artillery. ... The
2882:
The artillery revolution in Europe caught on during the
8273:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 189–235.
8231:
Artillery Tactics and Combat during the Napoleonic Wars
5548:
is an omission. Broadly they can be defined as either:
5421:
A 155 mm artillery shell fired by a United States
4768:
system) is often self-propelled, (allowing it to avoid
2537:
of the national armed forces that operate the weapons.
7706:
7694:
7682:
7670:
7646:
7634:
7622:
7610:
7598:
6673:
Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past
4914:
4442:
The main functions in the field artillery system are:
2968:
of 1444. Early cannon were not always reliable; King
2834:
French gunner in the 15th century, a 1904 illustration
2335:
said in a speech that artillery was "the god of war".
30:"Artilleryman" redirects here. For the racehorse, see
7658:
7335:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 141.
7283:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 136.
7241:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 135.
7189:, The encyclopedia of weapons of World War II, p. 137
5816:
3675:
In 1882, Russian Lieutenant Colonel KG Guk published
3515:
shell of the Armstrong gun was similar in shape to a
2800:, these weapons became more common, initially as the
2665:
Another suggestion is that it comes from the Italian
7501:"Guided artillery missile with extremely long range"
2852:
Bullocks dragging siege-guns up hill during Akbar's
8245:Historic films showing artillery in World War I at
7926:, The International Institute for Strategic Studies
7586:
6676:. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
5365:with them in many armies, including a few in NATO.
3035:); bastion guns which could batter fortifications (
156:fire-off an artillery round with the newly fielded
74:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
7517:
7233:Red God of War: Soviet Artillery and Rocket Forces
6904:
8195:Cannon Artillery – The Voice of Freedom's Thunder
7503:. patentstorm.us. August 24, 2004. Archived from
7485:. patentstorm.us. August 24, 2004. Archived from
7435:http://nso.nato.int/nso/zPublic/ap/aap6/AAP-6.pdf
7148:"Armstrong Rifled Breech Loading (RBL) 6-Pounder"
6940:. Karnataka, India. June 23, 2005. Archived from
3251:, who deployed his oxen-hauled cannon during the
2695:A bronze "thousand ball thunder cannon" from the
11570:
7899:. Brassey's air power, v. 4. London: Brassey's.
6965:Tactics and Grand Tactics of the Napoleonic Wars
5360:units. This means they generally do not have to
4579:is a gun with multiple single-shot barrels that
4479:SG2 Shareable (Fire Control) Software Suite (S4)
3459:After the British artillery was shown up in the
2280:By association, artillery may also refer to the
6560:Enotenplato, the Chronicle of Military Doctrine
6207:
6205:
5333:. However, they are all suitable for providing
5064:showcasing towing, turning and firing of rounds
4701:: Guns, usually mobile, designed for attacking
2642:, meaning the place where manual work is done.
2207:. As technology improved, lighter, more mobile
7521:Tools of Violence: Guns, Tanks and Dirty Bombs
7447:"Science Service Historical Images Collection"
7408:Enotenplato The Chronicle of Military Doctrine
7303:
4129:, coloured marker, chemical, nuclear devices;
2636:. One suggestion is that it comes from French
2513:in the infantry, and are combined into larger
9207:
8293:
7894:
7017:
6146:Šotnar, Jiří; Carbol, Michal; Blaha, Martin.
6145:
5488:: delivered for the purpose of destroying or
3679:, which provided a practical method of using
3571:" method involved assembling the barrel with
3282:(known as "organ guns"), were also produced.
2458:structural/defensive works and inflict enemy
2154:
7331:Knox, MacGregor; Murray, Williamson (2001).
7279:Knox, MacGregor; Murray, Williamson (2001).
7237:Knox, MacGregor; Murray, Williamson (2001).
7020:Weapons and Equipment of the Napoleonic Wars
6777:
6775:
6773:
6771:
6202:
6064:Improvised artillery in the Syrian Civil War
4953:The three main types of artillery "gun" are
3380:to commemorate the city's resistance to the
3339:made use of the rockets as a weapon. In the
2599:has had a significant influence on the core
2415:, artillery pieces and their crew relied on
8059:
7804:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.397-400.2459
7472:p. 262, International Aeronautic Federation
7406:Chikammadu, Ali Caleb (September 3, 2019).
7116:Grace's Guide to British Industrial History
7035:Artillery Equipments of the Napoleonic Wars
6405:
6148:"Modernization of artillery reconnaissance"
5583:Two other NATO terms also need definition:
4384:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4147:Dual-Purpose Improved Conventional Munition
3494:Armstrong gun deployed by Japan during the
9214:
9200:
8300:
8286:
7998:
7405:
7382:Le massacre de notre infanterie, 1914–1918
7330:
7278:
7236:
6642:
5631:what methods should be used, for example,
4906:formed the main artillery strength of the
3376:A 19th-century cannon, set in the wall of
3212:Bombards developed in Europe were massive
2812:. While there were many early attempts at
2161:
2147:
8131:Artillery: Its Origin, Heyday and Decline
7297:
7220:Artillery: Its Origin, Heyday and Decline
6768:
6538:
6536:
6534:
6532:
6516:
6514:
6434:Constantinople 1453: The end of Byzantium
6087:
6085:
5722:Modern counter-battery fire developed in
4782:, this is typically found on slow-flying
4449:Command: authority to allocate resources;
4404:Learn how and when to remove this message
4345:
3426:Field artillery in the American Civil War
2737:
134:Learn how and when to remove this message
11037:List of military strategies and concepts
8129:Hogg, Oliver Frederick Gillilan (1970).
7963:
7057:
6898:
6696:
6669:
6498:
6496:
6494:
6492:
6460:
6420:
6252:
5952:
5829:
5820:
5743:
5611:what effects are required, for example,
5564:
5416:
5067:
5048:
4975:
4913:
4844:
4836:
4828:
4732:
4524:
4497:
4415:
4294:
4203:
4093:
3821:
3778:
3711:
3590:
3529:
3489:
3483:, and the outcome was the revolutionary
3429:
3371:
3234:
3175:
3077:
2990:
2924:
2902:
2847:
2837:
2829:
2747:
2690:
2561:, 9 km from the photographer's position.
2544:
2484:
2354:
2342:
1120:List of military strategies and concepts
147:
7921:
7731:
7700:
7688:
7676:
7664:
7652:
7640:
7628:
7616:
7604:
7592:
7192:
7007:. Middlesex: Almark Publishing Co. Ltd.
6962:
6932:"Tipu's missile launch pad in shambles"
6625:
6583:
6466:
6426:
6223:
6211:
6091:
5755:
5711:
5442:. If it is the latter it may be either
4820:
3610:12-pounder (3 inches /76 mm) field guns
3452:guns that could fire at a much greater
3356:which were used effectively during the
3192:. A famous Turkish example used at the
2744:Gunpowder artillery in the Song dynasty
2529:when used organizationally to describe
2377:stones achieved a kinetic energy of 16
14:
11571:
8236:Artillery of Napoleon's Imperial Guard
8155:
8014:
7930:
7793:
7356:
6868:Great Art of Artillery, the First Part
6781:
6529:
6511:
6360:
6082:
5669:men crouching in trenches – 1/25–1/100
5412:
4875:and later surface to surface missiles.
3201:breached the city's walls, ending the
2826:Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages
2509:Batteries are roughly equivalent to a
9195:
8281:
7895:Browne, J.P.R.; Thurbon, M T (1998).
6646:A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder
6608:
6489:
6469:Armies of the Ottoman Turks 1300–1774
6120:
5035:
3774:
3082:Three of the large Korean artillery,
2604:generation of infantry weapons using
2372:in 399 BC. Until the introduction of
11553:
9221:
8128:
7518:McNab, Chris; Hunter Keeter (2008).
7032:
7002:
6690:
6670:Wade, Geoff; Tana, Li, eds. (2012).
6663:
6098:Oxford Companion to Military History
5666:men firing from trenches – 1/15–1/50
5450:. Arranged targets may be part of a
5044:
4517:
4382:adding citations to reliable sources
4349:
3829:can be added to unguided projectiles
2557:. The illuminated mountain is Mount
2203:, and led to heavy, fairly immobile
72:adding citations to reliable sources
43:
11497:Idealism in international relations
7451:National Museum of American History
7387:
7333:The Dynamics of Military Revolution
7281:The Dynamics of Military Revolution
7239:The Dynamics of Military Revolution
6626:Stanley, Henry Edward John (1866).
6326:
5948:
5341:. Guns are used either for this or
3701:In the next 15 years leading up to
3463:as having barely changed since the
3307:can trace its heritage back to the
3290:Artis Magnae Artilleriae pars prima
3128:, over and above what they have in
3096:to destroy an elephant formation".
2819:
2462:. The engineering applications for
2331:were caused by artillery. In 1944,
24:
8122:
7737:
6330:Military Technologies of the World
5886:mortar system, joint developed by
5837:(Click for SVG animated with SMIL)
5817:Multiple round simultaneous impact
5466:, if the latter then it has to be
4948:
4621:: Directly support infantry units.
4423:of the 320th French Artillery, in
4218:Most forms of artillery require a
3599:, the first modern artillery piece
3132:". By the early 16th century, the
3120:led by Pati Unus sailed to attack
2338:
2184:far beyond the range and power of
25:
11600:
8183:
7771:Glossary of Terms and Definitions
7018:Haythornwaite, Philip J. (1979).
6823:from the original on May 14, 2023
5801:
4493:
4185:barrels have been used mostly by
4006:High-Explosive Squash Head (HESH)
3877:Long Range Precision Fires (LRPF)
3677:Indirect Fire for Field Artillery
3188:Bombards were of value mainly in
2576:casing fragments and other debris
2381:, compared to a mid-19th-century
27:Long-ranged guns for land warfare
11552:
11542:
11541:
9176:
9175:
8225:British Artillery in World War 2
7573:National WWI Museum and Memorial
7483:"Fin-stabilized artillery shell"
7235:, London, 1986, p.16, quoted in
6121:Rihll, Tracey Elizabeth (2007).
5492:the enemy's fire support system.
4778:: Large-caliber guns mounted on
4737:Naval cannon, early 19th century
4671:: Large-caliber guns mounted on
4354:
4154:
3881:Joint terminal attack controller
3648:
3625:hydro-pneumatic recoil mechanism
3264:—was introduced to remove them.
194:
48:
7888:
7854:
7836:
7818:
7796:Applied Mechanics and Materials
7787:
7778:
7763:
7747:(news analysis). Archived from
7561:
7542:
7511:
7493:
7475:
7466:
7457:
7439:
7428:
7399:
7374:
7350:
7324:
7272:
7255:
7225:
7212:
7172:
7158:
7140:
7122:
7104:
7051:
7026:
7011:
6996:
6971:
6956:
6924:
6877:
6860:
6835:
6805:
6759:
6741:
6719:
6707:
6636:
6619:
6602:
6577:
6551:
6411:
6399:
6364:The Journal of Military History
6354:
6327:Lee, T.W. (December 30, 2008).
6320:
6307:
4855:9.2-inch (230 mm) howitzer
3816:Global Positioning System (GPS)
2966:Battle of St. Jakob an der Birs
2439:– was theoretically capable of
59:needs additional citations for
7357:Bailey, Jonathan B.A. (2004),
7310:. Backintyme. pp. 28–33.
7307:The Evolution of Indirect Fire
6295:
6265:
6246:
6176:
6139:
6114:
4808:has a prime mover, usually an
4675:to provide mobile direct fire.
4098:Artillery can be used to fire
4083:
4068:as well as in Britain against
3327:. The wars fought between the
3171:
2938:siege of Constantinople (1453)
2489:7-person gun crew firing a US
2441:putting a satellite into orbit
13:
1:
8223:Evans, Nigel F. (2001–2007) "
8158:Field Artillery and Firepower
7524:. Osprey Publishing. p.
7359:Field artillery and firepower
7130:"The Emergence of Modern War"
6872:The Complete Art of Artillery
6563:. Lulu.com. August 23, 2019.
6184:"Arms and Men: The Trebuchet"
6092:Bellamy, Christopher (2004).
6070:
5869:155 mm SpGH ZUZANA model 2000
4199:
4010:High Explosive, Plastic (HEP)
3886:
3765:Field artillery and firepower
3367:
3168:) as their largest firearms.
3142:fought against Japan in Korea
2662:unit until the 19th century.
7922:Hackett, James, ed. (2010),
7463:p. 266, Browne & Thurbon
7393:Ms. Marie Berberea (TRADOC)
6004:Beehive anti-personnel round
5904:
5698:first gained the capability.
4849:Australian gunners, wearing
4573:as self-propelled artillery.
4484:
4427:, Belgium, September 5, 1917
3827:M1156 Precision Guidance Kit
3534:8-inch Armstrong gun during
3439:Battle of Langensalza (1866)
3345:Siege of Seringapatam (1792)
2656:Honourable Artillery Company
2627:
2447:generally replacing guns in
7:
11019:Operational manoeuvre group
8590:National Revolutionary Army
8307:
7005:French Napoleonic Artillery
6907:"Rocket and missile system"
6609:Jones, John Winter (1863).
6100:. Oxford University Press.
5976:
5772:Fire Direction Center (FDC)
5379:general support reinforcing
4918:Firing of an 18-pound gun,
4883:was a naval responsibility.
4719:, instead of shot or shell.
4267:Rocket-assisted projectiles
3405:Jean-Baptiste de Gribeauval
2728:
2658:, which was essentially an
2585:Fire may be directed by an
1618:Military–industrial complex
1092:Operational manoeuvre group
160:Lightweight 155-millimeter
10:
11605:
11452:Peace and conflict studies
11341:Infantry fighting vehicles
9880:Front; Russian land forces
8402:War of the Triple Alliance
8190:Naval Weapons of the World
8004:Canadian Defence Quarterly
7205:November 26, 2022, at the
7185:November 26, 2022, at the
6643:Partington, J. R. (1999).
6301:Cook, Weston F., Jr. 1993
6230:Cambridge University Press
5908:
5805:
5759:
5715:
5462:, if the former it may be
4087:
3939:
3652:
3423:
3329:British East India Company
2823:
2741:
2680:
2676:
2540:
39:Artillery (disambiguation)
36:
29:
11539:
11507:International cooperation
11439:
11414:
11281:
11274:
11196:
11115:
11027:
10979:
10854:
10730:
10515:
10477:Combat information center
10454:
10375:
10285:
10014:
10007:
9938:Infantry fighting vehicle
9888:
9720:Unified combatant command
9690:
9553:
9365:
9233:
9171:
9135:
8905:
8858:
8757:
8599:
8553:
8430:
8422:Pre-20th century firearms
8362:
8324:
8315:
7548:The public NABK Brochure
7361:, Naval Institute Press,
7180:"Canon de 75 modèle 1897"
6315:Sieges of Stirling Castle
6279:. 1590–95. Archived from
5093:
5090:
4869:Field or "foot" artillery
4683:armored fighting vehicles
4179:Smoothbore/fin-stabilized
3668:, where a battery of the
3419:
3158:breech-loading swivel gun
2491:M777 Light Towed Howitzer
1682:Loss-of-strength gradient
534:Combat information center
11422:Lists of wars by country
10864:List of military tactics
9982:Self-propelled artillery
9870:Special units by nation:
9313:Protocols and structure:
8810:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
8800:South African Border War
8582:Second Sino-Japanese War
7974:Pen & Sword Military
7931:Holmes, Richard (1988).
7198:Priscilla Mary Roberts,
6963:Jeffery, George (1982).
6224:Needham, Joseph (1987).
6125:. Westholme Publishing.
6075:
6014:Combustion light-gas gun
4804:. As the name suggests,
4792:: Artillery which fires
4633:: Capable of long-range
4559:than the similar falcon.
4535:self-propelled artillery
4131:high-explosive anti-tank
4118:Payloads have included:
3935:
3555:capabilities during the
3473:Elswick Ordnance Company
2520:People's Liberation Army
2216:self-propelled artillery
2000:Military science fiction
1485:Technology and equipment
901:List of military tactics
11519:International relations
11512:Crimes against humanity
10159:Other infantry weapons:
9875:Battle Fleet; U.S. Navy
9446:Functional specialties:
8790:Portuguese Colonial War
8270:Encyclopædia Britannica
8217:August 9, 2021, at the
8156:Bailey, J.B.A. (2004).
7964:McCamley, N.J. (2004).
7304:Frank W. Sweet (2000).
7218:Hogg, O. F. G. (1970).
7209:, World War One, p. 726
6911:Encyclopædia Britannica
6697:Crawfurd, John (1856).
6467:Nicolle, David (1983).
6123:The Catapult: A History
5496:Counterpreparation fire
5343:general supporting fire
4938:Anti-aircraft artillery
4881:coast defence artillery
4699:Anti-aircraft artillery
4605:Large-calibre artillery
4181:: In modern artillery,
4041:anti-aircraft artillery
3860:anti-aircraft batteries
3756:British Royal Artillery
3597:Canon de 75 modèle 1897
3194:siege of Constantinople
2843:First Battle of Panipat
2477:
2427:; the largest of these
2347:French soldiers in the
2068:Wartime sexual violence
1824:Full-spectrum dominance
1635:Supply-chain management
11487:Conscientious objector
9595:Special reconnaissance
9335:Awards and decorations
9158:Civilian gun ownership
8247:europeanfilmgateway.eu
8068:(2): 153–73 (162–64).
8017:Technology and Culture
7061:Technology and Culture
7033:Wise, Terence (1979).
7003:Head, Michael (1970).
6983:www.britishbattles.com
6632:. The Hakluyt Society.
5966:
5840:
5827:
5752:
5580:
5431:
5339:direct supporting fire
5077:
5065:
4989:
4923:
4910:forces in East Africa.
4858:
4842:
4834:
4738:
4536:
4511:
4504:Finnish Defence Forces
4428:
4346:Field artillery system
4309:
4215:
4107:
4104:this 1953 nuclear test
3830:
3787:
3786:guided artillery shell
3769:
3763:J.B.A. Bailey (2004).
3724:
3600:
3543:
3505:Martin von Wahrendorff
3499:
3441:
3389:
3349:Battle of Seringapatam
3287:Kazimierz Siemienowicz
3244:
3185:
3088:
2996:
2945:
2942:Fort Nelson, Hampshire
2915:
2911:, the earliest extant
2856:
2845:
2835:
2758:
2738:Invention of gunpowder
2702:
2608:, better known as the
2562:
2515:military organizations
2498:
2404:on land were moved by
2361:
2352:
1980:Awards and decorations
1953:Peace through strength
1928:Low-intensity conflict
1562:Conscientious objector
1435:Area of responsibility
164:
10507:Torpedo Data Computer
10497:Ship gun fire-control
8835:Nicaraguan Revolution
8785:Araguaia Guerilla War
8354:Early thermal weapons
7966:Disasters Underground
7555:July 6, 2011, at the
7380:General Percin, 1921
7231:Christopher Bellamy,
7154:on February 20, 2002.
6885:"Lithuanian Art Fund"
6817:National Park Service
6703:. Bradbury and Evans.
6584:Atsushi, Ota (2006).
5956:
5935:anti-aircraft warfare
5833:
5824:
5768:Forward Observer (FO)
5747:
5739:counter-battery radar
5568:
5559:Close supporting fire
5514:Final Protective Fire
5454:. Fire may be either
5420:
5356:and, in some armies,
5331:close supporting fire
5072:Two French Army Giat
5071:
5060:
4979:
4920:Louis-Philippe Crepin
4917:
4848:
4840:
4833:Horse-drawn artillery
4832:
4736:
4619:Infantry support guns
4528:
4501:
4419:
4319:: ammunition used in
4298:
4207:
4193:Rifled/fin-stabilized
4097:
4048:radar proximity fuzes
3960:(including graze and
3837:" artillery (such as
3825:
3782:
3751:
3715:
3670:Royal Horse Artillery
3594:
3557:Industrial Revolution
3553:precision engineering
3533:
3493:
3433:
3375:
3238:
3179:
3081:
2994:
2928:
2906:
2891:, as demonstrated at
2851:
2841:
2833:
2808:. Cannon were always
2751:
2694:
2622:close-quarters combat
2548:
2522:has artillery corps.
2488:
2358:
2346:
2241:(collectively called
567:Torpedo data computer
557:Ship gun fire-control
151:
11368:Specific modern wars
11316:Vehicles and weapons
11241:Military occupations
9840:Carrier strike group
8840:Salvadoran Civil War
8407:Spanish–American War
8382:American Indian Wars
8205:May 4, 2006, at the
8133:. London: C. Hurst.
7924:The Military Balance
7798:. 397–400: 2459–63.
7507:on February 9, 2008.
7489:on February 9, 2008.
6843:"Shell | ammunition"
6788:A History of Warfare
6714:Modern Asian Studies
5762:Field artillery team
5756:Field artillery team
5718:Counter-battery fire
5712:Counter-battery fire
5685:from many dispersed
5553:Deep supporting fire
5423:11th Marine Regiment
5335:deep supporting fire
4841:Man-pulled artillery
4821:Organizational types
4770:counter-battery fire
4378:improve this section
4209:152 mm howitzer D-20
3718:15cm field howitzers
3467:, the industrialist
2970:James II of Scotland
2950:Mehmet the Conqueror
2854:Siege of Ranthambore
2687:History of gunpowder
2396:through most of the
2098:Military occupations
1933:Military engineering
1835:Unrestricted Warfare
1692:Force multiplication
585:Military manoeuvrers
68:improve this article
37:For other uses, see
32:Artilleryman (horse)
11531:Peace organizations
10994:Operations research
10472:Director (military)
10462:Fire-control system
9373:Command and control
8893:Russo-Ukrainian War
8830:Dominican Civil War
8805:Cambodian Civil War
8766:First Indochina War
7939:Viking Studio Books
7773:, NATO, AAP-6(2006)
7751:on January 22, 2013
7164:Holley states that
7112:"William Armstrong"
6232:. pp. 317–19.
6190:. September 5, 2006
5999:Barrage (artillery)
5989:Advanced Gun System
5926:Battle of the Bulge
5865:Panzerhaubitze 2000
5588:Neutralization fire
5485:Counterbattery fire
5413:Application of fire
5391:operational control
5387:operational command
5084:
4982:Battle of Gallipoli
4932:Anti-tank artillery
4679:Anti-tank artillery
4060:Battle of the Bulge
3951:High Explosive (HE)
3205:, according to Sir
2567:military operations
2349:Franco-Prussian War
1784:Penal military unit
1769:Rules of engagement
1445:Command and control
1065:Operations research
529:Director (military)
519:Fire-control system
289:Command and control
170:Part of a series on
11584:Chinese inventions
10989:Military operation
10956:Tactical objective
10467:Fire-control radar
10383:Military equipment
10325:Anti-ship missiles
9677:Electronic-warfare
9540:Military maneuvers
9525:Combat occupations
9301:Commanding officer
9261:Occupational roles
8883:Russo-Georgian War
8825:Lebanese Civil War
8795:Rhodesian Bush War
8412:Mexican Revolution
8397:American Civil War
8387:War of the Pacific
8377:Napoleonic Warfare
8000:McNaughton, Andrew
7897:Electronic Warfare
7862:"Patria hagglunds"
7850:. January 9, 2019.
7848:Daily News Hungary
7118:. October 4, 2018.
6944:on October 1, 2007
6615:. Hakluyt Society.
6542:Douglas M. Peers:
6520:Douglas M. Peers:
6502:Douglas M. Peers:
6475:. pp. 29–30.
5967:
5963:American Civil War
5841:
5828:
5780:laser rangefinders
5753:
5581:
5575:firing outside of
5474:target acquisition
5432:
5326:terms are NATO's.
5083:
5078:
5066:
5036:Caliber categories
4990:
4924:
4887:Mountain artillery
4859:
4857:during World War I
4843:
4835:
4776:Aircraft artillery
4745:: Guns mounted on
4739:
4587:in that they lack
4537:
4512:
4429:
4321:live fire training
4310:
4216:
4125:: high-explosive,
4108:
4090:Shell (projectile)
3831:
3788:
3775:Precision-guidance
3725:
3666:Battle of Waterloo
3601:
3544:
3536:American Civil War
3500:
3442:
3390:
3341:Battle of Pollilur
3325:Fourth Mysore Wars
3245:
3186:
3122:Portuguese Malacca
3089:
2997:
2952:, which conquered
2946:
2916:
2884:Hundred Years' War
2857:
2846:
2836:
2798:Hundred Years' War
2759:
2703:
2683:History of cannons
2618:ballistic missiles
2601:engineering design
2587:artillery observer
2563:
2499:
2495:War in Afghanistan
2429:large-calibre guns
2362:
2353:
1893:Counter-insurgency
1814:Command of the sea
1759:Jewish laws on war
1734:Geneva Conventions
1270:Divide and conquer
1060:Military operation
1025:Tactical objective
524:Fire-control radar
501:Electronic-warfare
165:
11589:Explosive weapons
11566:
11565:
11492:Anti-war movement
11435:
11434:
11427:Conflicts by time
11052:Counter-offensive
11042:Military campaign
10961:Target saturation
10911:Counterinsurgency
10560:International law
10502:Gun data computer
10371:
10370:
9708:Armies by country
9672:Close air support
9637:Aircraft carriers
9306:Executive officer
9189:
9188:
8901:
8900:
8845:Soviet–Afghan War
8820:Laotian Civil War
8568:Spanish Civil War
8167:978-1-59114-029-0
8140:978-0-900966-43-9
8109:Missing or empty
8062:Technikgeschichte
7983:978-1-84415-022-9
7948:978-0-670-81967-6
7906:978-1-85753-133-6
7535:978-1-84603-225-7
7453:. April 19, 2018.
7368:978-1-59114-029-0
7342:978-0-521-80079-2
7317:978-0-939479-20-7
7290:978-0-521-80079-2
7267:978-0-304-35456-6
7248:978-0-521-80079-2
7022:. Blanford Press.
6979:"Battle of Kolin"
6683:978-981-4311-96-0
6656:978-0-8018-5954-0
6595:978-90-04-15091-1
6588:. Leiden: Brill.
6548:, Routledge, 2022
6526:, Routledge, 2022
6508:, Routledge, 2022
6482:978-0-85045-511-3
6473:Osprey Publishing
6453:978-1-84176-091-9
6440:Osprey Publishing
6340:978-0-275-99536-2
6253:unknown (1590s).
6239:978-0-521-30358-3
6214:, pp. 314–16
6164:on April 17, 2018
6107:978-0-19-860696-3
5994:Artillery museums
5984:List of artillery
5859:, South Africa's
5528:Interdiction fire
5438:target or may be
5308:
5307:
5058:
5045:Modern operations
5029:Railway artillery
4984:, 1915. Photo by
4810:artillery tractor
4790:Nuclear artillery
4757:Coastal artillery
4571:Gunpowder Empires
4569:were used by the
4518:Types of ordnance
4414:
4413:
4406:
4034:centrifugal force
3855:coastal artillery
3744:Operation Michael
3740:Battle of Cambrai
3645:could not match.
3469:William Armstrong
3437:artillery at the
3333:Kingdom of Mysore
3285:The 1650 book by
3266:Gustavus Adolphus
3164:(大筒 – large size
3104:), long muskets,
2977:Portuguese Empire
2913:large-calibre gun
2909:Pumhart von Steyr
2671:Niccolò Tartaglia
2597:Military doctrine
2527:military services
2472:weapons platforms
2431:ever conceived –
2368:was developed in
2171:
2170:
2063:Horses in warfare
2010:Anti-war movement
1913:Gunboat diplomacy
1903:Disaster response
1851:Philosophy of war
1846:Principles of war
1819:Deterrence theory
1764:Right of conquest
1687:Lanchester's laws
1455:Principles of war
1145:Counter-offensive
1125:Military campaign
1030:Target saturation
953:Counterinsurgency
562:Gun data computer
496:Close air support
458:Aircraft carriers
144:
143:
136:
118:
16:(Redirected from
11596:
11556:
11555:
11545:
11544:
11522:
11405:
11396:
11387:
11378:
11362:
11353:
11344:
11335:
11326:
11312:
11303:
11294:
11279:
11278:
11221:Military tactics
11062:Defence in depth
10916:Defeat in detail
10612:Armoured warfare
10550:Military science
10340:Close-in weapons
10012:
10011:
9923:Wheeled vehicles
9918:Tracked vehicles
9715:Chain of command
9378:Defense ministry
9216:
9209:
9202:
9193:
9192:
9179:
9178:
9055:Mass destruction
8963:Blunt instrument
8888:Syrian Civil War
8322:
8321:
8302:
8295:
8288:
8279:
8278:
8274:
8266:
8264:"Ordnance"
8200:Modern Artillery
8179:
8152:
8118:
8112:
8107:
8105:
8097:
8077:
8056:
8011:
7995:
7960:
7927:
7918:
7882:
7881:
7879:
7877:
7872:on April 4, 2010
7868:. Archived from
7858:
7852:
7851:
7840:
7834:
7833:
7822:
7816:
7815:
7791:
7785:
7782:
7776:
7774:
7767:
7761:
7760:
7758:
7756:
7741:
7735:
7729:
7704:
7698:
7692:
7686:
7680:
7674:
7668:
7662:
7656:
7650:
7644:
7638:
7632:
7626:
7620:
7614:
7608:
7602:
7596:
7590:
7584:
7583:
7581:
7579:
7565:
7559:
7546:
7540:
7539:
7515:
7509:
7508:
7497:
7491:
7490:
7479:
7473:
7470:
7464:
7461:
7455:
7454:
7443:
7437:
7432:
7426:
7425:
7403:
7397:
7391:
7385:
7378:
7372:
7371:
7354:
7348:
7346:
7328:
7322:
7321:
7301:
7295:
7294:
7276:
7270:
7259:
7253:
7252:
7229:
7223:
7216:
7210:
7196:
7190:
7176:
7170:
7166:Daniel Treadwell
7162:
7156:
7155:
7150:. Archived from
7144:
7138:
7137:
7136:on July 1, 2019.
7132:. Archived from
7126:
7120:
7119:
7108:
7102:
7101:
7055:
7049:
7048:
7030:
7024:
7023:
7015:
7009:
7008:
7000:
6994:
6993:
6991:
6989:
6975:
6969:
6968:
6960:
6954:
6953:
6951:
6949:
6928:
6922:
6921:
6919:
6917:
6902:
6896:
6895:
6893:
6891:
6881:
6875:
6870:, also known as
6864:
6858:
6857:
6855:
6853:
6839:
6833:
6832:
6830:
6828:
6809:
6803:
6802:
6798:978-0-09174527-1
6779:
6766:
6763:
6757:
6756:
6745:
6739:
6738:
6723:
6717:
6711:
6705:
6704:
6694:
6688:
6687:
6667:
6661:
6660:
6640:
6634:
6633:
6623:
6617:
6616:
6606:
6600:
6599:
6581:
6575:
6574:
6570:978-0-35980699-7
6555:
6549:
6540:
6527:
6518:
6509:
6500:
6487:
6486:
6464:
6458:
6457:
6437:
6424:
6418:
6415:
6409:
6406:Schmidtchen 1977
6403:
6397:
6396:
6358:
6352:
6351:
6349:
6347:
6324:
6318:
6311:
6305:
6299:
6293:
6292:
6290:
6288:
6269:
6263:
6262:
6250:
6244:
6243:
6221:
6215:
6209:
6200:
6199:
6197:
6195:
6180:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6169:
6163:
6152:
6143:
6137:
6136:
6118:
6112:
6111:
6089:
6059:Suppressive fire
5959:Battle of Tupelo
5949:Use in monuments
5838:
5660:men standing – 1
5643:non-combatants);
5594:Suppression fire
5534:Preparation fire
5399:tactical control
5395:tactical command
5085:
5082:
5059:
4709:Rocket artillery
4409:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4389:
4358:
4350:
4127:white phosphorus
4100:nuclear warheads
4070:V-1 flying bombs
3980:proximity sensor
3867:guidance systems
3851:rocket artillery
3767:
3736:Henry Hugh Tudor
3509:Joseph Whitworth
3309:Mysorean rockets
3305:rocket artillery
3203:Byzantine Empire
3156:(国崩し – Japanese
2820:Expansion of use
2421:tracked vehicles
2413:contemporary era
2402:artillery pieces
2255:rocket artillery
2247:cannon artillery
2243:barrel artillery
2163:
2156:
2149:
1918:Humanitarian aid
1856:Security dilemma
1677:Power projection
1460:Economy of force
1440:Chain of command
1155:Defence in depth
1140:Commerce raiding
958:Defeat in detail
294:Defense ministry
198:
189:
188:
179:
167:
166:
139:
132:
128:
125:
119:
117:
76:
52:
44:
21:
11604:
11603:
11599:
11598:
11597:
11595:
11594:
11593:
11569:
11568:
11567:
11562:
11535:
11516:
11502:Humanitarianism
11431:
11410:
11399:
11390:
11381:
11375:Napoleonic Wars
11372:
11356:
11350:Modern warships
11347:
11338:
11329:
11320:
11306:
11297:
11288:
11275:Other namespace
11270:
11192:
11111:
11023:
10975:
10941:Rapid dominance
10850:
10726:
10511:
10450:
10367:
10313:Naval artillery
10293:Guided missiles
10281:
10003:
9884:
9686:
9549:
9545:Combat training
9493:Security forces
9483:Military police
9421:Airborne forces
9361:
9229:
9220:
9190:
9185:
9167:
9163:Science fiction
9131:
9003:Directed-energy
8897:
8873:Afghanistan War
8854:
8753:
8595:
8555:Interwar period
8549:
8450:Austria-Hungary
8426:
8358:
8311:
8306:
8261:
8219:Wayback Machine
8207:Wayback Machine
8186:
8168:
8141:
8125:
8123:Further reading
8110:
8108:
8099:
8098:
8080:
8029:10.2307/3102202
7984:
7949:
7907:
7891:
7886:
7885:
7875:
7873:
7860:
7859:
7855:
7842:
7841:
7837:
7832:. May 30, 2017.
7824:
7823:
7819:
7792:
7788:
7783:
7779:
7769:
7768:
7764:
7754:
7752:
7743:
7742:
7738:
7730:
7707:
7699:
7695:
7687:
7683:
7675:
7671:
7663:
7659:
7651:
7647:
7639:
7635:
7627:
7623:
7615:
7611:
7603:
7599:
7591:
7587:
7577:
7575:
7567:
7566:
7562:
7557:Wayback Machine
7547:
7543:
7536:
7516:
7512:
7499:
7498:
7494:
7481:
7480:
7476:
7471:
7467:
7462:
7458:
7445:
7444:
7440:
7433:
7429:
7422:
7414:. p. 196.
7404:
7400:
7392:
7388:
7379:
7375:
7369:
7355:
7351:
7343:
7329:
7325:
7318:
7302:
7298:
7291:
7277:
7273:
7260:
7256:
7249:
7230:
7226:
7217:
7213:
7207:Wayback Machine
7200:"French 75 gun"
7197:
7193:
7187:Wayback Machine
7177:
7173:
7163:
7159:
7146:
7145:
7141:
7128:
7127:
7123:
7110:
7109:
7105:
7074:10.2307/3105857
7056:
7052:
7045:
7031:
7027:
7016:
7012:
7001:
6997:
6987:
6985:
6977:
6976:
6972:
6961:
6957:
6947:
6945:
6930:
6929:
6925:
6915:
6913:
6903:
6899:
6889:
6887:
6883:
6882:
6878:
6865:
6861:
6851:
6849:
6841:
6840:
6836:
6826:
6824:
6811:
6810:
6806:
6799:
6780:
6769:
6764:
6760:
6747:
6746:
6742:
6725:
6724:
6720:
6712:
6708:
6695:
6691:
6684:
6668:
6664:
6657:
6641:
6637:
6624:
6620:
6607:
6603:
6596:
6582:
6578:
6571:
6557:
6556:
6552:
6541:
6530:
6519:
6512:
6501:
6490:
6483:
6465:
6461:
6454:
6425:
6421:
6416:
6412:
6404:
6400:
6377:10.2307/2944058
6359:
6355:
6345:
6343:
6341:
6325:
6321:
6312:
6308:
6300:
6296:
6286:
6284:
6283:on May 19, 2014
6271:
6270:
6266:
6251:
6247:
6240:
6222:
6218:
6210:
6203:
6193:
6191:
6182:
6181:
6177:
6167:
6165:
6161:
6150:
6144:
6140:
6133:
6119:
6115:
6108:
6090:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6049:Shoot-and-scoot
5979:
5951:
5922:proximity fuzes
5913:
5907:
5836:
5819:
5810:
5804:
5764:
5758:
5720:
5714:
5663:men lying – 1/3
5415:
5375:general support
5049:
5047:
5038:
4951:
4949:Equipment types
4897:Second Boer War
4893:Naval artillery
4863:Horse artillery
4823:
4806:towed artillery
4780:attack aircraft
4743:Naval artillery
4613:Field artillery
4599:Siege artillery
4520:
4508:130 mm Gun M-46
4496:
4487:
4433:field artillery
4431:Because modern
4410:
4399:
4393:
4390:
4375:
4359:
4348:
4202:
4157:
4092:
4086:
4021:proximity fuzes
3944:
3938:
3897:ammunition dump
3889:
3805:development of
3777:
3768:
3762:
3657:
3651:
3606:horse artillery
3465:Napoleonic Wars
3454:muzzle velocity
3428:
3422:
3370:
3358:Napoleonic Wars
3354:Congreve rocket
3180:Artillery with
3174:
3112:(hand cannon),
2930:Dardanelles Gun
2828:
2822:
2773:field artillery
2746:
2740:
2731:
2689:
2679:
2630:
2606:conoidal bullet
2591:map coordinates
2571:field artillery
2543:
2480:
2449:surface warfare
2437:Supergun affair
2433:Project Babylon
2341:
2339:Artillery piece
2321:Napoleonic Wars
2209:field artillery
2193:defensive walls
2167:
2138:
2137:
2088:
2078:
2077:
2043:
2035:
2034:
1975:
1965:
1964:
1938:Multilateralism
1923:Law enforcement
1883:
1873:
1872:
1841:Just war theory
1799:
1789:
1788:
1739:Geneva Protocol
1709:
1699:
1698:
1672:
1662:
1661:
1603:
1593:
1592:
1500:
1490:
1489:
1430:
1420:
1419:
1385:
1375:
1374:
1305:Network-centric
1225:
1215:
1214:
1117:
1107:
1106:
1055:
1045:
1044:
993:Rapid dominance
898:
888:
887:
843:Electromagnetic
752:
742:
741:
728:
681:
629:
605:
595:
594:
590:Combat training
571:
548:
514:Combat systems:
510:
472:
468:Auxiliary ships
434:
394:
390:Military police
356:
279:
269:
268:
208:
182:
181:
180:
175:
140:
129:
123:
120:
77:
75:
65:
53:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11602:
11592:
11591:
11586:
11581:
11564:
11563:
11540:
11537:
11536:
11534:
11533:
11528:
11523:
11514:
11509:
11504:
11499:
11494:
11489:
11484:
11482:Global studies
11479:
11474:
11469:
11464:
11459:
11457:Peace movement
11454:
11449:
11443:
11441:
11437:
11436:
11433:
11432:
11430:
11429:
11424:
11418:
11416:
11412:
11411:
11409:
11408:
11407:
11406:
11397:
11388:
11379:
11365:
11364:
11363:
11354:
11345:
11336:
11327:
11313:
11304:
11295:
11285:
11283:
11276:
11272:
11271:
11269:
11268:
11263:
11258:
11256:Related lists:
11253:
11248:
11243:
11238:
11233:
11228:
11226:History lists:
11223:
11218:
11213:
11208:
11206:Military lists
11202:
11200:
11194:
11193:
11191:
11190:
11185:
11180:
11175:
11173:Defense policy
11170:
11168:Defense budget
11165:
11160:
11158:Public policy:
11155:
11150:
11148:United Nations
11145:
11140:
11135:
11130:
11121:
11119:
11113:
11112:
11110:
11109:
11107:Scorched earth
11104:
11099:
11094:
11089:
11084:
11079:
11074:
11069:
11064:
11059:
11054:
11049:
11044:
11039:
11033:
11031:
11025:
11024:
11022:
11021:
11016:
11011:
11009:Deep operation
11006:
11001:
10996:
10991:
10985:
10983:
10977:
10976:
10974:
10973:
10968:
10963:
10958:
10953:
10948:
10943:
10938:
10933:
10928:
10923:
10918:
10913:
10908:
10903:
10898:
10893:
10888:
10887:
10886:
10881:
10871:
10866:
10860:
10858:
10852:
10851:
10849:
10848:
10843:
10838:
10837:
10836:
10826:
10825:
10824:
10819:
10814:
10809:
10804:
10799:
10789:
10788:
10787:
10782:
10777:
10772:
10767:
10757:
10756:
10755:
10750:
10745:
10736:
10734:
10728:
10727:
10725:
10724:
10722:Unconventional
10719:
10714:
10709:
10704:
10699:
10694:
10689:
10684:
10679:
10674:
10672:Disinformation
10669:
10664:
10659:
10654:
10649:
10644:
10639:
10634:
10629:
10624:
10619:
10614:
10609:
10604:
10603:
10602:
10597:
10587:
10582:
10580:Post-classical
10577:
10572:
10567:
10562:
10557:
10552:
10547:
10542:
10537:
10532:
10527:
10521:
10519:
10513:
10512:
10510:
10509:
10504:
10499:
10494:
10489:
10484:
10479:
10474:
10469:
10464:
10458:
10456:
10455:Combat systems
10452:
10451:
10449:
10448:
10446:Field hospital
10443:
10442:
10441:
10431:
10426:
10421:
10420:
10419:
10409:
10408:
10407:
10397:
10396:
10395:
10390:
10379:
10377:
10373:
10372:
10369:
10368:
10366:
10365:
10360:
10355:
10350:
10342:
10337:
10332:
10327:
10322:
10321:
10320:
10310:
10302:
10301:
10300:
10289:
10287:
10283:
10282:
10280:
10279:
10274:
10269:
10264:
10263:
10262:
10257:
10252:
10242:
10241:
10240:
10235:
10230:
10225:
10223:Shoulder-fired
10212:
10211:
10210:
10200:
10195:
10190:
10189:
10188:
10178:
10177:
10176:
10166:
10161:
10156:
10151:
10150:
10149:
10139:
10138:
10137:
10127:
10123:Service rifles
10119:
10118:
10117:
10107:
10102:
10094:
10093:
10092:
10082:
10081:
10080:
10070:
10069:
10068:
10058:
10057:
10056:
10051:
10046:
10036:
10031:
10030:
10029:
10018:
10016:
10009:
10005:
10004:
10002:
10001:
9996:
9995:
9994:
9989:
9979:
9978:
9977:
9972:
9962:
9957:
9952:
9951:
9950:
9945:
9940:
9935:
9925:
9920:
9915:
9910:
9909:
9908:
9898:
9892:
9890:
9886:
9885:
9883:
9882:
9877:
9872:
9867:
9862:
9857:
9852:
9847:
9842:
9837:
9832:
9827:
9822:
9817:
9812:
9811:
9810:
9805:
9795:
9794:
9793:
9788:
9778:
9777:
9776:
9766:
9765:
9764:
9754:
9753:
9752:
9742:
9737:
9732:
9727:
9722:
9717:
9712:
9711:
9710:
9705:
9694:
9692:
9688:
9687:
9685:
9684:
9682:Reconnaissance
9679:
9674:
9669:
9664:
9659:
9654:
9649:
9647:Auxiliary ship
9644:
9639:
9634:
9629:
9628:
9627:
9622:
9617:
9607:
9602:
9597:
9592:
9587:
9586:
9585:
9575:
9570:
9565:
9559:
9557:
9551:
9550:
9548:
9547:
9542:
9537:
9535:Basic training
9532:
9527:
9522:
9517:
9516:
9515:
9505:
9500:
9495:
9490:
9485:
9480:
9475:
9474:
9473:
9466:Reconnaissance
9463:
9458:
9453:
9451:Communications
9448:
9443:
9438:
9433:
9428:
9423:
9418:
9416:Special forces
9413:
9408:
9403:
9398:
9393:
9388:
9380:
9375:
9369:
9367:
9363:
9362:
9360:
9359:
9354:
9349:
9348:
9347:
9342:
9332:
9327:
9326:
9325:
9315:
9309:
9308:
9303:
9298:
9293:
9288:
9283:
9278:
9273:
9268:
9263:
9258:
9253:
9248:
9243:
9237:
9235:
9231:
9230:
9219:
9218:
9211:
9204:
9196:
9187:
9186:
9184:
9183:
9172:
9169:
9168:
9166:
9165:
9160:
9155:
9150:
9145:
9139:
9137:
9133:
9132:
9130:
9129:
9128:
9127:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9092:
9087:
9082:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9047:
9042:
9037:
9032:
9027:
9022:
9021:
9020:
9015:
9005:
9000:
8995:
8990:
8985:
8980:
8975:
8970:
8965:
8960:
8955:
8950:
8945:
8940:
8938:Anti-personnel
8935:
8933:Anti-ballistic
8930:
8925:
8920:
8915:
8909:
8907:
8903:
8902:
8899:
8898:
8896:
8895:
8890:
8885:
8880:
8875:
8870:
8864:
8862:
8856:
8855:
8853:
8852:
8847:
8842:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8807:
8802:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8763:
8761:
8755:
8754:
8752:
8751:
8746:
8741:
8736:
8734:United Kingdom
8731:
8726:
8721:
8716:
8711:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8649:Czechoslovakia
8646:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8621:
8616:
8611:
8605:
8603:
8597:
8596:
8594:
8593:
8579:
8565:
8559:
8557:
8551:
8550:
8548:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8535:United Kingdom
8532:
8527:
8522:
8517:
8512:
8507:
8502:
8497:
8492:
8487:
8482:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8436:
8434:
8428:
8427:
8425:
8424:
8419:
8414:
8409:
8404:
8399:
8394:
8389:
8384:
8379:
8374:
8368:
8366:
8360:
8359:
8357:
8356:
8351:
8346:
8341:
8336:
8330:
8328:
8319:
8313:
8312:
8305:
8304:
8297:
8290:
8282:
8276:
8275:
8259:
8254:
8249:
8243:
8238:
8233:
8228:
8221:
8209:
8197:
8192:
8185:
8184:External links
8182:
8181:
8180:
8166:
8153:
8139:
8124:
8121:
8120:
8119:
8078:
8057:
8023:(3): 407–416.
8012:
7996:
7982:
7961:
7947:
7928:
7919:
7905:
7890:
7887:
7884:
7883:
7853:
7835:
7817:
7786:
7777:
7762:
7736:
7734:, p. 368.
7705:
7693:
7691:, p. 255.
7681:
7679:, p. 165.
7669:
7657:
7655:, p. 414.
7645:
7643:, p. 360.
7633:
7631:, p. 400.
7621:
7619:, p. 412.
7609:
7597:
7585:
7560:
7541:
7534:
7510:
7492:
7474:
7465:
7456:
7438:
7427:
7420:
7398:
7386:
7373:
7367:
7349:
7341:
7323:
7316:
7296:
7289:
7271:
7254:
7247:
7224:
7211:
7191:
7178:Chris Bishop,
7171:
7157:
7139:
7121:
7103:
7050:
7043:
7025:
7010:
6995:
6970:
6955:
6923:
6897:
6876:
6859:
6834:
6804:
6797:
6791:. Hutchinson.
6767:
6758:
6740:
6718:
6706:
6689:
6682:
6662:
6655:
6635:
6618:
6601:
6594:
6576:
6569:
6550:
6528:
6510:
6488:
6481:
6459:
6452:
6428:Nicolle, David
6419:
6410:
6398:
6353:
6339:
6319:
6306:
6294:
6264:
6245:
6238:
6216:
6201:
6175:
6138:
6131:
6113:
6106:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6054:Shrapnel shell
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5950:
5947:
5909:Main article:
5906:
5903:
5880:Archer project
5845:time on target
5818:
5815:
5808:Time on target
5806:Main article:
5803:
5802:Time on target
5800:
5760:Main article:
5757:
5754:
5716:Main article:
5713:
5710:
5709:
5708:
5705:time on target
5702:
5699:
5691:
5671:
5670:
5667:
5664:
5661:
5645:
5644:
5640:
5629:
5626:
5623:
5620:
5613:neutralization
5598:
5597:
5591:
5579:, Iraq in 2004
5563:
5562:
5556:
5546:counterbattery
5538:
5537:
5531:
5525:
5521:Harassing fire
5517:
5511:
5508:Defensive fire
5505:
5499:
5493:
5414:
5411:
5371:direct support
5306:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5096:
5095:
5092:
5089:
5046:
5043:
5037:
5034:
4950:
4947:
4942:
4941:
4935:
4912:
4911:
4890:
4884:
4876:
4866:
4822:
4819:
4802:self-propelled
4798:
4797:
4794:nuclear shells
4787:
4773:
4754:
4740:
4729:railway wagons
4722:
4721:
4720:
4706:
4696:
4690:
4676:
4666:
4660:
4654:
4648:
4638:
4628:
4622:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4596:
4593:automatic fire
4574:
4560:
4550:
4544:
4519:
4516:
4495:
4494:Classification
4492:
4486:
4483:
4469:
4468:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4446:Communications
4412:
4411:
4362:
4360:
4353:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4336:
4330:
4324:
4290:laser ignition
4285:
4284:
4281:
4270:
4257:nitroguanidine
4244:nitrocellulose
4226:, rather than
4201:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4190:
4176:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4140:
4134:
4088:Main article:
4085:
4082:
4002:
4001:
3986:
3977:
3965:
3942:Artillery fuze
3940:Main article:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3888:
3885:
3807:predicted fire
3784:M982 Excalibur
3776:
3773:
3760:
3653:Main article:
3650:
3647:
3636:high-explosive
3447:breech-loading
3421:
3418:
3369:
3366:
3173:
3170:
3118:Javanese fleet
2954:Constantinople
2824:Main article:
2821:
2818:
2814:breech-loading
2810:muzzle-loaders
2804:and later the
2790:great conquest
2739:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2707:engines of war
2678:
2675:
2667:arte de tirare
2629:
2626:
2542:
2539:
2479:
2476:
2383:12-pounder gun
2340:
2337:
2309:flash spotting
2282:arm of service
2197:fortifications
2178:ranged weapons
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2103:Military terms
2100:
2095:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1884:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1861:Tripwire force
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1800:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1710:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1684:
1679:
1673:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1637:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1615:
1610:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1383:Administrative
1381:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1310:New generation
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1285:Fleet in being
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1226:
1223:Grand strategy
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1210:Scorched earth
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1082:Deep operation
1079:
1074:
1067:
1062:
1056:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
929:
928:
923:
918:
908:
899:
894:
893:
890:
889:
886:
885:
883:Unconventional
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
831:
829:Disinformation
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
800:
799:
794:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
753:
748:
747:
744:
743:
740:
739:
734:
727:
726:
725:
724:
723:
722:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
680:
679:
678:
677:
676:
675:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
628:
627:
626:
625:
620:
615:
606:
601:
600:
597:
596:
593:
592:
587:
582:
580:Basic training
577:
570:
569:
564:
559:
554:
547:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
509:
508:
506:Reconnaissance
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
471:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
433:
432:
427:
425:Special forces
422:
417:
416:
415:
405:
400:
393:
392:
387:
382:
380:Reconnaissance
377:
372:
367:
362:
355:
354:
345:
340:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
280:
275:
274:
271:
270:
267:
266:
265:
264:
259:
249:
248:
247:
242:
232:
231:
230:
223:Post-classical
220:
215:
209:
204:
203:
200:
199:
191:
190:
172:
171:
142:
141:
56:
54:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11601:
11590:
11587:
11585:
11582:
11580:
11577:
11576:
11574:
11561:
11560:
11550:
11549:
11538:
11532:
11529:
11527:
11524:
11520:
11515:
11513:
11510:
11508:
11505:
11503:
11500:
11498:
11495:
11493:
11490:
11488:
11485:
11483:
11480:
11478:
11475:
11473:
11470:
11468:
11465:
11463:
11462:Peace process
11460:
11458:
11455:
11453:
11450:
11448:
11445:
11444:
11442:
11438:
11428:
11425:
11423:
11420:
11419:
11417:
11413:
11403:
11398:
11394:
11389:
11385:
11380:
11376:
11371:
11370:
11369:
11366:
11360:
11355:
11351:
11346:
11342:
11337:
11333:
11328:
11324:
11319:
11318:
11317:
11314:
11310:
11305:
11301:
11296:
11292:
11287:
11286:
11284:
11280:
11277:
11273:
11267:
11264:
11262:
11259:
11257:
11254:
11252:
11249:
11247:
11244:
11242:
11239:
11237:
11234:
11232:
11229:
11227:
11224:
11222:
11219:
11217:
11214:
11212:
11209:
11207:
11204:
11203:
11201:
11199:
11195:
11189:
11186:
11184:
11181:
11179:
11176:
11174:
11171:
11169:
11166:
11164:
11161:
11159:
11156:
11154:
11151:
11149:
11146:
11144:
11141:
11139:
11136:
11134:
11131:
11129:
11127:
11123:
11122:
11120:
11118:
11114:
11108:
11105:
11103:
11100:
11098:
11095:
11093:
11090:
11088:
11085:
11083:
11080:
11078:
11075:
11073:
11070:
11068:
11065:
11063:
11060:
11058:
11055:
11053:
11050:
11048:
11045:
11043:
11040:
11038:
11035:
11034:
11032:
11030:
11026:
11020:
11017:
11015:
11012:
11010:
11007:
11005:
11004:Expeditionary
11002:
11000:
10997:
10995:
10992:
10990:
10987:
10986:
10984:
10982:
10978:
10972:
10969:
10967:
10964:
10962:
10959:
10957:
10954:
10952:
10949:
10947:
10944:
10942:
10939:
10937:
10934:
10932:
10929:
10927:
10924:
10922:
10919:
10917:
10914:
10912:
10909:
10907:
10906:Counterattack
10904:
10902:
10899:
10897:
10894:
10892:
10889:
10885:
10882:
10880:
10877:
10876:
10875:
10872:
10870:
10867:
10865:
10862:
10861:
10859:
10857:
10853:
10847:
10844:
10842:
10839:
10835:
10832:
10831:
10830:
10827:
10823:
10820:
10818:
10815:
10813:
10810:
10808:
10805:
10803:
10800:
10798:
10795:
10794:
10793:
10790:
10786:
10783:
10781:
10778:
10776:
10773:
10771:
10768:
10766:
10763:
10762:
10761:
10758:
10754:
10751:
10749:
10746:
10744:
10741:
10740:
10738:
10737:
10735:
10733:
10729:
10723:
10720:
10718:
10715:
10713:
10712:Psychological
10710:
10708:
10705:
10703:
10700:
10698:
10695:
10693:
10690:
10688:
10685:
10683:
10680:
10678:
10675:
10673:
10670:
10668:
10665:
10663:
10660:
10658:
10655:
10653:
10652:Combined arms
10650:
10648:
10645:
10643:
10640:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10630:
10628:
10625:
10623:
10620:
10618:
10615:
10613:
10610:
10608:
10605:
10601:
10598:
10596:
10593:
10592:
10591:
10588:
10586:
10583:
10581:
10578:
10576:
10573:
10571:
10568:
10566:
10563:
10561:
10558:
10556:
10553:
10551:
10548:
10546:
10543:
10541:
10538:
10536:
10533:
10531:
10528:
10526:
10523:
10522:
10520:
10518:
10514:
10508:
10505:
10503:
10500:
10498:
10495:
10493:
10490:
10488:
10485:
10483:
10480:
10478:
10475:
10473:
10470:
10468:
10465:
10463:
10460:
10459:
10457:
10453:
10447:
10444:
10440:
10437:
10436:
10435:
10434:Military base
10432:
10430:
10427:
10425:
10422:
10418:
10415:
10414:
10413:
10410:
10406:
10403:
10402:
10401:
10398:
10394:
10391:
10389:
10386:
10385:
10384:
10381:
10380:
10378:
10374:
10364:
10361:
10359:
10356:
10354:
10351:
10349:
10347:
10343:
10341:
10338:
10336:
10335:Depth charges
10333:
10331:
10328:
10326:
10323:
10319:
10316:
10315:
10314:
10311:
10309:
10307:
10303:
10299:
10296:
10295:
10294:
10291:
10290:
10288:
10284:
10278:
10275:
10273:
10270:
10268:
10265:
10261:
10258:
10256:
10253:
10251:
10248:
10247:
10246:
10243:
10239:
10236:
10234:
10231:
10229:
10226:
10224:
10221:
10220:
10219:
10217:
10213:
10209:
10206:
10205:
10204:
10201:
10199:
10196:
10194:
10191:
10187:
10184:
10183:
10182:
10179:
10175:
10172:
10171:
10170:
10169:Anti-tank gun
10167:
10165:
10162:
10160:
10157:
10155:
10152:
10148:
10145:
10144:
10143:
10142:Assault rifle
10140:
10136:
10133:
10132:
10131:
10130:Battle rifles
10128:
10126:
10124:
10120:
10116:
10113:
10112:
10111:
10108:
10106:
10103:
10101:
10099:
10098:Infantry guns
10095:
10091:
10088:
10087:
10086:
10083:
10079:
10076:
10075:
10074:
10071:
10067:
10064:
10063:
10062:
10059:
10055:
10052:
10050:
10047:
10045:
10042:
10041:
10040:
10037:
10035:
10032:
10028:
10025:
10024:
10023:
10020:
10019:
10017:
10013:
10010:
10006:
10000:
9997:
9993:
9992:Anti-aircraft
9990:
9988:
9985:
9984:
9983:
9980:
9976:
9973:
9971:
9968:
9967:
9966:
9963:
9961:
9958:
9956:
9953:
9949:
9946:
9944:
9941:
9939:
9936:
9934:
9931:
9930:
9929:
9926:
9924:
9921:
9919:
9916:
9914:
9911:
9907:
9904:
9903:
9902:
9899:
9897:
9894:
9893:
9891:
9887:
9881:
9878:
9876:
9873:
9871:
9868:
9866:
9863:
9861:
9858:
9856:
9853:
9851:
9848:
9846:
9843:
9841:
9838:
9836:
9833:
9831:
9828:
9826:
9823:
9821:
9818:
9816:
9813:
9809:
9806:
9804:
9801:
9800:
9799:
9796:
9792:
9789:
9787:
9784:
9783:
9782:
9779:
9775:
9772:
9771:
9770:
9767:
9763:
9760:
9759:
9758:
9755:
9751:
9748:
9747:
9746:
9743:
9741:
9738:
9736:
9733:
9731:
9728:
9726:
9725:General staff
9723:
9721:
9718:
9716:
9713:
9709:
9706:
9704:
9701:
9700:
9699:
9696:
9695:
9693:
9689:
9683:
9680:
9678:
9675:
9673:
9670:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9660:
9658:
9655:
9653:
9650:
9648:
9645:
9643:
9642:Landing craft
9640:
9638:
9635:
9633:
9630:
9626:
9623:
9621:
9618:
9616:
9613:
9612:
9611:
9608:
9606:
9603:
9601:
9598:
9596:
9593:
9591:
9588:
9584:
9581:
9580:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9571:
9569:
9566:
9564:
9561:
9560:
9558:
9556:
9552:
9546:
9543:
9541:
9538:
9536:
9533:
9531:
9528:
9526:
9523:
9521:
9518:
9514:
9511:
9510:
9509:
9506:
9504:
9501:
9499:
9496:
9494:
9491:
9489:
9486:
9484:
9481:
9479:
9476:
9472:
9469:
9468:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9419:
9417:
9414:
9412:
9409:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9389:
9387:
9385:
9381:
9379:
9376:
9374:
9371:
9370:
9368:
9364:
9358:
9355:
9353:
9350:
9346:
9343:
9341:
9338:
9337:
9336:
9333:
9331:
9328:
9324:
9321:
9320:
9319:
9316:
9314:
9311:
9310:
9307:
9304:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9292:
9291:Enlisted rank
9289:
9287:
9284:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9262:
9259:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9249:
9247:
9244:
9242:
9239:
9238:
9236:
9232:
9228:
9224:
9217:
9212:
9210:
9205:
9203:
9198:
9197:
9194:
9182:
9174:
9173:
9170:
9164:
9161:
9159:
9156:
9154:
9151:
9149:
9146:
9144:
9141:
9140:
9138:
9134:
9126:
9123:
9122:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9096:
9093:
9091:
9088:
9086:
9083:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9061:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9043:
9041:
9038:
9036:
9033:
9031:
9028:
9026:
9023:
9019:
9016:
9014:
9011:
9010:
9009:
9006:
9004:
9001:
8999:
8996:
8994:
8991:
8989:
8986:
8984:
8981:
8979:
8976:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8966:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8956:
8954:
8951:
8949:
8946:
8944:
8941:
8939:
8936:
8934:
8931:
8929:
8928:Anti-aircraft
8926:
8924:
8921:
8919:
8916:
8914:
8911:
8910:
8908:
8904:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8881:
8879:
8876:
8874:
8871:
8869:
8868:Yugoslav Wars
8866:
8865:
8863:
8861:
8860:Post-Cold War
8857:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8815:Iran–Iraq War
8813:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
8765:
8764:
8762:
8760:
8756:
8750:
8747:
8745:
8742:
8740:
8739:United States
8737:
8735:
8732:
8730:
8727:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8717:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8606:
8604:
8602:
8598:
8591:
8587:
8583:
8580:
8577:
8573:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8561:
8560:
8558:
8556:
8552:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8540:United States
8538:
8536:
8533:
8531:
8528:
8526:
8523:
8521:
8518:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8508:
8506:
8503:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8486:
8483:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8437:
8435:
8433:
8429:
8423:
8420:
8418:
8415:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8398:
8395:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8372:Early Warfare
8370:
8369:
8367:
8365:
8361:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8331:
8329:
8327:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8314:
8310:
8303:
8298:
8296:
8291:
8289:
8284:
8283:
8280:
8272:
8271:
8265:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8244:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8226:
8222:
8220:
8216:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8204:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8187:
8177:
8173:
8169:
8163:
8159:
8154:
8150:
8146:
8142:
8136:
8132:
8127:
8126:
8116:
8103:
8095:
8091:
8087:
8083:
8079:
8075:
8071:
8067:
8064:(in German).
8063:
8058:
8054:
8050:
8046:
8042:
8038:
8034:
8030:
8026:
8022:
8018:
8013:
8009:
8005:
8001:
7997:
7993:
7989:
7985:
7979:
7975:
7971:
7967:
7962:
7958:
7954:
7950:
7944:
7940:
7936:
7935:
7929:
7925:
7920:
7916:
7912:
7908:
7902:
7898:
7893:
7892:
7871:
7867:
7863:
7857:
7849:
7845:
7839:
7831:
7827:
7821:
7813:
7809:
7805:
7801:
7797:
7790:
7781:
7772:
7766:
7750:
7746:
7740:
7733:
7728:
7726:
7724:
7722:
7720:
7718:
7716:
7714:
7712:
7710:
7702:
7697:
7690:
7685:
7678:
7673:
7666:
7661:
7654:
7649:
7642:
7637:
7630:
7625:
7618:
7613:
7606:
7601:
7594:
7589:
7574:
7570:
7564:
7558:
7554:
7551:
7545:
7537:
7531:
7527:
7523:
7522:
7514:
7506:
7502:
7496:
7488:
7484:
7478:
7469:
7460:
7452:
7448:
7442:
7436:
7431:
7423:
7421:9780359806997
7417:
7413:
7409:
7402:
7396:
7390:
7383:
7377:
7370:
7364:
7360:
7353:
7344:
7338:
7334:
7327:
7319:
7313:
7309:
7308:
7300:
7292:
7286:
7282:
7275:
7268:
7264:
7258:
7250:
7244:
7240:
7234:
7228:
7221:
7215:
7208:
7204:
7201:
7195:
7188:
7184:
7181:
7175:
7167:
7161:
7153:
7149:
7143:
7135:
7131:
7125:
7117:
7113:
7107:
7099:
7095:
7091:
7087:
7083:
7079:
7075:
7071:
7068:(2): 213–47.
7067:
7063:
7062:
7054:
7046:
7044:9780850453362
7040:
7036:
7029:
7021:
7014:
7006:
6999:
6984:
6980:
6974:
6966:
6959:
6943:
6939:
6938:
6933:
6927:
6912:
6908:
6901:
6886:
6880:
6874:, pp. 407–16.
6873:
6869:
6863:
6848:
6844:
6838:
6822:
6818:
6814:
6808:
6800:
6794:
6790:
6789:
6784:
6778:
6776:
6774:
6772:
6765:Holmes, p. 70
6762:
6754:
6750:
6744:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6722:
6715:
6710:
6702:
6701:
6693:
6685:
6679:
6675:
6674:
6666:
6658:
6652:
6649:. JHU Press.
6648:
6647:
6639:
6631:
6630:
6622:
6614:
6613:
6605:
6597:
6591:
6587:
6580:
6572:
6566:
6562:
6561:
6554:
6547:
6546:
6539:
6537:
6535:
6533:
6525:
6524:
6517:
6515:
6507:
6506:
6499:
6497:
6495:
6493:
6484:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6463:
6455:
6449:
6445:
6441:
6436:
6435:
6429:
6423:
6414:
6408:, p. 162
6407:
6402:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6374:
6371:(2): 241–78.
6370:
6366:
6365:
6357:
6342:
6336:
6332:
6331:
6323:
6316:
6310:
6304:
6298:
6282:
6278:
6277:The Akbarnama
6274:
6268:
6260:
6256:
6249:
6241:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6220:
6213:
6208:
6206:
6189:
6185:
6179:
6160:
6156:
6149:
6142:
6134:
6132:9781594160356
6128:
6124:
6117:
6109:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6088:
6086:
6081:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6034:Light-gas gun
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5981:
5974:
5972:
5971:war memorials
5964:
5960:
5955:
5946:
5943:
5942:fragmentation
5938:
5936:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5912:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5893:
5890:(Sweden) and
5889:
5885:
5881:
5876:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5853:
5849:
5846:
5839:
5832:
5823:
5814:
5809:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5788:
5783:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5763:
5751:
5746:
5742:
5740:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5725:
5719:
5706:
5703:
5700:
5697:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5679:
5678:
5675:
5668:
5665:
5662:
5659:
5658:
5657:
5653:
5650:
5641:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5627:
5624:
5621:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5609:
5608:
5605:
5601:
5595:
5592:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5584:
5578:
5574:
5571:
5567:
5560:
5557:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5543:
5535:
5532:
5529:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5518:
5515:
5512:
5509:
5506:
5503:
5502:Covering fire
5500:
5497:
5494:
5491:
5487:
5486:
5482:
5481:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5471:
5470:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5430:
5427:
5424:
5419:
5410:
5408:
5402:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5366:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5346:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5327:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5304:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5294:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5284:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5274:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5264:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5254:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5244:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5234:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5224:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5214:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5204:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5194:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5184:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5174:
5171:
5168:
5167:
5164:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5154:
5151:
5149:United States
5148:
5147:
5144:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5134:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5124:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5114:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5104:
5101:
5098:
5097:
5087:
5086:
5081:
5075:
5070:
5063:
5042:
5033:
5030:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5005:
5001:
4999:
4998:gun howitzers
4994:
4987:
4986:Ernest Brooks
4983:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4946:
4939:
4936:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4921:
4916:
4909:
4905:
4904:
4898:
4894:
4891:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4877:
4874:
4870:
4867:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4847:
4839:
4831:
4827:
4818:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4795:
4791:
4788:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4767:
4762:
4761:Atlantic Wall
4758:
4755:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4741:
4735:
4730:
4726:
4723:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4707:
4704:
4700:
4697:
4694:
4693:Anti-tank gun
4691:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4677:
4674:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4652:
4651:Gun-howitzers
4649:
4646:
4645:indirect-fire
4642:
4639:
4636:
4632:
4629:
4626:
4625:Mountain guns
4623:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4561:
4558:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4534:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4515:
4509:
4505:
4500:
4491:
4482:
4480:
4475:
4472:substituting
4466:
4463:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4451:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4437:indirect fire
4434:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4408:
4405:
4397:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4368:
4363:This section
4361:
4357:
4352:
4351:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4331:
4328:
4325:
4322:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4297:
4293:
4291:
4282:
4279:
4274:
4271:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4252:
4249:
4248:nitroglycerin
4245:
4241:
4236:
4234:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4214:
4213:Iran–Iraq War
4210:
4206:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4155:Stabilization
4148:
4144:
4143:Base ejection
4141:
4138:
4137:Nose ejection
4135:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4116:
4112:
4105:
4102:, as seen in
4101:
4096:
4091:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4066:
4061:
4055:
4051:
4049:
4044:
4042:
4037:
4035:
4029:
4026:
4025:anti-aircraft
4022:
4017:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4000:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3943:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3872:
3868:
3863:
3861:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3785:
3781:
3772:
3766:
3759:
3757:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3733:Major General
3729:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3704:
3699:
3697:
3692:
3690:
3684:
3682:
3681:aiming points
3678:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3656:
3655:Indirect fire
3649:Indirect fire
3646:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3623:to include a
3622:
3618:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3598:
3593:
3589:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3486:
3485:Armstrong Gun
3482:
3478:
3477:Royal Arsenal
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3448:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3427:
3417:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3396:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3374:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3299:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3231:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3184:fortification
3183:
3178:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2993:
2989:
2987:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2914:
2910:
2907:The Austrian
2905:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2887:defense of a
2885:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2850:
2844:
2840:
2832:
2827:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2756:
2750:
2745:
2735:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2700:
2699:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2568:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2505:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2475:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2409:gun carriages
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2357:
2350:
2345:
2336:
2334:
2333:Joseph Stalin
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2313:indirect fire
2310:
2306:
2305:sound ranging
2301:
2299:
2295:
2294:anti-aircraft
2291:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2251:gun artillery
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2205:siege engines
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2164:
2159:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1990:Warrior caste
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1961:
1960:Show of force
1958:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1948:Peacebuilding
1946:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1877:
1876:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1804:Air supremacy
1802:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1792:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1744:Islamic rules
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1724:Court-martial
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1703:
1702:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1666:
1665:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1623:Arms industry
1621:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1379:
1378:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1240:Broken-backed
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1110:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1077:Expeditionary
1075:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
948:Counterattack
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
913:
912:
909:
907:
904:
903:
902:
897:
892:
891:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
873:Psychological
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
809:Combined arms
807:
805:
802:
798:
795:
793:
790:
789:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
754:
751:
746:
745:
738:
735:
733:
730:
729:
721:
718:
717:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
687:
686:
683:
682:
674:
671:
670:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
648:Fortification
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
635:
634:
631:
630:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
610:
608:
607:
604:
599:
598:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
572:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
549:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
511:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
473:
469:
466:
464:
463:Landing craft
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
435:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
414:
411:
410:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
395:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
357:
353:
349:
348:Standing army
346:
344:
341:
339:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
281:
278:
273:
272:
263:
260:
258:
255:
254:
253:
250:
246:
243:
241:
240:pike and shot
238:
237:
236:
233:
229:
226:
225:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
210:
207:
202:
201:
197:
193:
192:
186:
178:
174:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
155:
150:
146:
138:
135:
127:
116:
113:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85: –
84:
80:
79:Find sources:
73:
69:
63:
62:
57:This article
55:
51:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
11557:
11546:
11525:
11521:}}
11517:{{
11404:}}
11400:{{
11395:}}
11393:World War II
11391:{{
11386:}}
11382:{{
11377:}}
11373:{{
11367:
11361:}}
11357:{{
11352:}}
11348:{{
11343:}}
11339:{{
11334:}}
11330:{{
11325:}}
11321:{{
11315:
11311:}}
11307:{{
11302:}}
11298:{{
11293:}}
11289:{{
11255:
11225:
11205:
11177:
11163:Conscription
11157:
11138:Peace treaty
11124:
10829:Subterranean
10717:Radiological
10657:Conventional
10616:
10606:
10585:Early modern
10564:
10491:
10428:
10344:
10304:
10266:
10249:
10214:
10203:Combat knife
10193:Flamethrower
10158:
10154:Sniper rifle
10121:
10110:Machine guns
10096:
10033:
9895:
9869:
9859:
9824:
9729:
9698:Organization
9651:
9605:Naval units:
9604:
9600:Signal corps
9589:
9562:
9530:Development:
9529:
9519:
9498:Border guard
9461:Intelligence
9445:
9384:Armed Forces
9382:
9351:
9312:
9270:
9050:Martial arts
9013:Depth charge
8983:Conventional
8952:
8724:Soviet Union
8601:World War II
8268:
8157:
8130:
8111:|title=
8102:cite journal
8085:
8081:
8065:
8061:
8020:
8016:
8007:
8003:
7965:
7937:. New York:
7933:
7923:
7896:
7889:Bibliography
7874:. Retrieved
7870:the original
7856:
7847:
7838:
7829:
7820:
7795:
7789:
7780:
7770:
7765:
7753:. Retrieved
7749:the original
7739:
7732:Hackett 2010
7701:Hackett 2010
7696:
7689:Hackett 2010
7684:
7677:Hackett 2010
7672:
7665:Hackett 2010
7660:
7653:Hackett 2010
7648:
7641:Hackett 2010
7636:
7629:Hackett 2010
7624:
7617:Hackett 2010
7612:
7605:Hackett 2010
7600:
7593:Hackett 2010
7588:
7576:. Retrieved
7572:
7563:
7544:
7520:
7513:
7505:the original
7495:
7487:the original
7477:
7468:
7459:
7450:
7441:
7430:
7407:
7401:
7389:
7381:
7376:
7358:
7352:
7332:
7326:
7306:
7299:
7280:
7274:
7257:
7238:
7232:
7227:
7219:
7214:
7194:
7174:
7160:
7152:the original
7142:
7134:the original
7124:
7115:
7106:
7065:
7059:
7053:
7034:
7028:
7019:
7013:
7004:
6998:
6988:February 24,
6986:. Retrieved
6982:
6973:
6964:
6958:
6948:December 16,
6946:. Retrieved
6942:the original
6935:
6926:
6916:December 19,
6914:. Retrieved
6910:
6900:
6888:. Retrieved
6879:
6871:
6867:
6862:
6850:. Retrieved
6846:
6837:
6825:. Retrieved
6816:
6807:
6787:
6783:Keegan, John
6761:
6752:
6743:
6730:
6721:
6713:
6709:
6699:
6692:
6672:
6665:
6645:
6638:
6628:
6621:
6611:
6604:
6585:
6579:
6559:
6553:
6543:
6521:
6503:
6468:
6462:
6433:
6422:
6413:
6401:
6368:
6362:
6356:
6346:November 17,
6344:. Retrieved
6333:. Abc-Clio.
6329:
6322:
6309:
6302:
6297:
6285:. Retrieved
6281:the original
6276:
6267:
6258:
6248:
6225:
6219:
6212:Needham 1987
6194:February 28,
6192:. Retrieved
6187:
6178:
6166:. Retrieved
6159:the original
6154:
6141:
6122:
6116:
6097:
5968:
5939:
5914:
5900:
5877:
5854:
5850:
5842:
5811:
5796:
5792:
5784:
5765:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5721:
5704:
5686:
5683:concentrated
5682:
5676:
5672:
5654:
5648:
5646:
5636:
5632:
5616:
5612:
5603:
5602:
5599:
5593:
5587:
5582:
5558:
5552:
5545:
5541:
5539:
5533:
5527:
5519:
5513:
5507:
5501:
5495:
5490:neutralizing
5489:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5433:
5407:concentrated
5406:
5403:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5367:
5361:
5347:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5328:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5312:fire support
5311:
5309:
5079:
5039:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5002:
4995:
4991:
4971:
4967:
4952:
4943:
4925:
4902:
4853:, operate a
4824:
4799:
4635:direct fires
4585:machine guns
4581:volley fired
4521:
4513:
4488:
4470:
4441:
4435:mostly uses
4430:
4420:
4400:
4391:
4376:Please help
4364:
4338:
4332:
4326:
4316:
4311:
4301:
4286:
4261:
4253:
4240:black powder
4237:
4233:rocket motor
4217:
4192:
4178:
4173:driving band
4160:
4142:
4136:
4122:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4078:
4074:
4063:
4056:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4030:
4018:
4014:
4003:
3989:programmable
3945:
3909:
3890:
3874:
3864:
3832:
3810:152 mm
3789:
3770:
3764:
3752:
3748:
3731:The British
3730:
3726:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3685:
3676:
3674:
3658:
3614:
3602:
3582:
3573:wrought-iron
3566:
3545:
3501:
3458:
3443:
3403:
3399:
3391:
3302:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:ribauldequin
3277:
3271:
3258:
3253:Hussite Wars
3246:
3226:
3211:
3207:Charles Oman
3187:
3161:
3153:
3139:
3109:
3108:(arquebus),
3105:
3098:
3093:Ming Dynasty
3090:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3033:passavolante
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2998:
2974:
2948:The army of
2947:
2917:
2898:
2881:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2794:
2783:
2776:
2766:
2763:Ming dynasty
2760:
2754:
2732:
2709:", like the
2704:
2696:
2666:
2664:
2649:
2644:
2637:
2631:
2614:
2595:
2584:
2564:
2551:Simplon Pass
2524:
2508:
2500:
2481:
2468:
2453:
2425:railway guns
2391:
2363:
2329:World War II
2302:
2279:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2220:
2180:that launch
2173:
2172:
2073:Fifth column
2053:War resister
2048:Women in war
1943:Peacekeeping
1888:Arms control
1833:
1522:Mobilization
1517:Conscription
1475:Intelligence
1428:Organization
1069:
998:Encirclement
878:Radiological
814:Conventional
766:
668:Subterranean
575:Development:
574:
551:
513:
475:
438:Naval units:
437:
430:Signal corps
419:
397:
375:Intelligence
360:Specialties:
359:
284:Organization
235:Early modern
154:Artillerymen
145:
130:
121:
111:
104:
97:
90:
78:
66:Please help
61:verification
58:
11526:Categories:
11467:Disarmament
11384:World War I
11143:Cooperation
11057:Culminating
10981:Operational
10926:Envelopment
10846:Information
10765:Cold-region
10732:Battlespace
10590:Late modern
10570:Prehistoric
10492:Historical:
10429:Facilities:
9955:Armored car
9830:Naval fleet
9568:Combat arms
9563:Land units:
9520:Categories:
9503:Coast guard
9488:Gendarmerie
9411:Space force
9352:Categories:
9266:Recruitment
8988:Crew-served
8948:Area denial
8780:Six-Day War
8775:Vietnam War
8704:New Zealand
8699:Netherlands
8572:Nationalist
8505:New Zealand
8432:World War I
8392:Crimean War
7569:"Artillery"
7222:. C. Hurst.
6890:January 28,
6442:. pp.
6094:"artillery"
5724:World War I
5637:distributed
5617:suppression
5542:suppression
5436:opportunity
5383:reinforcing
5362:concentrate
5139:South Korea
5109:North Korea
4922:(1772–1851)
4725:Railway gun
4711:: Launches
4685:with heavy
4663:Gun-mortars
4589:autoloading
4530:German Army
4474:polynomials
4224:deflagrates
4211:during the
4084:Projectiles
3722:World War I
3703:World War I
3689:German army
3640:bolt action
3595:The French
3540:Fort Fisher
3461:Crimean War
3362:War of 1812
3241:Tsar Cannon
3172:Smoothbores
3166:Tanegashima
3154:Kunikuzushi
3001:rebrodequim
2986:King Manuel
2919:Joan of Arc
2796:During the
2768:Huolongjing
2755:Huolongjing
2698:Huolongjing
2634:Middle Ages
2559:Fletschhorn
2555:Switzerland
2406:horse-drawn
2394:Middle Ages
2325:World War I
2058:War studies
1881:Non-warfare
1809:Appeasement
1774:Martial law
1613:War economy
1552:Transgender
1505:Recruitment
1265:Containment
1150:Culminating
1130:Anti-access
1053:Operational
973:Envelopment
916:Air assault
797:Air cavalry
757:Air defence
737:Information
638:Cold-region
603:Battlespace
552:Historical:
398:Land units:
324:Space force
319:Coast guard
252:Late modern
213:Prehistoric
83:"Artillery"
18:Artillerist
11573:Categories
11415:Categories
11261:War crimes
11246:Operations
11183:Government
10999:Blitzkrieg
10971:Withdrawal
10822:Underwater
10797:Amphibious
10739:Aerospace
10682:Electronic
10632:Camouflage
10627:Biological
10600:fourth-gen
10595:industrial
10424:Body armor
10412:Camouflage
10393:By country
10238:By country
10049:By country
10034:Artillery:
9948:By country
9865:Combat box
9835:Task force
9803:By country
9786:By country
9740:Field army
9735:Army group
9703:By country
9652:Air units:
9632:Submarines
9513:By country
9340:By country
9256:Technology
9065:Non-lethal
9045:Insurgency
9040:Incendiary
9035:Improvised
8968:Ceremonial
8958:Biological
8918:Amphibious
8770:Korean War
8744:Yugoslavia
8576:Republican
8500:Montenegro
7037:. Osprey.
6967:. Courier.
6847:Britannica
6438:. London:
6188:Historynet
6071:References
6029:Gun laying
5873:K9 Thunder
5776:binoculars
5687:fire units
5460:unobserved
5324:italicised
5316:neutralize
4955:field guns
4903:Königsberg
4751:battleship
4631:Field guns
4595:mechanisms
4577:Volley gun
4563:Swivel gun
4307:battleship
4273:Base bleed
4228:detonating
4220:propellant
4200:Propellant
4183:smoothbore
4165:gyroscopic
4046:The first
3997:including
3995:detonation
3992:electronic
3982:including
3973:including
3968:mechanical
3925:Propellant
3920:Projectile
3887:Ammunition
3577:mild steel
3549:metallurgy
3517:Minié ball
3496:Boshin war
3424:See also:
3414:round shot
3386:Napoleon's
3382:1799 siege
3368:Napoleonic
3222:gun barrel
3214:smoothbore
3150:naval guns
3114:Greek fire
3029:serpentina
2873:falconetes
2869:colebratas
2742:See also:
2681:See also:
2647:Old French
2610:Minié ball
2535:formations
2460:casualties
2398:modern era
2387:megajoules
2379:kilojoules
2360:artillery.
2267:chain shot
2118:War crimes
2108:Operations
2015:Foot drill
1985:Battle cry
1898:deterrence
1557:Harassment
1532:Specialism
1355:Technology
1350:Succession
1295:Liberation
1230:Asymmetric
1165:Empty fort
1071:Blitzkrieg
1040:Withdrawal
1003:Investment
782:Camouflage
777:Biological
715:Underwater
690:Amphibious
609:Aerospace
476:Air units:
453:Submarines
262:fourth-gen
257:industrial
245:napoleonic
94:newspapers
11579:Artillery
11282:Templates
11153:Mediation
11133:Alliances
11126:Diplomacy
11102:Offensive
11082:Defensive
11077:Deception
11047:Attrition
10931:Guerrilla
10879:Airbridge
10697:Loitering
10617:Artillery
10555:Diplomacy
10376:Equipment
10330:Torpedoes
10272:Land mine
10228:Anti-tank
10061:Field gun
10039:Artillery
9975:Gun truck
9960:Scout car
9798:Battalion
9691:Structure
9590:Artillery
9508:Logistics
9456:Engineers
9401:Air force
9085:Pneumatic
9075:Offensive
9008:Explosive
8953:Artillery
8943:Anti-tank
8923:Ancillary
8609:Australia
8563:Chaco War
8445:Australia
8326:Premodern
8094:0020-5168
8082:Interavia
8053:113141625
8037:0040-165X
7812:111026161
7098:112105821
7082:1097-3729
6937:The Hindu
6385:1543-7795
6259:Baburnama
6168:March 17,
6039:Paris Gun
5969:Numerous
5911:Air burst
5905:Air burst
5888:Hägglunds
5649:targeting
5633:converged
5604:Targeting
5469:predicted
5452:fire plan
5448:scheduled
5074:GCT 155mm
4959:howitzers
4851:gas masks
4669:Tank guns
4641:Howitzers
4485:Logistics
4425:Hoogstade
4365:does not
3893:munitions
3847:field gun
3812:Krasnopol
3795:explosive
3621:field gun
3617:French 75
3584:slightly
3513:cast iron
3498:(1868–69)
3249:Jan Žižka
3230:trunnions
3199:Mehmed II
3106:spingarde
3084:Chongtong
3049:basilisco
3009:falconete
2962:batteries
2865:bombardas
2784:In Asia,
2765:treatise
2719:trebuchet
2651:artillier
2628:Etymology
2578:and from
2411:. In the
2392:From the
2374:gunpowder
2298:anti-tank
2275:munitions
2271:grapeshot
2235:howitzers
2223:gunpowder
2182:munitions
2174:Artillery
2005:War novel
1908:Grey-zone
1868:War games
1829:Overmatch
1779:War crime
1729:Desertion
1719:Ceasefire
1714:Armistice
1601:Logistics
1579:Mercenary
1567:Volunteer
1498:Personnel
1470:Engineers
1415:Sociology
1370:World war
1365:Total war
1345:Strategic
1335:Religious
1320:Political
1315:Perpetual
1290:Irregular
1205:Offensive
1180:Defensive
1175:Deception
1135:Attrition
983:Guerrilla
978:Formation
921:Airbridge
853:Loitering
767:Artillery
420:Artillery
370:Engineers
338:Irregular
309:Air force
124:June 2022
11548:Category
11472:Pacifism
11402:Cold War
11359:Aircraft
11178:Related:
11029:Strategy
11014:Maneuver
10951:Swarming
10780:Mountain
10748:Airborne
10687:Infantry
10642:Chemical
10607:By type:
10535:Strategy
10358:Missiles
10286:Sea/Air:
10255:Infantry
10216:Missiles
10073:Howitzer
9889:Vehicles
9855:Squadron
9850:Flotilla
9845:Division
9781:Regiment
9757:Division
9657:Fighters
9620:Littoral
9610:Warships
9573:Infantry
9555:Branches
9441:Reserves
9426:Commando
9330:Uniforms
9241:Military
9234:Concepts
9223:Military
9181:Category
9148:Industry
9105:Tectonic
9090:Practice
9080:Personal
8973:Chemical
8913:Aircraft
8878:Iraq War
8850:Gulf War
8759:Cold War
8749:Infantry
8729:Thailand
8629:Bulgaria
8586:Japanese
8545:Infantry
8510:Portugal
8460:Bulgaria
8440:Chemical
8349:Japanese
8344:Medieval
8215:Archived
8203:Archived
8176:51931033
8074:85351643
7992:53241739
7970:Barnsley
7957:17840438
7915:38292289
7876:April 4,
7830:GeoGebra
7755:July 24,
7578:June 22,
7553:Archived
7412:Lulu.com
7203:Archived
7183:Archived
6821:Archived
6819:. 1955.
6785:(1993).
6749:"조선왕조실록"
6727:"조선왕조실록"
6430:(2000).
5977:See also
5896:Crusader
5861:Denel G6
5750:PzH 2000
5577:Fallujah
5476:system.
5464:adjusted
5456:observed
5440:arranged
5429:howitzer
5354:infantry
5320:suppress
5269:Cameroon
5189:Pakistan
5088:Country
4784:gunships
4747:warships
4717:missiles
4703:aircraft
4567:zamburak
4553:Falconet
4533:PzH 2000
4394:May 2017
4327:Practice
4123:Bursting
4065:kamikaze
3999:airburst
3984:airburst
3975:airburst
3905:magazine
3871:missiles
3839:howitzer
3761:—
3696:Boer War
3633:melinite
3629:shrapnel
3569:built-up
3481:Woolwich
3475:and the
3435:Prussian
3395:Napoleon
3360:and the
3331:and the
3218:James II
3146:in ships
3134:Javanese
3110:schioppi
3091:The new
3061:roqueira
3045:pelicano
3037:camelete
2958:Ottomans
2934:Ottomans
2893:Breteuil
2877:Tangiers
2729:Medieval
2723:ballista
2711:catapult
2660:infantry
2464:ordnance
2445:missiles
2370:Syracuse
2366:catapult
2263:canister
2229:-firing
2189:firearms
2186:infantry
2020:War song
1995:War film
1628:Materiel
1547:Children
1527:Training
1465:Medicine
1450:Doctrine
1405:Training
1340:Resource
1325:Princely
1275:Economic
1260:Conquest
1255:Colonial
1250:Cold war
1235:Blockade
1115:Strategy
1087:Maneuver
848:Infantry
804:Chemical
658:Mountain
618:Airborne
481:Fighters
448:Warships
403:Infantry
329:Reserves
277:Military
162:Howitzer
11559:Commons
11477:Détente
11440:Related
11332:Weapons
11300:Weapons
11266:Writers
11236:Battles
11216:Weapons
10921:Foxhole
10896:Cavalry
10884:Airdrop
10874:Airlift
10856:Tactics
10817:Surface
10707:Nuclear
10692:Lawfare
10637:Cavalry
10622:Barrage
10575:Ancient
10565:By era:
10540:Tactics
10517:Warfare
10198:Bayonet
10181:Grenade
10164:Bazooka
10105:Pistols
10054:Battery
10022:Weapons
10008:Weapons
9896:Ground:
9815:Platoon
9808:By type
9791:By type
9774:By type
9769:Brigade
9667:Command
9662:Bombers
9615:Surface
9583:Cavalry
9478:Medical
9436:Militia
9431:Frogman
9406:Marines
9345:Highest
9296:Officer
9276:Soldier
9251:History
9246:Service
9143:Arsenal
9120:Vehicle
9110:Torpedo
9070:Nuclear
9030:Hunting
9025:Firearm
8719:Romania
8679:Hungary
8669:Germany
8659:Finland
8654:Denmark
8644:Croatia
8619:Belgium
8614:Austria
8515:Romania
8475:Germany
8455:Belgium
8417:Antique
8339:Chinese
8334:African
8317:History
8309:Weapons
8045:3102202
7090:3105857
6852:May 14,
6827:May 14,
6753:History
6731:History
6393:2944058
6287:May 19,
6044:Railgun
6019:Cordite
6009:Coilgun
5787:battery
5690:window.
5444:on-call
5350:mortars
5348:Modern
5289:Hungary
5279:Morocco
5249:Finland
5219:Algeria
5142:10,774+
5132:11,258+
5122:17,700+
5112:17,900+
5091:Number
5004:Mortars
4963:mortars
4873:rockets
4766:"Bereg"
4713:rockets
4657:Mortars
4547:Bombard
4421:Cyclone
4386:removed
4371:sources
4317:Service
4187:mortars
4169:rifling
3901:arsenal
3720:during
3716:German
3662:Paltzig
3575:(later
3525:windage
3388:troops.
3347:and in
3303:Modern
3298:bastion
3274:mortars
3102:rentaka
2981:Morocco
2802:bombard
2786:Mongols
2677:History
2639:atelier
2565:During
2541:Tactics
2511:company
2504:battery
2435:of the
2417:wheeled
2351:1870–71
2290:coastal
2239:mortars
2212:cannons
2199:during
2133:Writers
2128:Weapons
2093:Battles
2042:Related
2030:Wargame
2025:Uniform
1973:Culture
1754:Perfidy
1749:Justice
1670:Science
1655:Outpost
1608:History
1588:Warrior
1584:Soldier
1572:foreign
1510:counter
1410:Service
1360:Theater
1300:Limited
1280:Endemic
1195:Nuclear
963:Foxhole
938:Cavalry
926:Airdrop
911:Airlift
896:Tactics
868:Nuclear
858:Missile
787:Cavalry
772:Barrage
750:Weapons
710:Surface
491:Command
486:Bombers
443:Frogman
413:Cavalry
385:Medical
352:Militia
334:Regular
314:Marines
228:castles
218:Ancient
206:History
185:outline
108:scholar
11551:
11251:Sieges
11188:Nation
11117:Policy
11072:Mosaic
11067:Fabian
10966:Trench
10936:Morale
10901:Charge
10891:Battle
10869:Aerial
10834:Tunnel
10775:Jungle
10770:Desert
10667:Denial
10545:Combat
10530:Battle
10400:Helmet
10346:Aerial
10277:Shells
10267:Other:
10250:Lists:
10245:Mortar
10085:Rocket
9913:Combat
9901:Ground
9825:Naval:
9625:Patrol
9366:Forces
9286:Airman
9281:Sailor
9271:Roles:
9125:Combat
9095:Ranged
8998:Deadly
8714:Poland
8709:Norway
8694:Mexico
8674:Greece
8664:France
8634:Canada
8624:Brazil
8530:Turkey
8525:Serbia
8520:Russia
8480:Greece
8470:France
8465:Canada
8364:Modern
8174:
8164:
8147:
8137:
8092:
8072:
8051:
8043:
8035:
7990:
7980:
7955:
7945:
7913:
7903:
7810:
7532:
7418:
7365:
7339:
7314:
7287:
7265:
7245:
7096:
7088:
7080:
7041:
6795:
6680:
6653:
6592:
6567:
6479:
6450:
6391:
6383:
6337:
6236:
6129:
6104:
5892:Patria
5871:, and
5826:times.
5770:, the
5358:armour
5299:France
5259:Brazil
5242:2,300+
5229:Jordan
5212:3,668+
5202:3,805+
5192:4,291+
5169:Israel
5162:7,450+
5159:Turkey
5102:26,121
5099:Russia
4961:, and
4908:German
4541:Cannon
4506:using
4304:-class
4161:Rifled
3958:impact
3930:Primer
3849:) and
3845:, and
3843:mortar
3835:cannon
3802:rocket
3791:Modern
3643:rifles
3608:, and
3586:swaged
3562:recoil
3542:, 1865
3507:, and
3450:rifled
3420:Modern
3409:limber
3343:, the
3317:Second
3313:Mysore
3190:sieges
3182:gabion
3162:Ōzutsu
3160:) and
3087:玄字銃筒).
3057:camelo
3021:áspide
3013:falcão
2889:castle
2871:, and
2806:cannon
2778:madfaa
2721:, and
2715:onager
2497:, 2009
2456:target
2327:, and
2317:survey
2296:, and
2253:) and
2237:, and
2201:sieges
2113:Sieges
1797:Theory
1537:Morale
1395:Policy
1390:Branch
1170:Mosaic
1160:Fabian
1102:Covert
1035:Trench
1020:Screen
943:Charge
933:Battle
906:Aerial
824:Denial
792:Horses
720:Seabed
673:Tunnel
653:Jungle
643:Desert
613:Aerial
110:
103:
96:
89:
81:
11447:Peace
11323:Tanks
11309:Ranks
11198:Lists
11097:Naval
11087:Depth
10946:Siege
10841:Cyber
10812:Green
10807:Brown
10785:Urban
10753:Space
10702:Music
10677:Drone
10662:Cyber
10647:Class
10487:Radar
10482:Sonar
10439:Lists
10388:Lists
10363:Bombs
10306:Naval
10260:Heavy
9965:Truck
9943:Lists
9928:Armor
9820:Squad
9745:Corps
9730:Land:
9578:Armor
9357:Ranks
9318:Ranks
9153:Mount
9136:Other
9100:Space
9060:Melee
8993:Cyber
8906:Types
8689:Japan
8684:Italy
8639:China
8495:Japan
8490:Italy
8485:India
8149:99454
8049:S2CID
8041:JSTOR
7808:S2CID
7094:S2CID
7086:JSTOR
6755:. KR.
6446:–30.
6389:JSTOR
6162:(PDF)
6155:INASE
6151:(PDF)
6076:Notes
5930:radar
5918:fuzes
5857:AS-90
5696:FH-70
5573:M-198
5426:M-198
5252:1,398
5232:2,339
5222:3,465
5199:Syria
5182:4,480
5179:Egypt
5172:5,432
5152:8,137
5129:India
5119:China
5062:ATAGS
4687:armor
4673:tanks
4339:Blank
4333:Dummy
3962:delay
3947:Fuzes
3936:Fuzes
3798:shell
3337:India
3321:Third
3130:India
3069:berço
3053:águia
3017:sacre
3005:berço
2861:Ceuta
2580:blast
2531:units
2286:field
2227:shell
2086:Lists
1542:Women
1480:Ranks
1400:Staff
1330:Proxy
1245:Class
1200:Naval
1185:Depth
1015:Swarm
1008:Siege
988:Naval
968:Drone
863:Music
838:Robot
834:Drone
819:Cyber
762:Armor
732:Cyber
705:Green
700:Brown
663:Urban
623:Space
544:Radar
539:Sonar
408:Armor
365:Staff
343:Ranks
115:JSTOR
101:books
11231:Wars
11211:Wars
11092:Goal
10802:Blue
10760:Land
10417:List
10405:List
10353:Guns
10318:List
10298:List
10233:List
10208:List
10186:List
10174:List
10147:List
10135:List
10115:List
10090:List
10078:List
10066:List
10044:List
10027:List
10015:Land
9999:Rail
9987:List
9970:List
9933:Tank
9906:List
9860:Air:
9762:List
9750:List
9471:List
9396:Navy
9391:Army
9323:List
9225:and
9018:List
8978:Cold
8172:OCLC
8162:ISBN
8145:OCLC
8135:ISBN
8115:help
8090:ISSN
8070:OCLC
8033:ISSN
8010:(2).
7988:OCLC
7978:ISBN
7953:OCLC
7943:ISBN
7911:OCLC
7901:ISBN
7878:2010
7757:2013
7580:2024
7550:NABK
7530:ISBN
7416:ISBN
7363:ISBN
7337:ISBN
7312:ISBN
7285:ISBN
7263:ISBN
7243:ISBN
7078:ISSN
7039:ISBN
6990:2022
6950:2011
6918:2011
6892:2021
6854:2023
6829:2023
6793:ISBN
6678:ISBN
6651:ISBN
6590:ISBN
6565:ISBN
6477:ISBN
6448:ISBN
6381:ISSN
6348:2017
6335:ISBN
6289:2014
6234:ISBN
6196:2022
6170:2015
6127:ISBN
6102:ISBN
6024:Fuze
5884:AMOS
5878:The
5647:The
5570:USMC
5381:and
5239:Iraq
5209:Iran
5094:Ref
4901:SMS
4591:and
4557:shot
4502:The
4369:any
4367:cite
4302:Iowa
4278:drag
3971:time
3915:Fuze
3875:See
3551:and
3521:bore
3378:Acre
3323:and
3262:worm
3239:The
3126:iron
3065:urso
3041:leão
3031:and
2685:and
2533:and
2478:Crew
2307:and
2269:and
2259:shot
2231:guns
2195:and
2176:are
2123:Wars
1640:Base
1190:Goal
1097:Raid
695:Blue
633:Land
304:Navy
299:Army
158:M777
87:news
11291:War
10792:Sea
10743:Air
10525:War
9227:war
9115:Toy
8025:doi
7800:doi
7526:145
7070:doi
6373:doi
5920:or
5635:or
5615:or
5544:in
5458:or
5446:or
5397:or
5318:or
5302:758
5292:835
5282:848
5272:883
5262:900
4814:APU
4715:or
4380:by
4008:or
3800:or
3746:).
3631:or
3479:at
3384:by
3335:in
3311:of
3148:as
3025:cão
2936:in
2419:or
2249:or
1707:Law
1650:FOB
1645:MOB
685:Sea
177:War
152:US
70:by
11575::
8267:.
8170:.
8143:.
8106::
8104:}}
8100:{{
8086:32
8084:.
8066:44
8047:.
8039:.
8031:.
8021:11
8019:.
8006:.
7986:.
7976:.
7972::
7968:.
7951:.
7941:.
7909:.
7866:FI
7864:.
7846:.
7828:.
7806:.
7708:^
7571:.
7528:.
7449:.
7410:.
7114:.
7092:.
7084:.
7076:.
7066:33
7064:.
6981:.
6934:.
6909:.
6845:.
6815:.
6770:^
6751:.
6735:KR
6733:.
6729:.
6531:^
6513:^
6491:^
6471:.
6444:29
6387:.
6379:.
6369:57
6367:.
6275:.
6257:.
6228:.
6204:^
6186:.
6153:.
6096:.
6084:^
5937:.
5875:.
5778:,
5401:.
5393:,
5389:,
5377:,
5373:,
4957:,
4481:.
4259:.
4235:.
4145::
4072:.
3903:,
3899:,
3879:,
3862:.
3841:,
3612:.
3564:.
3538:,
3456:.
3364:.
3319:,
3224:.
3209:.
3063:,
3059:,
3055:,
3051:,
3047:,
3043:,
3039:,
3027:,
3023:,
3019:,
3015:,
3011:,
3007:,
3003:,
2867:,
2717:,
2713:,
2673:.
2593:.
2569:,
2553:,
2493:,
2474:.
2451:.
2400:,
2389:.
2323:,
2292:,
2288:,
2277:.
2265:,
2245:,
2233:,
1586:/
836:/
350:/
336:/
11128::
10348::
10308::
10218::
10125::
10100::
9386::
9215:e
9208:t
9201:v
8592:)
8588:/
8584:(
8578:)
8574:/
8570:(
8301:e
8294:t
8287:v
8227:"
8178:.
8151:.
8117:)
8113:(
8096:.
8076:.
8055:.
8027::
8008:6
7994:.
7959:.
7917:.
7880:.
7814:.
7802::
7775:.
7759:.
7595:.
7582:.
7538:.
7424:.
7347:.
7345:.
7320:.
7293:.
7251:.
7100:.
7072::
7047:.
6992:.
6952:.
6920:.
6894:.
6856:.
6831:.
6801:.
6737:.
6686:.
6659:.
6598:.
6573:.
6485:.
6456:.
6395:.
6375::
6350:.
6317:)
6313:(
6291:.
6261:.
6242:.
6198:.
6172:.
6135:.
6110:.
5965:)
5961:(
5619:;
4988:.
4796:.
4786:.
4731:.
4689:.
4647:.
4637:.
4607:.
4407:)
4401:(
4396:)
4392:(
4388:.
4374:.
4280:.
4106:.
3964:)
2944:.
2757:.
2701:.
2162:e
2155:t
2148:v
187:)
183:(
137:)
131:(
126:)
122:(
112:·
105:·
98:·
91:·
64:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.