2471:. As the mechanisation progressed, slowly the French armour doctrine began to reflect the increased capacity, evolving from direct infantry support, to independent breakthrough and eventually envelopment with the Infantry, and to deep strategic exploitation with the Cavalry. Despite the increase in tank numbers, in all countries financial constraints prohibited a full mechanisation of the entire armed ground forces. Necessarily, most of the divisions still consisted of infantry that was not even motorised. As a result, tanks tended to be allotted to special armoured units, where the limited and expensive expert maintenance and training capacity could be concentrated. Only the Soviet Union had enough tanks to equip an organic tank battalion in each infantry division. Nevertheless, France was the first to create large armoured units: in 1934 two Mechanised Corps were formed of 430 tanks each. In July 1935, in France the 4th Cavalry Division was transformed into the
93:
2865:
3862:
2988:
45:
2151:
4015:
3679:
3722:") exposes only the top of its turret, with the gun and sensors, to the enemy, leaving the smallest possible target while allowing it to engage the enemy on the other side of the hill. Tanks are usually able to depress the main gun below the horizontal since modern kinetic energy (KE) rounds have nearly flat trajectories. Without this they would be unable to exploit such positions. However, upon cresting a hill, the tank may expose its thinly armoured underside to enemy weapons.
3505:
3252:
3691:
3072:
3660:
3202:
concentrated its production on warships, thus placing a low priority on armoured vehicle development, its tanks becoming quickly obsolete during the later years of the war. A number of designs that were equal to heavier foreign types were on the drawing board at the beginning of the war, but would only be built in small numbers towards the end, being placed in reserve, to be deployed for the defence of Japan itself.
2337:
small-calibre high-velocity guns in turrets, giving tanks a good antitank capacity. Both France and
Britain eventually built specialised infantry tanks, more heavily armoured to provide infantry support, and cavalry tanks that were faster and could exploit a breakthrough, seeking to bring about defeat of the enemy by severing his lines of communication and supply, as cavalry had done during the previous century.
3497:
2407:
2779:
2924:. The superior tactical and operational praxis, combined with an appropriate strategic implementation, enabled the Germans to defeat forces superior in armour (both quantitatively and qualitatively) in the battles of 1940, but just as Blitzkrieg became a deliberate military doctrine, in 1941, it ultimately failed on the eastern front, though initially attaining spectacular successes.
3182:. During the three-month-long war, Japanese armour had shown their weakness against Soviet tanks; and the resulting Japanese defeat prompted a series of complaints by the Imperial Army to incorporate improvements in future Japanese armour. This is the primary reason IJA tanks were not as successful while being used with IJA tactics. The tank forces of the U.S. Army consisted of the
3104:. Having studied the early German successes McNair came under the belief that U.S. forces would be faced with fast moving enemy forces who would seek to bypass, isolate and reduce U.S. forces in a replay of the Fall of France. To stem the flood of marauding panzers, fast moving powerfully armed tank destroyer battalions were created to be held back and used in the counter-attack.
3828:
3750:
quicker if carried out by combat engineers with bulldozers. Overhead protection, even if it is fairly thin, can also be very useful since it can help pre-detonate artillery shells and avoid direct hits from above which can be deadly to tanks, by striking them at their thinnest armour. In short, tank crews find as many ways as possible to augment the armour on their vehicles.
4064:
2586:, also deployed armoured divisions. At the time, the swift collapse of the Polish army was seen as the result of an armoured Blitzkrieg. However, later it has been argued that the campaign was largely an instance of the classical nineteenth century German concept of the "Annihilation Battle", in which the role of deep strategic armoured penetrations was limited.
2328:, theorised about a possible future use of independent armoured forces, containing a large concentration of tanks, to execute deep strategic penetrations. Especially Liddell Hart wrote many books about the subject, partly propagating Fuller's theories. Such doctrines were faced with the reality that during the 1920s the armoured vehicles, as early
2192:. Under these conditions, attacks usually advanced very slowly and incurred massive casualties. The developers of tanks aimed to return manoeuvre to warfare, and found a practical way to do so: providing caterpillar traction to machine guns allowing them to overcome trenches, while at the same time offering them armour protection against
2274:
question of whether to use a "swarm" of light tanks for this, or a limited number of potent heavy vehicles. Though in the Battle of
Cambrai a large concentration of British heavy tanks effected a breakthrough, it was not exploited by armour. The manoeuvrability of the tank should at least in theory regain armies the ability to
2880:, "Blitzkrieg" was not defined on the strategic level. Guderian and von Manstein devised a strategy that entailed what later would be seen as the essence of Blitzkrieg: concentrated panzer divisions performing swift deep penetrations. This strategy was not initially accepted by German High Command. Nevertheless, the final
2739:, the British army in North Africa initially operated their armoured units with little infantry or artillery support. Meanwhile, the Germans had integrated their armour with mechanised infantry and artillery. Only after undoing their misplaced emphasis on armour were the British able to restore their combat effectiveness.
3757:, as the reaction time is most important when meeting enemy tanks, to get the first shot (and possibly the first kill). If troops or light vehicles are encountered, the usual response is to fire this round at them, despite it not being ideal—it is difficult and time-consuming to remove a round which is already in the
3524:
One important development was the transition of the Second World War use of
Cavalry-Mechanised Group (CMG) into the Cold War Operational Manoeuvre Group (OMG) that was designed to exploit breakthroughs to penetrate NATO's defences in depth. This was a culmination of the Deep Battle theory dating to the 1930s.
3738:), or target all external visual aids with rubbery cohesive substances such as melted rubber or blackened high viscosity epoxy resins. Once a tank is disabled it is easier to destroy. This is why side-skirts are an important feature; they can deflect heavy machine-gun bullets and trigger the detonation of
4044:
It takes a few weeks to transfer tanks and their supporting equipment by air or sea. Some tanks and armoured vehicles can be dropped by parachute, or carried by cargo airplanes or helicopters. The largest transports can only carry one or two main battle tanks. Smaller transports can only carry or air
3523:
armoured doctrine was substantially influenced by the developments in the Soviet Army which sought to adopt its existing doctrine evolved during World War II to the nuclear battlefield. In the early 1960s this led to a number of important developments in the armoured forces and their supporting Arms.
3126:
To be able get into position to counter-attack, the tank destroyers had to be fast. To achieve the desired mobility and agility from the engines available the armour protection was sacrificed, a measure of protection coming from being nimble and hopefully from being able to knock out the enemy before
3019:
emerged from that war initially as avid proponents of continuing and developing an
American armoured force, the rapid reduction of the forces and apathy and even antipathy towards funding and maintaining armed forces in the inter-war years led to relative stagnation of armoured doctrine in the United
2598:
French, British and German tank production sharply increased, with both western allies out-producing
Germany. However, the Anglo-French coalition proved unable to match the Germans in the number of armoured divisions, as it was impossible to quickly raise such large units. Though the French possessed
2426:
and German experts collaborated in developing the use of tanks based on second generation vehicles with turreted main weapons, and experimenting to design different chassis configurations and drive trains. One important acquisition for the Red Army turned out to be the purchase of a T3 chassis, using
3792:
Tanks and other armoured vehicles are vulnerable to attack from the air for several reasons. One is that they are easily detectable—the metal they are made of shows up well on radar, and is especially obvious if they are moving in formation. A moving tank also produces a lot of heat, noise and dust.
3764:
Tanks can be decisive in city fighting, with the ability to demolish walls and fire medium and heavy machine guns in several directions simultaneously. However, tanks are especially vulnerable in urban combat. It is much easier for enemy infantry to sneak up behind a tank or fire at its sides, where
3702:
Tanks rarely work alone; the usual minimum unit size is a platoon (a platoon is the smallest U.S. Army/Marine unit led by an officer, and a component of a company or troop) of three to five tanks. The tanks of the platoon work together providing mutual support: two might advance while covered by the
2991:
Structure of a U.S. tank battalion in
November 1944. Each battalion had 53 M4 Sherman medium tanks and 17 M5 Stuart light tanks. Heavy armoured divisions had 6 battalions (318 M4 Tanks, 102 M5 Tanks) while light armoured divisions had 3 (159 M4 Tanks, 51 M5 Tanks). Many U.S. infantry divisions had a
3749:
for increased protection. The tanks can fire off a few shots from their defensive position, then retreat (reversing) to another prepared position further back and drive behind the berms or into the trenches there. These positions can be constructed by the tank crews, but preparations are better and
3710:
and use their mobility and firepower to penetrate weak points in enemy lines. This is where the powerful engines, tracks and turrets come into play. The ability to rotate the turret by a full 360° allows coordinated movement within and between platoons, while defending against attacks from multiple
3543:
fire from standard tank guns. The Soviet Union was also one of the countries that used two Main Battle Tanks: The high-quality T-80s and lower quality T-72s. Modern Soviet tanks, like the ones mentioned, are typically armed with 125 mm (5 in) smooth bore guns. Advancements in Soviet tanks
2769:
While the infantry based part of the doctrine demanded "powerful tanks" (heavy tanks armed with infantry guns and machineguns) and "tankettes" (light, often amphibious tanks with machineguns), the shock army demanded "manoeuvre tanks" (fast tanks with medium guns) used in conjunction with motorised
2715:
highlighted the weaknesses of the
British approach: the small number of infantry and artillery in each armoured division was sufficient when attacking the immobile and uncoordinated Italian troops, but against the highly mobile, well-coordinated German units, the undermanned Commonwealth formations
2676:
on the
European continent, but also seemed to vindicate the theories of Fuller and Liddell-Hart. Confronted with the undeniable potential of armoured manoeuvre warfare, from the summer of 1940 onwards the armed forces of all surviving major powers adapted their tactical doctrine, unit organisation,
3725:
The disposition of armour around a tank is not uniform; the front is typically better armoured than the sides or rear. Accordingly, normal practice is to keep the front towards the enemy at all times; the tank retreats by reversing instead of turning around. Driving backwards away from an enemy is
3431:
assumed armoured warfare to be a dominant aspect of conventional ground warfare in Europe. Although the use of light tanks was largely discontinued, and heavy tanks were also mostly abandoned, the medium tank design evolved into heavier models due to increase in armour and larger sized main weapon
3031:
as the best army in Europe, and consequently the U.S. Army frequently copied French uniforms (the
American Civil War) and aeroplanes. Only when France was rapidly overrun in 1940 did the U.S. Army become "shocked" into re-thinking the influences by the perceived actions of German tanks in the 1939
2860:
itself (and political support by Hitler) in the armoured formation as the key battlefield formation – although this view was before 1940 not shared by the other Arms of
Service. A key part of this doctrine was improved communications by having radios in all tanks, although this ideal suffered from
3443:
For the most part the NATO armoured doctrine remained defensive, and dominated by use of nuclear weapons as deterrence. Although most NATO nations began the Cold War period with a large number of U.S.-designed tanks in their fleets, there was a considerable degree of disagreement on the design of
3287:
The conflict between Arab nations in the East Mediterranean region and Israel in particular would serve to become a testing ground for development in armoured warfare during the decades of the Cold War. Both sides in the Arab–Israeli series of conflicts made heavy use of tanks and other armoured
2273:
Tactically, deployment plans for armour during the war typically placed a strong emphasis on direct support for infantry. The tank's main tasks were seen as crushing barbed-wire and destroying machine-gun nests, facilitating the advance of foot soldiers. Theoretical debate largely focused on the
2891:
German tanks could carry with them enough fuel and supplies to go almost two hundred kilometers, and enough food to last three to nine days. This relative independence from supply lines proved effective, and allowed them to advance on critical targets much faster and without hesitation. Another
3067:
Under this doctrine, U.S. tank crews of both armoured divisions and GHQ tank battalions were taught to fight tanks in tank on tank engagements. Armoured force personnel during and after the war criticised the infantry for using the GHQ tank battalions assigned to infantry divisions strictly as
2336:
Technical development initially focussed on the improvement of the suspension system, transmission and engine, to create vehicles that were faster, more reliable and had a better range than their WW I predecessors. To save weight, such designs had thin armour plating and this inspired fitting
2872:
At the outbreak of World War II, the German armoured forces benefited from a much more profound and more flexible training than that of the Allies on the tactical and operational level. German tanks operated while directed by radio communication, which allowed tank commanders to take greater
3201:
As with all armour, maintenance was a continuous challenge; especially in tropical environments. When IJA and SNLF (Imperial marines) tanks did clash with the enemy they were quickly destroyed by concealed anti-tank guns or overwhelming numbers of hostile tanks. Japan was a naval power, and
2422:, and the country soon had more tanks than the rest of the world combined, thousands of them being produced per year. In this period, before the rise to power of the Nazi Party in Germany, German officers were sent to observe and participate in development of armoured doctrine in the USSR.
2960:
against entrenched enemy infantry, equipped with large numbers of antitank-guns, with the potential to completely halt tank assaults inflicting devastating losses to armoured units without infantry support. However, much of the AFV production was increasingly diverted away from the
2450:
In France, the second largest tank producer, mechanisation was motivated by a need to compensate for severe manpower shortages due to a collapsed birth rate during World War I. This led to the development of a vast range of specialised armoured vehicles, not just tanks but also
2308:
4056:-armed light vehicles or in self-propelled gun style vehicles. The lack of armour protection is offset by the provision of a first-look/first-hit/first-kill capability through the mating of a powerful gun to superior targeting electronics, a concept similar to that of the US
2387:, argued that the British army, under budget and over-stretched during the interwar period, pursued innovation recklessly by betting on the combat effectiveness of armoured units operating with little infantry or artillery support. Doing so led to its initial setbacks in
3909:
are examples. Helicopters are very effective against armoured vehicles for many reasons. The AH-64D Longbow Apache, for example, is equipped with an improved sensor suite and weapon systems and the AN/APG-78 Longbow Fire Control Radar dome installed over the main rotor.
3548:, and defensive countermeasures (such as Shtora-1 and Arena). The most advanced Soviet tank, up until the end of the Cold War, was the T-80U, which shared similar characteristics with the M1A1(Turbine engine, advanced Fire Control Systems, strong armour, and firepower)
3729:
The tracks, wheels and suspension of a tank are outside the armoured hull and are some of the most vulnerable spots. The easiest way to disable a tank (other than a direct hit in a vulnerable area with a full-power anti-tank weapon) is to target the tracks for a
2291:, who envisaged using the expected vast increase in armour production during 1919 to execute deep strategic penetrations by mechanised forces consisting of tanks and infantry carried by trucks, supported by aeroplanes, to paralyse the enemy command-structure.
2532:
but these proved to be vulnerable to antitank guns due to their thin armour. Traditionalist elements within the Red Army used this to diminish the influence of proponents of mechanisation. Tukhachevsky himself was executed in 1937. Nevertheless, during the
2234:
Despite the generally unpromising beginnings, the military and political leadership in both Britain and France during 1917 backed large investment into armoured-vehicle production. This led to a sharp increase in the number of available tanks for 1918. The
3969:
vehicles capable of working in the same terrain to support them. These are operated by the appropriate branches of the army, e.g. recovery and maintenance vehicles by the REME and combat engineering vehicles by the RE in the British Army. These include:
2398:), the US, and Japan, would create their own experimental mechanised forces during the late 1920s, many using either French or British vehicle designs or even directly purchased vehicles, but largely borrowing from both to develop their own doctrines.
3377:
and could be operated by infantry without having extensive training, inflicted heavy losses on the Israeli armoured formations. Since then, ATGMs have played an important role within the Israeli Army, having developed advanced domestic-made versions
4741:
3917:. This is what the United States relies on most, which is demonstrated by their distinct lack of effective short-range, mobile air defence vehicles to accompany armoured units. Most other countries accompany their armoured forces with highly mobile
2332:
in general, were extremely unreliable, and could not be used in sustained operations. Mainstream thought on the subject was more conservative and tried to integrate armoured vehicles into the existing infantry and cavalry organisation and tactics.
3726:
even safer than driving forwards towards them since driving forwards over a bump can throw the front of the tank up in the air, exposing the thin armour of the underside and taking the gun off the target due to its limited angle of depression.
2719:
Between 1941 and 1942, the Allies struggled in armoured battles in the North African desert due to improper tactics; in particular, running armoured formations into opposing anti-tank positions; however, they achieved some notable successes at
2501:, that the German army in the 1930s did not even possess an explicit Blitzkrieg tactical doctrine, let alone strategy. This would have been reflected by the relatively unimpressive rate of tank production and development. During the 1930s the
2282:
Strategic use of tanks developed only slowly during and immediately after World War I, partly due to these technical limits but also due to the prestige role traditionally accorded to horse-mounted cavalry. An exception, on paper, was the
3353:
In response, the Soviet Union, the country with the largest armoured fleet in the world, strove to incorporate some anti-tank capability into almost every infantry weapon. By the 1960s, Soviet defense scientists were designing portable
3318:. This is an extreme example but exemplifies what has been fairly thoroughly documented since the Second World War: tanks and infantry work best by taking advantage of each other's strengths and combining to minimise the weaknesses.
3593:
proved effective in the terrain of Vietnam against enemy forces which, until 1968, rarely deployed their armour. Though they were soon countered with mines and RPGs, M-113's continued service during the war, primarily evolving into
2831:. The T-34 had an excellent combination of mobility, protection and firepower. Using wide tracks, the T-34 was also able to negotiate terrain in difficult weather conditions, something that persistently dogged the German designs.
3776:, highlight the growing vulnerability of tanks. Estimates from early 2024 indicate that Russia has lost around 3,000 tanks in the first two years of the conflict, with the actual number likely being higher. In contrast, during the
3769:, if aimed at the engine air intakes, can disable a tank. Because of these limits, tanks are difficult to use in city conflicts where civilians or friendly forces might be nearby, since their firepower can't be used effectively.
2315:
During the 1920s, a very limited number of tanks were produced. There were however, important theoretical and technical developments. Various British and French commanders who had contributed to the origin of the tank, such as
2278:
enemy lines. In practice, tank warfare during most of World War I was hampered by the technical immaturity of the new weapon system, limiting speed, operational range, and reliability, and a lack of effective armoured tactics.
2935:
propounded a thorough mechanisation of the German forces. By 1942, increased AFV-production allowed a fuller implementation of this ideal. Now extensive armoured combined arms team could be formed, distinct from a purely
3321:
In many conflicts, it was usual to see infantry riding on the back of tanks, ready to jump off and provide support when necessary. Unfortunately, the design of many modern tanks makes this a dangerous practice. The
2581:
and the Cavalry – and "active" infantry divisions to break the Polish defensive lines and pursue the defeated enemy forces. The more limited and dispersed Polish armoured units were quickly destroyed. The Red Army,
2916:
speed, mobility, and communication shocked the French, and ultimately were the deciding factors in the battle. It overcame their inferiority in armour and armament relative to the main French materiel such as the
2812:. The Red Army tank fleet was extremely large, consisting of some 24,000 vehicles, but many were obsolete or unfit for service due to difficulties with supplying spare parts and lack of qualified support staff.
3742:(HEAT) rounds before they strike the running gear. Other vulnerable parts of a typical tank include the engine deck (with air intakes, radiators, etc.) and the turret ring, where the turret joins the hull.
4950:
2243:
tanks were produced during the entire conflict, compared to over 4,400 French and over 2,500 British tanks of various kinds. Nonetheless, World War I saw the first tank-versus-tank battle, during the
3820:) hitting them from the top can be deadly even if it has a small warhead. Even a small automatic cannon is powerful enough to penetrate the rear and top sections of the engine compartment of a tank.
2892:
factor was the ability of commanders to make strategic decisions in the field and without much consultation with their headquarters, the orders of which were often simply ignored. A prime example is
2842:
were eventually created. To complement the T-34, heavy tanks, self-propelled artillery, and tank destroyers were also designed. The Red Army's armoured forces were used in concentrations during all
2770:
forces and "mechanised cavalry" that would operate in depth as "strategic cavalry" combined with nascent airborne troops. These ideas culminated in the "PU-36" or the 1936 Field Service Regulations.
2603:("battle tank battalions") for infantry support. In early 1940, the German command had concluded that it could not win a war of attrition and embarked on a high-risk strategy. They approved the
3480:, which was a somewhat lighter design, conforming to German doctrine that emphasised speed over protection. From the same initial collaborative project as the Leopard I, the French series of
3392:, while Israeli infantry were able to easily defeat opposing ATGM teams, tanks operating on their own suffered several hits from the latest advanced Russian tandem-warhead types (such as the
3314:
tanks, operating independently in large numbers, were decimated by Egyptian anti-tank teams, well-distributed amongst regular infantry, and often equipped with new, first-generation portable
3198:'s, the IJA and U.S. light tanks were comparable to each other, and seemingly performed well for their respective forces during jungle combat operations; during their phase of World War II.
3784:(APS) showed improved survivability against anti-tank missiles. Additionally, using tanks in pairs with overlapping APS provided extra defense and enhanced their overall effectiveness.
2685:
In the deserts of North Africa, the British developed the alternative approach of combining the armoured, infantry and artillery together to form a 'balanced, combined arms team'. The
2418:
and France began to rearm in the early thirties. In the Soviet Union, the mechanisation of the armed forces was part of a massive general industrialisation programme, the successive
3411:, to intercept and destroy anti tank missiles. The system was successfully deployed in combat on March 1, 2011, when it intercepted an anti tank missile during an engagement on the
2560:. Partly as a result of the experiences in Spain, the Soviet Union began the development of a new generation of medium and heavy tanks, sporting much stronger armour and armament.
2348:, which was formed on 1 May 1927, under infantry Colonel R. J. Collins, after Fuller (was) refused the function. Its sub-units were entirely mobile and consisted of reconnaissance
2635:
of the crossing points. In the original plan, the armoured divisions were again supposed to closely cooperate with the infantry divisions. In reality, armour commanders like
3985:
3484:
tanks also emphasised manoeuvre over protection. By the 21st century, most advanced western main battle tanks were built around powerful engines, large 120 mm guns and
3024:, virtually alone, advocated for the future of armoured warfare and the development of appropriate training, equipment and doctrine during the late 1920s through the 1930s.
2611:
by the main mass of German infantry divisions, spearheaded by seven armoured divisions, while the main mobile French reserve consisting of three Cavalry armoured divisions (
3576:
2294:
Following the First World War, the technical and doctrinal aspects of armoured warfare became more sophisticated and diverged into multiple schools of doctrinal thought.
3753:
Tanks usually go into battle with a round in the gun, ready to fire, to minimise reaction time when encountering an enemy. The US doctrine calls for this round to be a
2956:(howitzers fitted on a tank chassis). This allowed the panzer division to become an independent combat force, in principle able to overcome the problems of attaining a
4263:
3980:
3977:(ARV)—many of these are based on the chassis for the vehicle they support. E.g. the ARV for the UK Challenger tank is a Challenger hull onto which a winch is added.
2888:
at Sedan, and was assigned to such forces. The great success of this operation led to Blitzkrieg being integrated with strategic planning for the rest of the war.
3111:) medium tanks rather than a smaller number of unreliable heavy tanks. It was decided therefore to slow the production of the U.S. heavy tank designs such as the
4068:
2487:
were formed. Though some tank brigades were part of the Cavalry or Infantry arm, most German tanks were concentrated into a special branch, from 1936 called the
3949:
SAM missiles). The usage of anti-aircraft rounds fired from the main gun of a tank has been increasing over the years. An example is the HE-FRAG round from the
2677:
strategic planning and tank production plans. According to Frieser, this was even true for Germany itself, that only now officially adopted Blitzkrieg tactics.
4946:
3061:
2077:
4784:
Harding, David P. (1994). "Heinz Guderian As the Agent of Change: His Significant Impact on the Development of German Armored Forces Between the World Wars".
3036:
Its Armored Combat Arm was not created until 1940 when the Armored Force was born on 10 July 1940, with the Headquarters, Armor Force and the Headquarters,
2843:
2838:
strategy, operational methods and tactics, the Red Army concluded that it should return to the use of operational methods developed before the war, so the
2815:
One important development took place shortly before the war, which influenced Soviet armoured doctrine and tank design for a decade: the creation of the
2766:
in the mid to late 1930s. This was as part of the two-directioned concepts, one being infantry-centred "broad front" and the other being a "shock army".
3531:
was produced which for the first time used an automatic loader, reducing the crew of the tank to three crewmen. Subsequently, this model, and the later
2627:, the largest tank battle fought until that date. At the same time, German motorised infantry west of the Ardennes forced the crossings over the river
2979:
companies. Despite lowering their formal organic strength, from the summer of 1943 onwards, the armoured divisions were structurally short of tanks.
3765:
it is most vulnerable. In addition, firing down from multi-story buildings allows shots at the thin upper turret armour and even basic weapons like
2215:
on 15 September 1916, but did not manage to break the deadlock of trench warfare. The first French employment of tanks, on 16 April 1917, using the
5269:
Hofmann, George F. and Starry, Donn A., eds. "Camp Colt to Desert Storm: The History of U.S. Armored Forces." 1999; University Press of Kentucky.
3330:, for example, has such hot exhaust gas that nearby infantry have to be careful where they stand. Tanks can also be very vulnerable to well aimed
2493:. The precise interpretation of this phenomenon has proven controversial among military historians. Traditionally, it has been seen as part of a "
4653:
From the Don to the Dnepr: Soviet Offensive Operations - December 1942–August 1943, 1984 Art of War symposium, a transcript of proceedings, Col.
4482:
3621:
were also introduced as M35 trucks fitted with armour and guns to protect convoys. In 1968, Communist forces primarily deployed the Soviet built
5169:
3228:
was the country's only mechanised division during the war. The 200th used pre-war tanks acquired from Italy, Germany, and the Soviet Union.
2364:
capable of acting as conventional or anti-aircraft artillery, and a motorised company of field engineers. The unit carried out operations on
3539:
tanks introduced further innovations that influenced armoured warfare by introducing guided missiles into the tank ammunition mix, allowing
3225:
3211:
2828:
2615:
or Mechanised Light Divisions) – the only armoured units organised on the lines of the German armoured divisions – would be lured into the
3965:
Armoured warfare is mechanically and logistically intensive and requires extensive support mechanisms. Armoured fighting vehicles require
5139:
3839:, also known as the "Warthog". Although able to carry a number of different missiles and bombs (including anti-tank ordnance such as the
4129:
has resulted in the application of armour to light vehicles and the continued use of armoured transports, fighting vehicles and tanks.
2652:
3163:
medium tank, but this was sometimes compensated by a high muzzle velocity. The IJA's use of tanks in China exemplifies its doctrine:
5198:
2792:
At the start of the Second World War much of the Red Army, including its armoured forces, was in transition and recovering from the
3097:
1016:
5077:
4371:
4319:
3800:
The other major reason is that most armoured vehicles have thinner armour on the roof of the turret and on the engine deck, so an
3346:
While attempts to defeat the tank were made before and during the Second World War, through the use of conventional high velocity
5001:
4094:
light tank. This was an air-portable tank capable of destroying heavier tanks using the revolutionary (for the time) 152 mm
2360:
tanks, a motorised machine-gun battalion, a mechanised artillery regiment, which had one battery of fully tracked self-propelled
1443:
4159:
4103:
3350:
artillery, this proved increasingly difficult in the post-war period due to increased armour protection and mobility of tanks.
2518:
2473:
3143:
The Japanese doctrine was mainly French in concept but with some purely Japanese elements. Due to Japan's naval priorities in
5423:
5408:
5377:
5235:
4975:
4417:
3155:
tanks were lightly armoured. As with most armour during the 1930s, the main guns were small in calibre: 37 mm for their
2270:(August 1918), which ended the stalemate imposed by trench warfare on the Western Front, and thus effectively ended the war.
3562:, for the first time allowing supporting infantry to accompany tanks on a battlefield when nuclear weapon use was expected.
4273:
3861:
3686:
in a hull-down position. Note the observation periscope which would allow the commander to observe in turret-down position.
3053:
3045:
4828:
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2419:
2244:
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92:
31:
4635:
p.38, Race to the swift: Thoughts on the Twenty-first century warfare, Brig. Richard E. Simpkin, Brassey's, London, 1985
2854:
In Germany, in-depth research through theoretical approaches, wargaming and exercises developed a confidence within the
4214:
3835:
Certain aircraft have been developed to attack armoured vehicles. Most notable is the purpose-built Fairchild-Republic
3444:
future MBTs among the NATO major nations. Both the U.S. and Germany experimented with, but abandoned the missile-armed
2735:
In 2022, Kendrick Kuo, assistant professor at the U.S. Naval War College, wrote that due to factors emanating from the
1994:
1772:
387:
2599:
a superior number of tanks, often better armoured and armed, half of these were allotted at army-level to independent
2517:
began the conversion of its cavalry from horse to tanks and all but a few regiments were fully converted by 1939. The
5438:
5391:
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5332:
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4174:
4052:
The desire to create air-portable armoured vehicles that can still take on conventional MBTs has usually resulted in
3242:
3217:
1448:
4459:
An Experimental Mechanised Force For the 21st Century? Boyd, S.F. 1999 British Army Review, 121. 1999(Apr), pp 17-22
4115:
3761:. In this case, after the KE round is fired, a HEAT round would normally be loaded next to continue the engagement.
2987:
3918:
3572:
capable of firing anti-tank missiles entering production in 1970 which were built and theorised as "flying tanks".
3132:
2651:, lacked sufficient strategic mobility to prevent this. The strategic envelopment surrounded the Belgian army, the
2463:, armoured tractors, armoured supply vehicles, armoured artillery observation vehicles, armoured command vehicles,
2394:
All major European states (with the exception of Germany that was forbidden to possess armoured vehicles under the
1526:
17:
2839:
2528:
actual use of armoured fighting vehicles was limited. Both sides used Italian, German and Soviet tanks during the
2317:
4164:
3400:
2693:, being ill-armed and inadequately led, soon gave way to this approach by the Commonwealth troops of the British
1871:
1509:
1296:
141:
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4122:
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3809:
3614:
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Much of the Red Army development in tank use was based on the theoretical work carried out by such officers as
1635:
3651:
Armoured Airborne Reconnaissance Assault Vehicles; by 1970 over 200 Sheridan tanks were operating in Vietnam.
2345:
2052:
1499:
3310:(1973) illustrated the problems that can arise if armoured and infantry units do not work closely together.
4209:
4125:) rarely involve direct combat between armoured vehicles, the need to defend against insurgent attacks and
3288:
vehicles due to the practicality of tanks in the desert environment these conflicts largely took place in.
2881:
1989:
693:
453:
53:
38:
4126:
3882:
3773:
3221:
3127:
they could get a shot in. Although they usually had guns of either 75 mm or 76 mm calibre (the
2729:
2534:
2497:
strategy" of swift world conquest by means of armoured forces. Later it has been argued, among others by
2181:
2131:
1999:
1186:
988:
859:
397:
2577:
during September 1939, German forces applied a narrow cooperation between large armoured units – of the
3590:
3404:
3365:
In 1973, the Israeli Army failed to anticipate the importance of these new weapon systems. Hundreds of
3263:
2725:
2468:
1463:
3135:, rounds which made their guns much more powerful than a simple comparison of calibres would suggest.
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158:
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by a feint attack with a lesser force, including three armoured divisions. In May 1940, during the
2220:
2170:
2112:
2024:
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1131:
949:
797:
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in the summer of 1939 combined mass tank manoeuvres with artillery and air attacks, to defeat the
44:
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3408:
2957:
2549:
2267:
2255:
1977:
1959:
1715:
1274:
1196:
1141:
739:
402:
3396:). This highlighted that tanks operating solely, in the era of ATGMs, are extremely vulnerable.
3107:
It was also calculated that U.S. interests would be better served by large numbers of reliable (
5362:
4884:
3930:
3152:
3148:
3131:
used a 90mm calibre gun), the tank destroyer units were issued with the ancestor of the modern
2784:
2763:
2647:, which was reached within a week. The French reserve of four Infantry armoured divisions, the
2545:
2452:
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1844:
1819:
1541:
1453:
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1201:
802:
779:
225:
124:
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L'Arme Blindée Française. Tome 1. Mai-juin 1940 ! Les blindés français dans la tourmente
4204:
4149:
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3362:
infantry fighting vehicle. They were in use with Soviet forces before the end of the decade.
3358:. These new weapons were to be either carried by infantry, or fired from the newly developed
3016:
2656:
2357:
1433:
1366:
1319:
973:
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899:
817:
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653:
463:
271:
180:
4519:
p.32, Design and development of fighting vehicles, R.M. Ogorkiewicz, Macdonald, London, 1968
3698:
is a well protected infantry fighting vehicle capable of delivering troops to the frontline.
3527:
In 1964 a significant breakthrough in tank design was achieved in the Soviet Union when the
2804:, and relied instead on lessons from politically selected officers who were veterans of the
2150:
5246:
4817:"Of Tank and Infantry: Lessons of Heavy-Light Integration Learned, Forgotten and Relearned"
4293:
4199:
3754:
3335:
3299:(1967), Israeli armoured units typically had the advantage, mainly due to good tactics and
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3021:
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710:
564:
534:
131:
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p.37 Race to the swift, Thoughts on Twenty-first century warfare, Brig. Richard E. Simpkin
2092:. The premise of armored warfare rests on the ability of troops to penetrate conventional
8:
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4770:
4169:
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3707:
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911:
678:
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633:
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185:
109:
4037:
is required, the inability to perform rapid deployment has always been a limit of heavy
2623:, the German feint resulted in a number of undecided armour engagements, among them the
2439:
of fast tanks. The Red Army tactics were influenced by the theoretical works of Marshal
4797:
4719:
4502:
4283:
4258:
4253:
4102:. The latest iteration of the mobile anti-tank gun platform in American service is the
3996:
are used, since AFVs are prone to malfunction and their tracks also ruin the highways.
3870:
3821:
3636:
3436:(MBT) which came into existence, combining most of the different types of tanks during
3128:
3033:
2900:
which allowed him a flexible response to the battlefield situation, an instance of the
2877:
2721:
2574:
2498:
2456:
2321:
2247:
in April 1918, when a group of three German A7V tanks engaged a group of three British
2093:
2009:
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874:
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673:
611:
586:
420:
234:
153:
4997:
4670:
3565:
The T-64s and BMP-1s were also joined by the self-propelled guns and more importantly
3092:
team included air support, artillery, engineers, and a tank component supplemented by
5434:
5419:
5404:
5387:
5373:
5370:
Der Panzer und die Mechanisierung des Krieges: Eine deutsche Geschichte 1890 bis 1945
5346:
5328:
5303:
5288:
5270:
5256:
5231:
4789:
4723:
4711:
4694:
Samuels, Martin (July 2017). "Erwin Rommel and German Military Doctrine, 1912–1940".
4571:
4506:
4413:
4238:
4099:
3954:
3805:
2805:
2686:
2668:
The spectacular and unexpected success not only caused a sudden change in the global
2529:
2414:
During the 1930s, political tensions between the world powers quickly increased. The
2384:
2174:
2139:
2045:
1954:
1901:
1804:
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1021:
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688:
481:
458:
392:
3718:
elements (such as small hills) for cover. A tank sitting just behind a hill crest ("
3171:
supported the infantry and assaulted deeper objectives, but did not fight en masse.
2014:
5397:
5324:
5118:
4820:
4703:
4494:
4038:
4034:
3993:
3890:
3851:
3777:
3766:
3485:
3464:, which proved to be highly successful and was not fully replaced until the 1970s.
3433:
3389:
3101:
2690:
2624:
2620:
2525:
2223:(November to December 1917) British tanks were more successful, and broke a German
2204:
2166:
2135:
2097:
2089:
2073:
2019:
1984:
1916:
1809:
1747:
1640:
1568:
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1418:
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1301:
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1046:
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998:
983:
854:
839:
792:
700:
601:
596:
554:
377:
354:
261:
190:
119:
102:
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3632:
medium tanks were fielded, proving themselves susceptible to the M-72 LAW rocket,
2968:
5280:
4233:
4014:
3844:
3840:
3813:
3745:
When used defensively, tanks are often sunk into trenches or placed behind earth
3575:
The Soviet tank troops, as they were known in the USSR, included armoured units,
3481:
3382:
3037:
2644:
2506:
2483:
2365:
2325:
2288:
2228:
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2116:
1829:
1814:
1732:
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1630:
1286:
1281:
1171:
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1076:
1051:
993:
834:
764:
754:
606:
591:
514:
486:
286:
266:
114:
4816:
3678:
2134:, and return to the 19th century school of thought that advocated manoeuvre and
5355:
5242:
4243:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4139:
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4009:
3886:
3461:
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2902:
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and under Montgomery finally achieved decisive victories, in particular at the
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2502:
2329:
2189:
2127:
2085:
2004:
1752:
1176:
1136:
1114:
1101:
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978:
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616:
569:
549:
539:
509:
476:
364:
321:
276:
148:
81:
5474:
4098:
launcher. The combat effectiveness of this tank was limited by the unreliable
3945:, or combine both on the same vehicle (the Tunguska for example can also host
3711:
directions and engaging troops and vehicles without stopping or slowing down.
3476:
decided to develop their own tank in the 1960s, and in the 1970s produced the
3100:. The latter is most closely identified with the Chief of Army Ground Forces,
2975:
2827:
for the first time, the T-34 proved a shock to the German forces in the first
5483:
5252:
5144:
4793:
4715:
4707:
4298:
4154:
4091:
4086:. Most such US projects to create such vehicles have been abortive, e.g. the
3926:
3914:
3906:
3902:
3731:
3648:
3460:
in the 1980s. The British Army also retained a World War II tank design, the
3300:
3292:
3195:
3183:
3156:
3089:
2824:
2616:
2604:
2541:
2369:
2340:
The British were the first to create a larger fully mechanised unit when the
2239:, on the contrary, produced only a few tanks, late in the war. Twenty German
2236:
2216:
2208:
1851:
1839:
1695:
1615:
1531:
1514:
1371:
1226:
1206:
889:
884:
864:
844:
759:
730:
705:
581:
559:
544:
519:
359:
281:
244:
239:
136:
2537:
of 1938 and 1939, the Soviet forces tested modern armoured warfare tactics.
2199:
Britain and France first developed tanks in 1915 as a way of navigating the
57:
4654:
4278:
4248:
4228:
3878:
3683:
3555:
3468:
3449:
3437:
3393:
3374:
3175:
3112:
3049:
2893:
2856:
2759:
2712:
2702:
2669:
2636:
2514:
2477:, the first French armoured division of the Cavalry. In Germany, after the
2415:
2377:
2248:
2038:
1964:
1944:
1939:
1834:
1779:
1413:
1408:
1231:
1146:
894:
628:
529:
326:
230:
5320:
Panzer Battles: A Study of the Employment of Armor in the Second World War
5122:
3714:
When on the defensive, they wait in prepared positions or use any natural
3504:
4498:
4111:
4083:
3894:
3874:
3847:
3668:
3520:
3509:
3366:
3296:
3168:
3164:
3120:
3028:
3008:
2992:
permanent tank battalion attached during the length of the war in Europe.
2793:
2643:
immediately broke out of the bridgeheads, initiating a drive towards the
2489:
2478:
2444:
2200:
2185:
2155:
2124:
1949:
1700:
1665:
1504:
1191:
1156:
869:
812:
715:
499:
220:
215:
49:
5106:
4801:
4483:"Dangerous Changes: When Military Innovation Harms Combat Effectiveness"
3865:
AH-64 Apache, an attack helicopter designed to destroy armoured vehicles
3251:
3076:
4824:
4288:
4144:
4005:
3695:
3644:
3640:
3603:
3569:
3472:
3453:
3323:
3116:
3071:
3001:
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2835:
2809:
2595:
2510:
2494:
2464:
2341:
2193:
1906:
1876:
1598:
967:
4074:
Vehicles which have put such considerations into practice include the
3659:
3643:. In January 1969, U.S. armoured cavalry units began exchanging their
2846:, initiated under strict secrecy and using the Principle of Surprise.
4079:
3898:
3719:
3690:
3664:
3618:
3477:
3457:
3412:
3347:
3331:
3327:
3187:
3041:
2436:
2380:. Although its performance was recognised, it was disbanded in 1928.
2361:
2284:
2177:
1896:
1720:
1670:
1620:
1610:
1605:
1470:
1261:
1256:
1221:
663:
349:
316:
205:
5452:
3703:
others then stop and provide cover for the remainder to move ahead.
3044:. On July 15, 1940, the 7th Cavalry Brigade (Mechanised) became the
4998:"Anti-tank missile defense system stops attack ... JPost - Defense"
4870:
4868:
4027:
4019:
3672:
3513:
3424:
3190:
light tanks up until 1941, although these vehicles were five years
3179:
2937:
2797:
2673:
2661:
2608:
2557:
2553:
2423:
2349:
2275:
2120:
2119:, as well as mounted combat engineers and other support units. The
1911:
1886:
1519:
1151:
1126:
744:
299:
173:
5467:
Historic films showing tank warfare during the First World War at
3544:
include improved Fire Control Systems, strong armour protected by
3399:
Responding to the serious tank losses suffered against Hezbollah,
3167:
were used for scouting or acted as mobile infantry support, while
2952:
to be protected from small-arms fire while being transported) and
2103:
Much of the application of armoured warfare depends on the use of
30:
This article is about the military doctrine. For the vehicle, see
5101:
5099:
5097:
4107:
3873:
have been designed mainly to engage enemy armoured vehicles. The
3854:
armour-piercing rounds per minute. The Russian equivalent is the
3715:
3144:
2941:
2918:
2538:
2373:
2184:
by the effectiveness of entrenched defensive infantry armed with
1921:
1881:
1645:
1479:
1475:
822:
807:
683:
344:
339:
309:
248:
210:
5224:
Nomonhan, 1939; The Red Army's Victory That Shaped World War II.
4865:
3824:(suicide drone) is also used to attack tanks in modern warfare.
3385:
missile), which have been widely exported throughout the world.
2481:
started open rearmament in March 1935, on 15 October 1935 three
3496:
3445:
3311:
3147:
construction and inter-service feuds (the marine branch of the
2868:
Heinz Guderian (right edge) guiding an armoured force in Poland
2801:
2406:
2224:
2123:
of armored warfare was developed to break the static nature of
1428:
829:
646:
382:
5094:
3953:
which can be detonated at a set distance as determined by its
3797:
system easy and the dust is a good visual cue during the day.
5140:"Russia's vast stocks of Soviet-era weaponry are running out"
4657:
ed., Centre for land warfare, US Army war college, March 1984
4063:
3946:
3942:
3855:
3622:
3566:
3559:
3370:
3359:
3048:; the 7th Provisional Tank Brigade, an infantry tank unit at
2628:
2307:
904:
440:
435:
3369:
man-portable anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs), supplied to
2778:
4095:
4046:
3950:
3938:
3934:
3746:
3633:
3629:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3456:
main battle tank was replaced with the gas-turbine powered
3428:
2816:
2107:
and related vehicles used by other supporting arms such as
2104:
200:
195:
3913:
Airborne threats can be countered in several ways. One is
3827:
3602:(Armoured Cavalry Assault Vehicle); and functioning as a "
37:"Armored Brigade" redirects here. For the video game, see
5416:
Armored Thunderbolt, The US Army Sherman in World War II.
3452:
basic design of the United States would evolve until the
2240:
2207:
while remaining protected from machine-gun fire. British
73:
2906:(reliance on subordinates to make their own decisions).
2521:
was formed, as the "Mobile Division", in November 1937.
2443:
who advocated "large scale tank warfare" as part of the
2258:
of 21 March to 18 July 1918, the Entente deployed tanks
2861:
technical limits as most tanks had receiver sets only.
2383:
In 2022, Kendrick Kuo, assistant professor at the U.S.
5078:"10 Tanks That Changed the History of Armored Warfare"
4372:"10 Tanks That Changed the History of Armored Warfare"
4320:"10 Tanks That Changed the History of Armored Warfare"
2944:
formation. The panzer divisions integrated tanks with
4410:
Cambrai 1917: The Myth of the First Great Tank Battle
3407:
developed a missile defence system for tanks, called
4568:
The Blitzkrieg Legend: The 1940 Campaign in the West
4067:
Graphic representation of the U.S. Army's cancelled
3772:
Some analysts argue that recent conflicts, like the
2873:
advantage of the manoeuvrability of their vehicles.
2844:
strategic operations of the Red Army in World War II
5473:Educational video of how armored vehicles are used
5285:
Patton: A History of the American Main Battle Tank.
4613:Harris, John Paul, 1995, "The Myth of Blitzkrieg",
4033:While tanks are integral to armoured warfare, when
3992:For transporting tracked AFVs over highways, heavy
2800:, which had been successfully conducted by General
5170:"To see the future of urban warfare, look at Gaza"
3999:
2973:units and infantry divisions were given their own
5343:Tank Warfare: Combat Development in World War Two
4552:Soviet Tanks and Combat Vehicles of World War Two
2896:'s lead-from-the-front approach while commanding
2368:and was observed by the other major nations, the
2219:, also failed to live up to expectations. In the
5481:
5300:Firepower: A History of the American Heavy Tank.
4341:
4339:
3115:and concentrate resources on mass-producing the
4347:"tactics - The armoured offensive | Britannica"
3341:
2594:In the wake of the Polish campaign, during the
5313:
4221:
3512:, produced by Podpolianske strojárne Detva in
2165:of 1914–1918. Strategists wanted to break the
5323:(First Ballantine Books ed.). New York:
4336:
3671:and a logistical convoy advancing during the
3212:Tanks in the Chinese Army during World War II
2659:and the ultimate fall of France in operation
2046:
5251:(Da Capo Press Reissue ed.). New York:
4947:"Israel unveils defense shield for Merkavas"
3706:Normally, multiple platoons coordinate with
3617:would be based on experience with the M113.
2966:
2829:German encounter of Soviet T-34 and KV tanks
4550:Steven J. Zaloga and James Grandsen, 1984,
4398:, R.M. Ogorkiewicz, Macdonald, London, 1968
4396:Design and development of fighting vehicles
3554:were first developed in the 1960s with the
2808:. The result was a poor showing during the
4562:
4560:
4476:
4474:
3843:), the A-10's main weapon is a 30 mm
2655:and the best French troops. It led to the
2435:, which served as the basis of the Soviet
2388:
2053:
2039:
4905:
4903:
4814:
3056:". The Tank Battalion was established at
2672:situation, gaining Germany a position of
5241:
4062:
4013:
3860:
3826:
3689:
3677:
3658:
3508:Czechoslovak armoured personnel carrier
3503:
3495:
3338:artillery units can help overcome this.
3070:
2986:
2863:
2796:. The Red Army ignored the lessons from
2777:
2680:
2405:
2306:
2161:Modern armored warfare began during the
2149:
1017:List of military strategies and concepts
43:
4783:
4693:
4557:
4554:, Arms and Armour Press, London, p. 106
4471:
4407:
3151:favoured all-around protective armour)
27:Use of armored fighting vehicles in war
14:
5482:
4995:
4900:
4739:
4570:, Naval Institute Press; 1st edition,
4160:Comparison of early World War II tanks
4121:Though limited conflicts (such as the
4104:M1134 anti-tank guided missile vehicle
4045:drop light tanks and APCs such as the
3960:
3236:
5164:
5162:
5134:
5132:
4885:"U.S. Army Armor Center & School"
4742:"When France Defied Hitler's Panzers"
4735:
4733:
4665:
4663:
3831:Close-up of an A-10 GAU-8 Avenger gun
3282:
3246:
3027:The United States Army regarded the
3011:heavy tanks, and some officers like
2996:Though the U.S. had established the
2834:Assessing the success of the German
2794:1937 repression of the officer corps
2607:, envisaging an advance through the
2088:. It is a major component of modern
5315:von Mellenthin, Major General F. W.
5075:
4936:Zaloga (M3/M5 Stuart) p. 13, 14, 33
4862:Zaloga (Armored Thunderbolt) p. 1-4
4604:Zaloga & Grandsen (1984) p. 110
4586:Zaloga & Grandsen (1984) p. 109
4480:
4369:
4317:
4180:Lists of armoured fighting vehicles
3787:
3639:light tanks, as well as the larger
3334:; well-coordinated air support and
3174:In 1939, the Japanese Army engaged
3159:light tanks and 47 mm for the
2884:in 1940 hinged on the element of a
2245:Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux
32:Lists of armoured fighting vehicles
24:
5372:, Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn.
5159:
5129:
4927:Zaloga (Armored Thunderbolt) p. 15
4918:Zaloga (Armored Thunderbolt) p. 45
4897:Zaloga (Armored Thunderbolt) p. 46
4874:Zaloga (Armored Thunderbolt) p. 13
4831:from the original on June 3, 2018.
4730:
4660:
3083:
3075:M10 tank destroyer in action near
2297:
25:
5501:
5446:
5345:, Arms and Armour Press, London.
4972:"Trophy Active Protection System"
4815:Hutcheson, John M. (1990-04-05).
4175:Light tanks of the United Kingdom
4114:; most modern militaries operate
4090:. The most common was the flawed
3919:self-propelled anti-aircraft guns
3850:which is capable of firing 3,900
3243:Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts
2782:A T-34-85 tank on display at the
5195:"125mm APERS And Special Rounds"
5107:"The future of armoured warfare"
3793:The heat makes seeing them on a
3579:and other formations and units.
3250:
3133:armour-piercing discarding sabot
3119:and tank destroyers such as the
2982:
2882:plans for the invasion of France
91:
5461:Japanese Tanks and Tank Tactics
5201:from the original on 2010-12-04
5187:
5069:
5060:
5051:
5042:
5033:
5024:
5015:
5004:from the original on 2011-08-30
4989:
4978:from the original on 2011-12-30
4964:
4953:from the original on 2011-06-05
4939:
4930:
4921:
4912:
4891:
4877:
4856:
4808:
4777:
4687:
4647:
4638:
4629:
4620:
4607:
4598:
4589:
4580:
4544:
4531:
4522:
4513:
4462:
4165:Comparison of World War I tanks
4000:Light tanks and tank destroyers
3654:
3500:Warsaw Pact "Big Seven" threats
3401:Rafael Advanced Defense Systems
2965:. The Artillery formed its own
2742:
2563:
2344:sanctioned the creation of the
4996:Maital, Shlomo (30 May 2011).
4752:: 30–37 – via EBSCOhost.
4453:
4444:
4435:
4426:
4401:
4388:
4363:
4311:
4215:Tanks of the post–Cold War era
3810:unmanned combat aerial vehicle
3780:, Israeli tanks equipped with
3615:M2/M3 Bradley Fighting Vehicle
3582:
3491:
2287:of the British Army's Colonel
2145:
13:
1:
5215:
5021:Hunnicutt/1984/p. 6, 149, 408
3231:
2601:Bataillons de Chars de Combat
2519:British 1st Armoured Division
2391:during the Second World War.
2356:, a battalion of forty-eight
2346:Experimental Mechanized Force
2318:Jean Baptiste Eugène Estienne
2251:which they met accidentally.
5057:Starry, p. 24/Zumbro, p. 470
4210:Tanks of the interwar period
4069:XM1202 Mounted Combat System
3390:2006 conflict with Hezbollah
3342:Emergence of guided missiles
3000:in World War I using French
2613:Divisions Légères Mécaniques
2474:1e Division Légère Mécanique
2180:forced on commanders on the
2154:A British heavy tank during
54:Strong Europe Tank Challenge
39:Armored Brigade (video game)
7:
4537:GĂ©rard Saint-Martin, 1998,
4222:Theorists and practitioners
4132:
3986:Combat engineering vehicles
3883:HAL Light Combat Helicopter
3774:Russian invasion of Ukraine
3591:armoured personnel carriers
3577:armoured training regiments
3222:National Revolutionary Army
2730:Second Battle of El Alamein
2653:British Expeditionary Force
2584:invading the east of Poland
2535:Soviet-Japanese Border Wars
2469:armoured personnel carriers
1510:Military–industrial complex
989:Operational manoeuvre group
48:A shooting contest between
10:
5506:
5360:Mounted Combat In Vietnam.
4003:
3975:Armoured recovery vehicles
3611:infantry fighting vehicles
3596:infantry fighting vehicles
3552:Infantry fighting vehicles
3405:Israel Aircraft Industries
3240:
3209:
2849:
2773:
2753:
2746:
2736:
2716:were proving inadequate.
2700:The arrival of the German
2109:infantry fighting vehicles
2082:armoured fighting vehicles
36:
29:
5197:. Fofanov.armor.kiev.ua.
5076:Nye, Logan (2018-12-14).
4370:Nye, Logan (2018-12-14).
4318:Nye, Logan (2018-12-14).
3929:, short and medium-range
3795:forward-looking infra-red
3782:active protection systems
3755:kinetic energy (KE) round
3356:anti-tank guided missiles
3316:anti-tank guided missiles
3098:tank destroyer battalions
2967:
2689:of Maresciallo (Marshal)
2589:
2568:
2266:(18 to 22 July 1918) and
1574:Loss-of-strength gradient
431:Combat information center
4708:10.1177/0968344515623982
4305:
3981:Armoured supply vehicles
3802:anti-tank guided missile
3740:high-explosive anti-tank
3205:
3138:
3096:formed into independent
2954:self-propelled artillery
2709:General der Panzertruppe
2401:
2302:
2256:German spring offensives
2113:self-propelled artillery
2078:see spelling differences
1892:Military science fiction
1377:Technology and equipment
798:List of military tactics
5418:2008. Stackpole Books.
5401:Japanese Tanks 1939–45.
5368:Pöhlmann, Markus 1990,
4949:. UPI.com. 2010-04-06.
4024:Operation Desert Shield
3869:Similarly, a number of
3418:
2550:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
2211:first went into action
2203:and other obstacles of
1960:Wartime sexual violence
1716:Full-spectrum dominance
1527:Supply-chain management
5469:europeanfilmgateway.eu
5365:; First printing 1978.
5363:Department of the Army
5341:Perrett, Bryan, 1990,
5302:1988; Presidio Press.
5287:1984; Presidio Press.
5117:(8): 1–2. 1998-10-01.
4974:. Defense-update.com.
4844:Cite journal requires
4617:November 1995: 335–352
4487:International Security
4481:Kuo, Kendrick (2022).
4110:variant equipped with
4071:
4030:
3988:(CEV), e.g. bulldozers
3931:surface-to-air missile
3866:
3832:
3699:
3687:
3675:
3516:
3501:
3080:
3064:was also established.
2993:
2869:
2789:
2631:, assisted by massive
2546:Japanese Imperial Army
2411:
2312:
2158:
1872:Awards and decorations
1845:Peace through strength
1820:Low-intensity conflict
1454:Conscientious objector
1327:Area of responsibility
61:
5228:Naval Institute Press
5123:10.1080/1356788980485
4740:Koster, John (2017).
4675:Spartacus Educational
4626:Perrett (1990), p. 18
4566:Frieser, K-H., 2005,
4432:Perrett (1990), p. 12
4294:Tukhachevski, Mikhail
4205:Tanks in World War II
4088:M8 Armored Gun System
4066:
4017:
3864:
3830:
3693:
3681:
3662:
3507:
3499:
3074:
3017:George S. Patton, Jr.
2990:
2909:The effect of German
2867:
2781:
2681:North African theatre
2657:Evacuation of Dunkirk
2505:gave priority to the
2409:
2358:Vickers Medium Mark I
2310:
2196:as they were moving.
2153:
2096:lines through use of
464:Torpedo data computer
454:Ship gun fire-control
47:
5433:1998, Pocket Books.
5382:Stockwell, David B.
4819:. Fort Belvoir, VA.
4499:10.1162/isec_a_00446
4468:Perrett (1990) p. 14
4408:Hammond, B. (2009).
4269:Patton, George Smith
4200:Tanks in World War I
3933:systems such as the
3663:A combined force of
3628:By 1971, the larger
3570:Rotary-wing aircraft
3403:in cooperation with
3194:than the 1935 built
3062:Armored Force School
3054:2nd Armored Division
3046:1st Armored Division
3022:Adna R. Chaffee, Jr.
3013:Dwight D. Eisenhower
2695:Western Desert Force
2649:Divisions cuirassées
2467:, and fully tracked
2461:mechanised artillery
2441:Mikhail Tukhachevsky
2433:John Walter Christie
2410:Mikhail Tukhachevsky
2396:Treaty of Versailles
1990:Military occupations
1825:Military engineering
1727:Unrestricted Warfare
1584:Force multiplication
482:Military manoeuvrers
5475:on the battlefield.
5463:Chapter II: Tactics
5222:Goldman, Stuart D.
4644:Goldman p. 123, 167
4595:Goldman p. 123, 124
4450:Perrett (1990) p. 7
4441:Perrett (1990) p. 9
4284:Schwarzkopf, Norman
4264:Montgomery, Bernard
4259:von Manstein, Erich
4254:Liddell Hart, B. H.
4170:History of the tank
4116:comparable vehicles
4076:Stingray light tank
3961:Engineering support
3921:such as the German
3871:helicopter gunships
3837:A-10 Thunderbolt II
3708:mechanised infantry
3609:More heavily armed
3237:Indo-Pakistani wars
3060:, Md., and a small
2946:mechanised infantry
2821:Christie suspension
2819:. Developed on the
2457:self-propelled guns
2431:, from US designer
2429:Christie suspension
2100:by armoured units.
1676:Penal military unit
1661:Rules of engagement
1337:Command and control
962:Operations research
426:Director (military)
416:Fire-control system
186:Command and control
67:Part of a series on
5454:Tanks Encyclopedia
5384:Tanks In The Wire.
5111:Strategic Comments
4825:10.21236/ada235149
4541:, Economica, Paris
4351:www.britannica.com
4239:de Gaulle, Charles
4123:insurgency in Iraq
4072:
4031:
3955:laser range finder
3867:
3833:
3822:Loitering munition
3700:
3688:
3676:
3637:M41 Walker Bulldog
3517:
3502:
3262:. You can help by
3081:
3068:infantry support.
3009:Mark V and Mark V*
2994:
2878:conquest of Poland
2870:
2823:chassis and using
2790:
2575:Invasion of Poland
2499:Karl-Heinz Frieser
2412:
2322:B. H. Liddell Hart
2313:
2264:Battle of Soissons
2159:
1785:Counter-insurgency
1706:Command of the sea
1651:Jewish laws on war
1626:Geneva Conventions
1162:Divide and conquer
957:Military operation
922:Tactical objective
421:Fire-control radar
398:Electronic-warfare
62:
60:, Germany, in 2018
5431:The Iron Cavalry.
5424:978-0-8117-0424-3
5409:978-1-84603-091-8
5398:Zaloga, Steven J.
5378:978-3-506-78355-4
5298:Hunnicutt, R. P.
5236:978-1-61251-098-9
4615:War in History II
4419:978-0-7538-2605-8
4412:. London: Orion.
4060:of World War II.
4039:main battle tanks
3895:Ka-50 Black Shark
3814:ground-attack jet
3806:attack helicopter
3804:or bomb (from an
3767:Molotov cocktails
3432:resulting in the
3283:Arab–Israeli wars
3280:
3279:
3218:Republic of China
3109:battle-worthiness
2898:7.Panzer-Division
2806:Spanish Civil War
2785:Musée des Blindés
2706:under command of
2687:10th Italian Army
2530:Spanish Civil War
2385:Naval War College
2225:trenchline system
2221:Battle of Cambrai
2140:military strategy
2080:), is the use of
2063:
2062:
1955:Horses in warfare
1902:Anti-war movement
1805:Gunboat diplomacy
1795:Disaster response
1743:Philosophy of war
1738:Principles of war
1711:Deterrence theory
1656:Right of conquest
1579:Lanchester's laws
1347:Principles of war
1037:Counter-offensive
1022:Military campaign
927:Target saturation
850:Counterinsurgency
459:Gun data computer
393:Close air support
355:Aircraft carriers
52:tanks during the
16:(Redirected from
5497:
5490:Armoured warfare
5414:Zaloga, Steven.
5338:
5325:Ballantine Books
5266:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5191:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5181:
5166:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5136:
5127:
5126:
5103:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5073:
5067:
5064:
5058:
5055:
5049:
5046:
5040:
5039:Stockwell, p. 10
5037:
5031:
5028:
5022:
5019:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5009:
4993:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4983:
4968:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4958:
4943:
4937:
4934:
4928:
4925:
4919:
4916:
4910:
4907:
4898:
4895:
4889:
4888:
4881:
4875:
4872:
4863:
4860:
4854:
4853:
4847:
4842:
4840:
4832:
4812:
4806:
4805:
4781:
4775:
4774:
4768:
4763:
4761:
4753:
4746:Military History
4737:
4728:
4727:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4681:
4667:
4658:
4651:
4645:
4642:
4636:
4633:
4627:
4624:
4618:
4611:
4605:
4602:
4596:
4593:
4587:
4584:
4578:
4564:
4555:
4548:
4542:
4535:
4529:
4526:
4520:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4478:
4469:
4466:
4460:
4457:
4451:
4448:
4442:
4439:
4433:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4405:
4399:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4343:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4315:
4274:Rawlinson, Henry
4234:Fuller, J. F. C.
4035:power projection
3891:Eurocopter Tiger
3852:depleted uranium
3788:Airborne threats
3778:Israel-Hamas war
3486:composite armour
3434:main battle tank
3306:Conversely, the
3275:
3272:
3254:
3247:
3102:Lesley J. McNair
3034:Polish Campaign.
3004:light tanks and
2972:
2971:
2927:Before the war,
2915:
2691:Rodolfo Graziani
2625:Battle of Hannut
2621:Battle of France
2526:Second World War
2484:Panzerdivisionen
2420:Five Years Plans
2268:Battle of Amiens
2254:After the final
2074:American English
2066:Armoured warfare
2055:
2048:
2041:
1810:Humanitarian aid
1748:Security dilemma
1569:Power projection
1352:Economy of force
1332:Chain of command
1047:Defence in depth
1032:Commerce raiding
855:Defeat in detail
191:Defense ministry
95:
86:
85:
76:
64:
63:
21:
18:Armored regiment
5505:
5504:
5500:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5495:
5494:
5480:
5479:
5449:
5444:
5429:Zumbro, Ralph.
5356:Starry, Donn. A
5335:
5281:Hunnicutt, R. P
5263:
5243:Guderian, Heinz
5218:
5213:
5204:
5202:
5193:
5192:
5188:
5179:
5177:
5168:
5167:
5160:
5151:
5149:
5138:
5137:
5130:
5105:
5104:
5095:
5086:
5084:
5074:
5070:
5065:
5061:
5056:
5052:
5047:
5043:
5038:
5034:
5029:
5025:
5020:
5016:
5007:
5005:
4994:
4990:
4981:
4979:
4970:
4969:
4965:
4956:
4954:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4935:
4931:
4926:
4922:
4917:
4913:
4908:
4901:
4896:
4892:
4883:
4882:
4878:
4873:
4866:
4861:
4857:
4845:
4843:
4834:
4833:
4813:
4809:
4782:
4778:
4766:
4764:
4755:
4754:
4738:
4731:
4692:
4688:
4679:
4677:
4669:
4668:
4661:
4652:
4648:
4643:
4639:
4634:
4630:
4625:
4621:
4612:
4608:
4603:
4599:
4594:
4590:
4585:
4581:
4565:
4558:
4549:
4545:
4536:
4532:
4527:
4523:
4518:
4514:
4479:
4472:
4467:
4463:
4458:
4454:
4449:
4445:
4440:
4436:
4431:
4427:
4420:
4406:
4402:
4393:
4389:
4380:
4378:
4368:
4364:
4355:
4353:
4345:
4344:
4337:
4328:
4326:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4303:
4244:Guderian, Heinz
4224:
4219:
4135:
4058:tank destroyers
4012:
4004:Main articles:
4002:
3963:
3845:GAU-8/A Avenger
3841:AGM-65 Maverick
3790:
3657:
3598:, known as the
3585:
3494:
3421:
3344:
3336:counter-battery
3285:
3276:
3270:
3267:
3260:needs expansion
3245:
3239:
3234:
3214:
3208:
3141:
3094:tank destroyers
3086:
3084:Tank destroyers
3040:established at
3038:I Armored Corps
2985:
2933:Achtung–Panzer!
2913:
2876:Even after the
2852:
2776:
2756:
2751:
2745:
2737:interwar period
2683:
2645:English Channel
2592:
2571:
2566:
2507:Royal Air Force
2404:
2366:Salisbury Plain
2326:J. F. C. Fuller
2311:J. F. C. Fuller
2305:
2300:
2298:Interwar period
2289:J. F. C. Fuller
2229:Hindenburg Line
2163:First World War
2148:
2136:decisive battle
2117:combat vehicles
2070:armored warfare
2059:
2030:
2029:
1980:
1970:
1969:
1935:
1927:
1926:
1867:
1857:
1856:
1830:Multilateralism
1815:Law enforcement
1775:
1765:
1764:
1733:Just war theory
1691:
1681:
1680:
1631:Geneva Protocol
1601:
1591:
1590:
1564:
1554:
1553:
1495:
1485:
1484:
1392:
1382:
1381:
1322:
1312:
1311:
1277:
1267:
1266:
1197:Network-centric
1117:
1107:
1106:
1014:
1004:
1003:
952:
942:
941:
890:Rapid dominance
795:
785:
784:
740:Electromagnetic
649:
639:
638:
625:
578:
526:
502:
492:
491:
487:Combat training
468:
445:
411:Combat systems:
407:
369:
365:Auxiliary ships
331:
291:
287:Military police
253:
176:
166:
165:
105:
79:
78:
77:
72:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5503:
5493:
5492:
5478:
5477:
5471:
5465:
5457:
5448:
5447:External links
5445:
5443:
5442:
5427:
5412:
5403:2007; Osprey.
5395:
5380:
5366:
5353:
5339:
5333:
5311:
5296:
5278:
5267:
5261:
5239:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5186:
5176:. 18 July 2024
5158:
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4911:
4899:
4890:
4876:
4864:
4855:
4846:|journal=
4807:
4776:
4729:
4702:(3): 308–335.
4696:War in History
4686:
4659:
4646:
4637:
4628:
4619:
4606:
4597:
4588:
4579:
4556:
4543:
4530:
4528:Goldman p. 123
4521:
4512:
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4461:
4452:
4443:
4434:
4425:
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4387:
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4299:Zhukov, Georgy
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4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4195:Modern warfare
4192:
4190:Mobile Warfare
4187:
4185:Mobile Defence
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4150:Cold War Tanks
4147:
4142:
4140:Armoured corps
4136:
4134:
4131:
4100:MGM-51 missile
4010:Tank destroyer
4001:
3998:
3990:
3989:
3983:
3978:
3962:
3959:
3925:or the Soviet
3887:Denel Rooivalk
3789:
3786:
3656:
3653:
3647:tanks for the
3584:
3581:
3493:
3490:
3420:
3417:
3388:In the recent
3343:
3340:
3308:Yom Kippur War
3284:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3271:September 2019
3257:
3255:
3241:Main article:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3226:200th Division
3207:
3204:
3140:
3137:
3085:
3082:
2984:
2981:
2929:Heinz Guderian
2903:Auftragstaktik
2851:
2848:
2775:
2772:
2755:
2752:
2749:Deep operation
2747:Main article:
2744:
2741:
2682:
2679:
2641:Heinz Guderian
2633:carpet bombing
2591:
2588:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2503:United Kingdom
2403:
2400:
2330:road transport
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2190:trench warfare
2147:
2144:
2128:trench warfare
2090:methods of war
2086:modern warfare
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1995:Military terms
1992:
1987:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1868:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1776:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1753:Tripwire force
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1576:
1571:
1565:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1529:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1507:
1502:
1496:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1393:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1278:
1275:Administrative
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1202:New generation
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1177:Fleet in being
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1118:
1115:Grand strategy
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1102:Scorched earth
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
979:Deep operation
976:
971:
964:
959:
953:
948:
947:
944:
943:
940:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
908:
907:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
826:
825:
820:
815:
805:
796:
791:
790:
787:
786:
783:
782:
780:Unconventional
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
728:
726:Disinformation
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
697:
696:
691:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
650:
645:
644:
641:
640:
637:
636:
631:
624:
623:
622:
621:
620:
619:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
577:
576:
575:
574:
573:
572:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
525:
524:
523:
522:
517:
512:
503:
498:
497:
494:
493:
490:
489:
484:
479:
477:Basic training
474:
467:
466:
461:
456:
451:
444:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
406:
405:
403:Reconnaissance
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
368:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
330:
329:
324:
322:Special forces
319:
314:
313:
312:
302:
297:
290:
289:
284:
279:
277:Reconnaissance
274:
269:
264:
259:
252:
251:
242:
237:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
177:
172:
171:
168:
167:
164:
163:
162:
161:
156:
146:
145:
144:
139:
129:
128:
127:
120:Post-classical
117:
112:
106:
101:
100:
97:
96:
88:
87:
69:
68:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5502:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5476:
5472:
5470:
5466:
5464:
5462:
5458:
5456:
5455:
5451:
5450:
5440:
5439:0-671-01390-4
5436:
5432:
5428:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5399:
5396:
5393:
5392:0-515-10333-0
5389:
5385:
5381:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5364:
5361:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5351:0-85368-993-8
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5334:0-345-24440-0
5330:
5326:
5322:
5321:
5316:
5312:
5309:
5308:0-89141-304-9
5305:
5301:
5297:
5294:
5293:0-89141-230-1
5290:
5286:
5282:
5279:
5276:
5275:0-8131-2130-2
5272:
5268:
5264:
5262:0-306-81101-4
5258:
5254:
5253:Da Capo Press
5250:
5249:
5248:Panzer Leader
5244:
5240:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5220:
5200:
5196:
5190:
5175:
5174:The Economist
5171:
5165:
5163:
5147:
5146:
5145:The Economist
5141:
5135:
5133:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5083:
5079:
5072:
5063:
5054:
5048:Starry, p. 73
5045:
5036:
5027:
5018:
5003:
5000:. Jpost.com.
4999:
4992:
4977:
4973:
4967:
4952:
4948:
4942:
4933:
4924:
4915:
4906:
4904:
4894:
4886:
4880:
4871:
4869:
4859:
4851:
4838:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4811:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4788:(31): 26–34.
4787:
4780:
4772:
4759:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4736:
4734:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4690:
4676:
4672:
4666:
4664:
4656:
4650:
4641:
4632:
4623:
4616:
4610:
4601:
4592:
4583:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4563:
4561:
4553:
4547:
4540:
4534:
4525:
4516:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4477:
4475:
4465:
4456:
4447:
4438:
4429:
4421:
4415:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4391:
4377:
4373:
4366:
4352:
4348:
4342:
4340:
4325:
4321:
4314:
4310:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4279:Rommel, Erwin
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4249:Hobart, Percy
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4229:Franks, Tommy
4227:
4226:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4155:Combined arms
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4092:M551 Sheridan
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4070:
4065:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4050:
4048:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4007:
3997:
3995:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3927:9K22 Tunguska
3924:
3920:
3916:
3915:air supremacy
3911:
3908:
3907:Westland Lynx
3904:
3903:A129 Mangusta
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3863:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3829:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3798:
3796:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3770:
3768:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3751:
3748:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3732:mobility kill
3727:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3712:
3709:
3704:
3697:
3692:
3685:
3680:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3661:
3652:
3650:
3649:M551 Sheridan
3646:
3642:
3641:M48A3 Pattons
3638:
3635:
3631:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3592:
3589:
3580:
3578:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3547:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3525:
3522:
3515:
3511:
3506:
3498:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3430:
3426:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3349:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3304:
3302:
3301:unit cohesion
3298:
3294:
3293:1956 Suez War
3289:
3274:
3265:
3261:
3258:This section
3256:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3203:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3090:combined arms
3078:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3052:, became the
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2989:
2983:United States
2980:
2978:
2977:
2970:
2969:SturmgeschĂĽtz
2964:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2912:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2825:sloped armour
2822:
2818:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2788:in April 2007
2787:
2786:
2780:
2771:
2767:
2765:
2764:Triandafillov
2761:
2750:
2740:
2738:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2617:Low Countries
2614:
2610:
2606:
2605:Manstein Plan
2602:
2597:
2587:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2542:Georgy Zhukov
2540:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2453:armoured cars
2448:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2408:
2399:
2397:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2370:United States
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2354:armoured cars
2351:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2309:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2250:
2249:Mark IV tanks
2246:
2242:
2238:
2237:German Empire
2232:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2205:no-man's land
2202:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2182:Western Front
2179:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2152:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2132:Western Front
2129:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1882:Warrior caste
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1861:
1860:
1853:
1852:Show of force
1850:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1840:Peacebuilding
1838:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1696:Air supremacy
1694:
1693:
1690:
1685:
1684:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1636:Islamic rules
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1616:Court-martial
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1557:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1515:Arms industry
1513:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1386:
1385:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
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1132:Broken-backed
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974:Expeditionary
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845:Counterattack
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770:Psychological
768:
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360:Landing craft
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245:Standing army
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33:
19:
5460:
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5430:
5415:
5400:
5383:
5369:
5359:
5342:
5319:
5299:
5284:
5247:
5223:
5203:. Retrieved
5189:
5178:. Retrieved
5173:
5150:. Retrieved
5148:. 2024-07-16
5143:
5114:
5110:
5085:. Retrieved
5082:Military.com
5081:
5071:
5062:
5053:
5044:
5035:
5026:
5017:
5006:. Retrieved
4991:
4980:. Retrieved
4966:
4955:. Retrieved
4941:
4932:
4923:
4914:
4893:
4879:
4858:
4837:cite journal
4810:
4786:Army History
4785:
4779:
4758:cite journal
4749:
4745:
4699:
4695:
4689:
4678:. Retrieved
4674:
4671:"Blitzkrieg"
4655:David Glantz
4649:
4640:
4631:
4622:
4614:
4609:
4600:
4591:
4582:
4567:
4551:
4546:
4538:
4533:
4524:
4515:
4493:(2): 48–87.
4490:
4486:
4464:
4455:
4446:
4437:
4428:
4409:
4403:
4395:
4390:
4379:. Retrieved
4376:Military.com
4375:
4365:
4354:. Retrieved
4350:
4327:. Retrieved
4324:Military.com
4323:
4313:
4120:
4112:TOW missiles
4073:
4051:
4043:
4032:
3994:transporters
3991:
3966:
3964:
3912:
3879:AH-64 Apache
3868:
3834:
3799:
3791:
3771:
3763:
3752:
3744:
3735:
3728:
3724:
3713:
3705:
3701:
3684:Leclerc tank
3669:Bradley IFVs
3655:21st century
3645:M48A3 Patton
3627:
3625:light tank.
3613:such as the
3608:
3599:
3586:
3574:
3564:
3556:Soviet Union
3550:
3526:
3518:
3471:
3466:
3450:M26 Pershing
3442:
3438:World War II
3422:
3398:
3387:
3379:
3375:Soviet Union
3364:
3352:
3345:
3320:
3305:
3290:
3286:
3268:
3264:adding to it
3259:
3215:
3200:
3191:
3173:
3169:medium tanks
3142:
3125:
3113:M26 Pershing
3108:
3106:
3087:
3066:
3050:Fort Benning
3026:
2995:
2974:
2963:Panzertruppe
2962:
2958:breakthrough
2932:
2926:
2920:
2910:
2908:
2901:
2897:
2894:Erwin Rommel
2890:
2885:
2875:
2871:
2857:Panzertruppe
2855:
2853:
2833:
2814:
2791:
2783:
2768:
2760:Tukhachevsky
2757:
2743:Soviet Union
2734:
2718:
2713:Erwin Rommel
2707:
2703:Afrika Korps
2701:
2699:
2684:
2670:geostrategic
2667:
2660:
2648:
2637:Erwin Rommel
2612:
2600:
2593:
2578:
2572:
2564:World War II
2523:
2515:British Army
2488:
2482:
2472:
2449:
2416:Soviet Union
2413:
2393:
2389:North Africa
2382:
2378:Soviet Union
2339:
2335:
2314:
2293:
2281:
2272:
2259:
2253:
2233:
2217:Schneider CA
2213:at the Somme
2209:Mark I tanks
2198:
2186:machine guns
2160:
2138:outcomes in
2115:, and other
2102:
2069:
2065:
2064:
1965:Fifth column
1945:War resister
1940:Women in war
1835:Peacekeeping
1780:Arms control
1725:
1414:Mobilization
1409:Conscription
1367:Intelligence
1320:Organization
966:
895:Encirclement
775:Radiological
711:Conventional
658:
565:Subterranean
472:Development:
471:
448:
410:
372:
335:Naval units:
334:
327:Signal corps
294:
272:Intelligence
257:Specialties:
256:
181:Organization
132:Early modern
5358:, General.
4289:Tal, Israel
4084:B1 Centauro
3899:Mi-28 Havoc
3875:AH-1Z Viper
3848:Gatling gun
3694:The German
3583:Vietnam War
3521:Warsaw Pact
3510:OT-62 TOPAS
3492:Warsaw Pact
3469:West German
3423:During the
3367:AT-3 Sagger
3297:Six-Day War
3291:During the
3165:light tanks
3121:M18 Hellcat
3079:, June 1944
3029:French Army
2976:Panzerjäger
2948:(riding in
2931:had in his
2886:Schwerpunkt
2840:Tank Armies
2726:1st Alamein
2579:Panzerwaffe
2524:Before the
2490:Panzerwaffe
2479:Nazi Regime
2465:half-tracks
2445:deep battle
2201:barbed wire
2188:– known as
2171:operational
2156:World War I
2146:World War I
2125:World War I
1950:War studies
1773:Non-warfare
1701:Appeasement
1666:Martial law
1505:War economy
1444:Transgender
1397:Recruitment
1157:Containment
1042:Culminating
950:Operational
870:Envelopment
813:Air assault
694:Air cavalry
654:Air defence
634:Information
535:Cold-region
500:Battlespace
449:Historical:
295:Land units:
221:Space force
216:Coast guard
149:Late modern
110:Prehistoric
50:Leopard 2A6
5216:References
5205:2011-12-28
5180:2024-08-14
5152:2024-08-14
5087:2022-01-28
5008:2011-12-28
4982:2011-12-28
4957:2011-12-28
4767:|url=
4680:2019-12-02
4576:1591142946
4381:2022-01-28
4356:2022-01-28
4329:2022-01-28
4145:Blitzkrieg
4006:Light tank
3619:Gun trucks
3604:light tank
3473:Bundeswehr
3324:turboshaft
3232:After 1945
3210:See also:
3178:armour at
3117:M4 Sherman
3058:Fort Meade
3002:Renault FT
2998:Tank Corps
2950:halftracks
2836:Blitzkrieg
2810:Winter War
2596:Phoney War
2511:Royal Navy
2495:Blitzkrieg
2447:doctrine.
2376:, and the
2362:Birch guns
2342:War Office
2194:small arms
2178:stalemates
2010:War crimes
2000:Operations
1907:Foot drill
1877:Battle cry
1790:deterrence
1449:Harassment
1424:Specialism
1247:Technology
1242:Succession
1187:Liberation
1122:Asymmetric
1057:Empty fort
968:Blitzkrieg
937:Withdrawal
900:Investment
679:Camouflage
674:Biological
612:Underwater
587:Amphibious
506:Aerospace
373:Air units:
350:Submarines
159:fourth-gen
154:industrial
142:napoleonic
58:Grafenwöhr
5317:(1971) .
5245:(2001) .
4794:1546-5330
4724:151367404
4716:0968-3445
4507:253225173
4080:AMX 10 RC
3816:or small
3720:hull-down
3665:M1 Abrams
3478:Leopard I
3462:Centurion
3458:M1 Abrams
3383:Spike/Gil
3348:anti-tank
3332:artillery
3328:M1 Abrams
3326:-powered
3188:M3 Stuart
3088:The U.S.
3042:Fort Knox
2573:In their
2437:BT series
2350:tankettes
2285:Plan 1919
2175:strategic
2098:manoeuvre
2094:defensive
1897:War novel
1800:Grey-zone
1760:War games
1721:Overmatch
1671:War crime
1621:Desertion
1611:Ceasefire
1606:Armistice
1493:Logistics
1471:Mercenary
1459:Volunteer
1390:Personnel
1362:Engineers
1307:Sociology
1262:World war
1257:Total war
1237:Strategic
1227:Religious
1212:Political
1207:Perpetual
1182:Irregular
1097:Offensive
1072:Defensive
1067:Deception
1027:Attrition
880:Guerrilla
875:Formation
818:Airbridge
750:Loitering
664:Artillery
317:Artillery
267:Engineers
235:Irregular
206:Air force
5484:Category
5199:Archived
5002:Archived
4976:Archived
4951:Archived
4829:Archived
4802:26304190
4133:See also
4028:Gulf War
4020:AMX-10RC
3967:armoured
3673:Gulf War
3514:Slovakia
3425:Cold War
3415:border.
3180:Nomonhan
3077:Saint-LĂ´
3020:States.
2938:infantry
2919:Char B1
2798:Nomonhan
2722:Crusader
2674:hegemony
2662:Fall Rot
2609:Ardennes
2558:Mongolia
2554:Nomonhan
2424:Red Army
2260:en masse
2167:tactical
2121:doctrine
1912:War song
1887:War film
1520:Materiel
1439:Children
1419:Training
1357:Medicine
1342:Doctrine
1297:Training
1232:Resource
1217:Princely
1167:Economic
1152:Conquest
1147:Colonial
1142:Cold war
1127:Blockade
1012:Strategy
984:Maneuver
745:Infantry
701:Chemical
555:Mountain
515:Airborne
378:Fighters
345:Warships
300:Infantry
226:Reserves
174:Military
4769:value (
4108:Stryker
4026:in the
4022:during
4018:French
3716:terrain
3667:tanks,
3373:by the
3312:Israeli
3196:Type 95
3161:Type 97
3157:Type 95
3145:warship
3006:British
2942:cavalry
2850:Germany
2774:Wartime
2754:Pre-war
2548:at the
2539:General
2374:Germany
2262:at the
2130:on the
2025:Writers
2020:Weapons
1985:Battles
1934:Related
1922:Wargame
1917:Uniform
1865:Culture
1646:Perfidy
1641:Justice
1562:Science
1547:Outpost
1500:History
1480:Warrior
1476:Soldier
1464:foreign
1402:counter
1302:Service
1252:Theater
1192:Limited
1172:Endemic
1087:Nuclear
860:Foxhole
835:Cavalry
823:Airdrop
808:Airlift
793:Tactics
765:Nuclear
755:Missile
684:Cavalry
669:Barrage
647:Weapons
607:Surface
388:Command
383:Bombers
340:Frogman
310:Cavalry
282:Medical
249:Militia
231:Regular
211:Marines
125:castles
115:Ancient
103:History
82:outline
5437:
5422:
5407:
5390:
5386:1990.
5376:
5349:
5331:
5306:
5291:
5273:
5259:
5234:
5226:2012,
5066:Starry
4909:Zaloga
4800:
4792:
4765:Check
4722:
4714:
4574:
4505:
4416:
4394:p.27,
3923:Gepard
3759:breech
3736:m-kill
3448:. The
3446:MBT-70
3409:Trophy
3394:Kornet
3176:Soviet
2914:'s
2911:Panzer
2802:Zhukov
2590:France
2569:Poland
2513:. The
2227:, the
2005:Sieges
1689:Theory
1429:Morale
1287:Policy
1282:Branch
1062:Mosaic
1052:Fabian
999:Covert
932:Trench
917:Screen
840:Charge
830:Battle
803:Aerial
721:Denial
689:Horses
617:Seabed
570:Tunnel
550:Jungle
540:Desert
510:Aerial
4798:JSTOR
4720:S2CID
4503:S2CID
4306:Notes
3947:SA-19
3943:SA-11
3856:SU-25
3818:drone
3747:berms
3623:PT-76
3567:Mi-24
3560:BMP-1
3371:Egypt
3360:BMP-1
3206:China
3192:newer
3139:Japan
2629:Meuse
2402:1930s
2303:1920s
2276:flank
2105:tanks
1978:Lists
1434:Women
1372:Ranks
1292:Staff
1222:Proxy
1137:Class
1092:Naval
1077:Depth
912:Swarm
905:Siege
885:Naval
865:Drone
760:Music
735:Robot
731:Drone
716:Cyber
659:Armor
629:Cyber
602:Green
597:Brown
560:Urban
520:Space
441:Radar
436:Sonar
305:Armor
262:Staff
240:Ranks
5435:ISBN
5420:ISBN
5405:ISBN
5388:ISBN
5374:ISBN
5347:ISBN
5329:ISBN
5304:ISBN
5289:ISBN
5271:ISBN
5257:ISBN
5232:ISBN
4850:help
4790:ISSN
4771:help
4712:ISSN
4572:ISBN
4414:ISBN
4127:IEDs
4106:, a
4096:CLGP
4082:and
4054:ATGM
4047:M113
4008:and
3951:T-90
3941:and
3939:SA-8
3935:SA-6
3905:and
3696:Puma
3634:ARVN
3630:T-54
3600:ACAV
3588:M113
3541:ATGW
3537:T-80
3535:and
3533:T-72
3529:T-64
3519:The
3467:The
3429:NATO
3419:NATO
3413:Gaza
3295:and
3216:The
3186:and
3184:M2A4
3015:and
2817:T-34
2762:and
2639:and
2509:and
2427:the
2352:and
2324:and
2173:and
2015:Wars
1532:Base
1082:Goal
994:Raid
592:Blue
530:Land
201:Navy
196:Army
5119:doi
4821:doi
4704:doi
4495:doi
3734:" (
3606:."
3558:'s
3546:ERA
3482:AMX
3454:M60
3380:see
3266:.
3224:'s
3220:'s
3153:IJA
3149:IJN
3129:M36
2940:or
2921:bis
2556:in
2552:at
2241:A7V
2084:in
2068:or
1599:Law
1542:FOB
1537:MOB
582:Sea
74:War
56:in
5486::
5327:.
5283:.
5255:.
5230:.
5172:.
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5131:^
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4835:{{
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